529:
505:
517:
395:
370:
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31:
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panel will be incubated in a machine, which subsequently analyses each well with a light-based method such as colorimetry, turbidimetry, or fluorometry. The combined results will be automatically compared to a database of known results for various bacterial species, in order to generate a diagnosis of what bacterial species is present in the current panel. Simultaneously, it performs
168:
545:
459:
Selective and differential media reveal characteristics about the microorganisms being cultured on them. This kind of media can be selective, differential, or both selective and differential. Growing a culture on multiple kinds of selective and differential media can purify mixed cultures and reveal
215:
cultures require host cells in which the virus or phage multiply. For bacteriophages, cultures are grown by infecting bacterial cells. The phage can then be isolated from the resulting plaques in a lawn of bacteria on a plate. Viral cultures are obtained from their appropriate eukaryotic host cells.
493:
On multitarget panels, bacteria isolated from a previously grown colony are distributed into each well, each of which contains growth medium as well as the ingredients for a biochemical test, which will change the absorbance of the well depending on the bacterial property for the tested target. The
417:
of differing sizes that have a thin layer of agar-based growth medium. Once the growth medium in the petri dish is inoculated with the desired bacteria, the plates are incubated at the optimal temperature for the growing of the selected bacteria (for example, usually at 37 degrees
Celsius, or the
361:
Liquid cultures are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay in which the liquid broth is inoculated with bacteria and let to grow overnight (a âshakerâ may be used to mechanically mix the broth, to encourage uniform growth). Subsequently, aliquots of the sample are taken to test for the
556:
or a pipette tip being stabbed into the center of the agar. Bacteria grow in the punctured area. Stab cultures are most commonly used for short-term storage or shipment of cultures. Additionally, stab cultures can reveal characteristics about cultured microorganisms such as motility or oxygen
504:
232:. Once a microorganism has been isolated in pure culture, it is necessary to preserve it in a viable state for further study and use in cultures called stock cultures. These cultures have to be maintained, such that there is no loss of their biological, immunological and cultural characters.
480:
Scientists use differential media when culturing microorganisms to reveal certain biochemical characteristics about the organisms. These revealed traits can then be compared to attributes of known microorganisms in an effort to identify unknown cultures. An example of this is
422:, for cultures from humans or animals, or lower for environmental cultures). After the desired level of growth is achieved, agar plates can be stored upside down in a refrigerator for an extended period of time to keep bacteria for future experiments.
398:
Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New
England setting. The grey box near top left shows a
189:
typically involves bacteria, since archaea are difficult to culture in a laboratory setting. To obtain a pure prokaryotic culture, one must start the culture from a single cell or a single colony of the organism. Since a prokaryotic colony is the
429:
that can be added to agar before it is poured into a plate and allowed to solidify. Some types of bacteria can only grow in the presence of certain additives. This can also be used when creating engineered strains of bacteria that contain an
434:. When the selected antibiotic is added to the agar, only bacterial cells containing the gene insert conferring resistance will be able to grow. This allows the researcher to select only the colonies that were successfully transformed.
516:
573:
etc. growing at temperatures of 50 to 70 degrees C, low acyl clarified gellan gum has been proven to be the preferred gelling agent comparing to agar for the counting or isolation or both of the above thermophilic bacteria.
257:
Although macroscopic eukaryotic organisms are too large to culture in a laboratory, cells taken from these organisms can be cultured. This allows researchers to study specific parts and processes of a macroscopic eukaryote
1199:
450:
purposes. They have advantages over agar plates since they are cost effective and their operation does not require expertise or laboratory environment, which enable them to be used at the point-of-care.
548:
Motile and non-motile bacteria can be differentiated along the stab lines. Motile bacteria (left) will grow out from the stab line while non-motile bacteria (right) are present only along the stab line.
1011:
Rafiq, Muhammad; Hassan, Noor; Rehman, Maliha; Hayat, Muhammad; Nadeem, Gullasht; Hassan, Farwa; Iqbal, Naveed; Ali, Hazrat; Zada, Sahib; Kang, Yingqian; Sajjad, Wasim; Jamal, Muhsin (2023-12-07).
