491:= 78) chromosomes, and as is usual in birds, the majority are microchromosomes. Classification of chicken chromosomes varies by author. Some classify them as 6 pairs of macrochromosomes, one pair of sex chromosomes, with the remaining 32 pairs being intermediate or microchromosomes. Other arrangements such as that used by the International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium include five pairs of macrochromosomes, five pairs of intermediate chromosomes, and twenty-eight pairs of microchromosomes. Microchromosomes represent approximately one third of the total genome size, and have been found to have a much higher gene density than macrochromosomes. Because of this, it is estimated that the majority of genes are located on microchromosomes, though due to the difficulty in physically identifying microchromosomes and the lack of
20:
566:= 80) chromosomes. The karyotype contains an additional chromosomal pair relative to the chicken due to the presence of at least two fission/fusion differences (GGA2 = MGA3 and MGA6 and GGA4 = MGA4 and MGA9). Given these differences involving the macrochromosomes, an additional fission/fusion must also exist between the species involving the microchromosomes if the diploid numbers are valid. Other rearrangements have been identified through comparative genetic maps, physical maps and whole genome sequencing.
510:) are an important model organism for studying microchromosomes. Examination of microchromosomes in birds has led to the hypotheses that they may have originated as conserved fragments of ancestral macrochromosomes, and conversely that macrochromosomes could have arisen as aggregates of microchromosomes. Comparative
541:
For the many small linkage groups in the chicken genome which have not been placed on chromosomes, the assumption has been made that they are located on the microchromosomes. Groups of these correspond almost exactly with large sections of certain human chromosomes. For example, linkage groups
171:(and vertebrates in general) genome consisted entirely of microchromosomes. Comparison between lancelet and modern vertebrate chromosomes shows that the macrochromosomes were the result of fusion between ancestral microchromosomes. In addition, retention of microchromosomes is shown to be the
514:
analysis shows that microchromosomes contain genetic information which has been conserved across multiple classes of chromosomes. This indicates that at least ten chicken microchromosomes arose from fission of larger chromosomes and that the typical bird karyotype arose 100–250
533:
than macrochromosomes. Recombination rates have also been found to be higher on microchromosomes. Possibly due to the high recombination rates, chicken chromosome 16 (a microchromosome) has been found to contain the most genetic diversity of any chromosome in certain
71:. The distinction referred to the measured size of the chromosome while staining for karyotype, and while there is not a strict definition, chromosomes resembling the large chromosomes of mammals were called
608:
In rare cases, microchromosomes have been observed in the karotypes of individual humans. A link has been suggested between microchromosome presence and certain genetic disorders like
1941:
506:), with only a few being distinguishable macrochromosomes and an average of 60 being microchromosomes. They are more abundant in birds than any other group of animals. Chickens (
1064:
115:
particularly difficult. While originally thought to be insignificant fragments of chromosomes, in species where they have been studied they have been found to be rich in
1381:
López-Pajares, I.; Delicado, A.; Pascual-Castroviejo, I.; López-Martin, V.; Moreno, F.; Garcia-Marcos, J. A. (1994). "Fragile X syndrome with extra microchromosome".
1015:
Groenen, Martien A. M.; Cheng, Hans H.; Bumstead, Nat; Benke, Bernard F.; Briles, W. Elwood; Burke, Terry; Burt, Dave W.; Crittenden, Lyman B.; et al. (2000).
1442:
1181:
Roberts, Richard J.; Dalloul, Rami A.; Long, Julie A.; Zimin, Aleksey V.; Aslam, Luqman; Beal, Kathryn; Ann
Blomberg, Le; Bouffard, Pascal; et al. (2010).
95:. By this definition, all normal chromosomes in organisms with relatively small genomes (less than 100-200Mb) would be considered microchromosomes.
1234:"A ZZ/ZW microchromosome system in the spiny softshell turtle, Apalone spinifera, reveals an intriguing sex chromosome conservation in Trionychidae"
155:
Microchromosomes are found in many vertebrates, but not in most mammals. Important comparisons were made using the genomic organization of the
1931:
1572:
525:
and recombination rates have been found to differ between micro- and macrochromosomes in chickens. Microchromosomes replicate earlier in the
1936:
67:. As many bird genomes have chromosomes of widely different lengths, the name was meant to distinguish them from the comparatively large
1338:
Ramos, C; Rivera, L; Benitez, J; Tejedor, E; Sanchez-Cascos, A (1979). "Recurrence of Down's syndrome associated with microchromosome".
