425:
71:
641:
55:
2186:
509:
811:
776:: a disk operating system included in a series of programmable read-only memory chips (PROMs); 8 Kilobytes of RAM; IBM's Basic Assembly Language (BAL); a hard drive; a color display; a printer output; a 150 bit/s serial interface for connecting to a mainframe; and even the world's first microcomputer front panel.
798:
Virtually all early microcomputers were essentially boxes with lights and switches; one had to read and understand binary numbers and machine language to program and use them (the
Datapoint 2200 was a striking exception, bearing a modern design based on a monitor, keyboard, and tape and disk drives).
760:
were installed in the next two years, followed by a new version based on the Intel 8080. Meanwhile, another French team developed the Alvan, a small computer for office automation which found clients in banks and other sectors. The first version was based on LSI chips with an Intel 8008 as peripheral
702:
magazine, but that advertisement was quickly dropped. HP was reluctant to sell them as "computers" because the perception at that time was that a computer had to be big in size to be powerful, and thus decided to market them as calculators. Additionally, at that time, people were more likely to buy
593:). Microcomputers are designed to serve only one user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or hardware to concurrently serve more than one user. Microcomputers fit well on or under desks or tables, so that they are within easy access of users. Bigger computers like
479:-based microcomputers likewise targeted at the small-business market, and also IBM's own mainframes and minicomputers. However, following its release, the IBM PC itself was widely imitated, as well as the term. The component parts were commonly available to producers and the
878:, made them considerably easier to use than their predecessors because their predecessors' operation often demanded thorough familiarity with practical electronics. The ability to connect to a monitor (screen) or TV set allowed visual manipulation of text and numbers. The
339:
and others produced systems designed for resourceful end users or consulting firms to deliver business systems such as accounting, database management and word processing to small businesses. This allowed businesses unable to afford leasing of a minicomputer or
306:
All these improvements in cost and usability resulted in an explosion in their popularity during the late 1970s and early 1980s. A large number of computer makers packaged microcomputers for use in small business applications. By 1979, many companies such as
722:, and for practical purposes the system behaves approximately as if it contains an 8008. This is because Intel was the contractor in charge of developing the Datapoint's CPU, but ultimately CTC rejected the 8008 design because it needed 20 support chips.
424:
834:
offered their microcomputers for use in terminal control, peripheral device interface control and industrial machine control. There were also machines for engineering development and hobbyist personal use. In 1975, the
432:
By the early 2000s, everyday use of the expression "microcomputer" (and in particular "micro") declined significantly from its peak in the mid-1980s. The term is most commonly associated with the most popular
677:
calculators as far back as 1968 had various levels of programmability comparable to microcomputers. The HP 9100B (1968) had rudimentary conditional (if) statements, statement line numbers, jump statements
772:
team led by Bill Pentz built the Sac State 8008 computer, able to handle thousands of patients' medical records. The Sac State 8008 was designed with the Intel 8008. It had a full set of hardware and
471:" or "PC", which specifies a computer that has been designed to be used by one individual at a time, a term first coined in 1959. IBM first promoted the term "personal computer" to differentiate the
495:"clones" became commonplace, and the terms "personal computer", and especially "PC", stuck with the general public, often specifically for a computer compatible with DOS (or nowadays Windows).
197:
N. The same year the company filed their patents with the term "Micro-ordinateur", a literal equivalent of "Microcomputer", to designate a solid state machine designed with a microprocessor.
703:
calculators than computers, and, purchasing agents also preferred the term "calculator" because purchasing a "computer" required additional layers of purchasing authority approvals.