250:. Single-celled eukaryotes - such as yeast, algae, and protozoans - can be cultured in similar ways to prokaryotic cultures. The same is true for multicellular microscopic eukaryotes, such as
1868:
782:
90:, the causative agent of strep throat. Furthermore, the term culture is more generally used informally to refer to "selectively growing" a specific kind of microorganism in the lab.
721:
701:
472:(EMB) may be used to select against Gram-positive bacteria, most of which have hindered growth on EMB, and select for Gram-negative bacteria, whose growth is not inhibited on EMB.
159:
round box in 1887. Since these foundational inventions, a diverse array of media and methods have evolved to help scientists grow, identify, and purify cultures of microorganisms.
3033:
1312:
Lin, Chi Chung and Casida, L. E. (1984) GELRITE as a
Gelling Agent in Media for the Growth of Thermophilic Microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47, 427-429.
636:
582:
Microbial culture collections focus on the acquisition, authentication, production, preservation, cataloguing and distribution of viable cultures of standard reference
801:
84:
is taken by scraping the lining of tissue in the back of the throat and blotting the sample into a medium to be able to screen for harmful microorganisms, such as
1861:
656:
468:
Selective media is used to distinguish organisms by allowing for a specific kind of organism to grow on it while inhibiting the growth of others. For example,
510:
Multitarget microbial panel. A small amount of the bacteria to be tested is placed in each well, each of which has the ingredients for a separate test.
1854:
358:, in an upright flask. This allows a scientist to grow up large amounts of bacteria or other microorganisms for a variety of downstream applications.
2717:
2412:
2710:
2347:
1267:
386:
Static liquid cultures may be used as an alternative. These cultures are not shaken, and they provide the microbes with an oxygen gradient.
2766:
759:
354:
One method of microbiological culture is liquid culture, in which the desired organisms are suspended in a liquid nutrient medium, such as
68:
Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both. It is one of the primary
1419:- European Food and Feed Cultutes Association. Information about production and uses of microbial cultures as well as legislative aspects.
1291:
2161:
1444:
442:
Miniaturized version of agar plates implemented to dipstick formats, e.g. Dip Slide, Digital
Dipstick show potential to be used at the
1755:
740:
485:(MAC), which reveals lactose-fermenting bacteria through a pH indicator that changes color when acids are produced from fermentation.
1334:
495:
54:
under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used as research tools in
1354:
3093:
2315:
1723:
617:
2466:
394:
2223:
1997:
889:
915:"Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: the evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology"
3108:
2218:
2181:
2166:
220:
is a way to physically separate the microbial population, and is done by spreading the inoculate back and forth with an
3098:
2516:
962:
Basu, Srijoni; Bose, Chandra; Ojha, Nupur; Das, Nabajit; Das, Jagaree; Pal, Mrinmoy; Khurana, Sukant (30 April 2015).
552:
Stab cultures are similar to agar plates, but are formed by solid agar in a test tube. Bacteria is introduced via an
2213:
2460:
2405:
2106:
109:
or types. A pure culture may originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic
2262:
2203:
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2921:
2252:
2019:
1911:
1886:
431:
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development of solid media in 1881. Koch's method of using a flat plate for his solid media was replaced by
102:
2732:
2684:
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2774:
2760:
2754:
2628:
2442:
2287:
2186:
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Microbial panels loaded into an instrument used for automated antibiotic sensitivity testing of each well.
419:
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194:
offspring of a single cell, all of the cells are genetically identical and will result in a pure culture.
86:
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1937:
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469:
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110:
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1978:
1152:"Digital dipstick: miniaturized bacteria detection and digital quantification for the point-of-care"
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2014:
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1150:
Iseri, Emre; Biggel, Michael; Goossens, Herman; Moons, Pieter; van der
Wijngaart, Wouter (2020).
850:
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173:
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Organisms are cultured in/on specific media to select for or differentiate between certain ones
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of one another. For the purpose of gelling the microbial culture, the medium of agarose gel (
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17:
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81:
51:
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A laboratory worker reviews results displayed on the screen of the automated analyzer.
