1410:. Pablo moved a counter-resolution at the 1963 reunification congress, as well as the main resolution on Algeria, and was elected to the international executive committee. Tensions grew, and Pablo and his African Bureau were outside the International by the end of 1965 for partly disputed reasons: in the International's view, Pablo's tendency's orientation on what was commonly portrayed as "Third-World Guerrillaism" broke with the International publicly and placed itself outside the FI. Being busy with the situation in Algeria also made it difficult for him to defend himself against accusations leveraged against him by the FI's leadership. By then, Pablo had key political differences with the FI. In addition, Pablo was critical on the prospect of re-unification of the Trotskyist movement as advocated by
1217:, which was believed by many people to be imminent. In his document "Where are we going", Pablo writes "such a war would take on, from the very beginning the character of an international civil war, especially in Europe and in Asia. These continents would rapidly pass over under the control of the Soviet bureaucracy, of the Communist Parties, or of the revolutionary masses". Splits of revolutionary dissenters were likely to develop in the traditional mass parties of the working class. To gain influence, win members, establish a Marxist wing and most importantly to avoid becoming isolated sectarian circles with no connection to the working class, the Trotskyists should—where possible—join, or in Trotskyist terminology
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The innovative part of Pablo's proposed "Entryism sui generis", which was accepted by the Tenth Plenum of the Third World-Congress of the Fourth
International was in the approach to the Stalinist parties wherever they were majority working-class party. Due to the extremely bureaucratic leadership of
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The Fifth World-Congress in 1957 recognized for the first time that a major world depression was not likely in the near future. The central document emphasized the basic role of workers' democracy, not only as political factor, but also as indispensable for economic development. The second document
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demonstrating that the
Stalinist Communist Parties may not unalterably subordinate to Stalin, Pablo also started to argue that even the Stalinist parties who were in power in various countries at the time could be pushed into taking leadership in revolutionary conflicts by the mass activity of the
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or social democratic (Labour) parties. This form of
Entryism was intended to be a long-term tactic. It was understood by all that the FI would retain its political identity, and its own press. Entry was seldom carried out without splits or even violent conflict within the local propaganda circles,
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In 1979, the TMRI would send an open letter to members of the Fourth
International, calling for the need to "develop new directions, new forms of struggle and of organization" as well as "the elaboration of a transition program based on socialist autogestion". The United Secretariat paid little
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Unusually for a revolutionary, his funeral was a state event in his native Greece. This is explained by his personal friendship from the 1930s with
Papandreou who had been a Trotskyist in his youth. Pablo's motto was: "The meaning of life is life itself" (Νόημα της ζωής είναι η ίδια η ζωή).
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in colonial countries, not only as military factor but as a factor in the organisation and political education of the masses. The congress insisted on the necessity for the
Trotskyist movement, especially in the imperialist countries to devote a large part of its activity to aiding colonial
1476:(TMRIQI) Internationally. This group dropped the reference to the Fourth International during its meetings in 1972 and at the same time proclaimed it no longer considered itself Trotskyist nor a party of world revolution. Instead they considered themselves a Marxist tendency fostering
1152:. There he was not admitted by the orthodox communists, also in exile, so he joined the company of cattle and horse thieves, who at that time were punished with exile. In Folegandros he met his future wife Elli Dyovounioti. Together they escaped from the island and later from Greece.
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occupied France in 1940, Pablo stayed in Paris where he organized illegal propaganda and was involved in the re-construction and re-unification of the French
Trotskyist movement, which was operating underground into the Provisional European Secretariat of the Fourth International.
