1235:, Charles had 100 ships in Sicily, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and his Greek territories, which were to carry no fewer than 8,000 cavalrymen. Geanakoplos cites surviving documents that attest to the supplies Charles had accumulated. One Angevin rescript, dated 28 October 1281, lists a collection of tools to be gathered for the expedition, which includes "two thousand iron mattocks, three thousand iron stakes, sledges for smashing rocks, ropes, iron shovels, axes, and kettles for boiling pitch." Another orders the delivery of "four thousand iron stakes that are under construction in Venice." A third consists of instructions to a Pisan merchant for 2,500 shields of various sizes, all to be emblazoned with his royal emblem of lilies. Allied with Charles were a long list of powers. Besides having ties of kinship with the Kings of France and Hungary, the rulers of the Serbs and Bulgars were his allies, as well as the rulers of Epirus and dissidents of the Byzantine Empire, and the leading naval power of Europe, Venice.
1101:: they posed as the defenders of Orthodoxy and gave support to the anti-unionists fleeing Constantinople. Michael at first responded with comparative leniency, hoping to win the anti-unionists through persuasion, but eventually the virulence of the protests led him to resort to force. Many anti-unionists were blinded or exiled. Two prominent monks, Meletios and Ignatios, were punished: the first had his tongue cut out, the second was blinded. Even imperial officials were harshly treated, and the death penalty was decreed even for simply reading or possessing pamphlets directed against the Emperor. "From the intensity of these disorders, tantamount almost to civil wars," concludes Geanakoplos, "it might appear that too great a price had been paid for the sake of union."
979:
what he wished to do but in easily translating his thoughts into action. Clearly he surpassed all his predecessors in the strength of his nature and intelligence... Nevertheless, neither his actions against the Greeks nor those of
Michael Palaeologus against the Latins could be brought to a successful conclusion. For the strength of both was for a long time so evenly matched that it was well said (this was the opinion of discerning people) that if at that time such an Emperor had not been directing Greek affairs, the Empire would easily have succumbed to Charles, the King of Italy ; and, conversely, if such a King had not then been at the helm of Italian affairs, the hegemony of Italy would with little difficulty have passed to Michael Palaeologus.
674:
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758:, and he had not featured in Michael’s coronation ceremony as co-ruler. In December 1261, Michael VIII took the final step of having John blinded and relegated to a monastery, rendering him permanently ineligible for the throne. Michael quickly married off John's sisters to two Italians and a Bulgarian noble, so their descendants could not threaten his own children's claim to the imperial succession. Michael tried to keep the blinding of John a secret, keeping up a pretense that the boy’s formal coronation had merely been postponed. Eventually the news leaked out, and Patriarch
1320:
51:
1269:, he ordered the men and materiel assembled for use against Michael to besiege that city; meanwhile seventy Angevin ships at the arsenal of Messina were destroyed. Eventually Charles lifted the siege, and Peter of Aragon landed in Sicily to reclaim the island for his wife. Beginning with Pope Martin's bull dated 18 November 1282, wherein he again excommunicated Michael—as well as Peter of Aragon, John of Procida, and Michael's emissary
743:. Once in control of Constantinople, Michael abolished all Latin customs and reinstated most Byzantine ceremonies and institutions as they had existed before the Fourth Crusade. He repopulated the capital, building its population from 35,000 when he took power to 70,000 by the end of his reign, and restored damaged churches, monasteries, and public buildings. He was acutely aware of the danger posed by the possibility that the
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705:. According to Geanakoplos, "In the period immediately preceding the Nicene reconquest of Constantinople in 1261 no event was of greater importance than Michael Palaeologus' victory at Pelagonia." This not only neutralized, for the immediate time, the possibility of an attack from enemies on his Western borders, but also improved Michael's legitimacy by showing him as a competent leader.
939:. Michael, as Geanaklopos emphasizes, "from 1266 until shortly before his death in 1282 ... was constrained to devote almost complete attention to the defeat of Charles, the fulfillment of whose ambition would have brought about the destruction of the Byzantine Empire and reimposition of Latin rule in Constantinople." Charles strengthened his hold on the kingdom of Sicily by defeating
1228:, a Frenchman Geanaklopos describes as "blindly subservient" to Charles of Anjou. Once again, Charles had no clear brake on his ambitions to conquer Constantinople, and he moved swiftly to prepare for this new offensive. One early move was taken by Pope Martin, who on 10 April 1281, excommunicated Michael without any warning or provocation, thus disrupting the union of Lyons.
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1273:—as the author of the conspiracy that led to the Sicilian Vespers, Michael has been seen as the instigator. Geanakoplos, while admitting that Michael was in contact with the leaders of the revolt beforehand, asserts "that Michael Palaeologus, on his part, had nothing to do with the incident at the church of Santo Spirito is beyond question."
820:. This offer failed spectacularly: not only did Anna reject his proposal, Theodora turned to Patriarch Arsenios for help. The Patriarch confronted the emperor and pressured him to abandon his plans. Michael yielded and sent Anna back to her brother with gifts. This gesture helped to secure the release of his general Alexios Strategopoulos.
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Pope
Clement IV, which he had agreed to, but the latter's death in November 1268 put an end to this approach. According to Geanakoplos, only a lack of resources prevented Charles from immediately launching an attack against Michael. Looking for some restraint on Charles, Michael made a shrewd appeal to King
882:
ravaging Thrace ambushed
Michael Palaeologos when he was returning to Constantinople accompanied by only a few troops. Deserted by even his own officers, who fled to save their own lives, Michael was able to escape by crossing the Ganos Mountains and reaching the Marmora coast, where he happened upon
1104:
The religious situation only worsened for
Michael. The Arsenite party found widespread support amongst the discontented in the Anatolian provinces, and Michael responded there with similar viciousness: according to Vryonis, "These elements were either removed from the armies or else, alienated, they
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in 1270. When Louis died in
Tunisia, Charles took command, negotiated a truce, and sailed to Sicily, planning to attack Byzantium. At this point a miracle saved Michael: a violent storm destroyed Charles' fleet. "To the Greeks of Byzantium," writes Geanakoplos, "it must have seemed as if the Virgin,
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had begun to infiltrate the
Byzantine territories, and because of Michael's preoccupation with his Western foes, there was no organized response to this threat. Speros Vryonis also points out that due to his treatment of John IV Laskaris, "there resulted an outright alienation from Constantinople of
978:
Charles, motivated not by small but great ambitions, implanted in his mind like a seed the resolution of taking
Constantinople. He dreamed that if he could become the master of it, he would restore the entire monarchy, so to speak, of Julius Caesar and Augustus. He was very able not only in planning
886:
The military advantages
Michael enjoyed after capturing Constantinople had evaporated, but he would demonstrate his diplomatic skills to successfully recover from these drawbacks. After Settepozzi, Michael VIII dismissed the 60 Genoese galleys that he had hired earlier and began a rapprochement with
1310:
frontier of its troops and was forced to lower their pay or cancel their tax exemptions. This policy led to the gradual collapse of the frontier, which was infiltrated by
Turkish bands even before his death. The Palaiologan dynasty he established ruled the Byzantine Empire for almost two centuries,
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against the
Venetians, the most famous of which was led by the Hortatzoi brothers Georgios and Theodore of Mesi in Rethymnon, with a duration of six years, causing most significant harm to the Venetian occupants and economic interests of Venice. Michael VIII had aimed to eventually bring Venice, an
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arrived in March 1281: Hugh of Sully was ambushed and captured, and his army put to flight. Geanaklopos considers that most scholars do not appreciate fully the importance of this victory: "this victory marked the complete failure of the attempt to launch a land expedition against the capital. Thus
1019:
Michael's response to the Treaty of Viterbo was to attempt to weaken papal support for it; if the Pope was convinced Charles of Anjou's invasion was a just and holy war, then the forces Michael could call on could not prevent its success. Michael returned to negotiating a union of the churches with
777:
In the words of Geanaklopos, "With the fall of Constantinople, the papacy suffered not only a loss of political prestige but severe damage to its spiritual authority as well. For the Greeks had now effectively reasserted their right to a church divorced from Rome. Thus it became the task of each of
1080:
Michael VIII achieved an important advantage by this union, for now he gained legitimacy both for possessing Constantinople and for his claims to the lands occupied by Western invaders. Further, his antagonist Charles could not rely on the power of the pope calling for a crusade against his realm.