344:
service the opportunity to automate business functions, without (usually) hiring a full-time staff to operate the computers. A representative system of this era would have used an
428:
Three microcomputer systems frequently associated with the first wave of commercially successful 8-bit home computers: The
Commodore PET 2001, the Apple II, and the TRS-80 Model 1
748:
within a small company, RĂ©alisations & Etudes
Electroniques (R2E), developed and patented a computer based on a microprocessor – the Intel 8008 8-bit microprocessor. This
921:
137:. A "microcomputer" used as an embedded control system may have no human-readable input and output devices. "Personal computer" may be used generically or may denote an
1208:
736:
instead of a microprocessor. It was marketed as an educational and hobbyist tool, but it was not a commercial success; production ceased shortly after introduction.
850:
just mentioned played an instrumental role in sparking significant hobbyist interest, which itself eventually led to the founding and success of many well-known
174:
in July that year). Most notably, the microcomputer replaced the many separate components that made up the minicomputer's CPU with one integrated microprocessor
182:
170:
956:
109:(PCB). Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. The predecessors to these computers,
936:
1494:
690:
programming language (HP 9830A in 1971). Some models had tape storage and small printers. However, displays were limited to one line at a time. The
1239:
769:
1072:
1287:
882:
language, which was easier to learn and use than raw machine language, became a standard feature. These features were already common in
277:
could automatically load further more complex software from external storage devices without user intervention, to form an inexpensive
1145:
1108:
1096:
1084:
556:
900:) first turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool. After the 1981 release by IBM of its
1503:
733:
791:
microprocessor. The SMP80/08, however, did not have a commercial release. After the first general-purpose microprocessor, the
534:
530:
189:. To answer this request, a team of French engineers of the computer technology company R2E, led by its Head of Development,
1312:
1263:
1201:
2190:
823:
819:
569:
Monitors, keyboards and other devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer memory in the form of
1487:
1066:
670:
519:
616:. Although some microcomputers (particularly early 8-bit home micros) perform tasks using RAM alone, some form of
133:(in the generic sense). An early use of the term "personal computer" in 1962 predates microprocessor-based designs.
1934:
538:
523:
795:, was announced in April 1974, Sord announced the SMP80/x, the first microcomputer to use the 8080, in May 1974.
780:
270:
1029:
A.O., Williman; Jelinek, H.J. (June 1976). "Special
Tutorial: Introduction to LSI Microprocessor Developments".
372:
for personal use attracted the attention of more software developers. As the industry matured, the market for
288:
1367:
2211:
2171:
1982:
1594:
1480:
926:
682:), registers that could be used as variables, and primitive subroutines. The programming language resembled
90:
31:
581:
unit, a keyboard and various input/output devices used to convey information to and from a human operator (
1944:
1644:
827:
590:
332:
144:
The abbreviation "micro" was common during the 1970s and 1980s, but has since fallen out of common usage.
121:
machines use one or more custom microprocessors as their CPUs). Many microcomputers (when equipped with a
909:
2154:
2127:
1987:
1949:
1892:
1716:
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691:
472:
106:
1232:
807:—bags full of loose components which the buyer had to solder together before the system could be used.
117:, were comparatively much larger and more expensive (though indeed present-day mainframes such as the
1902:
1882:
1824:
1733:
1554:
1507:
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745:
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573:, and at least one other less volatile, memory storage device are usually combined with the CPU on a
570:
320:
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284:
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was designed, which consisted of one board which included all the parts of the computer system. The
1977:
1684:
1407:
1291:
862:. Although the Altair itself was only a mild commercial success, it helped spark a huge industry.
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110:
44:
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1997:
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803:(1975) was arguably the most famous. Most of these simple, early microcomputers were sold as
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in one unit. Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system include batteries, a
2022:
2005:
1785:
1706:
1699:
1038:
990:
773:
586:
582:
488:
416:, may all be considered examples of microcomputers according to the definition given above.
