351:
leads to the formation of a germ tube. First, however, the conidia must go through the stage of breaking dormancy. In some species of
Aspergillus, dormancy is broken when the dormant conidia is introduced to a carbon source in the presence of water and air, while in other species, the mere presence of glucose is enough to trigger it. The dense outer layer of the dormant conidia is shed and the growth of the hyphae cells begins, which has a significantly different composition compared to the dormant conidia cell. Breaking of dormancy involves transcription, but not translation; protein synthesis inhibitors prevent isotropic growth, while DNA and RNA synthesis inhibitors do not, and the start of breaking of dormancy is accompanied by and increase in transcripts for genes for biosynthesis of proteins, and immediate protein synthesis. Following the expansion of the cell via isotropic growth, studies have observed many new proteins emerging from the processes in the breaking of dormancy and transcripts associated with remodeling of the cell wall, suggesting that remodeling of the cell wall is a central process during isotropic growth. In the polarized growth stage, upregulated and overexpressed proteins and transcripts included ones involved in synthesis of chitin (a major component of the fungal cell wall), mitosis and DNA processing, remodeling of cell morphology, and ones in germ tube formation pertaining to infection and virulence factors.
342:
conditions like dehydration, variation in osmotic pressure, oxidation, and temperature, and change in UV exposure and acidity levels. These abilities of the dormant conidia are dictated by a few central regulatory proteins, which are the main drivers of the conidia and conidiophore formation. One of these proteins, the developmental regulatory protein wetA, has been found to be particularly essential; in wetA-defective mutants have reduced tolerance to external factors mentioned above, and exhibit weak synthesization of the conidial cell wall. In addition to these central regulators, some notable groups of genes/proteins include other regulatory proteins like the velvet regulator proteins, which contribute to fungal growth, and other molecules that target specific unfavorable intra and extracellular conditions, like heat shock proteins.
39:
305:. The conidial anastomosis tubes are morphologically and physiologically distinct from germ tubes. After conidia are induced to form conidial anastomosis tubes, they grow homing toward each other, and they fuse. Once fusion happens, the nuclei can pass through fused CATs. These are events of fungal vegetative growth and not sexual reproduction. Fusion between these cells seems to be important for some fungi during early stages of colony establishment. The production of these cells has been suggested to occur in 73 different species of fungi.
507:
52:
1469:
1493:
1481:
31:
350:
The phases following dormancy include isotropic growth, in which increased intracellular osmotic pressure and water uptake causes swelling of the conidia and increased cellular diameter, and polarized growth, in which the swelling from isotropic growth directs the growth to one side of the cell, and
341:
follows a sequence of three different stages: dormancy, isotropic growth, and polarized growth. The dormant conidia are able to germinate even after an year of remaining at room temperature, due to their resilient intracellular and extracellular characteristics, which enable them to undergo harsh
359:
Conidiogenesis is an important mechanism of spread of plant pathogens. In some cases, specialized macroscopic fruiting structures perhaps 1 mm or so in diameter containing masses of conidia are formed under the skin of the host plant and then erupt through the surface, allowing the spores to be
730:
Friesen, Timothy L; Stukenbrock, Eva H; Liu, Zhaohui; Meinhardt, Steven; Ling, Hua; Faris, Justin D; Rasmussen, Jack B; Solomon, Peter S; McDonald, Bruce A; Oliver, Richard P (2006). "Emergence of a new disease as a result of interspecific virulence gene transfer".
444:
Mostly they develop a flat layer of relatively short conidiophores which then produce masses of spores. The increasing pressure leads to the splitting of the epidermis and cuticle and allows release of the conidia from the tissue.
328:
conidia could germinate inside the respiratory tract and cause aspergillosis, a form of pulmonary infection, and continual developments of aspergillosis such as new risk groups and the resistance against antifungal drugs.
453:
Conidia are always present in the air, but levels fluctuate from day to day and with the seasons. An average person inhales at least 40 conidia per hour. Exposure to conidia from certain species, such as those of
495:
genus, germination in the respiratory tract can lead to aspergillosis, which is quite common, can vary in severity, and has shown signs of developing new risk groups and antifungal drug resistance.