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Growing up large volumes of organism, antimicrobial assays, bacterial differentiation
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It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms. A pure (or
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of what culture media are routinely used for various sources or purposes.
259:
142:
122:
228:, colonies will arise and single cells will have been isolated from the
80:
by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium. For example, a
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2352:
1906:
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1653:
1530:
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1168:
1151:
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567:
Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus
460:
to scientists the characteristics needed to identify unknown cultures.
321:
Diagnostic purposes, can be used anywhere, cost effective, easy to use
246:
Eukaryotic cell cultures provide a controlled environment for studying
229:
118:
106:
310:
Provides a solid surface for stationary growth, compact and stackable
2191:
768:
690:
27:
Method of allowing microorganisms to multiply in a controlled medium
1103:"Selective Outgrowth of Fimbriate Bacteria in Static Liquid Medium"
2305:
2267:
2136:
913:
Bonnet, M.; Lagier, J.C.; Raoult, D.; Khelaifia, S. (March 2020).
749:
686:
543:
393:
368:
212:
208:
166:
29:
1013:"Challenges and Approaches of Culturing the Unculturable Archaea"
2946:
806:
565:
For solid plate cultures of thermophilic microorganisms such as
114:
2394:
1850:
1426:
1259:
Henry's
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
332:
Help identify unknown organisms, assist in purifying cultures
1422:
783:
National
Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria
318:
Essentially miniature agar plates in the form of dipsticks
1072:"New techniques for isolation of single prokaryotic cells"
1284:"Addgene: Streaking a Plate from an Addgene Stab Culture"
125:, which can be used for the isolation and maintenance of
340:
Organisms are inoculated into a test tube of solid agar
1416:
117:) is used. Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from
722:
International
Collection of Microorganisms from Plants
702:
Deutsche
Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
362:
antimicrobial activity of a specific drug or protein (
296:
Organisms are inoculated into a flask of liquid media
147:
The first culture media was liquid media, designed by
3021:
2960:
2902:
2836:
2700:
2668:
2636:
2627:
2506:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2328:
2286:
2242:
2092:
2007:
1996:
1966:
1925:
1899:
1885:
1764:
1689:
1460:
1329:(13th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
1070:Fröhlich, JĂŒrgen; König, Helmut (1 December 2000).
637:
307:Organisms are placed or streaked onto petri dishes
561:Solid plate culture of thermophilic microorganisms
65:can also refer to the microorganisms being grown.
1113:(2). American Society for Microbiology: 447â456.
586:, cell lines and other materials for research in
964:"Evolution of bacterial and fungal growth media"
802:National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
1348:
1346:
1232:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
151:in 1860. This was used in the laboratory until
590:. Culture collection are also repositories of
343:Short-term storage, bacterial differentiation
2406:
1862:
1438:
1355:"History and services of culture collections"
139:Microbiology § The birth of bacteriology
76:and used as a tool to determine the cause of
8:
34:Microbial cultures on solid and liquid media
657:Culture Collection University of Gothenburg
50:by letting them reproduce in predetermined
3034:Cystineâlactoseâelectrolyte-deficient agar
2633:
2447:
2438:
2413:
2399:
2391:
2004:
1896:
1869:
1855:
1847:
1445:
1431:
1423:
1224:Jung, Benjamin; Hoilat, Gilles J. (2024),
596:
1381:
1320:
1318:
1262:(23 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
1167:
1126:
1046:
1028:
987:
938:
413:Microbiological cultures can be grown in
1200:"6.3C: Selective and Differential Media"
275:
2718:Tryptic soy-serum-bacitracin-vancomycin
880:Healthwise, Incorporated (2010-06-28).
872:
500:
143:Bacteria § History of bacteriology
2711:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
7:
2767:Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar
908:
906:
760:National Collection of Type Cultures
669:Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo
641:Decentralized, Coordination Cell in
598:Major national culture collections.
2162:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
1756:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
1256:McPherson, RA; Pincus, MR (2017).
