910:
1297:. Any type of habitat surrounded by a different habitat is in a similar situation to an island. If a forest is divided into parts by logging, with strips of cleared land separating woodland blocks, and the distances between the remaining fragments exceeds the distance an individual animal is able to travel, that species becomes especially vulnerable. Small populations generally lack genetic diversity and may be threatened by increased predation, increased competition, disease and unexpected catastrophe. At the edge of each forest fragment, increased light encourages secondary growth of fast-growing species and old growth trees are more vulnerable to logging as access is improved. The birds that nest in their crevices, the
1081:
1401:
951:, and soil; buttress root, stump, fallen log, stem base, grass tussock, fungus, fern, and moss. The greater the structural diversity in the wood, the greater the number of microhabitat types that will be present. A range of tree species with individual specimens of varying sizes and ages, and a range of features such as streams, level areas, slopes, tracks, clearings, and felled areas will provide suitable conditions for an enormous number of biodiverse plants and animals. For example, in Britain it has been estimated that various types of rotting wood are home to over 1700 species of invertebrate.
1386:
47:
1255:
79:
1583:, protects animals that migrate across the globe and need protection in more than one country. Even where legislation protects the environment, a lack of enforcement often prevents effective protection. However, the protection of habitat types needs to take into account the needs of the local residents for food, fuel and other resources. Faced with hunger and destitution, a farmer is likely to plough up a level patch of ground despite it being the last suitable habitat for an endangered species such as the
891:. A survey of dwelling houses in northern European cities in the twentieth century found about 175 species of invertebrate inside them, including 53 species of beetle, 21 flies, 13 butterflies and moths, 13 mites, 9 lice, 7 bees, 5 wasps, 5 cockroaches, 5 spiders, 4 ants and a number of other groups. In warmer climates, termites are serious pests in the urban habitat; 183 species are known to affect buildings and 83 species cause serious structural damage.
7450:
1472:
1572:
benefiting wildlife. The laws may be designed to protect a particular species or group of species, or the legislation may prohibit such activities as the collecting of bird eggs, the hunting of animals or the removal of plants. A general law on the protection of habitat types may be more difficult to implement than a site specific requirement. A concept introduced in the United States in 1973 involves protecting the critical habitat of
417:
4318:
5177:
63:
5840:
653:
7474:
5828:
7462:
441:
991:
5860:
140:. Every species has particular habitat requirements, habitat generalist species are able to thrive in a wide array of environmental conditions while habitat specialist species require a very limited set of factors to survive. The habitat of a species is not necessarily found in a geographical area, it can be the interior of a stem, a rotten log, a rock or a clump of
5850:
4306:
1065:, swimming or drifting in mid-ocean, while others are benthic, living on or near the seabed. Their growth rates and metabolisms tend to be slow, their eyes may be very large to detect what little illumination there is, or they may be blind and rely on other sensory inputs. A number of deep sea creatures are
508:
are ephemeral ponds that form in the rainy season and dry up afterwards. They have their specially-adapted characteristic flora, mainly consisting of annuals, the seeds of which survive the drought, but also some uniquely adapted perennials. Animals adapted to these extreme habitat types also exist;
1052:
limited to the upper 50 m (160 ft) or so. The lower limit for photosynthesis is 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) and below that depth the prevailing conditions include total darkness, high pressure, little oxygen (in some places), scarce food resources and extreme cold. This habitat
431:
are more specific habitat types with varying climate types, temperature regimes, soils, altitudes and vegetation. Many of these habitat types grade into each other and each one has its own typical communities of plants and animals. A habitat-type may suit a particular species well, but its presence
1323:
is a vigorous grass from Europe which has been introduced to the United States where it has become invasive. It is highly adapted to fire, producing large amounts of flammable detritus and increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires. In areas where it has become established, it has altered
1037:. Rock in mines two miles deep also harbour microbes; these live on minute traces of hydrogen produced in slow oxidizing reactions inside the rock. These metabolic reactions allow life to exist in places with no oxygen or light, an environment that had previously been thought to be devoid of life.