811:"Comparison of the chicken and turkey genomes reveals a higher rate of nucleotide divergence on microchromosomes than macrochromosomes"
1435:
743:
Waters, Paul D.; Patel, Hardip R.; Ruiz-Herrera, Aurora; Álvarez-González, Lucía; Lister, Nicholas C.; Simakov, Oleg; Ezaz, Tariq;
652:
Ohno, Susumu; Christian, L.C.; Stenius, Christina (September 1962). "Nucleolus-organizing microchromosomes of Gallus domesticus".
1081:
Ka-Shu Wong, Gane; Liu, Bin; Wang, Jun; Zhang, Yong; Yang, Xu; Zhang, Zengjin; Meng, Qingshun; Zhou, Jun; et al. (2004).
1967:
1557:
1428:
1183:"Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis"
575:
1138:
Reed, K.M.; Chaves, L.D.; Mendoza, K.M. (2007). "An integrated and comparative genetic map of the turkey genome".
1704:
492:
1758:
1542:
689:"Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution"
19:
1711:
1694:
1664:
1637:
535:
1972:
1699:
1597:
1058:
617:
538:. This is likely due to the presence on this chromosome of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
1962:
1919:
1844:
1829:
1659:
1607:
1582:
1522:
1094:
760:
700:
543:
1587:
747:; Frere, Celine; Grützner, Frank; Georges, Arthur; Graves, Jennifer A. Marshall (9 November 2021).
27:
chromosomes featuring the many microchromosomes (appearing as dots). The arrows indicate a stained
75:(roughly 3 to 6 μm), while the much smaller ones of less than around 0.5 μm were called
1406:
1363:
1269:
1163:
942:
613:
522:
140:
809:
Axelsson, Erik; Webster, Matthew T.; Smith, Nick G. C.; Burt, David W.; Ellegren, Hans (2005).
1649:
1561:
1398:
1355:
1320:
1261:
1253:
1214:
1155:
1120:
1046:
934:
894:
840:
788:
718:
669:
1839:
1738:
1390:
1347:
1310:
1300:
1245:
1204:
1194:
1147:
1110:
1102:
1036:
1028:
990:
980:
926:
884:
876:
830:
822:
778:
768:
708:
661:
339:
156:
28:
1894:
1889:
127:, microchromosomes have been estimated to contain between 50 and 75% of all genes. During
1731:
1500:
172:
136:
687:
Hillier, LaDeana W.; International
Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium (December 2004).
1098:
764:
704:
1622:
1546:
1394:
1315:
1288:
1209:
1182:
1115:
1082:
995:
968:
783:
748:
744:
629:
1083:"A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms"
1041:
1016:
889:
864:
835:
810:
1956:
1602:
1289:"Amphibian and Avian Karyotype Evolution: Insights from Lampbrush Chromosome Studies"
1232:
Badenhorst, Daleen; Stanyon, Roscoe; Engstrom, Tag; Valenzuela, Nicole (2013-03-20).
665:
609:
1410:
1273:
1167:
946:
605:
has an intermediate karyotype with smaller chromosomes that are not quite "micro".)
1577:
1451:
1367:
579:
375:
160:
1199:
542:
E29C09W09, E21E31C25W12, E48C28W13W27, E41W17, E54 and E49C20W21 correspond with
1796:
1791:
1654:
1632:
1627:
1495:
865:"Chicken microchromosomes are hyperacetylated, early replicating, and gene rich"
555:
304:
164:
104:
1233:
985:
749:"Microchromosomes are building blocks of bird, reptile, and mammal chromosomes"
1816:
1806:
1801:
1786:
1726:
1716:
1617:
1592:
1566:
1517:
1507:
1455:
1249:
595:
530:
516:
499:
362:
144:
120:
40:
1257:
1768:
1512:
1490:
1471:
1420:
773:
599:
128:
112:
108:
80:
64:
60:
44:
1324:
1265:
1218:
1159:
1124:
1050:
938:
844:
792:
722:
673:
1402:
898:
43:
defined for its relatively small size. They are typical components of the
1754:
1538:
1359:
1305:
602:
511:
317:
201:
1106:
1032:
713:
688:
1924:
1778:
1689:
1684:
1351:
880:
826:
526:
168:
124:
52:
24:
1151:
930:
1834:
1721:
1485:
1481:
1476:
969:"The chicken as a model to study microchromosomes in birds: a review"
917:
Burt, D.W. (2002). "Origin and evolution of avian microchromosomes".
591:
559:
495:, it has been difficult to place genes on specific microchromosomes.