741:Japan Collection of Microorganisms
25:
2288:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
2095:biochemical and immunologic tests
1294:from the original on 8 April 2018
496:antibiotic susceptibility testing
326:Selective and differential media
121:. A cheap substitute for agar is
2847:Lactose fermenting gram negative
2316:Minimum inhibitory concentration
2008:Manual testing: basic techniques
1724:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1101:Old, D.C.; Duguid, J.P. (1970).
618:American Type Culture Collection
527:
515:
503:
455:Selective and differential media
224:over the solid agar plate. Upon
105:growing in the absence of other
1327:Brock biology of microorganisms
919:New Microbes and New Infections
892:from the original on 2013-03-17
2224:Novobiocin susceptibility test
2214:Bacitracin susceptibility test
1:
2107:Amino acid decarboxylase test
1119:10.1128/JB.103.2.447-456.1970
1088:10.1016/S0168-6445(00)00045-0
97:) culture is a population of
46:, is a method of multiplying
2219:Optochin susceptibility test
2182:Sulfide indole motility test
2167:Phenylalanine deaminase test
1325:Madigan, Michael T. (2012).
1090:– via Oxford Academic.
2517:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
163:Types of microbial cultures
3125:
2461:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1362:International Microbiology
931:10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100622
432:antibiotic-resistance gene
406:
269:
239:
201:
136:
2263:Polymerase chain reaction
1374:10.1007/s10123-003-0115-2
1076:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
3054:Mannitol motility medium
2922:Dermatophyte test medium
2467:LöwensteinâJensen medium
2253:Analytical profile index
578:Cell Culture Collections
18:Microbiological cultures
3094:Microbiology techniques
3044:Glucose phosphate broth
2857:Sorbitol-MacConkey agar
1831:Microbiological culture
1461:Principles of pathology
1107:Journal of Bacteriology
1030:10.3390/biology12121499
846:Microbial Food Cultures
425:There are a variety of
373:Liquid cultures of the
236:Eukaryotic cell culture
103:multicellular organisms
40:microbiological culture
2775:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2761:Legionella pneumophila
2755:Haemophilus influenzae
2187:Triple sugar iron test
980:10.6026/97320630011182
549:
420:human body temperature
404:
383:
364:antimicrobial peptides
293:Liquid/broth cultures
177:
157:Julius Richard Petri's
87:Streptococcus pyogenes
35:
3049:Lauryl tryptose broth
3022:Other/ungrouped media
2889:Simmons' citrate agar
2490:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2482:Middlebrook 7H11 Agar
2477:Middlebrook 7H10 Agar
2472:Middlebrook 7H9 Broth
2245:point-of-care testing
1926:Cultures by body site
1879:clinical microbiology
1794:Diagnostic immunology
1619:Programmed cell death
1587:Liquefactive necrosis
841:Microbial dark matter
765:Public Health England
588:microbial systematics
547:
397:
372:
315:Agar based dipsticks
170:
137:Further information:
33:
3039:Cystine tryptic agar
3029:Brain heart infusion
3013:Zobell's marine agar
2937:Potato dextrose agar
2879:Hektoen enteric agar
2874:Bismuth sulfite agar
2862:Eosin methylene blue
2204:VogesâProskauer test
2112:Bile solubility test
1967:Cultures by organism
1900:Isolation techniques
1789:Medical microbiology
1784:Transfusion medicine
1741:Immunohistochemistry
1691:Anatomical pathology
1582:Coagulative necrosis
1353:Uruburu, F. (2003).