369:
259:
217:
126:
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had built-in EPROM software which eliminated the need for rows of switches and lights. The
624:(in many cases as an external unit). Later, secondary storage (particularly in the form of
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2132:
2122:
1959:
1939:
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in 1970, was also comparable to microcomputers. While it contains no microprocessor, the
674:
640:
434:
413:
401:
397:
349:
328:
165:
98:
54:
48:
1342:"Digibarn Stories: Bill Pentz and (Earliest) History of the Microcomputer (August 2008)"
62:
was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best-selling model of
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1721:
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278:
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63:
1050:
287:
became cheap enough to afford dedicating approximately 1–2 kilobytes of memory to a
204:
were often sold as kits to be assembled by the user, and came with as little as 256
2137:
2070:
2039:
1912:
1907:
1760:
1755:
1599:
941:
883:
594:
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449:
405:
341:
294:, for a 40x25 or 80x25 text display or blocky color graphics on a common household
291:
248:
213:
161:
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118:
114:
102:
74:
59:
908:
became generally used for microcomputers compatible with the IBM PC architecture (
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is normally desirable. In the early days of home micros, this was often a data
612:
A microcomputer comes equipped with at least one type of data storage, usually
17:
2044:
2027:
2010:
1969:
1929:
1922:
792:
788:
719:
574:
467:
In colloquial usage, "microcomputer" has been largely supplanted by the term "
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353:
295:
186:
1472:
2166:
2032:
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in many ways. Later models incrementally added more features, including the
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453:
357:
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that was previously common as an interface to minicomputers and mainframes.
281:
that does not require a computer expert to understand or to use the device.
251:
replaced manual re-entry of a program every time the device was powered on.
220:
to demonstrate what such a simple device could do. As microprocessors and
810:
756:, mainly for scientific and process-control applications. About a hundred
1954:
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of its custom TTL processor was the basis of the instruction set for the
669:
Although they did not contain any microprocessors, but were built around
441:
345:
308:
86:
1164:". OED Online. December 2013. Oxford University Press. 15 February 2014.
240:
input, instead of simply a row of switches to toggle bits one at a time.
40:
1864:
1834:
1738:
1177:". OED Online. December 2013. Oxford University Press. 15 February 2014
784:
657:
267:
224:
became less expensive, microcomputers grew cheaper and easier to use.
193:, created the first available microprocessor-based microcomputer, the
1794:
1069:, Off the Telly. Article written December 2005, retrieved 2006-12-15.
901:
843:
839:
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457:
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194:
870:
By 1977, the introduction of the second microcomputer generation as
2017:
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809:
687:
679:
639:
324:
316:
263:
69:
53:
135:(See "Personal Computer: Computers at Companies" reference below)
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controller (keyboard, monitor and printer), before adopting the
480:
476:
461:
365:
361:
205:
30:"Microcomputing" redirects here. For the hobbyist magazine, see
1476:
185:(INRA) was looking for a computer able to measure agricultural
886:, with which many hobbyists and early produces were familiar.
799:
Of the early "box of switches"-type microcomputers, the MITS
502:
381:
216:
devices other than indicator lights and switches, useful as a
818:
The period from about 1971 to 1976 is sometimes called the
368:
operating system. The increasing availability and power of
1440:"Upward Compatible Software and Downward Compatible Price"
1187:
729:, was released in 1971. Like the Datapoint 2200, it used
1233:"Restoring the Balance Between Analysis and Computation"
752:
was marketed in early 1973 as a "Micro-ordinateur" or
27:
Small computer with a CPU made out of a microprocessor
156:
came into popular use after the introduction of the
2115:
2084:
2061:
1996:
1968:
1873:
1850:
1793:
1784:
1677:
1617:
1610:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1368:"Inside the world's long-lost first microcomputer"
644:A collection of early microcomputers, including a
298:. This replaced the slow, complex, and expensive
228:Increasingly inexpensive logic chips such as the
632:drives) were built into the microcomputer case.
1290:. Computermuseum.li. 1971-11-15. Archived from
1264:"History of the 9100A desktop calculator, 1968"
232:allowed cheap dedicated circuitry for improved
1121:Asimov, Isaac (July 1956). "The Dying Night".