239:
of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive between species and, before the development of molecular techniques at the end of the 20th century, was widely used for identification of (
1107:
Of particular concern is the high rate of mortality associated with invasive fungal infections, which often exceeds 50% despite the availability of several antifungal drugs. -
1109:
Brown, Gordon D.; Denning, David W.; Gow, Neil A. R.; Levitz, Stuart M.; Netea, Mihai G.; White, Theodore C. (19 December 2012). "Hidden
Killers: Human Fungal Infections".
301:(CATs) in specific conditions. These two are some of the specialized hyphae that are formed by fungal conidia. The germ tubes will grow to form the hyphae and fungal
467:
Conidia are often the method by which some normally harmless but heat-tolerating (thermotolerant), common fungi establish infection in certain types of severely
972:
Shlezinger, Neta; Irmer, Henriette; Dhingra, Sourabh; Beattie, Sarah R.; Cramer, Robert A.; Braus, Gerhard H.; Sharon, Amir; Hohl, Tobias M. (8 Sep 2017).
324:
is not only a familiar fungus found across various different settings in the world, but it poses a danger for immunocompromised individuals, as inhaled
640:"REN1 is Required for Development of Microconidia and Macroconidia, but Not of Chlamydospores, in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum"
1519:
901:
563:
Jansonius, D.C., Gregor, Me., 1996. Palynology: principles and applications. American association of stratigraphic palynologists foundation.
687:
Sigler, Lynne (1989). "Problems in application of the terms 'blastic' And 'thallic' To modes of conidiogenesis in some onygenalean fungi".
38:
402:
form in the fungal tissue itself, and are shaped like a bulging vase. The conidia are released through a small opening at the apex, the
1327:
1292:
216:
cells are genetically identical to the haploid parent, and can develop into new organisms if conditions are favorable, and serve in
127:
1195:
487:). Their immune system is not strong enough to fight off the fungus, and it may, for example, colonise the lung, resulting in a
461:
1497:
480:
298:
1454:
484:
1059:"Sooty bark disease of maples: the risk for hypersensitivity pneumonitis by fungal spores not only for woodman"
923:
192:
1250:
456:
1444:
619:
1439:
1188:
985:
236:
217:
164:
1449:
974:"Sterilizing immunity in the lung relies on targeting fungal apoptosis-like programmed cell death"
1221:
1134:
756:
712:
431:
284:
conidiogenesis, where first a cross-wall appears and thus the created cell develops into a spore.
948:
d'Arcy, C.J.; Eastburn, D.M.; Schumann, G.L. (2001). "Illustrated
Glossary of Plant Pathology".
614:
1485:
1388:
1126:
1090:
1013:
897:
859:
841:
797:
748:
704:
669:
596:
468:
274:
conidiogenesis, where the spore is already evident before it separates from the conidiogenic
1408:
1217:
1118:
1080:
1070:
1003:
993:
953:
889:
849:
833:
787:
740:
696:
659:
651:
586:
83:
1181:
51:
1156:
989:
820:
Baltussen, Tim J. H.; Zoll, Jan; Verweij, Paul E.; Melchers, Willem J. G. (2020-02-19).
1473:
1347:
1265:
1085:
1058:
1032:
1008:
973:
854:
821:
664:
639:
591:
574:
540:
520:
56:
1513:
1342:
1235:
624:
421:
183:
147:
1311:
1245:
1204:
1138:
760:
716:
512:
881:
1122:
792:
775:
1352:
1240:
1162:
530:
244:
1075:
957:
893:
655:
413:, are cushion-like structures that form within the tissues of a host organism:
231:) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called
1373:
1332:
1319:
502:
483:
patients (taking immunosuppressants), or major organ transplant patients with
228:
224:
44:
845:
17:
1383:
1302:
1297:
998:
488:
380:
294:
61:
1130:
1094:
1017:
880:
Osherov, Nir (2014-04-09), Latgé, Jean-Paul; Steinbach, William J. (eds.),
863:
801:
752:
673:
600:
837:
708:
1423:
1378:
1315:
1255:
545:
525:
472:
168:
970:
Humans inhale ~10 to 10 mold conidia (i.e., vegetative spores) daily. -
1260:
1173:
700:
535:
302:
213:
209:
1155:
464:, an occupational hazard for forest workers and paper mill employees.