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of Iran, who supported ʿIzz ad-Dīn's enemy the Pervane, against those of Russia. Further, he could not risk a war on his Asian frontier while Western Europe, infinitely more dangerous, was opposed to him. Cahen believes that either ʿIzz ad-Dīn became an embarrassment, or perhaps the former Sultan
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More disappointments followed as news of the Council filtered through the former Byzantine territories. While the union was opposed at all levels of society, it was especially opposed by the greater populace, led by the monks and the adherents of the deposed Patriarch Arsenios, known as the
1040:(which Geanakoplos suggests is best translated here as "considerations of self-interest") required them to accede to papal demands. But despite a propaganda campaign over the winter of 1274–1275, Michael was forced to depose Patriarch Joseph and replace him with his own supporter
1289:
Michael VIII died in Pachomios village, Thrace on 11 December 1282. He was denied burial in Constantinople due to his persecution of the Church in support of union with Rome, so was instead laid to rest in a monastery called Nea Mone in the region of Rhaidestos (modern
1132:
on 16 July where both Nikephoros and John were anathematized in return. John called a final synod at Neopatras in December 1277, where an anti-unionist council of eight bishops, a few abbots, and one hundred monks, again anathematized the Emperor, Patriarch, and Pope.
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and the Byzantine clergy. On the fourth session of the Council the formal act of union was performed. The letters were read, and for the first time in two centuries representatives of the major Eastern and Western branches of Christianity were again in communion.
1036:. When Michael restarted talks of union, Gregory proved to be less accommodating and negotiated from a position of strength. Michael attempted to reason with Patriarch Joseph and the synod of the importance of agreeing to this union, and that the principle of
1007:
valleys of Turkmen; their response was to fall back before the Byzantine army, and when John was eventually recalled to face foes in Europe, the Turkmen pushed back and resumed their conquests and settlement. Thus by 1269, the cities of Trachia Studia and
1305:
In reconstituting the Byzantine Empire Michael VIII restored the old administration without endeavouring to correct its failures. In recovering Constantinople and investing in the defence of his European provinces, Michael VIII began to denude the
739:, who awoke her brother at dawn. He was not convinced until a messenger arrived from Strategopoulos bearing the crown and sword Baldwin had abandoned in his flight from his palace. Michael VIII entered the city on 15 August and had himself
1081:
Lastly, Pope Gregory was very favorable to Michael's proposal for a crusade against the Turks to restore the ancient Christian cities of Anatolia; however with Gregory's death (January 1276), these plans remained nothing more than talk.
594:, holding a red-hot iron. When the Emperor ordered him to take hold of the red-hot metal, the young Michael answered (to use Geanakoplos' words) "with the astuteness that was to characterize his later career as Emperor": if the
778:
the six successive popes of Michael's reign to accomplish the return of the schismatics to the Roman fold." Michael was aware of the immense influence the Curia had in the West, so he immediately dispatched an embassy to
753:
had remained at Nicaea, largely eclipsed by Michael. According to Akropolites, the public had never really viewed John as emperor - his name was virtually stricken from government business after the death of his father
1024:, the leading ruler of the West and the elder brother of Charles. Louis was more interested in a crusade against Muslims controlling the Holy Land than attacking a schismatic Christian. So he had Charles join his
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Despite this brilliant victory, only one event could remove the stigma of usurper completely from the eyes of his subjects – recovery of Constantinople itself. In 1260 Michael personally led
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two Latin ships. He quickly boarded the vessels, and two days later safely arrived at Constantinople. "Thus did Michael survive one of the narrowest escapes of his career," notes Geanakoplos.
840:"indulged in too open of criticism"; in either case, ʿIzz ad-Dīn was imprisoned. Mongol troops from Russia eventually freed him, and carried him off to the Crimea where he lived out his life.
605:, who evidently supported this proposal, could take the iron from the altar with his own hands and place it in Michael's, he would gladly receive it in faith that the truth would be revealed.
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undermined further efforts toward territorial consolidation and recovery, draining the empire's strength, economy, and resources. Regular conflict between Byzantine successor states such as
313:
1343:. Orphaned in childhood, she was raised by her great-uncle John III, who was said to have "loved her like a daughter", and who arranged for her marriage to Michael. Their children were:
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was the daughter of Manfred, and for this reason Peter considered Charles a usurper and Sicily the rightful property of Constance. Peter welcomed refugees from Sicily, most notably
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Obviously Michael sought allies against Charles of Anjou, but they were few. Donald Nicol lists the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, who would "loan him ships", and the Tatars of the
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consisting of two envoys; upon reaching Italy, the men were seized and one was flayed alive, while the other succeeded in escaping back to friendlier territories.
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563:. His mother does not appear to have played a significant role in his early life; at least for a time, he was brought up by his elder sister Martha, the wife of
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Michael was also faced with a challenge on his Asian frontier. Although the peace treaty with the Seljuk Turks continued to be honored by both parties, nomadic
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resulted in permanent fragmentation of former Byzantine territory and opportunity for increasingly successful conquests of expansive territories by post-
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longer than any other in Roman history. Also, during his reign there was a temporary naval revival in which the Byzantine navy consisted of 80 ships.