946:
There are numerous different microhabitat types in a wood; coniferous forest, broad-leafed forest, open woodland, scattered trees, woodland verges, clearings, and glades; tree trunk, branch, twig, bud, leaf, flower, and fruit; rough bark, smooth bark, damaged bark, rotten wood, hollow, groove, and
934:
that grow on the north face of a boulder are different from those that grow on the south face, from those on the level top, and those that grow on the ground nearby; the lichens growing in the grooves and on the raised surfaces are different from those growing on the veins of quartz. Lurking among
680:
can be floating, semi-submerged, submerged or grow in permanently or temporarily saturated soils besides bodies of water. Marginal plants provide important habitat for both invertebrates and vertebrates, and submerged plants provide oxygenation of the water, absorb nutrients and play a part in the
159:
Habitat types are environmental categorizations of different environments based on the characteristics of a given geographical area, particularly vegetation and climate. Thus habitat types do not refer to a single species but to multiple species living in the same area. For example, terrestrial
1571:
occurs, the animals and plants reliant on that habitat suffer. Many countries have enacted legislation to protect their wildlife. This may take the form of the setting up of national parks, forest reserves and wildlife reserves, or it may restrict the activities of humans with the objective of
1147:
can be considered to be a habitat-type in its own right. There are metabolically active microbes present that actively reproduce and spend their whole existence airborne, with hundreds of thousands of individual organisms estimated to be present in a cubic meter of air. The airborne microbial
668:(lakes, ponds, marshes, bogs). Although some organisms are found across most of these habitat types, the majority have more specific requirements. The water velocity, its temperature and oxygen saturation are important factors, but in river systems, there are fast and slow sections, pools,
1033:. Boreholes drilled 300 m (1,000 ft) into the rocky seabed have found microbial communities apparently based on the products of reactions between water and the constituents of rocks. These communities have not been studied much, but may be an important part of the global
1309:
connecting the fragments. These can be a river, ditch, strip of trees, hedgerow or even an underpass to a highway. Without the corridors, seeds cannot disperse and animals, especially small ones, cannot travel through the hostile territory, putting populations at greater risk of
3062:
Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Haque, Shirin; Resendes de Sousa
Antonio, Marina; Ali, Denzil; Hosein, Riad; Song, Young C.; Yang, Jinshu; Zaikova, Elena; Beckles, Denise M.; Guinan, Edward; Lehto, Harry J.; Hallam, Steven J. (2011). "Microbial Life in a Liquid Asphalt Desert".
1018:, half a mile below the ice of Antarctica; in the absence of sunlight, they must rely on organic material from elsewhere, perhaps decaying matter from glacier melt water or minerals from the underlying rock. Other bacteria can be found in abundance in the
929:
A microhabitat is the small-scale physical requirements of a particular organism or population. Every habitat includes large numbers of microhabitat types with subtly different exposure to light, humidity, temperature, air movement, and other factors. The
1366:
1482:(also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved to elsewhere or are dead, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and
725:, and for a large range of organisms crawling on or burrowing into the surface. Some creatures float among the waves on the surface of the water, or raft on floating debris, others swim at a range of depths, including organisms in the
4214:
Theel, Heather J.; Dibble, Eric D.; Madsen, John D. (2008). "Differential influence of a monotypic and diverse native aquatic plant bed on a macroinvertebrate assemblage; an experimental implication of exotic plant induced habitat".
1095:
is close to the seabed. The under-water hot springs may gush forth at temperatures of over 340 Ā°C (640 Ā°F) and support unique communities of organisms in their immediate vicinity. The basis for this teeming life is
1069:; this serves a variety of functions including predation, protection and social recognition. In general, the bodies of animals living at great depths are adapted to high pressure environments by having pressure-resistant
1764:
Beneath the sea ice and the terminal portions of the Ross Ice Shelf and
Koettlitz Glacier tongue is an aquatic habitat that has a nearly uniform freezing temperature of -1.9Ā°C (28.6Ā°F) and a remarkable assemblage of
1148:
community may be as diverse as that found in soil or other terrestrial environments, however, these organisms are not evenly distributed, their densities varying spatially with altitude and environmental conditions.