1488:
922:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
183:Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
8:
785:Toshiba Personal Computer System Corporation
1123:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction
1065:(i) Direct reference: Graham Kibble-White,
537:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
171:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction
1790:
1614:
1527:
1520:
1495:
1481:
1473:
822:of microcomputers. Many companies such as
273:to be stored within microcomputers. These
200:In the US the earliest models such as the
1422:"Paper Tape Readers Work With IMP Micros"
1140:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 105.
937:Market share of personal computer vendors
854:hardware and software companies, such as
787:) completed the SMP80/08, which used the
557:Learn how and when to remove this message
1111:), a children's guide to microcomputers.
423:
325:Southwest Technical Products Corporation
1063:Proof of "micro" as a once-common term:
973:
744:In late 1972, a French team headed by
105:(I/O) circuitry together mounted on a
77:, a popular modern-class microcomputer
1457:Hawkins, William J. (December 1983).
7:
535:adding citations to reliable sources
648:SOL-20 (top shelf, right), an MITS
85:is a small, relatively inexpensive
266:allowed utility programs and self-
164:used the term in his short story "
25:
1099:). Other books include Usborne's
986:"Grandiose Price for a Modest PC"
168:" as early as 1956 (published in
2185:
2184:
1394:"SMP80/X series-Computer Museum"
507:
1366:Terdiman, Daniel (2010-01-08).
1245:from the original on 2007-06-21
1214:from the original on 2006-03-12
129:for input and output) are also
1188:"The Museum of HP Calculators"
698:in an advertisement in a 1968
656:(third shelf, center), and an
254:Large cheap arrays of silicon
1:
814:Microcomputer module LSI-11/2
97:. The computer also includes
1138:Computing: a concise history
1071:(ii) Usage in the titles of
388:. Modern desktop computers,
1067:"Stand by for a Data-Blast"
889:In 1979, the launch of the
770:Sacramento State University
734:transistor–transistor logic
671:transistor-transistor logic
2233:
1935:Personal digital assistant
1446:. 10 Dec 1975. p. 49.
1428:. 23 Oct 1974. p. 28.
1202:"Powerful Computing Genie"
725:Another early system, the
420:Colloquial use of the term
38:
29:
2180:
1101:"Understanding the Micro"
1089:"The Making of the Micro"
781:Sord Computer Corporation
609:or even dedicated rooms.
1346:DigiBarn Computer Museum
660:in the case at far right
652:(second shelf, left), a
289:video display controller
2172:Wireless sensor network
1288:"MicroprocessorHistory"
1043:10.1109/C-M.1976.218612
927:Lists of microcomputers
591:human interface devices
464:-based microcomputers.
91:central processing unit
33:Kilobaud Microcomputing
1945:Portable data terminal
1348:. August–November 2008
1136:Ceruzzi, Paul (2012).
1037:(Computer). IEEE: 37.
828:National Semiconductor
815:
731:small-scale integrated
661:
429:
333:Altos Computer Systems
78:
67:
2128:Information appliance
1950:Portable media player
1893:Handheld game console
1459:"Computer Adventures"
813:
694:was referred to as a
643:
460:) and small-business
427:
352:processor such as an
107:printed circuit board
73:
57:
1903:Mobile data terminal
1883:Electronic organizer
1555:Intelligent terminal
1317:The Vintage Computer
968:Notes and references
837:Processor Technology
740:Early microcomputers
646:Processor Technology
531:improve this section
400:, and many types of
376:standardized around
321:North Star Computers
313:Processor Technology
285:Random-access memory
222:semiconductor memory
181:In 1973, the French
93:(CPU) made out of a
1410:. 19 November 1997.
1207:. Hewlett Packard.
896:(initially for the
774:software components
765:as main processor.