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1093:, Tsarina of the Bulgars, from where she intrigued unsuccessfully against Michael. More serious was the opposition of the sons of Michael of Epirus,
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after the Seljuk mercenaries, who had not been paid, changed sides. The nadir of Michael's disasters came in the spring of 1265, when an army of
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Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996).
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A few days after the death of Emperor Theodore Laskaris in 1258, Michael Palaiologos instigated a coup against the influential bureaucrat
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to capture the city. Rumors of reinforcements for the beleaguered city forced Michael to sign a one-year truce with the Latin Emperor
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recalled Michael, and after both exchanged oaths of loyalty and guarantees of safety, Michael returned to the service of the Emperor.
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deserted to the Turks". Another attempt to clear the encroaching Turkmen from the Meaender valley in 1278 found limited success, but
472:. It also included the reconstruction of the city of Constantinople, and the increase of its population. His re-establishment of the
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Venice. Michael secretly negotiated a treaty with the Venetians to grant terms similar to those in the case of Nymphaeum, but Doge
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The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
747:, particularly his neighbors in Italy, would unite against him and attempt the restoration of Latin rule in Constantinople.
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on 26 February 1266 brought forth a new challenger to Michael, one with whom he would struggle for the rest of his life:
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1258:, whom he made secretary of the royal chancery. Yet Aragon was at the other end of the Mediterranean, far from Michael.
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487:, leaving the Anatolian frontier neglected. His successors could not compensate for this change of focus, and both the
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rebellion struck, on 30 March 1282. Charles sent four ships to handle the revolt, but when the rebels took control of
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After a three year interregnum, during which Charles of Anjou attempted to sway the election, a new pope was elected,
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Michael's achievements on the battlefield were more positive, although still mixed. He tried to take advantage of a
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under the command of his father Andronikos. However, in the autumn of 1253, Michael was accused before the Emperor
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in South Russia who "could keep an eye on the Bulgarians". His ambassadors visited the court of Roman-German King
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in the late 1270s, but the Byzantine armies suffered several major defeats at the hands of the peasant Emperor
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proved more welcoming, for he had his own reasons to hate Charles. According to Geanakoplos, Peter's wife
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that August. Realizing that he needed a navy to effectively besiege Constantinople, Michael concluded the
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Although Michael avoided punishment, and afterwards was married to the Emperor's grandniece and appointed
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It was also at this time that the focus of the Byzantine military shifted to the Balkans, against the
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rising over the walls of Constantinople, in commemoration of the capture of the city over the Latins.
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and fleet of 73 ships to harass the Latin states in Greece. The army was crushingly defeated at the
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of plotting against the throne. The only way Michael was allowed to prove his innocence was through
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ally of Charles of Anjou, to the table of negotiations, as he did, at his court in Constantinople.
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Michael VIII. This ban was not lifted until six years later (1268) on the appointment of patriarch
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A detailed account and analysis of the Battle of Pelagonia can be found in Deno John Geanakoplos,
626:. From late 1256 to 1258, he served as commander of the Christian mercenaries fighting for Sultan
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1953:. Translated by J. Jones-Willian. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. p. 279.
1787:"Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Byzantine Restoration: The Battle of Pelagonia – 1259"
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in March of the following year. Genoese help proved to be unneeded when Michael VIII's general
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Michael rose to distinction at an early age, serving as the governor of the Thracian towns of
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1845:"Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Byzantine Restoration: The Battle of Pelagonia-1259"
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of Michael VIII, shown (bottom left) kneeling before Christ (right), under the injunction of
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to achieve some kind of accord. In the summer of 1262, Michael offered to divorce his wife
464:. His reign saw considerable recovery of Byzantine power, including the enlargement of the
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Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations
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Charles had prepared a military force far larger than Michael could muster. According to
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A series of military setbacks followed. In 1263 Michael sent 15,000 men, including 5,000
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he had to flee. However, Michael VIII later managed to conquer the Bulgarian portion of
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the Emperor, Patriarch, and Pope as heretics. In response, a synod was convoked at the
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24 June 1274, where they presented a letter from the Emperor, sealed with the imperial
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Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History
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Cretans in Byzantine foreign policy and military affairs following the Fourth Crusade
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618:, he was still mistrusted. Following the death of John Vatatzes, Michael crossed the
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By a mistress, a Diplovatatzina, Michael VIII also had two illegitimate daughters:
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failed to ratify the agreement. He also signed a treaty in 1263 with the Egyptian
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It was around this time that Michael was presented with a dangerous distraction:
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Charanis, Peter. "The Jews in the Byzantine Empire under the First Palaeologi."
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Last was his victory over Charles of Anjou in western Greece. Charles' general
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2637:(in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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1444:
1427:
1414:
1212:
879:
824:
744:
647:
627:
2528:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 359–360.
1810:
3615:
3567:
3477:
3464:
3251:
3180:
3153:
3148:
3117:
3063:
3011:
2946:
2941:
1575:
in the original text the Greeks are referred to as Romans "κατὰ τῶν Ῥωμαίων"
1295:
1121:
1033:
1009:
17:
1085:
Arsenites. One of the chief anti-unionist leaders was Michael's own sister
436:
from 1261 until his death in 1282, and previously as the co-emperor of the
2715:
866:. The following year, the imperial forces in Morea were again defeated at
4573:
3883:
3665:
3557:
3510:
3470:
3452:
3372:
3307:
3287:
3257:
3230:
3225:
3210:
3200:
3170:
3078:
3073:
3021:
2996:
2991:
2956:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
1307:
1299:
1161:
989:
940:
658:
653:
3817:
3520:
3427:
3340:
3195:
2971:
2603:
1844:
1818:
1786:
1266:
1179:
with 8,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) captured Butrinto in 1280 and
1110:
896:
875:
836:
793:
519:
383:
249:
3589:
3446:
3328:
3100:
2966:
2058:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 136–137f, 250f.
1434:
1431:
1276:
Furthermore, Michael VIII was instrumental in instigating revolts in
1261:
Before Charles of Anjou could start for Constantinople, however, the
1153:
904:
871:
583:
504:
2595:
1802:
3190:
2961:
2951:
2931:
2509:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2280:
Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
1318:
1277:
1205:
1051:
1013:
918:
900:
851:
784:
672:
641:, seizing from him the guardianship of the eight-year-old Emperor
800:, and Michael VIII Palaeologus made the city the seat of the new
2936:
2926:
970:
In many ways Michael and Charles were alike. Geanakoplos quotes
4237:
2856:
2582:(1992). "Empress Theodora Palaiologina, Wife of Michael VIII".
295:
2314:
2312:
1160:
remained unstable. In 1275, Michael VIII sent an army against
657:. On 1 January 1259, Michael was formally proclaimed emperor (
614:
of the Latin mercenaries in the employment of the emperors of
1327:, portraying Michael VIII alongside Theodora and Constantine.