1133:" in 1928, and subsequently followed that faction when it split in 1929. He continued to be deeply involved in the factional struggles, splits and re-unifications of the Greek followers of Leon Trotsky until in 1934, this group joined forces with another Trotskyist group, led by
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In 1961, Pablo was finally sentenced to 15 months imprisonment, and liberated at the end of his trial. After his release, he went to Great
Britain, where through the intervention of supporters of his in Morocco, he was provided with a Moroccan passport. He took refuge in
1389:. Pablo was also part of a four-man committee tasked with drawing up a decree concerned with property which had been seized by the Algerians after the French colonials had fled the country. He served in these positions until the Algerian government was overthrown in the
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to struggle for the
Revolution, does not alter the internationally counter-revolutionary role of Stalinism, but it is the product of an exceptional combination of circumstances which has imposed the seizure of power either upon the Soviet bureaucracy (in the case of the
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Disagreement with the assessment of the
Khrushchev tendency of the Soviet bureaucracy as simple personal quarrel. Pablo had maintained that the Khrushchev tendency was more receptive to pressures of Soviet society than the Stalinist tendency that sought to overthrow
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the Stalinist parties, Trotskyists would be prevented from proceeding in the same way as they would with reformist mass-parties, and had to maintain separate independent work, which "must be understood as having its chief aim to assist the work of entry".
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By 1944 he was fully involved with the movement, and was elected the organizational secretary of its European Bureau, which had re-established contact between the Trotskyist parties. After the war, Pablo became the central leader of the
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and, from 1981, served as Special Advisor to Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou; The sections of the IRMT rejoined the reunified Fourth International in 1994 and 1995, although the agreement was not applied in Pablo's individual case.
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to power, which made it less advisable to stay in Paris. In Amsterdam, it was thought, the Trotskyists would be freer to operate, and they would be closer to the European headquarters of the Algerian revolution, which was in Cologne.
1308:. The document argued that since the world revolution had first been successful in the east, instead of—how it was expected by Marxist theoreticians—in the Western countries. Colonial revolution, which could only be victorious as
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and the triumph of the world revolution. The document contained a detailed study of the colonial movements, examined the respective roles of proletariat and peasantry in the colonial countries and emphasised the importance of
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were instrumental in these years in winning the Fourth International to a position that asserted that the Eastern European states conquered by the Soviet Armed Forces in 1944-45 had by 1948 become what they described as
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were moving back towards unity with the ISFI, sharing common positions towards the Cuban revolution. Pablo was regarded by the SWP as a barrier to that unification. The world congress in 1963 formed the
1188:. Pablo played a key role in re-unifying, re-centralising and re-orienting the International. In 1946 Pablo visited Greece to successfully reunify the four separate Trotskyist parties. Pablo and
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1337:. In 1959 he set up and operated a secret munitions factory, hidden within a citrus plantation in the Moroccan city of Kentire, where they manufactured a lightweight version of the
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but proved to greatly add to local groups' flexibility where it was put into practice. Independent work should continue in Latin America, Ceylon, the United States, India.
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and their hopes for a revolutionary breakthrough were dashed, Pablo also advanced a new tactic for the FI from its third world-congress in 1951 onward. He argued that a
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1365:. After Pablo's Arrest, it was decided to move the International Secretariat to Rome, with the reason being that of the members of the Bureau of the Secretariat,
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At the end of 1937, they went to Switzerland and finally to Paris, France, where Pablo represented the Greek Trotskyists at the founding conference of the
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Under the weight of the controversy that was caused by the resolutions adopted at the Third World-Congress of the Fourth International, factions in the
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Disagreement with the assessment of Maoism as evolving towards revolutionary Marxist positions to which it was necessary to offer critical support.
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as well as the British section of the FI started to build a faction within the International, which broke away in 1953, constituting the
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1385:. After the victory of the Algerian revolution in 1962, he became an adviser in the economic reconstruction in the Government of
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In 1960, it was decided to move the headquarters of the Fourth International from Paris to Amsterdam because of the return of
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while also overseeing a workshop on the Dutch-German border that produced counterfeit passports and cash to support the FLN.