571:Thermus thermophilus
470:eosin methylene blue
438:Agar based dipsticks
288:Uses and advantages
248:eukaryotic organisms
3109:Culture collections
3059:MuellerâHinton agar
3003:Trypticase soy agar
2978:Columbia blood agar
2702:Gammaproteobacteria
2638:Alphaproteobacteria
2311:McFarland standards
2301:Disk diffusion test
2296:Beta-lactamase test
2229:Lancefield grouping
2209:X and V factor test
2177:Salt tolerance test
2052:ZiehlâNeelsen stain
2015:Colonial morphology
1746:Electron microscopy
1714:Molecular pathology
1592:Gangrenous necrosis
1524:Cellular adaptation
861:Synchronous culture
831:Colony-forming unit
661:Gothenburg, Sweden
603:Collection Acronym
599:
278:
218:streak plate method
181:Prokaryotic culture
48:microbial organisms
3099:Microbiology terms
2961:Nonselective media
2838:Differential media
2741:Enterobacteriaceae
2733:BordetâGengou agar
2690:New York City agar
2685:ThayerâMartin agar
2670:Betaproteobacteria
2613:VogelâJohnson agar
2603:Mannitol salt agar
2380:Inoculation needle
1774:Clinical chemistry
1766:Clinical pathology
1751:Immunofluorescence
1719:Forensic pathology
1699:Surgical pathology
1607:Fibrinoid necrosis
1226:"MacConkey Medium"
1204:Biology LibreTexts
1169:10.1039/D0LC00793E
851:Screening cultures
682:d'Institut Pasteur
597:
554:inoculation needle
550:
489:Multitarget panels
476:Differential media
405:
384:
276:
178:
174:Bacillus anthracis
78:infectious disease
36:
3081:
3080:
3008:Tryptic soy broth
2927:Malt extract agar
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2623:
2622:
2608:Baird-Parker agar
2537:Bile esculin agar
2388:
2387:
2365:Biosafety cabinet
2324:
2323:
2172:Reverse CAMP test
1992:
1991:
1974:Bacterial culture
1844:
1843:
1811:Mass spectrometry
1269:978-0-323-41315-2
1162:(23): 4349â4356.
812:
811:
347:
346:
185:The culturing of
56:molecular biology
44:microbial culture
16:(Redirected from
3116:
2998:Plate count agar
2884:Lysine iron agar
2658:Farrell's medium
2634:
2448:
2439:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2375:Inoculation loop
2273:Rapid strep test
2005:
1897:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1731:Gross processing
1597:Caseous necrosis
1447:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1404:
1403:
1385:
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1340:
1322:
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1303:
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1032:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
959:
953:
952:
942:
910:
901:
900:
898:
897:
882:"Throat Culture"
877:
746:Tsukuba, Ibaraki
672:Valencia, Spain
600:
531:
519:
507:
279:
277:Method overview
222:inoculating loop
21:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3017:
2956:
2898:
2824:
2696:
2664:
2619:
2502:
2434:Selective media
2428:
2419:
2389:
2384:
2320:
2282:
2238:
2147:Methyl red test
2094:
2093:Manual testing:
2088:
2047:India ink stain
2037:Acid-fast stain
2000:
1988:
1962:
1938:Genital culture
1921:
1917:Selective media
1889:
1881:
1875:
1845:
1840:
1799:Immunopathology
1779:Hematopathology
1760:
1685:
1456:
1451:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1288:www.addgene.org
1282:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1010:
1009:
1005:
961:
960:
956:
912:
911:
904:
895:
893:
879:
878:
874:
869:
817:
580:
563:
542:
535:
532:
523:
520:
511:
508:
491:
478:
466:
464:Selective media
457:
440:
411:
392:
352:
350:Liquid cultures
274:
268:
266:Culture methods
244:
238:
206:
200:
183:
165:
145:
135:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Lysogeny broth
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Chocolate agar
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Sabouraud agar
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:MacConkey agar
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2781:Cetrimide agar
2771:
2770:
2769:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2597:Staphylococcus
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2456:
2454:
2452:Actinomycetota
2445:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:Automated and
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:Coagulase test
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2009:
2002:
1998:Identification
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:Fungal culture
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Throat culture
1945:
1943:Sputum culture
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1877:Techniques in
1876:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Flow cytometry
1818:
1816:Chromatography
1813:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Histopathology
1733:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
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1678:
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1676:
1671:
1662:
1650:
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1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:External links
1409:
1406:
1405:
1368:(2): 101â103.