371:
Two important types of conidiomata, distinguished by their form, are:
1208:
198:
175:
30:
744:
360:
distributed by wind and rain. One of these structures is called a
1418:
1368:
1306:
1283:
275:
208:
due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of
171:
68:
50:
37:
29:
822:"Molecular Mechanisms of Conidial Germination in Aspergillus spp"
1413:
1057:
Braun, Markus; Klingelhöfer, Doris; Groneberg, David A. (2021).
476:
187:
1177:
1161:
638:
Ohara, T.; Inoue, I; Namiki, F; Kunoh, H; Tsuge, T (2004).
119:
107:
104:
89:
774:
Gabriela Roca, M.; Read, Nick D.; Wheals, Alan E. (2005).
316:
As evidenced by recent literature, conidia germination of
98:
346:
128:
116:
95:
86:
888:, Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, pp. 131–142,
101:
1432:
1401:
1361:
1281:
1274:
1228:
110:
92:
575:"The molecular mechanisms of conidial germination"
267:There are two main types of conidium development:
776:"Conidial anastomosis tubes in filamentous fungi"
440:, under the epidermis, or deeper inside the host.
420:, lying under the outer layer of the plant (the
1063:Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology
882:"Conidial Germination in Aspergillus fumigatus"
320:, a common mold, specifically is of interest.
1189:
212:. They are produced exogenously. The two new
8:
479:patients with superimposed B-cell lymphoma,
1278:
1196:
1182:
1174:
826:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
491:infection. Especially with species of the
394:), which have a simpler cushion-like form.
1084:
1074:
1007:
997:
853:
791:
663:
590:
886:Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis
556:
573:Osherov, Nir; May, Gregory S (2001).
27:Asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus
7:
1480:
875:
873:
815:
813:
811:
475:patients on induction chemotherapy,
1492:
430:, inside the outer cell layer (the
156:
137:
592:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10667.x
25:
355:Structures for release of conidia
1491:
1479:
1468:
1467:
1164:The New Student's Reference Work
505:
82:
333:Stages of Germination: Dormancy
278:which is giving rise to it, and
384:), which are flask-shaped, and
1:
1520:Fungal morphology and anatomy
1033:"Sooty-Bark Disease of Maple"
1123:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404
793:10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.048
462:hypersensitivity pneumonitis
950:The Plant Health Instructor
481:bone marrow transplantation
297:(germination tubes) and/or
1536:
1076:10.1186/s12995-021-00292-5
1031:Worrall, James J. (2023).
958:10.1094/PHI-I-2001-0219-01
894:10.1128/9781555815523.ch10
656:10.1534/genetics.166.1.113
409:Acervular conidiomata, or
299:conidial anastomosis tubes
191:
1463:
1455:List of mycology journals
1215:
922:James J. Worrall (2023).
780:FEMS Microbiology Letters
579:FEMS Microbiology Letters
485:graft versus host disease
398:Pycnidial conidiomata or
1117:(165 165rv13): 165rv13.
471:patients (usually acute
223:Asexual reproduction in
204:). They are also called
34:Conidia on conidiophores
999:10.1126/science.aan0365
144:), sometimes termed an
457:Cryptostroma corticale
73:
48:
35:
1445:List of fungal orders
838:10.1128/MMBR.00049-19
620:CollinsDictionary.com
54:
41:
33:
1440:Glossary of mycology
460:, is known to cause
293:A conidium may form
259:are sometimes used.
218:biological dispersal
42:Chain of conidia of
1450:List of mycologists
990:2017Sci...357.1037S
984:(6355): 1037–1041.