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attention to this letter. A resolution of the Seventh International Conference of the TMRI in 1980 declares the adoption of
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Resistance in exile – a study of the political correspondence between Nicolas Calas and Michalis Raptis (Pablo) 1967-72
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2011:
Wallis, Victor (1983). McClintock, Cynthia; Stephens, Evelyne Huber; Espinosa, Juan G.; Zimbalist, Andrew S. (eds.).
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1947:
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working class, which caused further controversy and division within the ranks of the FI. Pablo was speculating on a
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The Fourth World-Congress of the Fourth International was entitled "Rise and Decline of Stalinism". Inspired by the
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as early as 1951. Pablo writes: "the rise of Communist Parties to power is not the consequence of a capacity of
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Revolution and Counter Revolution in Chile: A Dossier on Workers' Participation in the Revolutionary Process
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Publicly defending those positions would lead to Pablo and his supporters to be accused of having violated
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1377:, Maitan was the only one who could devote full-time to work for the IS. Pablo opposed this decision.
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was on "Colonial Revolution since the End of the Second World War", focusing on conflicts between
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1889:"For the release of Michel Raptis (Pablo) and Sal Santen, Leaders of the Fourth International"
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These changes in policy were adopted by the Fourth International in the early months of 1952.
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on all levels within social movements. This coincided with Pablo being politically active in
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Disagreement with the support given by the executive committee of the United Secretariat to
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International Trotskyism, 1929-1985 : a documented analysis of the movement
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International Trotskyism, 1929-1985 : a documented analysis of the movement
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International Trotskyism, 1929-1985 : a documented analysis of the movement
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Alexander, Robert J. (1991). "Fourth International: Split and Partial Reunion".
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Pablo himself declared his differences with the United Secretariat as follows:
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Koffertrager. Das Algerienprojekt der Deutsche Linken in Adenauer Deutschland
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Alexander, Robert J. (1991). "International Revolutionary Marxist Tendency".
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International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement
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International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement
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International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement
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International Revolutionary Marxist Tendency of the Fourth International
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Resistance in Exile. A study of the political correspondence between
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1746:"Ernest Germain: The Rise and Decline of Stalinism (November 1953)"
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established a network to assist resistance members' escape abroad.
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I want to believe : posadism, UFOs, and apocalypse communism
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After being expelled, Pablo and his supporters regrouped as the
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1898:(11): 52. 3 October 1960 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
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Alexander, Robert J. (1991). "Fourth International: Postwar".
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Socialism, Democracy & Self-Management: Political Essays
1209:, when the Trotskyists were numerically dwarfed by the mass
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The Fourth International: The Long March of the Trotskyists
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split between the Stalinist regimes in China and the USSR
1139:
Organisation of International Communists of Greece (OKDE)
1148:, Pablo was arrested and exiled in the Aegean island of
1948:"The World Congress of the Fourth International--1965"
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Alexander, Robert J. (1991). "Trotskyism in Algeria".
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provides a bio-bibliographical sketch of Michel Pablo
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People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
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In July 1960 he was arrested in Amsterdam along with
1780:. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 324–329.
1716:. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 316–321.
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International Committee of the Fourth International
822:
International Committee of the Fourth International
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Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma
1642:"Michel Pablo: Where Are We Going? (January 1951)"
1129:Pablo joined the Trotskyist faction of the Group "
812:Committee for a Workers' International (refounded)
1678:. London: Bodley Head. pp. 66, 67, 73, 229.
1468:The International Revolutionary Marxist Tendency.
2126:Combats et debats de la Quatrieme Internationale
1159:, which was held just outside of Paris in 1938.
1440:in Angola. Pablo favored supporting the latter.
1329:Pablo was personally engaged in supporting the
2217:National Technical University of Athens alumni
2183:Includes Papandreou's comment on Pablo's death
1982:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 545.
1918:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 34.