1342:
1335:
1314:
1305:
1275:
1268:
1248:
1216:
1191:
1142:
1093:
1082:(5): 567â572.
1062:
1003:
974:(4): 182â184.
968:Bioinformation
954:
902:
871:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
858:
856:Sputum culture
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
816:
813:
810:
809:
804:
799:
795:
794:
785:
780:
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775:
773:United Kingdom
762:
757:
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752:
743:
738:
734:
733:
724:
719:
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714:
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630:
629:
620:
615:
611:
610:
607:
604:
584:microorganisms
579:
576:
562:
559:
557:requirements.
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
526:
524:
521:
514:
512:
509:
502:
490:
487:
483:MacConkey agar
477:
474:
465:
462:
456:
453:
439:
436:
407:Main article:
391:
388:
375:cyanobacterium
351:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
337:Stab cultures
334:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
301:
300:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
270:Main article:
267:
264:
240:Main article:
237:
234:
202:Main article:
199:
196:
182:
179:
164:
161:
134:
131:
82:throat culture
52:culture medium
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3121:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3073:SchÀdler agar
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Nutrient agar
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Letheen broth
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Czapek medium
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Brucella agar
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Gram negative
2626:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:Lactobacillus
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Gram positive
2440:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:Anaerobic jar
2346:
2342:
2341:Growth medium
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2278:Monospot test
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1984:Viral culture
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1958:Wound culture
1956:
1954:
1953:Urine culture
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Blood culture
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Cytopathology
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:Accumulations
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:Wound healing
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:9780321649638
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Lab on a Chip
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
955:
950:
946:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
907:
903:
891:
887:
883:
876:
873:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:Blood culture
819:
818:
814:
808:
807:York, England
805:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
778:
777:
774:
770:
766:
763:
761:
758:
755:
754:
751:
747:
744:
742:
739:
736:
735:
732:
728:
725:
723:
720:
717:
716:
713:
709:
706:
704:
703:
699:
696:
695:
692:
688:
685:
683:
679:
676:
675:
671:
668:
665:
664:
660:
658:
655:
652:
651:
648:
644:
640:
638:
635:
632:
631:
628:
624:
621:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
602:
601:
595:
593:
589:
585:
577:
575:
572:
568:
560:
558:
555:
546:
540:Stab cultures
539:
530:
525:
518:
513:
506:
501:
499:
497:
488:
486:
484:
475:
473:
471:
463:
461:
454:
452:
449:
445:
444:point-of-care
437:
435:
433:
428:
423:
421:
416:
410:
409:Nutrient agar
402:
396:
389:
387:
381:
380:
379:Synechococcus
376:
371:
367:
365:
359:
357:
349:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
325:
324:
320:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
303:
302:
298:
295:
292:
291:
287:
284:
281:
280:
273:
272:Growth medium
265:
263:
261:
255:
253:
249:
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
205:
204:Viral culture
198:Viral culture
197:
195:
193:
188:
180:
176:
175:
171:A culture of
169:
162:
160:
158:
154:
153:Robert Koch's
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149:Louis Pasteur
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3104:Cell culture
2904:Fungal media
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2759:
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2739:
2725:
2716:
2709:
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2645:
2595:
2584:Fraser broth
2576:
2562:
2543:
2531:Enterococcus
2529:
2523:Hoyle's agar
2515:
2496:Eaton's agar
2488:
2459:
2422:Growth media
2152:Nitrite test
2122:Citrate test
2063:Rapid tests
2042:Giemsa stain
1912:Streak plate
1830:
1806:Enzyme assay
1652:
1647:
1636:Karyorrhexis
1612:Myocytolysis
1602:Fat necrosis
1507:Inflammation
1495:Hemodynamics
1488:Pathogenesis
1365:
1361:
1326:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1258:
1251:
1241:, retrieved
1229:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1206:. 2017-05-11
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1023:(12): 1499.