390:video game consoles
2160:Computer-on-module
2018:Digital wristwatch
1820:Mobile workstation
1590:Video game console
1550:Internet appliance
1077:"The Mighty Micro"
932:Mainframe computer
816:
662:
485:reverse engineered
430:
378:IBM PC compatibles
374:personal computers
131:personal computers
79:
68:
45:integrated circuit
2199:
2198:
2148:Rugged smartphone
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1734:Small form factor
1560:Interactive kiosk
1408:"16-bit timeline"
1268:HP virtual museum
1175:personal computer
1073:Christopher Evans
952:Keyboard computer
947:Personal computer
910:IBM PC–compatible
906:personal computer
852:personal computer
832:Texas Instruments
746:François Gernelle
696:personal computer
684:assembly language
618:secondary storage
567:
566:
559:
493:IBM PC compatible
469:personal computer
412:, and industrial
370:desktop computers
191:François Gernelle
139:IBM PC compatible
16:(Redirected from
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2188:
2187:
2023:Calculator watch
2006:Activity tracker
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1319:. Archived from
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820:first generation
768:In late 1972, a
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503:
489:cleanroom design
414:embedded systems
402:handheld devices
260:read-only memory
247:for inexpensive
218:proof of concept
21:
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2133:Microcontroller
2123:Embedded system
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1992:
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1960:Ultra-mobile PC
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1012:"Microcomputer"
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1005:
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982:Kahney, Leander
980:
979:
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805:electronic kits
779:In early 1973,
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716:instruction set
675:Hewlett-Packard
667:
638:
563:
552:
546:
543:
528:
512:
501:
422:
329:Ohio Scientific
275:stored programs
258:in the form of
245:audio cassettes
234:user interfaces
166:The Dying Night
150:
52:
49:microcontroller
43:computer on an
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Micro-computers
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1645:Personal super
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876:home computers
872:consumer goods
867:
866:Home computers
864:
860:Apple Computer
741:
738:
708:Datapoint 2200
666:
665:TTL precursors
663:
637:
634:
605:take up large
603:supercomputers
565:
564:
515:
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500:
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438:home computers
421:
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337:Morrow Designs
304:
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300:teletypewriter
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279:turnkey system
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95:microprocessor
64:home computers
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1575:Smart speaker
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1545:Diskless node
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1334:
1323:on 2011-01-22
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1294:on 2015-09-23
1293:
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1162:microcomputer
1157:
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1147:9780262517676
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1109:0-86020-637-8
1106:
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1097:0-575-02913-7
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1085:0-340-25975-2
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987:
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962:Supercomputer
960:
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928:
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907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
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884:minicomputers
881:
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865:
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754:microcomputer
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713:
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654:TV Typewriter
651:
647:
642:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
622:cassette deck
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
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595:minicomputers
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
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561:
558:
550:
540:
536:
532:
526:
525:
521:
516:This section
514:
510:
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496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:(such as the
439:
436:
426:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:mobile phones
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:, and either
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
301:
297:
293:
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269:
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261:
257:
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246:
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231:
227:
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225:
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215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
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184:
179:
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173:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:microcomputer
147:
145:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:minicomputers
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:microcomputer
76:
72:
65:
61:
56:
50:
46:
42:
35:
34:
19:
2155:Single-board
2040:Smartglasses
1983:Programmable
1908:Mobile phone
1761:Blade server
1600:Microconsole
1595:Home console
1515:
1462:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1402:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1371:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1316:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1196:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1137:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1059:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1006:
995:. Retrieved
989:
976:
957:SFF computer
942:Minicomputer
888:
869:
817:
797:
778:
767:
753:
743:
724:
705:
668:
611:
579:power supply
568:
553:
544:
529:Please help
517:
491:techniques.
466:
450:Commodore 64
431:
404:, including
384:, and later
342:time-sharing
305:
292:frame buffer
249:data storage
214:input/output
199:
180:
169:
162:Isaac Asimov
158:minicomputer
153:
151:
143:
134:
119:IBM System z
103:input/output
82:
80:
75:Raspberry Pi
66:of all time.