484:
111:, which makes ordering and identifying chromosomes into a coherent
1899:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1824:
1762:
132:
18:
116:
56:
48:
1424:
863:
McQueen, Heather A.; Siriaco, Giorgia; Bird, Adrian P. (1998).
175:; the complete loss of them in mammals is the outlier instead.
103:
Microchromosomes are characteristically very small and often
502:) usually have karyotypes of approximately 80 chromosomes (
135:
long specks. Their small size and poor condensation into
1942:
International System for Human
Cytogenetic Nomenclature
1287:
Zlotina, A; Dedukh, D; Krasikova, A (8 November 2017).
83:, by convention, those of less than 20Mb were called
1912:
1815:
1777:
1747:
1675:
1531:
1462:
590:Microchromosomes are absent from the karyotypes of
1063:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
616:. The smallest chromosome in humans is normally
1017:"A consensus linkage map of the chicken genome"
753:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
87:, those between 20 and 40 Mb are classified as
147:locations used for chromosome identification.
1436:
8:
912:
910:
908:
1774:
1443:
1429:
1421:
738:
736:
734:
732:
647:
645:
1314:
1304:
1208:
1198:
1114:
1076:
1074:
1040:
994:
984:
888:
858:
856:
854:
834:
782:
772:
712:
139:means they generally lack the diagnostic
1010:
1008:
1006:
962:
960:
958:
956:
804:
802:
641:
181:Relationship among mentioned organisms
1056:
1932:List of organisms by chromosome count
7:
574:Microchromosomes play a key role in
167:– suggests that the ancestral
368:
345:
310:
300:
279:
258:
237:
217:
194:
187:
1395:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1994.tb04020.x
14:
91:, and those larger than 40Mb are
131:, they appear merely as 0.5-1.5
1553:Macrochromosome/Microchromosome
1140:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
919:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
31:on homologous macrochromosomes.
1:
1200:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475
973:Genetics Selection Evolution
666:10.1016/0014-4827(62)90033-2
586:In humans and other animals
1989:
1593:Dinoflagellate chromosomes
986:10.1186/1297-9686-30-3-209
654:Experimental Cell Research
1937:List of sequenced genomes
1705:Chromosomal translocation
1578:A chromosome/B chromosome
1569:(or accessory chromosome)
1250:10.1007/s10577-013-9343-2
388:
373:
366:
350:
343:
315:
308:
298:
284:
277:
263:
256:
242:
235:
222:
215:
199:
192:
1759:Telomere-binding protein
1573:Supernumerary chromosome
967:Fillon, Valérie (1998).
89:intermediate chromosomes
1035:(inactive 2024-09-18).
774:10.1073/pnas.2112494118
107:indistinguishable in a
1695:Structural alterations
493:microsatellite markers
143:patterns and distinct
32:
1968:Nuclear substructures
1712:Numerical alterations
1700:Chromosomal inversion
1598:Homologous chromosome
22:
1920:Extrachromosomal DNA
1608:Satellite chromosome
1583:Lampbrush chromosome
1523:Nuclear organization
1306:10.3390/genes8110311
580:soft-shelled turtles
1613:Centromere position
1588:Polytene chromosome
1558:Circular chromosome
1238:Chromosome Research
1107:10.1038/nature03156
1099:2004Natur.432..717B
1033:10.1101/gr.10.1.137
765:2021PNAS..11812494W
759:(45): e2112494118.
714:10.1038/nature03154
705:2004Natur.432..695C
1352:10.1007/BF00277682
881:10.1101/gr.8.6.621
827:10.1101/gr.3021305
620:, which is 47 Mb.
614:fragile X syndrome
523:Replication timing
320:(snakes, lizards)
159:– part of a
33:
16:Type of chromosome
1950:
1949:
1908:
1907:
1645:Centromere number
1562:Linear chromosome
1383:Clinical Genetics
1152:10.1159/000109627
931:10.1159/000063018
699:(7018): 695–716.
576:sex determination
476:
475:
471:
470:
462:
461:
453:
452:
444:
443:
435:
434:
426:
425:
417:
416:
408:
407:
399:
398:
329:
328:
1980:
1775:
1739:Polyploidization
1567:Extra chromosome
1482:Genetic material
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1093:(7018): 717–22.