1580:
382:
and disappear after a few years in the absence of patches of bare ground on which their seedlings can grow. Lightning strikes and toppled trees in tropical forests allow species richness to be maintained as
962:
of some parasites involves several different host species, as well as free-living life stages, sometimes within vastly different microhabitat types. One such organism is the trematode (flatworm)
452:. Desert animals have a variety of adaptations to survive the dry conditions. Some frogs live in deserts, creating moist habitat types underground and hibernating while conditions are adverse.
460:) emerges from its burrow when a downpour occurs and lays its eggs in the transient pools that form; the tadpoles develop with great rapidity, sometimes in as little as nine days, undergo
2699:
909:
310:, and the presence or absence of all the requirements that the organism needs to sustain it. Generally speaking, animal communities are reliant on specific types of plant communities.
1748:
521:
behave in a similar way; their eggs hatch and the juvenile fish grow with great rapidity when the conditions are right, but the whole population of fish may end up as eggs in
1293:
Loss of habitat is the single greatest threat to any species. If an island on which an endemic organism lives becomes uninhabitable for some reason, the species will become
4279:
1453:
of many species. More specifically, habitat fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats.
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5896:
1324:
the local fire regimen to such an extant that native plants cannot survive the frequent fires, allowing it to become even more dominant. A marine example is when
1077:, which give the proteins the flexibility they need. There are also unsaturated fats in their membranes which prevent them from solidifying at low temperatures.
517:, sometimes being blown about with the dust, ending up in new depressions in the ground. These can survive in a dormant state for as long as fifteen years. Some
835:
Many animals and plants have taken up residence in urban environments. They tend to be adaptable generalists and use the town's features to make their homes.
1647:
is a botanical monotypic habitat example of this, currently dominating over 15,000,000 acres (61,000 km) in
California alone. The non-native freshwater
6787:
2805:
97:
refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular
697:
include brackish water, estuaries, bays, the open sea, the intertidal zone, the sea bed, reefs and deep / shallow water zones. Further variations include
6857:
3207:
2633:
Pung, Oscar J.; Burger, Ashley R.; Walker, Michael F.; Barfield, Whitney L.; Lancaster, Micah H.; Jarrous, Christina E. (2009). "In vitro cultivation of
1286:, deforestation and changes in land use. Then there are the changes in habitat types brought on by alterations in farming practices, tourism, pollution,
74:
their habitat, but water beneath the ice can provide habitat for multiple species. Animals such as penguins have adapted to live in very cold conditions.
2885:
1628:
support a similarly rich fauna of invertebrates as a more varied habitat. The monotypic habitat occurs in both botanical and zoological contexts. Some
4393:
2274:
1026:
drifts down from the surface layers of the sea and accumulates in this undersea valley, providing nourishment for an extensive community of bacteria.
1548:. Fragmentation and loss of habitat have become one of the most important topics of research in ecology as they are major threats to the survival of
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2753:
2122:
4009:
1080:
3934:
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6867:
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were first discovered in the ocean depths in 1977. They result from seawater becoming heated after seeping through cracks to places where hot
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3133:
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2441:
2396:
2357:
2222:
2155:
2090:
2051:
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1270:
Whether from natural processes or the activities of man, landscapes and their associated habitat types change over time. There are the slow
6429:
5603:
2726:
2568:
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1906:
4167:
3616:
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2611:
2513:
2474:
2402:
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2096:
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5185:
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2535:
1400:
1348:. Removal of the sea urchins, by disease for example, can result in the seaweed returning, with an over-abundance of fast-growing kelp.
271:, through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which the indigenous species have no immunity.
6477:
3566:
Brooks, M.L.; D'Antonio, C.M.; Richardson, D.M.; Grace, J.B.; Keeley, J.E.; DiTomaso, J.M.; Hobbs, R.J.; Pellant, M.; Pyke, D. (2004).
3449:
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International treaties may be necessary for such objectives as the setting up of marine reserves. Another international agreement, the
6813:
6636:
5889:
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1048:
in the oceans are relatively familiar habitat types. However the vast bulk of the ocean is inhospitable to air-breathing humans, with
432:
or absence at any particular location depends to some extent on chance, on its dispersal abilities and its efficiency as a colonizer.
6149:
4798:
1825:
1733:
1497:
1305:
are all adversely affected and biodiversity is reduced. Habitat fragmentation can be ameliorated to some extent by the provision of
2776:
2321:
2183:
5863:
1884:
1665:, is a zoological monotypic habitat example; the predators or parasites that control it in its home-range in Russia are absent.
