207:, their powers to proselytize in the Qing Empire were reduced dramatically. According to Jesuit scholar Jean Charbonnier, the imperial decree of 1724 was a drastic change for Catholic missionaries, enforcing draconian measures to limit the spread of Christianity. By the time of the ascent of the Qianlong Emperor, the role of Jesuit missionaries was reinvented. As Mark Elliot notes in his biography of the Qianlong Emperor, Jesuits were allowed to learn and document Manchu and Chinese languages and culture in return for their service to the Qianlong court as subjects. Like many Jesuits, Michel Benoist entered the court knowing it was unlikely for him to return to his homeland.
244:. Michel Benoist oversaw the construction of Castiglione's designs, taking over construction following Castiglione's death in 1766, and helped design multiple parts of the palace. His studies in hydraulics were used for designing various fountains throughout the palace. His greatest achievement was the construction of a "water clock" in front of The Hall of Calm Seas, a building arguably based on the Court of Honor at Versailles. The clock consisted of a fountain basin surrounded by 12 statues depicting the animals of the Chinese zodiac, with each zodiac associated with the 12
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220:. According to Joanna Waley-Cohen, the Qianlong Emperor and Benoist conversed over various topics such as "Western science, philosophy, warfare, cartography, shipping, and navigational practices,” accentuating the cosmopolitan interests of the Qianlong Emperor. Many of Benoist's accomplishments have been documented by two authors: Louis Pfister (1833 - 1891), and
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Benoist worked on numerous cartography projects for the
Qianlong Emperor. His first cartography project was mapping out the territories of the Qing Empire and its borderlands, following up on previous work by Jesuits during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. Historian Mario Cams notes Benoist's maps
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Because of his training in astronomy, Benoist helped establish
European studies of astronomy to Qing China. Historian Nathan Sivin notes that Benoist was the first to introduce Copernican cosmology in China "after the church's ban on Copernican cosmology ended in 1757." Benoist's presentation of
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previously argued that the planets and the sun moved in a circular motion, while
Benoist argued the sun was a static body. Benoist, according to Sivin, was not only among the greatest champions of the Copernican model in China, but was also one of the last successful Jesuit scientists to do so.
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Over the course of thirty years, Michel
Benoist served the Qianlong Emperor on a number of construction projects and as an advisor on European affairs. The Qianlong Emperor revered Benoist as a source of intellect and a window into the ideas of the
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on the walls of
Yuanming Yuan. The map helped familiarize the Qianlong Emperor with the geography of Europe and his empire, and according to historian Mark Elliott prepared the Emperor for the later arrival of the British
187:. It was under their guidance that Benoist studied architecture, preparing for his work with the Qing court. Benoist was then sent to China on behalf of the Society of Jesus, arriving initially at
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System. Using a hydraulic system designed by
Benoist, each statue spewed water from the mouth of each animal for a consecutive hour, and was among the first water jet systems developed in China.
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ordered the looting and destruction of
Yuanming Yuan as retribution for the execution of European journalists and prisoners of wars by Qing forces. The ruins were again destroyed during the
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Ruins of the north facade of
Xieqiqu, one of the pavilions to feature the fountains constructed by Michel Benoist. The photograph was taken in 1873 by German photographer Ernst Ohlmer.
139:, Benoist served as one of two Jesuit advisors to the Qianlong Emperor, and transformed parts of the Old Summer Palace into what historian Mark Elliott calls an "imitation of
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An 18th century engraving depicting the water clock designed by
Benoist featuring the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac in front of The Hall of Calm Seas (Haiyantang).
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When Michel
Benoist arrived at the court of the Qianlong Emperor, the role of Jesuits had transformed. Although Jesuits were kept at the court since the reign of the
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Copernican theory stood in contrast from previous Jesuit advisors that either ignored Copernicus's ideas or contradicted one another. For instance, German Jesuit
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Notices biographiques et bibliographiques sur les Jésuites de l'ancienne Mission de Chine : 1552-1773. Tome II, XVIIIe siècle / par le P. Louis Pfister,...
919:'Looting and its discontents: Moral discourse and the plunder of Beijing, 1900–1901' in R. Bickers and R.G. Tiedemann (eds.), The Boxers, China, and the world
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Finlay, John R. "The Qianlong Emperor's Western Vistas: Linear Perspective and Trompe L'Oeil Illusion in the European Palaces of the Yuanming Yuan."
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funded his funeral with "one hundred pieces of silver." Zhengfusi was one of two cemeteries dedicated to Jesuits in service in China. The first,
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Sivin, Nathan. “Copernicus in China.” In Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections, 4: 1– 52. Aldershot: Variorum, 1995.
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into the boundaries and defined borderlands between Qing China, Mongolia, and Imperial Russia. Benoist then produced a large world
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Li, Lillian (2012). "The Garden of Perfect Brightness ll: The European Palaces and Pavilions of the Yuanmingyuan: Part II."
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In the Light and Shadow of an Emperor: Tomás Pereira, SJ (1645–1708), the Kangxi Emperor and the Jesuit Mission in China
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Michel Benoist was born on 8 October 1715 in Dijon, France. The name Benoist is an archaic form of the name "
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in Europe. His body was interred at the Zhengfusi cemetery on the outskirts a Beijing. In his honor, the
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Notices biographiques et bibliographiques sur les Jésuites de l'ancienne mission de Chine. 1552-1773
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Companions in Geography : East-West Collaboration in the Mapping of Qing China (C.1685-1735)
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Companions in Geography : East-West Collaboration in the Mapping of Qing China (C.1685-1735)
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in 1739. Shortly after, he left for Paris to study mathematics, astronomy, and hydraulics under
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Benoist set up a printing shop to produce prints of historic battle scenes from a set of
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938:. East and West : Culture, Diplomacy and Interactions, Volume 1. Leiden: Brill.
757:. East and West : Culture, Diplomacy and Interactions, Volume 1. Leiden: Brill.
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During the second year of his reign in 1737, the Qianlong Emperor commissioned
787:"Copernicus in China." In Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections
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in 1772, and was the last of Benoist's contributions to the Qianlong Court.
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English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China
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991::10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935420.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935420-e-53.
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Antonio Vasconcelos de Saldanha and Arthur Wardgea (2012-03-15).
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on 18 March 1737 and was formally ordained as a Jesuit priest in
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Michel Benoist died in Beijing, China on 23 October 1774 of a
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643:(in French). Chang-hai: Imprimerie de la Mission catholique.
592:"China and Western Technology in the Late Eighteenth Century"
343:, was a cemetery built in 1611 that interred Jesuits such as
906:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 76.
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Péking : histoire et description / par Alph. Favier,...
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Péking : histoire et description / par Alph. Favier,...
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Péking : histoire et description / par Alph. Favier,...
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Many of Benoist's accomplishments were destroyed during the
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Benoist also instructed the Qianlong Emperor on use of the
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scientist who served for thirty years in the court of the
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Sj, Benoît Vermander (2015-04-07). "Jesuits and China".
921:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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Pfister, Louis (1833-1891) Auteur du texte (1932–1934).
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Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History
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Science In China, 1600-1900: Essays By Benjamin A Elman
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Favier, Alphonse (1837-1905) Auteur du texte (1897).
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Favier, Alphonse (1837-1905) Auteur du texte (1897).
224:(1837 - 1905), a Catholic bishop based in Beijing.
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