289:Conidia germination
1222:Outline of lichens
701:10.1007/BF00443056
74:
49:
36:
1507:
1506:
1397:
1396:
1293:teleomorph/sexual
903:978-1-68367-138-1
469:immunocompromised
16:(Redirected from
1527:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1328:anamorph/asexual
1279:
1218:Outline of fungi
1198:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1143:
1142:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1037:Forest Pathology
1028:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1001:
968:
962:
961:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
928:Forest Pathology
919:
913:
912:
911:
910:
877:
868:
867:
857:
817:
806:
805:
795:
771:
765:
764:
727:
721:
720:
684:
678:
677:
667:
635:
629:
628:
611:
605:
604:
594:
570:
564:
561:
515:
510:
509:
508:
202:
195:
158:
153:chlamydoconidium
139:
132:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
66:) erupting on a
21:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1459:
1428:
1409:Dimorphic fungi
1402:Growth patterns
1393:
1357:
1270:
1251:Medicinal fungi
1224:
1211:
1202:
1157:"Conidia"
1154:
1151:
1146:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1025:
971:
969:
965:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
921:
920:
916:
908:
906:
904:
879:
878:
871:
819:
818:
809:
773:
772:
768:
733:Nature Genetics
729:
728:
724:
686:
685:
681:
637:
636:
632:
613:
612:
608:
572:
571:
567:
562:
558:
554:
511:
506:
504:
501:
451:
357:
348:
337:Germination in
335:
314:
309:Germination in
291:
265:
182:comes from the
161:chlamydoconidia
130:
115:
85:
81:
55:Conidiomata of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1300:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1266:Mycotoxicology
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1150:
1149:External links
1147:
1145:
1144:
1111:Sci Transl Med
1100:
1049:
1023:
963:
940:
914:
902:
869:
807:
766:
745:10.1038/ng1839
722:
689:Mycopathologia
679:
630:
606:
565:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Arthroconidium
517:
516:
500:
497:
450:
447:
442:
441:
435:
428:intraepidermal
425:
396:
395:
385:
356:
353:
347:
344:
334:
331:
313:
307:
290:
287:
286:
285:
279:
264:
263:Conidiogenesis
261:
57:Cypress canker
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:Chlamydospore
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1282:Reproduction/
1280:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:Ethnomycology
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
967:
964:
959:
955:
951:
944:
941:
929:
925:
918:
915:
905:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
870:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
814:
812:
808:
803:
799:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:(3): 155–61.
694:
690:
683:
680:
675:
671:
666:
661:
657:
653:
650:(1): 113–24.
649:
645:
641:
634:
631:
626:
625:HarperCollins
622:
621:
616:
610:
607:
602:
598:
593:
588:
585:(2): 153–60.
584:
580:
576:
569:
566:
560:
557:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
503:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
458:
449:Health issues
448:
446:
439:
436:
433:
429:
426:
423:
419:
416:
415:
414:
412:
407:
405:
401:
393:
389:
386:
383:
382:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
367:
363:
354:
352:
345:
343:
340:
332:
330:
327:
323:
319:
312:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
288:
283:
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
268:
262:
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:conidiophores
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
201:
194:
189:
185:
184:Ancient Greek
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
154:
150:
149:
148:chlamydospore
143:
135:
134:
124:
79:
71:
70:
65:
63:
58:
53:
47:
46:
40:
32:
19:
18:Microconidium
1496:
1484:
1472:
1337:
1326:
1312:Basidiospore
1291:
1246:Marine fungi
1205:Microbiology
1163:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
1026:
981:
977:
966:
949:
943:
931:. Retrieved
927:
917:
907:, retrieved
885:
829:
825:
786:(2): 191–8.
783:
779:
769:
739:(8): 953–6.
736:
732:
725:
692:
688:
682:
647:
643:
633:
618:
609:
582:
578:
568:
559:
513:Fungi portal
492:
466:
455:
452:
443:
438:subepidermal
437:
427:
418:subcuticular
417:
410:
408:
403:
399:
397:
391:
387:
379:
375:
370:
365:
361:
358:
349:
338:
336:
325:
321:
317:
315:
310:
292:
281:
271:
266:
257:macroconidia
256:
253:microconidia
252:
250:
243:
240:
232:
227:(the phylum
222:
205:
199:
197:
179:
160:
152:
145:
141:
133:-ee-əm, koh-
77:
75:
67:
60:
43:
1498:WikiProject
1353:Pycniospore
1241:Lichenology
1042:18 February
933:20 February
531:Basidiocarp
493:Aspergillus
390:(singular:
378:(singular:
366:conidiomata
339:Aspergillus
326:Aspergillus
322:Aspergillus
318:Aspergillus
311:Aspergillus
248:) species.