1361:. A campaign for his release was launched by
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8:
2112:Étude pour une politique agraire en Algerie
1401:Meanwhile, in 1963, ICFI groups around the
954:List of Trotskyist organizations by country
666:Organisation of Communist Internationalists
2073:"Intellectual Revolutionary in Lean Times"
1873:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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865:Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International
29:
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1144:During the 1936 military dictatorship of
817:Fourth International (post-reunification)
1577:Lubitz, Wolfgang; Lubitz, Petra (2004).
1304:which led to the nationalisation of the
769:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)
2181:Obituary by the Greek state news agency
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1507:, played a role in the founding of the
1460:in Greece in 1967 Pablo, together with
651:Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)
41:
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1496:'s theory of "bureaucratic centrism".
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620:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
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1279:) or upon certain Communist Parties (
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860:Revolutionary Communist International
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2107:(London: Allison & Busby, 1980).
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1312:, thus was an integral part of the
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855:League for the Fourth International
835:International Socialist Alternative
696:Socialist Party (England and Wales)
27:Greek Trotskyist leader (1911–1996)
791:Workers Party of the United States
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2170:Marxist Internet Archive on Pablo
1896:Bulletin of the 4th International
1675:Revolutionaries in Modern Britain
1316:, and constituted a link between
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681:Socialist Alternative (Australia)
471:History of the Russian Revolution
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1452:Outside the Fourth International
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161:Uneven and combined development
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2017:Latin American Research Review
1813:"The Fourth International-ch7"
1408:reunified Fourth International
1205:In the uncertain aftermath of
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779:Socialist Workers Party (U.S.)
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1610:Alexander, Robert J. (1991).
1253:Rise and decline of Stalinism
1180:(FI) with the support of the
899:Revolutionary Workers Ferment
889:Fourth International Posadist
845:International Workers' League
553:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
81:Critique of political economy
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1499:After the fall of the Greek
1300:, the Algerian war, and the
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686:Socialist Alternative (U.S.)
676:Socialist Action (Hong Kong)
131:Proletarian internationalism
2212:Politicians from Alexandria
1845:. London. pp. 66, 67.
1620:. pp. 21–22, 28, 279.
1541:"A.N.A. Bulletin, 19/02/96"
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749:International Marxist Group
744:Communist League of America
605:Proletarian Military Policy
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1097:– 17 February 1996,
578:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions
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2144:and Michel Raptis 1967-72
2030:10.1017/S0023879100020914
1391:1965 Algerian coup d'état
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441:Literature and Revolution
252:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
76:Bureaucratic collectivism
2175:The Lubitz TrotskyanaNet
2166:by the Spartacist League
1839:Gittlitz, A. M. (2020).
1586:Marxist Internet Archive
1201:Turn to the mass-parties
1195:deformed workers' states
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1672:Shipley, Peter (1976).
1403:Socialist Workers Party
1101:) was the pseudonym of
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656:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
481:The Revolution Betrayed
431:Terrorism and Communism
91:Deformed workers' state
1458:Colonels' dictatorship
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377:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
2149:Robert J. Alexander,
1618:Duke University Press
1616:. Durham and London:
1446:democratic centralism
1135:Pandelis Pouliopoulos
706:The Struggle Pakistan
630:Militant in Liverpool
573:Trotskyism in Vietnam
558:The Declaration of 46
519:The Dilemmas of Lenin
101:Democratic centralism
2069:Savas Michael Matsas
1310:permanent revolution
1277:European buffer zone
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1157:Fourth International
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1016:Communism portal
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894:Permanent Revolution
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716:Workers' Cause Party
671:People Before Profit
509:The Stalinist Legacy
491:Transitional Program
126:Political revolution
121:Permanent revolution
86:Cross-class alliance
2164:Genesis of Pabloism
2098:Allison & Busby
1345:Arrest in Amsterdam
1040:Politics portal
979:Socialist economics
934:Fifth International
721:Workers' Left Front
204:Orthodox Trotskyism
156:Transitional demand
1494:Christian Rakovsky
1462:Andreas Papandreou
1339:Sten submachinegun
1131:Archeion marxismou
1103:Michalis N. Raptis
1089:; 24 August 1911,
546:October Revolution
541:Russian Revolution
500:Thesis of Pulacayo
461:Lessons of October
382:Christian Rakovsky
2232:Greek Trotskyists
2124:Francois Moreau,
1852:978-1-78680-619-2
1503:, he returned to
1351:Charles de Gaulle
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1263:Tito–Stalin split
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1111:Μιχάλης Ν. Ράπτης
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2087:Bibliography
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2020:
2016:
2006:
1978:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1914:
1895:
1883:
1841:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:
1776:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1712:
1674:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1612:
1585:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1514:
1498:
1490:
1471:
1455:
1443:
1436:against the
1420:
1418:and others.