1078:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1044:
1012:
1001:
1000:
998:
988:
964:
951:
950:
914:
903:
902:
892:
860:
849:
848:
838:
806:
797:
796:
786:
776:
740:
727:
726:
716:
684:
678:
677:
649:
483:Chickens have a
369:
346:
311:
301:
280:
259:
238:
218:
195:
188:
178:
177:
157:Florida lancelet
93:macrochromosomes
85:microchromosomes
77:microchromosomes
73:macrochromosomes
69:macrochromosomes
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1904:
1811:
1773:
1743:
1732:Paleopolyploidy
1677:
1671:
1527:
1501:Heterochromatin
1464:
1458:
1449:
1419:
1418:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1193:(9): e1000475.
1180:
1179:
1175:
1146:(1–2): 113–26.
1137:
1136:
1132:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1055:
1021:Genome Research
1014:
1013:
1004:
966:
965:
954:
925:(1–4): 97–112.
916:
915:
906:
869:Genome Research
862:
861:
852:
815:Genome Research
808:
807:
800:
745:Kaur, Parwinder
742:
741:
730:
686:
685:
681:
651:
650:
643:
638:
626:
588:
572:
562:number of 80 (2
552:
487:number of 78 (2
481:
472:
463:
454:
445:
436:
427:
418:
409:
400:
330:
153:
137:heterochromatin
105:cytogenetically
101:
37:microchromosome
17:
12:
11:
5:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Submetacentric
1620:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1550:
1549:or heterosome)
1543:Sex chromosome
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1373:
1340:Human Genetics
1330:
1279:
1244:(2): 137–147.
1224:
1173:
1130:
1070:
1002:
952:
904:
850:
798:
728:
679:
660:(3): 612–614.
640:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
630:Minichromosome
625:
622:
587:
584:
571:
568:
551:
548:
536:chicken breeds
498:Birds (except
480:
477:
474:
473:
469:
468:
465:
464:
460:
459:
456:
455:
451:
450:
447:
446:
442:
441:
438:
437:
433:
432:
429:
428:
424:
423:
420:
419:
415:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
393:
392:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
372:
367:
365:
359:
358:
355:
354:
349:
344:
342:
336:
335:
332:
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:
314:
309:
307:
299:
297:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
276:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
257:
255:
251:
250:
247:
246:
241:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
216:
214:
210:
209:
206:
205:
198:
193:
191:
186:
183:
182:
152:
149:
100:
97:
79:. In terms of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:and evolution
1674:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Isochromosome
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:(1): 137–47.
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
992:
987:
982:
979:(3): 209–19.
978:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
905:
900:
896:
891:
886:
882:
878:
875:(6): 621–30.
874:
870:
866:
859:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
799:
794:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
737:
735:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
642:
635:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
619:
618:chromosome 21
615:
611:
610:Down syndrome
606:
604:
601:
597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
549:
547:
545:
539:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:
513:
509:
508:Gallus gallus
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
478:
467:
466:
458:
457:
449:
448:
440:
439:
431:
430:
422:
421:
413:
412:
404:
403:
395:
394:
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
371:
370:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
348:
347:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
325:
324:
321:
319:
313:
312:
306:
303:
302:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
282:
281:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
261:
260:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
240:
239:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
220:
219:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
197:
196:
190:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
1973:Cytogenetics
1644:
1612:
1552:
1452:Cytogenetics
1389:(4): 186–9.
1386:
1382:
1376:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1190:
1187:PLOS Biology
1186:
1176:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1090:
1086:
1059:cite journal
1024:
1020:
976:
972:
922:
918:
872:
868:
821:(1): 120–5.
818:
814:
756:
752:
696:
692:
682:
657:
653:
607:
589:
573:
563:
553:
544:chromosome 7
540:
521:
507:
503:
497:
488:
482:
389:
376:Crocodilians
374:
351:
316:
285:
264:
243:
223:
213:Vertebrates
200:
161:sister group
154:
119:and high in
102:
92:
88:
84:
76:
72:
68:
36:
34:
1963:Chromosomes
1665:Polycentric
1655:Monocentric
1638:Holocentric
1633:Acrocentric
1628:Telocentric
1618:Metacentric
1496:Euchromatin
1456:chromosomes
1346:(1): 7–10.
1299:(11): 311.