245:Metarhizium
225:ascomycetes
178:. The word
1374:Haustorium
1333:Sporangium
1320:Teliospore
909:2024-05-11
615:"conidium"
552:References
295:germ tubes
251:The terms
237:morphology
229:Ascomycota
206:mitospores
59:(probably
45:Alternaria
1389:Sporocarp
1384:Cell wall
1303:Ascospore
1298:Zygospore
1275:Structure
846:1092-2172
489:pulmonary
432:epidermis
392:acervulus
381:pycnidium
364:(plural:
362:conidioma
186:word for
163:), is an
64:cardinale
62:Seiridium
1514:Category
1474:Category
1424:Mushroom
1379:Mycelium
1338:Conidium
1316:Basidium
1256:Mycology
1131:23253612
1095:33478566
1069:(1): 2.
1018:28883073
864:31801804
802:16040203
753:16832356
674:15020411
644:Genetics
601:11377860
546:Phialide
526:Ascocarp
499:See also
473:leukemia
411:acervuli
400:pycnidia
388:acervuli
376:pycnidia
180:conidium
146:asexual
78:conidium
1486:Commons
1261:Mycosis
1169:. 1914.
1139:3157271
1086:7819180
1009:5628051
986:Bibcode
978:Science
924:"Fungi"
855:6903801
761:6349264
717:8218393
709:2682248
665:1470687
536:Budding
422:cuticle
404:ostiole
303:mycelia
282:Thallic
272:Blastic
214:haploid
210:mitosis
165:asexual
142:conidia
1348:Oidium
1229:Branch
1209:Fungus
1166:
1137:
1129:
1093:
1083:
1016:
1006:
900:
862:
852:
844:
800:
759:
751:
715:
707:
672:
662:
599:
235:. The
176:fungus
169:motile
167:, non-
1419:Yeast
1369:Hypha
1362:Other
1307:Ascus
1284:spore
1135:S2CID
832:(1).
757:S2CID
713:S2CID
541:Gemma
276:hypha
200:kónis
193:κόνις
174:of a
172:spore
69:Thuja
1433:List
1414:Mold
1127:PMID
1097:. 2.
1091:PMID
1044:2023
1014:PMID
935:2023
898:ISBN
860:PMID
842:ISSN
798:PMID
749:PMID
705:PMID
670:PMID
597:PMID
477:AIDS
255:and
241:e.g.
188:dust
72:twig
1119:doi
1081:PMC
1071:doi
1004:PMC
994:doi
982:357
954:doi
890:doi
850:PMC
834:doi
788:doi
784:249
741:doi
697:doi
693:106
660:PMC
652:doi
648:166
587:doi
583:199
368:).
157:pl.
151:or
138:pl.
131:NID
129:kə-
1516::
1220:·
1207::
1160:.
1133:.
1125:.
1113:.
1089:.
1079:.
1067:16
1065:.
1061:.
1035:.
1012:.
1002:.
992:.
980:.
976:.
952:.
926:.
896:,
884:,
872:^
858:.
848:.
840:.
830:84
828:.
824:.
810:^
796:.
782:.
778:.
755:.
747:.
737:38
735:.
711:.
703:.
691:.
668:.
658:.
646:.
642:.
623:.
617:.
595:.
581:.
577:.
434:),
424:),
406:.
220:.
190:,
159::
140::
136:;
123:-/
120:oʊ
76:A
1330::
1318:/
1314:/
1305:/
1295::
1197:e
1190:t
1183:v
1141:.
1121::
1115:4
1073::
1046:.
1020:.
996::
988::
960:.
956::
937:.
892::
866:.
836::
804:.
790::
763:.
743::
719:.
699::
676:.
654::
627:.
603:.
589::
196:(
155:(
117:k
114:,
111:m
108:ə
105:i
102:d
99:ɪ
96:n
93:ˈ
90:ə
87:k
84:/
80:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