1168:, but the fleet won a similarly comprehensive victory at the
923:
The restored Byzantine Empire in 1265 (William R. Shepherd,
480:, a cultural flowering between the 13th and 15th centuries.
2000:
Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250–1520
1381:(1261–1306), who married Eirene Raoulaina his second cousin
1148:
on the Bulgarian throne, but after the Byzantine defeat at
1144:. The Emperor managed to temporarily impose his son-in-law
2564:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
999:
into the southern part of Byzantine Anatolia to clear the
1613:
History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453
735:
News of the captured city first reached Michael's sister
1616:, vol. 2, William Blackwood & Sons, p. 463
4902:
People excommunicated by Eastern Orthodox Church bodies
947:
on 23 August 1268. And looking for help to restore the
440:
from 1259 to 1261. Michael VIII was the founder of the
2489:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2283:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 209.
2035:
Gregoras, 123, ll. 8–15; 144, ll. 16ff. Translated in
1641:
1639:
992:
and elsewhere." In 1269 Michael sent his brother the
4952:
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
1044:
in order to obtain a grudging consent to the union.
460:
in 1261 and transformed the Empire of Nicaea into a
4826:
4792:
4736:
4690:
4654:
4623:
4587:
4534:
4493:
4467:
4446:
4430:
4414:
4398:
4382:
4366:
4156:
3602:
3499:
3382:
3209:
3047:
2895:
1368:Anna Palaiologina (c. 1260–1299/1300), who married
858:, but this expedition failed in a surprise rout at
732:from Baldwin II through treachery on 25 July 1261.
622:with a few close friends and took service with the
427:
280:
270:
260:
248:
192:
182:
168:
156:
152:
139:
129:
118:
111:
101:
86:
75:
68:
34:
1633:Παλαιολόγος, Μιχαὴλ VIII. Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς.
1323:Reproduction of a lost Byzantine miniature in the
2614:The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts
1558:is likely based on another portrait found in the
796:. In 1263 the Latins ceded Mystras as ransom for
570:, although she was only ten years older than he.
4927:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
2422:, 21380. Παλαιολογίνα, Θεοδώρα ∆ούκαινα Κομνηνή.
1029:their protector, had saved them from disaster."
976:
685:In 1259, Michael VIII defeated the alliance of
2634:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
4764:Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow
4249:
2868:
1554:The illustration of Michael VIII in the
1224:On 22 February 1281 a new Pope was selected,
1064:Byzantine envoys presented themselves at the
677:15th-century miniature of Michael VIII,
307:
8:
4907:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
1298:, where in 1260 he had reburied the body of
534:Michael VIII Palaiologos was the son of the
4526:Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate
2363:
2330:
2318:
2303:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2090:
2078:
2036:
2023:
2011:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1831:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1594:
1562:. Both portraits are heavely influenced by
1353:(c. 1256–before 1328), who married emperor
429:Mikhaēl Doukas Angelos Komnēnos Palaiologos
4605:Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
4256:
4242:
4234:
3379:
2875:
2861:
2853:
2731:
2727:Coinage featuring Michael VIII Palaiologos
2561:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
2047:
2045:
1331:In 1253, Michael VIII Palaiologos married
645:. Michael was invested with the titles of
418:Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος
314:
300:
292:
49:
31:
4942:People of the War of the Sicilian Vespers
4859:who are independently notable are shown.
4759:Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia
4631:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond
2199:D'Amato, Raffaelle (20 September 2016).
1384:Theodora Palaiologina, who married King
1347:Manuel Palaiologos (c. 1255–before 1259)
1120:On 1 May 1277, John convoked a synod at
1089:, who fled to the court of her daughter
974:'s comparison of the two men at length:
827:, who had been deposed as Sultan of the
4646:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
4501:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
1587:
1496:), was likely made during the reign of
1474:
1016:coast were firmly Turkish possessions.
491:and two civil wars which occurred from
4800:Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya
4600:Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus
2431:
1156:, while the internal situation of the
432:; 1224 – 11 December 1282) reigned as
55:Miniature portrait in a manuscript of
4610:Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress
4574:Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
2377:The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors
2102:
1900:
951:, on May 1267, Charles concluded the
7:
4749:Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus
1652:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1056:Coin of Michael VIII, depicting the
4615:Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
1183:. A Byzantine army of relief under
988:large segments of Greek society in
661:), most likely without John IV, in
27:Byzantine emperor from 1261 to 1282
2543:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2381:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
831:by a coalition led by the Pervane
344:Constantinople & Galata (1260)
42:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
25:
2829:1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282
2399:. Osprey Publishing. p. 10.
1370:Demetrios/Michael Komnenos Doukas
630:; in that later year the Emperor
4957:Former Greek Orthodox Christians
4947:People of the War of Saint Sabas
2714:
2703:(Etudes prosopographiques), 1989
2502:
2396:Byzantine Naval Forces 1261–1461
2205:. Osprey Publishing. p. 9.
2202:Byzantine Naval Forces 1261–1461
1485:, which contains the history of
1447:
854:with the goal of conquering the
4922:13th-century Byzantine emperors
2419:
1785:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1953).
1626:
1502:
1109:was irretrievably lost as were
1091:Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene
547:, the granddaughter of Emperor
265:Andronikos Komnenos Palaiologos
4459:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
2687:Byzantine Armies, AD 1118–1461
1325:Peribleptos Monastery, Mystras
1072:, and two others from his son
553:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina
545:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
275:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
1:
4406:Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos
2675:(Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014).
2611:Spatharakis, Ioannis (1976),
2590:. Washington, D.C.: 295–303.
1490:
651:and, on 13 November 1258, of
1095:Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
915:Michael and Charles of Anjou
474:University of Constantinople
444:dynasty that would rule the
2689:(Osprey Publishing, 1995).
2393:D'Amato, Raffaelle (2016).
2342:Agelarakis, P. A. (2012), "
1202:War of the Sicilian Vespers
816:and marry Manfred's sister
798:William II of Villehardouin
632:Theodore II Doukas Laskaris
428:
199:
4983:
4718:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4595:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4475:Irene Komnene Palaiologina
4148:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4099:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3986:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2673:Byzantium and the Crusades
2538:"Michael VIII Palaiologos"
1684:"Michael VIII Palaeologus"
1646:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
1463:List of Byzantine emperors
1195:
695:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
679:National Library of Russia
172:11 December 1282 (aged 58)
4853:
4662:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4506:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4276:
4224:
4121:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4089:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3914:Constantine IX Monomachos
2822:
2814:
2808:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2804:
2797:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2785:
2767:
2762:
2736:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2734:
1518:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1360:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1355:Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria
1246:, but he was aloof. King
1048:Council of Lyon and after
804:, ruled by his relatives.