60:Commodore 64
32:
1898:Handheld PC
1830:Subnotebook
1808:Convertible
1669:Workstation
1662:Home server
1585:Thin client
1565:Rich client
904:, the term
894:spreadsheet
874:, known as
848:MITS Altair
801:Altair 8800
650:Altair 8800
626:floppy disk
499:Description
446:ZX Spectrum
410:calculators
256:logic gates
230:7400 series
202:Altair 8800
160:, although
2206:Categories
2045:Smart ring
2033:Sportwatch
2028:Smartwatch
2011:Smart band
1988:Scientific
1970:Calculator
1930:Palmtop PC
1923:Smartphone
1860:Detachable
1685:All-in-one
1635:Industrial
1532:Appliances
1379:2012-08-30
1352:2012-08-30
1327:2006-08-14
1313:"Kenbak-1"
1298:2012-08-30
1273:2019-07-19
1249:2012-08-30
1218:2012-08-30
997:2019-11-04
793:Intel 8080
789:Intel 8008
720:Intel 8008
710:, made by
599:mainframes
575:system bus
398:tablet PCs
354:Intel 8080
296:television
187:hygrometry
111:mainframes
2217:Computers
2167:Smartdust
2102:Minisuper
2097:Mainframe
2076:Supermini
1840:Smartbook
1815:Cloudbook
1717:Pizza box
1611:Computers
1570:Simulator
856:Microsoft
763:Zilog Z80
630:hard disk
547:July 2008
518:does not
454:BBC Micro
408:, pocket
358:Zilog Z80
212:, and no
152:The term
141:machine.
89:having a
2191:Category
2063:Midrange
1998:Wearable
1978:Graphing
1955:Siftable
1888:E-reader
1875:Handheld
1825:Notebook
1766:Blade PC
1749:Stick PC
1729:Portable
1712:Deskside
1695:Tabletop
1640:Personal
1580:Smart TV
1240:Archived
1209:Archived
1075:' books
1051:11184882
1031:Computer
916:See also
898:Apple II
891:VisiCalc
758:Micral-N
750:Micral-N
727:Kenbak-1
692:HP 9100A
607:cabinets
587:monitors
583:printers
487:through
442:Apple II
380:running
346:S100 bus
309:Cromemco
238:keyboard
236:such as
123:keyboard
87:computer
1918:Feature
1865:Phablet
1835:Netbook
1739:Mini PC
1707:Desktop
1700:Surface
1678:By size
1508:classes
700:Science
673:(TTL),
658:Apple I
636:History
539:removed
524:sources
394:laptops
386:Windows
271:kernels
268:booting
243:Use of
148:Origins
2189:
2143:Rugged
2116:Others
1940:Pocket
1913:Camera
1852:Tablet
1803:2-in-1
1795:Laptop
1786:Mobile
1657:Server
1652:Public
1625:Gaming
1618:By use
1524:Static
1144:
1107:
1095:
1087:) and
1083:
1049:
902:IBM PC
844:SOL-20
840:SOL-20
601:, and
473:IBM PC
458:TRS-80
456:, and
264:EPROMs
195:Micral
127:screen
99:memory
47:, see
39:For a
2107:Super
2085:Large
1722:Tower
1690:Panel
1516:Micro
1243:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1205:(PDF)
1047:S2CID
991:Wired
880:BASIC
783:(now
688:BASIC
680:go to
475:from
435:8-bit
350:8-bit
348:, an
317:IMSAI
206:bytes
41:small
2138:Nano
2092:Grid
2071:Mini
1756:Rack
1744:Plug
1630:Home
1506:and
1373:CNET
1142:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1081:ISBN
858:and
706:The
628:and
522:any
520:cite
483:was
481:BIOS
477:CP/M
462:CP/M
366:MP/M
362:CP/M
262:and
176:chip
125:and
113:and
101:and
58:The
1039:doi
912:).
824:DEC
712:CTC
614:RAM
571:RAM
533:by
382:DOS
364:or
356:or
210:RAM
208:of
2208::
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1000:.
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545:(
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51:.
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