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1016:
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918:
894:. Retrieved
885:
875:
708:Braunschweig
700:
592:type strains
581:
570:
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551:
492:
479:
467:
458:
441:
424:
415:petri dishes
412:
401:Venn diagram
385:
377:
360:
353:
304:Agar plates
285:Description
256:
251:
245:
242:Cell culture
207:
184:
172:
146:
127:thermophiles
94:
92:
85:
74:microbiology
67:
62:
60:
43:
39:
37:
2564:Lactococcus
2426:agar plates
2360:Durham tube
2192:Urease test
2001:and testing
1660:Hemosiderin
1541:Hyperplasia
1536:Hypertrophy
1512:Cell damage
1383:10550/12955
731:New Zealand
680:Collection
390:Agar plates
356:Luria broth
187:prokaryotes
72:methods of
3088:Categories
2968:Blood agar
2932:MMN medium
2808:Salmonella
2789:Salmonella
2727:Bordetella
2551:Lee's Agar
2336:Agar plate
2132:DNAse test
2032:Gram stain
1826:Blood bank
1669:Lipofuscin
1665:Lipochrome
1641:Karyolysis
1570:Cell death
1551:Metaplasia
1243:2024-03-03
1230:StatPearls
1210:2024-03-03
896:2013-03-10
867:References
836:Gellan gum
826:Changestat
252:C. elegans
226:incubation
70:diagnostic
2894:TSI slant
2867:Endo agar
2747:VRBD agar
2679:Neisseria
2508:Bacillota
2370:Incubator
2329:Equipment
2258:MALDI-TOF
2157:ONPG test
2117:CAMP test
2020:Hemolysis
1887:Isolation
1681:Steatosis
1624:Apoptosis
1561:Glandular
1546:Dysplasia
1478:Neoplasia
1473:Infection
1454:Pathology
1178:1473-0197
1039:2079-7737
609:Location
448:diagnosis
427:additives
61:The term
3068:R2A agar
3063:PNP agar
2912:BAF agar
2818:XLD agar
2812:Shigella
2802:DCA agar
2795:XLT agar
2647:Brucella
2578:Listeria
2570:M17 agar
2556:MRS agar
2234:RPR test
2142:KOH test
2102:ALA test
2072:Catalase
2059:Wet prep
2027:Staining
1836:Serology
1631:Pyknosis
1577:Necrosis
1556:Squamous
1500:Ischemia
1400:19711069
1392:12811589
1298:21 March
1292:Archived
1238:32491326
1186:33169747
1057:38132325
1048:10740628
998:26124557
949:31956419
890:Archived
815:See also
792:Scotland
788:Aberdeen
727:Auckland
643:Brussels
627:Virginia
623:Manassas
382:PCC 7002
260:in vitro
123:guar gum
2353:Gas-pak
2067:Oxidase
1907:Asepsis
1892:culture
1709:Autopsy
1674:Melanin
1654:pigment
1531:Atrophy
1468:Disease
1137:4914569
1017:Biology
989:4479053
940:6961714
712:Germany
647:Belgium
282:Method
230:biomass
192:asexual
133:History
119:seaweed
107:species
63:culture
2589:PALCAM
2077:Indole
1398:
1390:
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1266:
1236:
1184:
1176:
1135:
1128:248102
1125:
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1045:
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937:
798:NCPPB
779:NCIMB
769:London
691:France
141:, and
111:clones
95:axenic
2306:Etest
2268:VITEK
2197:rapid
2137:IMViC
1483:Cause
1417:EFFCA
1396:S2CID
1358:(PDF)
886:WebMD
756:NCTC
750:Japan
718:ICMP
697:DSMZ
687:Paris
666:CECT
653:CCUG
633:BCCM
614:ATCC
606:Name
213:phage
209:Virus
99:cells
42:, or
2947:YEPD
1890:and
1388:PMID
1331:ISBN
1300:2018
1264:ISBN
1234:PMID
1182:PMID
1174:ISSN
1133:PMID
1053:PMID
1035:ISSN
994:PMID
945:PMID
737:JCM
677:CIP
569:and
446:for
216:The
211:and
115:agar
2082:PYR
1378:hdl
1370:doi
1164:doi
1123:PMC
1115:doi
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1084:doi
1043:PMC
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