462:restored Byzantine Empire
417:
334:
215:Andronikos II Palaiologos
106:Andronikos II Palaiologos
48:
39:
4877:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4744:Andronikos V Palaiologos
4480:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4084:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2721:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2701:Les premiers Paléologues
2052:Vryonis, Speros (1971).
1855:(1953), pp. 99–141.
1775:, pp. 51–54, 90–91.
1682:Geanakoplos, Deno John.
1483:Codex Monacensis gr. 442
1337:John III Doukas Vatatzes
961:William II Villehardouin
808:Michael also approached
687:William of Villehardouin
568:Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes
454:recovered Constantinople
406:Michael VIII Palaiologos
326:Michael VIII Palaiologos
35:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4962:Greek Eastern Catholics
4912:Roman Catholic monarchs
4806:Constantine Palaiologos
4708:Theodore II Palaiologos
4547:Constantine Palaiologos
4511:Constantine Palaiologos
4485:John Doukas Palaiologos
3939:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3573:Tiberius II Constantine
2548:Oxford University Press
2525:Encyclopædia Britannica
2463:Oxford University Press
1688:Encyclopedia Britannica
1649:The Late Byzantine Army
1455:Byzantine Empire portal
1411:Euphrosyne Palaiologina
1379:Constantine Palaiologos
1107:Antioch on the Maeander
730:captured Constantinople
711:an unsuccessful attempt
643:John IV Doukas Laskaris
624:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
518:, most notably that of
478:Palaeologan Renaissance
235:Euphrosyne Palaiologina
220:Constantine Palaiologos
4834:Palaeologus-Montferrat
4713:Andronikos Palaiologos
4672:Theodore I Palaiologos
4562:Palaeologus-Montferrat
4542:Michael IX Palaiologos
4454:Andronikos Palaiologos
4374:Nikephoros Palaiologos
4094:Michael IX Palaiologos
2481:Geanakoplos, Deno John
1949:Cahen, Claude (2004).
1560:MS Sinaiticus gr. 2123
1402:(c. 1263 – after 1310)
1393:, who married Emperor
1328:
1221:
1066:Second Council of Lyon
1061:
981:
963:under the guidance of
928:
856:Principality of Achaea
805:
773:Diplomacy and conquest
727:Alexios Strategopoulos
682:
557:Sack of Constantinople
541:Andronikos Palaiologos
450:Fall of Constantinople
4932:Despots (court title)
4857:male-line descendants
4723:Demetrios Palaiologos
4703:John VIII Palaiologos
4667:Manuel II Palaiologos
4569:Demetrios Palaiologos
4188:Thessalonian emperors
4182:Trapezuntine emperors
4143:John VIII Palaiologos
4138:Manuel II Palaiologos
4109:John VI Kantakouzenos
4025:Andronikos I Komnenos
3862:Constantine Lekapenos
2890:and empresses regnant
2584:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
2375:Melvani, N., (2018) '
1849:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1791:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1498:John VI Kantakouzenos
1333:Theodora Palaiologina
1322:
1209:
1185:Michael Tarchaneiotes
1138:civil war in Bulgaria
1097:and his half-brother
1055:
945:Battle of Tagliacozzo
922:
833:Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman
788:
676:
349:Constantinople (1261)
187:Theodora Palaiologina
4812:Fernando Palaiologos
4698:John VII Palaiologos
4557:Theodore Palaiologos
4521:Eudokia Palaiologina
4516:Theodore Palaiologos
4126:John VII Palaiologos
4074:Theodore II Laskaris
3934:Constantine X Doukas
3874:Nikephoros II Phokas
2723:at Wikimedia Commons
2383:, 42 (2) pp. 237–260
1400:Theodore Palaiologos
1395:John II of Trebizond
1391:Eudokia Palaiologina
1374:Michael II of Epirus
864:Battle of Settepozzi
825:ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kaykāwūs
760:Arsenios Autoreianos
737:Eulogia Palaiologina
230:Theodore Palaiologos
225:Eudokia Palaiologina
63:, early 14th century
4892:Palaiologos dynasty
4818:Andreas Palaiologos
4769:Andreas Palaiologos
4754:Helena Palaiologina
4682:Zampia Palaiologina
4677:Michael Palaiologos
4641:Michael Palaiologos
4438:Alexios Palaiologos
4057:Theodore I Laskaris
4042:Alexios III Angelos
4020:Alexios II Komnenos
3944:Romanos IV Diogenes
3899:Romanos III Argyros
3845:Romanos I Lekapenos
2449:Akropolites, George
2153:, pp. 264–275.
2141:, pp. 286–290.
2117:, pp. 258–264.
2026:, pp. 195–200.
1990:, pp. 182–185.
1966:, pp. 151–160.
1891:, pp. 383–384.
1597:, pp. 165–172.
1386:David VI of Georgia
1248:Peter III of Aragon
1244:Rudolph of Habsburg
1170:Battle of Demetrias
1166:Battle of Neopatras
972:Nicephorus Gregoras
933:Battle of Benevento
719:Treaty of Nymphaeum
703:Battle of Pelagonia
549:Alexios III Angelos
522:, later called the
476:contributed to the
384:Licario's campaigns
4967:Nicaean–Latin wars
4917:Emperors of Nicaea
4774:Manuel Palaiologos
4728:Thomas Palaiologos
4636:John V Palaiologos
4422:George Palaiologos
4390:George Palaiologos
4176:Britannic emperors
4170:Palmyrene emperors
4104:John V Palaiologos
4047:Alexios IV Angelos
3996:Constantine Doukas
3991:Alexios I Komnenos
3979:Constantine Doukas
3962:Michael VII Doukas
3924:Michael VI Bringas
3490:Romulus Augustulus
3113:Trebonianus Gallus
3106:Herennius Etruscus
2888:Byzantine emperors
2671:Harris, Jonathan,
2580:Talbot, Alice-Mary
2534:Kazhdan, Alexander
2520:Michael (emperors)
1424:Maria Palaiologina
1351:Irene Palaiologina
1335:, a grandniece of
1329:
1271:Benedetto Zaccaria
1222:
1117:four years later.
1062:
1022:Louis IX of France
957:Emperor Baldwin II
929:
806:
802:Despotate of Morea
683:
240:Maria Palaiologina
210:Irene Palaiologina
178:, Byzantine Empire
4897:Byzantine regents
4864:
4863:
4844:Paleologus-Pesaro
4564:
4335:(1390; 1403–1408)
4231:
4230:
4069:John III Vatatzes
4015:Manuel I Komnenos
3754:Michael I Rangabe
3598:
3597:
3440:Petronius Maximus
3039:Severus Alexander
3007:Septimius Severus
2851:
2850:
2825:Emperor of Nicaea
2805:Succeeded by
2788:Byzantine emperor
2783:
2719:Media related to
2681:978-1-78093-767-0
2571:978-0-521-43991-6
2065:978-0-52-001597-5
1763:, pp. 39–46.