305:Lepidosaurs
265:Amphibians
165:vertebrates
1957:Categories
1817:Centromere
1748:Structures
1727:Polyploidy
1717:Aneuploidy
1518:Nucleosome
1508:Chromosome
636:References
596:amphibians
570:In turtles
531:interphase
500:Falconidae
363:Archosaurs
254:Tetrapods
151:Occurrence
145:centromere
121:GC content
81:base pairs
65:monotremes
61:amphibians
41:chromosome
29:gene locus
1769:Protamine
1676:Processes
1660:Dicentric
1513:Chromatid
1491:Chromatin
1472:Karyotype
1258:0967-3849
600:monotreme
594:and some
296:Reptiles
275:Amniotes
244:Lungfish
129:metaphase
113:karyotype
109:karyotype
45:karyotype
23:Image of
1913:See also
1755:Telomere
1722:Euploidy
1650:Acentric
1547:allosome
1539:Autosome
1465:concepts
1411:35421842
1325:29117127
1274:14434440
1266:23512312
1219:20838655
1168:42494634
1160:18160790
1125:15592405
1051:10645958
947:26017998
939:12438785
845:15590944
793:34725164
723:15592404
674:13939683
624:See also
603:platypus
479:In birds
352:Turtles
318:Squamata
286:Mammals
224:Garfish
202:Lancelet
125:chickens
99:Function
53:reptiles
1925:Plasmid
1779:Histone
1690:Meiosis
1685:Mitosis
1403:8062436
1368:6251717
1316:5704224
1210:2935454
1116:2263125
1095:Bibcode
996:2707402
899:9647637
784:8609325
761:Bibcode
701:Bibcode
598:. (The
592:mammals
560:diploid
527:S phase
512:genomic
504:2n = 80
485:diploid
340:Aformes
169:amniote
163:to all
141:banding
51:, some
25:chicken
1486:Genome
1477:Ploidy
1409:
1401:
1366:
1360:157321
1358:
1323:
1313:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1217:
1207:
1166:
1158:
1123:
1113:
1087:Nature
1049:
1042:310508
1039:
993:
945:
937:
897:
890:310741
887:
843:
836:540272
833:
791:
781:
721:
693:Nature
672:
558:has a
556:turkey
550:Turkey
390:Birds
63:, and
1763:TINF2
1532:Types
1463:Basic
1407:S2CID
1364:S2CID
1293:Genes
1270:S2CID
1164:S2CID
943:S2CID
123:. In
117:genes
49:birds
39:is a
1545:(or
1399:PMID
1356:PMID
1321:PMID
1262:PMID
1254:ISSN
1215:PMID
1156:PMID
1121:PMID
1065:link
1047:PMID
935:PMID
895:PMID
841:PMID
789:PMID
719:PMID
670:PMID
612:and
554:The
173:norm
57:fish
1797:H2B
1792:H2A
1391:doi
1348:doi
1311:PMC
1301:doi
1246:doi
1205:PMC
1195:doi
1148:doi
1144:119
1111:PMC
1103:doi
1091:432
1037:PMC
1029:doi
991:PMC
981:doi
927:doi
885:PMC
877:doi
831:PMC
823:doi
779:PMC
769:doi
757:118
709:doi
697:432
662:doi
578:in
529:of
517:mya
47:of
1959::
1840:C2
1835:C1
1807:H4
1802:H3
1787:H1
1757::
1454::
1405:.
1397:.
1387:45
1385:.
1362:.
1354:.
1344:49
1342:.
1319:.
1309:.
1295:.
1291:.
1268:.
1260:.
1252:.
1242:21
1240:.
1236:.
1213:.
1203:.
1189:.
1185:.
1162:.
1154:.
1142:.
1119:.
1109:.
1101:.
1089:.
1085:.
1073:^
1061:}}
1057:{{
1045:.
1025:10
1023:.
1019:.
1005:^
989:.
977:30
975:.
971:.
955:^
941:.
933:.
923:96
921:.
907:^
893:.
883:.
871:.
867:.
853:^
839:.
829:.
819:15
817:.
813:.
801:^
787:.
777:.
767:.
755:.
751:.
731:^
717:.
707:.
695:.
691:.
668:.
658:27
656:.
644:^
582:.
546:.
519:.
133:μm
59:,
55:,
35:A
1900:T
1895:Q
1890:P
1885:O
1880:N
1875:M
1870:K
1865:J
1860:I
1855:H
1850:F
1845:E
1830:B
1825:A
1765:)
1761:(
1560:/
1541:/
1484:/
1444:e
1437:t
1430:v
1413:.
1393::
1370:.
1350::
1327:.
1303::
1297:8
1276:.
1248::
1221:.
1197::
1191:8
1170:.
1150::
1127:.
1105::
1097::
1067:)
1053:.
1031::
999:.
983::
949:.
929::
901:.
879::
873:8
847:.
825::
795:.
771::
763::
725:.
711::
703::
676:.
664::
564:n
489:n
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