6892:
6605:
6472:
6184:
4257:
2540:
Australian
National Botanic Gardens, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (An Australian Government Initiative)
1385:
1112:
are the primary producers in these ecosystems and support a diverse array of life. About 350 species of organism, dominated by
549:
333:
and various other plant species, and it thrives in any open location with diverse plant associations. The large blue butterfly
3958:"Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"
7150:
4250:
1610:, in which a single species of animal or plant is the only species of its type to be found in a specific habitat and forms a
55:
7277:
6922:
1831:
306:
The chief environmental factors affecting the distribution of living organisms are temperature, humidity, climate, soil and
2910:
1381:
and GRASP projects in 2002. Areas shown in black and red delineate areas of severe and moderate habitat loss, respectively.
1124:, had been discovered around hydrothermal vents by the end of the twentieth century, most of them being new to science and
7323:
6877:
6629:
5882:
4783:
4275:
263:
of ancient grasslands, the diversion and damming of rivers, the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed. The
7440:
6755:
2637:(Trematoda: Microphallidae) from metacercaria to ovigerous adult with continuation of the life cycle in the laboratory".
5811:
1711:
313:
Some plants and animals have habitat requirements which are met in a wide range of locations. The small white butterfly
7112:
6003:
5801:
1061:, reliant on food drifting down from surface layers, or they are predators, feeding on each other. Some organisms are
606:
2299:
7509:
7177:
6897:
6101:
5998:
5249:
3638:
3515:
Holland, Matthew D.; Hastings, Alan (2008). "Strong effect of dispersal network structure on ecological dynamics".
1057:
being at depths greater than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). With no plant life, the animals in this zone are either
611:
2795:
2239:
1696: ā Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species: the loss of habitat
1254:
7358:
6970:
6862:
6720:
6705:
6700:
6091:
5284:
5244:
5209:
4821:
4400:
4377:
4345:
3662:"Genetic effects of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on remnant animal and plant populations: a meta-analysis"
1418:
453:
7117:
3584:
3567:
7514:
7348:
7343:
7313:
6580:
6462:
4564:
4373:
2855:
1584:
1446:
1426:
78:
46:
31:
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1636:
can occur from retardant chemicals exuded, nutrient monopolization, or from lack of natural controls, such as
1475:
Map of the world's biodiversity hot spots, all of which are heavily threatened by habitat loss and degradation
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7055:
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6833:
6715:
6685:
6542:
6507:
6227:
6194:
6169:
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2266:
298:; an area of uniform environmental conditions associated with a particular community of plants and animals.
235:
or a change in oceanic currents); or change may occur more gradually over millennia with alterations in the
219:
Habitat types may change over time. Causes of change may include a violent event (such as the eruption of a
106:
1010:, have managed to colonise extreme environments that are unsuitable for more complex life forms. There are
660:
Freshwater habitat types include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, marshes and bogs. They can be divided into
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7282:
7217:
7080:
7015:
6950:
6610:
6512:
6300:
6008:
5988:
5413:
5095:
5037:
4680:
1708: ā Science of relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems
1641:
1633:
1053:
is very challenging to research, and as well as being little-studied, it is vast, with 79% of the Earth's
1029:
Other microbes live in environments lacking in oxygen, and are dependent on chemical reactions other than
396:
38:
3151:"Cyanobacterial composition of microbial mats from an Australian thermal spring: a polyphasic evaluation"
2749:
2118:
7242:
7187:
7050:
7035:
6818:
6775:
6765:
6760:
6517:
6497:
6353:
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6280:
6116:
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5453:
4793:
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4444:
1699:
1545:
1438:
1414:
1358:
1287:
1232:
968:, present in brackish water marshes in the southeastern United States. Its first intermediate host is a
964:
959:
921:
631:
616:
350:
3707:
3705:
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6917:
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6154:
5943:
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5289:
5259:
5130:
5090:
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4700:
4338:
4310:
4044:
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3903:
3897:
3895:
3845:
3763:
3728:
3713:
3673:
3524:
3353:
3245:
3162:
3082:
2014:
1967:
1687:
1675:
1607:
1562:
1520:. Environmental factors can contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly. Geological processes,
636:
5874:
1396:. France is the most deforested country in Europe, with only 15% of the native vegetation remaining.