1751:, pp. 26–30.
1659:978-0-8122-1620-2
1520: (1272–1282)
1487:George Pachymeres
1364:Byzantine emperor
1341:Emperor of Nicaea
1218:Archangel Michael
953:Treaty of Viterbo
810:Manfred of Sicily
611:megas konostaulos
588:John III Vatatzes
516:Anatolian beyliks
434:Byzantine emperor
426:
402:
401:
290:
289:
122:1 January 1259 –
113:Emperor of Nicaea
79:15 August 1261 –
70:Byzantine emperor
57:George Pachymeres
16:(Redirected from
4974:
4839:Asen Palaiologos
4779:Hass Murad Pasha
4579:John Palaiologos
4560:
4552:John Palaiologos
4270:Byzantine Empire
4258:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4079:John IV Laskaris
4052:Alexios V Doukas
4037:Isaac II Angelos
4003:John II Komnenos
3929:Isaac I Komnenos
3889:Constantine VIII
3879:John I Tzimiskes
3606:Byzantine Empire
3380:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2844:Byzantine Empire
2834:John IV Laskaris
2818:John IV Laskaris
2815:Preceded by
2774:
2768:Preceded by
2758:
2757:11 December 1282
2751:
2732:
2718:
2648:
2627:
2607:
2575:
2556:Nicol, Donald M.
2551:
2529:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2476:
2457:. Translated by
2435:
2434:, pp. 295f.
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2373:
2367:
2364:Akropolites 2007
2361:
2355:
2348:Cretika Chronika
2340:
2334:
2331:Geanakoplos 1959
2328:
2322:
2321:, pp. 365f.
2319:Geanakoplos 1959
2316:
2307:
2306:, pp. 345f.
2304:Geanakoplos 1959
2301:
2295:
2294:
2275:Nicol, Donald M.
2271:
2265:
2264:, pp. 361f.
2262:Geanakoplos 1959
2259:
2253:
2250:Geanakoplos 1959
2247:
2241:
2238:Geanakoplos 1959
2235:
2229:
2226:Geanakoplos 1959
2223:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2187:Geanakoplos 1959
2184:
2178:
2175:Geanakoplos 1959
2172:
2166:
2163:Geanakoplos 1959
2160:
2154:
2151:Geanakoplos 1959
2148:
2142:
2139:Geanakoplos 1959
2136:
2130:
2127:Geanakoplos 1959
2124:
2118:
2115:Geanakoplos 1959
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2091:Geanakoplos 1959
2088:
2082:
2079:Geanakoplos 1959
2076:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2040:
2037:Geanakoplos 1959
2033:
2027:
2024:Geanakoplos 1959
2021:
2015:
2014:, pp. 189f.
2012:Geanakoplos 1959
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1988:Geanakoplos 1959
1985:
1979:
1978:, pp. 181f.
1976:Geanakoplos 1959
1973:
1967:
1964:Geanakoplos 1959
1961:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1939:, pp. 144f.
1937:Geanakoplos 1959
1934:
1928:
1927:, pp. 140f.
1925:Geanakoplos 1959
1922:
1916:
1913:Geanakoplos 1959
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1889:Akropolites 2007
1886:
1880:
1877:Geanakoplos 1959
1874:
1868:
1865:Geanakoplos 1959
1862:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1832:Geanakoplos 1959
1829:
1823:
1822:
1782:
1776:
1773:Spatharakis 1976
1770:
1764:
1761:Geanakoplos 1959
1758:
1752:
1749:Geanakoplos 1959
1746:
1740:
1737:Geanakoplos 1959
1734:
1728:
1725:Geanakoplos 1959
1722:
1716:
1713:Geanakoplos 1959
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1690:. Archived from
1679:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1595:Spatharakis 1976
1592:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1531:John IV Laskaris
1529:Co-Emperor with
1527:
1521:
1516:Co-emperor with
1514:
1508:
1506:
1505: 1347–1354
1504:
1495:
1492:
1479:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1285:Death and legacy
1263:Sicilian Vespers
1198:Sicilian Vespers
1192:Sicilian Vespers
1158:Bulgarian Empire
1026:Tunisian crusade
997:John Palaiologos
955:with the exiled
937:Charles of Anjou
925:Historical Atlas
691:Prince of Achaea
565:megas domestikos
537:megas domestikos
446:Byzantine Empire
438:Empire of Nicaea
431:
421:
419:
329:
327:
316:
309:
302:
293:
203:
174:Pachomion, near
163:Empire of Nicaea
145:Byzantine Empire
134:John IV Laskaris
125:
82:
81:11 December 1282
53:
32:
21:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4849:
4822:
4793:15th generation
4788:
4737:14th generation
4732:
4691:13th generation
4686:
4655:12th generation
4650:
4624:11th generation
4619:
4588:10th generation
4583:
4530:
4489:
4463:
4442:
4426:
4410:
4394:
4378:
4362:
4272:
4262:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4164:Gallic emperors
4152:
3840:Constantine VII
3621:Constantine III
3608:
3605:
3594:
3503:
3495:
3434:Valentinian III
3422:Constantius III
3416:Priscus Attalus
3400:Constantine III
3386:
3378:
3268:Valerius Valens
3213:
3205:
3051:
3043:
3002:Didius Julianus
2982:Marcus Aurelius
2899:
2891:
2881:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2810:
2793:
2791:
2773:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2711:
2706:
2656:
2654:Further reading
2651:
2645:
2630:
2625:
2610:
2596:10.2307/1291662
2578:
2572:
2554:
2550:. p. 1367.
2532:
2518:, ed. (1911). "
2514:
2503:
2501:
2479:
2473:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2430:
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2418:
2414:
2407:
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2272:
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2256:
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2244:
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2232:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:, pp. 44f.
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1803:10.2307/1291057
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:, pp. 23f.
1735:
1731:
1727:, pp. 18f.