1400:
1379:
1375:Livio Maitan
1367:Pierre Frank
1356:
1348:
1328:
1326:revolution.
1294:
1256:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1207:World War II
1204:
1174:
1164:Nazi-Germany
1161:
1154:
1143:
1128:
1102:
1087:Μισέλ Πάμπλο
1079:Michel Pablo
1078:
1077:
988:
974:Shachtmanism
921:
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870:
806:
732:
731:
645:
517:
507:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
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407:Peter Taaffe
397:Ivan Smirnov
367:Michel Pablo
366:
342:Livio Maitan
302:Pierre Frank
242:Martin Abern
237:Leon Trotsky
171:United front
66:Anti-fascism
2207:1996 deaths
2202:1911 births
2138:Lena Hoff,
1545:www.hri.org
1456:During the
1302:Suez crisis
1221:, the mass
1150:Folegandros
880:(1974–2019)
593:Great Purge
583:French Turn
402:Tạ Thu Thâu
357:David North
322:Gerry Healy
282:Ross Dowson
262:Hugo Blanco
2196:Categories
1957:2022-12-23
1861:1149149423
1822:2022-12-27
1755:2022-12-27
1651:2022-12-27
1627:0822309750
1550:2022-12-23
1520:References
1359:Sal Santen
1306:Suez Canal
1281:Yugoslavia
1117:leader of
1115:Trotskyist
1091:Alexandria
872:Historical
733:Historical
451:New Course
412:Alan Woods
372:J. Posadas
297:Tony Cliff
292:Chen Duxiu
287:Hal Draper
209:Third camp
43:Trotskyism
2096:(London:
2055:253132559
2039:0023-8791
1869:cite book
1272:Stalinism
1223:communist
996:Stalinism
387:Lev Sedov
307:Ted Grant
247:Tariq Ali
2100:, 1974).
1998:21594038
1934:21594038
1796:21594038
1732:21594038
1484:, under
1333:against
1249:(ICFI).
1121:origin.
923:Chavismo
332:Lal Khan
219:Pabloism
214:Posadism
198:Branches
116:Leninism
111:Entryism
60:Concepts
35:a series
33:Part of
2047:2503081
1694:2325898
1486:Allende
1383:Morocco
1318:October
917:Campism
807:Current
646:Current
642:Parties
535:History
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2045:
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1996:
1986:
1932:
1922:
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1849:
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1505:Greece
1335:France
1243:US-SWP
1099:Athens
959:Maoism
615:May 68
523:(2017)
513:(1984)
503:(1946)
495:(1938)
485:(1936)
475:(1930)
465:(1924)
455:(1924)
445:(1924)
435:(1920)
231:People
2051:S2CID
2043:JSTOR
1892:(PDF)
1582:(PDF)
1501:Junta
1482:Chile
1285:China
1219:enter
1162:When
1119:Greek
1113:), a
1107:Greek
1095:Egypt
1083:Greek
2035:ISSN
1994:OCLC
1984:ISBN
1930:OCLC
1920:ISBN
1875:link
1857:OCLC
1847:ISBN
1792:OCLC
1782:ISBN
1728:OCLC
1718:ISBN
1690:OCLC
1680:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1373:and
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1184:and
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