7418:
7393:
7257:
7227:
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7085:
6975:
6960:
6907:
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6675:
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5125:
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4089:
Comparative
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Legislation for the Protection of Wild Flora in Europe
3834:"Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability"
1693:
1568:
1483:
1479:
1464:
1282:, and the more rapid changes associated with earthquakes, landslides, storms, flooding, wildfires,
1168:
900:
722:
626:
374:
meadows are sometimes created by conservationists but most of the flowering plants used are either
6621:
2349:
Water Plants of the World: A Manual for the
Identification of the Genera of Freshwater Macrophytes
2001:
Spitzer, L.; Benes, J.; Dandova, J.; Jaskova, V.; Konvicka, M. (2009). "The Large Blue butterfly (
1567:
The protection of habitat types is a necessary step in the maintenance of biodiversity because if
448:
Arid habitats are those where there is little available water. The most extreme arid habitats are
294:, the type of place in which it is natural for it to live and grow. It is similar in meaning to a
7454:
7429:
7378:
7373:
7182:
7145:
6843:
6808:
6665:
6590:
6492:
6424:
6414:
6348:
6295:
6106:
6051:
6013:
5938:
5748:
5728:
5713:
5538:
5533:
5331:
5279:
5162:
5157:
5072:
5027:
4954:
4876:
4826:
4388:
4383:
4232:
4129:
4068:
4001:
3787:
3548:
3106:
3072:
2694:
2670:
2654:
1983:
1573:
1549:
1533:
1525:
1329:
1204:
1200:
1131:
Besides providing locomotion opportunities for winged animals and a conduit for the dispersal of
973:
264:
129:
6887:
3660:
Schlaepfer, Daniel R.; Braschler, Brigitte; Rusterholz, Hans-Peter; Baur, Bruno (October 2018).
2722:
2572:
1591:
it is desirable that local communities are educated on the uniqueness of their flora and fauna.
1191:
and hydrogen sulfide issue from the ocean floor and support microbes and higher animals such as
1167:
teeming with microbial life; naturally occurring crude oil pools inhabited by the larvae of the
427:
Terrestrial habitat types include forests, grasslands, wetlands and deserts. Within these broad
2948:
1910:
1074:
7499:
7318:
7287:
7075:
6902:
6710:
6575:
6552:
6409:
6290:
6066:
5978:
5963:
5948:
5928:
5733:
5613:
5468:
5135:
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4549:
4539:
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3691:
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3483:
3477:
3439:
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3369:
3322:
3304:
3263:
3180:
3129:
3098:
3044:
2977:
2832:
2662:
2601:
2595:
2503:
2497:
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2458:
2437:
2433:
2392:
2386:
2353:
2218:
2151:
2145:
2086:
2080:
2047:
1936:
1821:
1705:
1659:
1487:
1422:
1306:
1223:
1088:
852:
778:
673:
601:
213:
4087:
3818:
2543:
954:
For a parasitic organism, its habitat is the particular part of the outside or inside of its
7504:
7494:
7449:
7272:
7135:
7127:
7045:
6927:
6912:
6848:
6828:
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6695:
6527:
6467:
6338:
6139:
6081:
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5953:
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5458:
5145:
5032:
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4605:
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4460:
4224:
4052:
3977:
3926:
3871:
3853:
3832:
Calizza, Edoardo; Costantini, Maria
Letizia; Careddu, Giulio; Rossi, Loreto (17 June 2017).
3814:
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3579:
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3026:
3010:
2971:
2646:
2347:
2041:
2022:
1975:
1793:
1681:
1629:
1529:
1311:
1259:
1101:
915:
848:
400:
367:
252:
102:
1471:
1163:
There are other examples of extreme habitat types where specially adapted lifeforms exist;
387:
move in to fill the gaps created. Similarly, coastal habitat types can become dominated by
105:. Thus "habitat" is a species-specific term, fundamentally different from concepts such as
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7140:
7020:
7000:
6882:
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6547:
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6384:
5983:
5909:
5743:
5708:
5057:
4999:
4841:
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4494:
1880:
1541:
1537:
1430:
1319:
1283:
1275:
1263:
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1041:
808:
783:
384:
335:
201:
1632:
may create monocultural stands that prevent other species from growing there. A dominant
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3922:
3849:
3767:
3732:
3677:
3528:
3357:
3249:
3166:
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2780:
2018:
2005:), as a conservation umbrella on a landscape scale: The case of the Czech Carpathians".