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1694:on 22 July 2018
1681:
1680:
1667:
1660:
1645:
1644:
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1621:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
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1574:
1570:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1493:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1372:, third son of
1317:
1287:
1256:John of Procida
1204:
1196:Main articles:
1194:
1050:
965:Pope Clement IV
917:
909:Kipchak Khanate
775:
741:crowned emperor
671:
639:George Mouzalon
620:Sangarios River
592:trial by ordeal
576:
559:in 1204 by the
532:
507:, Bulgaria and
489:Arsenite schism
403:
398:
369:Mongol invasion
330:
325:
322:
320:
244:
197:
196:
173:
161:
123:
80:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4937:Megaloi doukes
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4827:Cadet branches
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4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
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4771:
4766:
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4756:
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4720:
4715:
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4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
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4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4535:9th generation
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4494:8th generation
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4468:7th generation
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4447:6th generation
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4431:5th generation
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4415:4th generation
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4399:3rd generation
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4383:2nd generation
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4367:1st generation
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4357:Constantine XI
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4302:
4299:Andronikos III
4296:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4123:
4118:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3983:
3959:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3919:Theodora (III)
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3815:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3781:
3769:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Constantine VI
3731:
3726:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Theodosius III
3695:
3690:
3685:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3643:Constantine IV
3640:
3635:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:Eastern Empire
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:Western Empire
3377:
3376:
3369:
3357:Magnus Maximus
3353:
3351:Valentinian II
3348:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3283:Constantius II
3280:
3278:Constantine II
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:Antoninus Pius
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2900:27 BC – AD 235
2893:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2784:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:Regnal titles
2760:
2759:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2710:
2709:External links
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:Vannier, J-F.
2697:
2683:
2669:
2668:(1947), 75–77.
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2628:
2624:978-9633862971
2623:
2608:
2576:
2570:
2552:
2536:, ed. (1991).
2530:
2516:Chisholm, Hugh
2499:
2477:
2472:978-0191568718
2471:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2406:978-1472807281
2405:
2385:
2368:
2356:
2335:
2333:, p. 347.
2323:
2308:
2296:
2289:
2266:
2254:
2252:, p. 341.
2242:
2240:, p. 340.
2230:
2228:, p. 334.
2218:
2212:978-1472807281
2211:
2191:
2189:, p. 309.
2179:
2177:, p. 275.
2167:
2165:, p. 276.
2155:
2143:
2131:
2129:, p. 278.
2119:
2107:
2095:
2093:, p. 228.
2083:
2081:, p. 216.
2071:
2064:
2041:
2039:, p. 190.
2028:
2016:
2004:
2002:, p. 304.
1992:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1915:, p. 140.
1905:
1893:
1881:
1879:, p. 119.
1869:
1857:
1836:
1824:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1665:
1658:
1635:
1619:
1608:Finlay, George
1599:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1547:
1534:
1522:
1509:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1426:, who married
1421:
1413:, who married
1404:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1316:
1313:
1286:
1283:
1226:Pope Martin IV
1193:
1190:
1181:besieged Berat
1049:
1046:
916:
913:
790:Imperial eagle
774:
771:
763:excommunicated
670:
669:Constantinople
667:
575:
572:
561:Fourth Crusade
531:
528:
524:Ottoman Empire
466:Byzantine army
400:
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124:15 August 1261
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4457:
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4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
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4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4327:Andronikos IV
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4287:Andronikos II
4285:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4252:
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4245:
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3828:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3801:Theodora (II)
3799:
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3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:Constantine V
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Anastasius II
3691:
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3683:
3682:
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3636:
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3627:
3624:
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3619:
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3614:
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3607:
3601:
3591:
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3537:
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3532:
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3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Theodosius II
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
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3487:
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3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Valentinian I
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
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3289:
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3284:
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3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:Constantine I
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Constantius I
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
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3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
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3159:
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3147:
3145:
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3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
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3119:
3114:
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3108:
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3102:
3099:
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3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
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3032:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
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2983:
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2827:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:Latin Emperor
2772:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:1-85532-347-8
2692:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2644:3-7001-3003-1
2640:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2511:public domain
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:Ruth Macrides
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2366:, p. 16.
2365:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2290:0-521-34157-4
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2105:, p. 56.
2104:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1867:, p. 78.
1866:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1834:, p. 47.
1833:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1715:, p. 17.
1714:
1709:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:Codex gr. 118
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:Gulf of Saros
1541:Now near the
1538:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1362:(1259–1332),
1361:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1233:Marino Sanudo
1229:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:Hugh of Sully
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Ivan Asen III
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:anathematized
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1099:John I Doukas
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1015:
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1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
986:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
926:
921:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
841:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
781:
780:Pope Urban IV
772:
770:
768:
764:
761:
757:
752:
748:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
675:
668:
666:
664:
660:
656:
655:
650:
649:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
606:
604:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
574:Rise to power
573:
571:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
538:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
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451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
424:
415:
411:
407:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
333:
328:
317:
312:
310:
305:
303:
298:
297:
294:
286:
283:
279:
276:
273:
269:
266:
263:
259:
256:
253:
251:
247:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
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221:
218:
216:
213:
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208:
207:
205:
202:
201:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
171:
167:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4479:
4339:Andronikos V
4318:
4310:
4281:Michael VIII
4280:
4131:Andronikos V
4129:
4112:
4083:
4060:
4028:
4006:
3994:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3953:
3947:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3821:
3804:
3792:
3775:
3763:
3757:
3744:Nikephoros I
3719:
3718:
3712:
3679:
3676:Justinian II
3671:Tiberius III
3661:Justinian II
3652:
3646:
3629:
3581:
3553:Anastasius I
3544:
3488:
3484:Julius Nepos
3476:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3346:Theodosius I
3333:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3263:Maximinus II
3250:
3152:
3135:
3122:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3025:
2987:Lucius Verus
2842:
2837:
2831:
2823:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2700:
2686:
2685:Heath, Ian,
2672:
2665:
2661:
2632:
2613:
2587:
2583:
2560:
2541:
2523:
2485:
2453:
2427:
2415:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2371:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2326:
2299:
2279:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2201:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2054:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1827:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1687:
1648:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1590:
1571:
1555:
1550:
1537:
1525:
1512:
1482:
1477:
1419:Golden Horde
1405:
1330:
1304:
1288:
1275:
1260:
1240:Golden Horde
1237:
1230:
1223:
1211:
1174:
1135:
1130:Hagia Sophia
1119:
1103:
1083:
1079:
1063:
1037:
1031:
1018:
993:
982:
977:
969:
949:Latin Empire
930:
924:
889:Raniero Zeno
885:
842:
829:Seljuk Turks
822:
807:
776:
749:
734:
707:
684:
652:
646:
636:
609:
607:
603:Philadelphia
596:Metropolitan
577:
564:
535:
533:
482:
458:Latin Empire
452:in 1453. He
409:
405:
404:
324:
198:
143:
95:Latin Empire
60:
40:
29:
18:Michael VIII
4887:1282 deaths
4882:1223 births
4784:Mesih Pasha
4359:(1449–1453)
4353:(1425–1448)
4347:(1391–1425)
4341:(1403–1407)
4329:(1376–1379)
4322:(1353–1357)
4314:(1347–1354)
4307:(1341–1391)
4301:(1328–1341)
4295:(1295–1320)
4289:(1282–1328)
4283:(1259–1282)
4266:Palaiologoi
4190:(1224–1242)
4184:(1204–1461)
3973:Konstantios
3850:Christopher
3823:Constantine
3813:Michael III
3794:Constantine
3777:Constantine
3759:Theophylact
3688:Philippicus
3638:Constans II
3563:Justinian I
3459:Severus III
3407:Constans II
3161:Claudius II
3137:Silbannacus
3084:Gordian III
3059:Maximinus I
3027:Diadumenian
2838:(1258–1261)
2801:(1272–1282)
2741:Palaiologos
2454:The History
2432:Talbot 1992
1564:Renaissance
1494: 1310
1070:golden bull
1058:Virgin Mary
1042:John Bekkos
848:mercenaries
756:Theodore II
442:Palaiologan
410:Palaeologus
255:Palaiologos
130:Predecessor
87:Predecessor
4871:Categories
4293:Michael IX
3967:Andronikos
3955:Nikephoros
3904:Michael IV
3869:Romanos II
3789:Theophilos
3784:Michael II
3765:Staurakios
3749:Staurakios
3721:Nikephoros
3714:Artabasdos
3626:Heraclonas
3583:Theodosius
3541:Basiliscus
3301:Nepotianus
3294:Magnentius
3288:Constans I
3241:Severus II
3221:Diocletian
3166:Quintillus
3131:Aemilianus
3124:Volusianus
3069:Gordian II
3034:Elagabalus
2897:Principate
2771:Baldwin II
2495:1011763434
2103:Nicol 1993
1901:Nicol 1993
1797:: 99–141.
1583:References
1428:Abaqa Khan
1415:Nogai Khan
1220:(top left)
1213:hyperpyron
1074:Andronikos
880:Nogai Khan
868:Makryplagi
745:Latin West
715:Baldwin II
648:megas doux
628:Kaykaus II
530:Early life
485:Bulgarians
448:until the
364:Makryplagi
359:Settepozzi
176:Lysimachia
91:Baldwin II
4351:John VIII
4345:Manuel II
4209:Classical
4194:Empresses
4178:(286–296)
4172:(267–273)
4166:(260–274)
3909:Michael V
3835:Alexander
3648:Heraclius
3616:Heraclius
3568:Justin II
3478:Glycerius
3465:Anthemius
3335:Procopius
3273:Martinian
3252:Maxentius
3181:Florianus
3154:Saloninus
3149:Gallienus
3118:Hostilian
3094:Philip II
3064:Gordian I
3012:Caracalla
2947:Vespasian
2942:Vitellius
2846:restored
2792:1261–1282
2617:, Brill,
2451:(2007) .
1811:0070-7546
1545:, Turkey.
1469:Footnotes
1308:Anatolian
1296:Selymbria
1252:Constance
1122:Neopatras
1038:oikonomia
1034:Gregory X
1010:Strobilos
663:Nymphaion
501:Trebizond
497:1341–1347
493:1321–1328
456:from the
423:romanized
389:Pharsalus
379:Demetrias
374:Neopatras
339:Pelagonia
140:Successor
102:Successor
4333:John VII
4204:Usurpers
4199:Augustae
4157:See also
4062:Nicholas
3884:Basil II
3681:Tiberius
3666:Leontius
3654:Tiberius
3631:Tiberius
3609:610–1453
3604:Eastern/
3558:Justin I
3511:Arcadius
3471:Olybrius
3453:Majorian
3394:Honorius
3373:Eugenius
3308:Vetranio
3258:Licinius
3231:Galerius
3226:Maximian
3211:Dominate
3201:Numerian
3171:Aurelian
3144:Valerian
3089:Philip I
3079:Balbinus
3074:Pupienus
3022:Macrinus
2997:Pertinax
2992:Commodus
2957:Domitian
2922:Claudius
2917:Caligula
2912:Tiberius
2907:Augustus
2662:Speculum
2558:(1993).
2483:(1959).
2354:, 41–78.
2277:(1988).
1610:(1854),
1441:See also
1432:Ilkhanid
1300:Basil II
1292:Tekirdağ
1162:Thessaly
1001:Maeander
994:despotes
990:Bithynia
941:Conradin
907:Khan of
860:Prinitza
814:Theodora
767:Joseph I
659:basileus
654:despotes
354:Prinitza
323:Wars of
285:Orthodox
281:Religion
147:restored
61:Historia
4320:Matthew
4312:John VI
4268:of the
4214:Eastern
4114:Matthew
4008:Alexios
3856:Stephen
3818:Basil I
3703:Leo III
3578:Maurice
3521:Marcian
3504:395–610
3428:Joannes
3387:395–480
3341:Gratian
3214:284–610
3196:Carinus
3176:Tacitus
3052:235–285
2972:Hadrian
2743:dynasty
2604:1291662
2513::
2441:Sources
1819:1291057
1698:22 July
1417:of the
1267:Messina
1111:Tralles
1087:Eulogia
1012:on the
1005:Cayster
985:Turkmen
943:at the
927:, 1911)
897:Baibars
895:sultan
876:Bulgars
837:Mongols
794:Mystras
751:John IV
701:at the
425::
250:Dynasty
200:more...
4305:John V
3976:&
3952:&
3859:&
3830:Leo VI
3806:Thekla
3762:&
3729:Leo IV
3651:&
3590:Phocas
3546:Marcus
3531:Leo II
3447:Avitus
3364:Victor
3329:Valens
3319:Jovian
3314:Julian
3186:Probus
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3101:Decius
3049:Crisis
2967:Trajan
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1435:Persia
1315:Family
1154:Thrace
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1142:Ivaylo
1014:Carian
905:Mongol
903:, the
893:Mamluk
878:under
872:Tatars
845:Seljuk
699:Epirus
693:, and
616:Nicaea
599:Phokas
584:Serres
580:Melnik
513:Seljuk
509:Serbia
505:Epirus
271:Mother
261:Father
183:Spouse
4855:Only
3772:Leo V
3739:Irene
3526:Leo I
3191:Carus
2962:Nerva
2952:Titus
2932:Galba
2884:Roman
2832:with
2795:with
2755:Died:
2748:Born:
2600:JSTOR
1815:JSTOR
1278:Crete
1210:Gold
1124:that
1115:Nyssa
901:Berke
852:Morea
850:, to
723:Genoa
721:with
520:Osman
414:Greek
394:Berat
194:Issue
119:Reign
76:Reign
4264:The
4128:(w.
4111:(w.
4059:(w.
4030:John
4027:(w.
4005:(w.
3993:(w.
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3403:(w.
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2937:Otho
2927:Nero
2886:and
2750:1224
2691:ISBN
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2639:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2491:OCLC
2467:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2060:ISBN
1807:ISSN
1700:2018
1654:ISBN
1566:art.
1481:The
1200:and
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818:Anna
582:and
551:and
495:and
470:navy
468:and
169:Died
160:1224
157:Born
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1799:doi
1627:PLP
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