1971:
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7388:
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6852:
6725:
6532:
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5234:
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2800:
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1521:
1437:
processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment (suspected of being
1374:
1153:
1097:
1030:
1019:
955:
813:
798:
710:
694:
379:
345:
153:
149:
4317:
3957:
1702: ā Discontinuities in an organism's environment causing population fragmentation.
1417:
describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred
7488:
7413:
6389:
6363:
6320:
6310:
6265:
6252:
6232:
6124:
5958:
5913:
5678:
5573:
5463:
5438:
5433:
5326:
5274:
5269:
5047:
4964:
4866:
4831:
4600:
4056:
3981:
3258:
3233:
3175:
3150:
2674:
1404:
1389:
1341:
1271:
1228:
1208:
1180:
1176:
1160:, and less clear evidence of carbon cycling, both facilitated by microbial activity.
1015:
1007:
793:
768:
743:
726:
677:
591:
461:
256:
248:
4236:
4072:
4005:
3904:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"
3791:
3714:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"
3435:
Habitat
Fragmentation and Landscape Change: An Ecological and Conservation Synthesis
3110:
1876:
416:
7398:
7383:
7040:
7010:
6955:
6838:
6803:
6680:
6179:
5723:
5703:
5668:
5663:
5653:
5648:
5628:
5608:
5518:
5488:
5448:
5428:
5418:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5264:
5254:
5229:
4886:
4720:
4637:
4595:
4524:
4456:
4032:
3552:
1648:
1615:
1505:
1501:
1378:
1062:
1049:
1034:
985:
940:
860:
753:
748:
729:
close to the seabed, and myriads of organisms drift with the currents and form the
718:
652:
621:
596:
483:
375:
363:
315:
133:
4261:
3283:"Microbial life at high salt concentrations: phylogenetic and metabolic diversity"
2026:
1622:
habitat types, this is not necessarily the case. Monocultures of the exotic plant
1815:
1084:
Dense mass of white crabs at a hydrothermal vent, with stalked barnacles on right
6690:
6419:
6237:
6199:
6174:
6164:
6129:
6076:
6056:
5773:
5768:
5738:
5693:
5638:
5578:
5563:
5558:
5523:
5483:
5373:
5363:
5358:
5042:
4768:
4690:
4569:
4559:
4510:
4452:
4322:
2918:
2322:"UK Terrestrial & Freshwater Habitat Types: Freshwater Habitat descriptions"
1655:
1611:
1576:, and a similar concept has been incorporated into some Australian legislation.
1337:
1302:
1242:
spp., glacial ice with a variety of bacteria and fungi; and snowfields on which
1219:
1149:
1070:
1058:
1045:
1023:
948:
803:
788:
569:
559:
514:
505:
504:
Other organisms cope with the drying up of their aqueous habitat in other ways.
177:
125:
62:
7473:
5827:
3365:
7403:
6980:
6945:
6585:
6537:
6482:
6452:
6358:
6275:
6219:
6096:
6046:
5758:
5753:
5698:
5683:
5623:
5588:
5583:
5553:
5513:
5493:
5423:
5403:
5152:
4979:
4871:
4816:
4745:
4725:
4685:
4590:
4506:
4440:
4436:
4228:
1619:
1588:
1491:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1365:
1345:
1325:
1294:
1279:
1238:
1172:
1144:
1121:
1117:
995:
969:
936:
763:
574:
554:
478:
371:
320:
307:
290:, to have or to hold. Habitat can be defined as the natural environment of an
224:
145:
110:
71:
51:
4064:
3989:
3867:
3783:
3695:
3373:
3308:
3232:
Gostincar, C.; Grube, M.; De Hoog, S.; Zalar, P.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2010).
7308:
7262:
6990:
6434:
6404:
6204:
6159:
6134:
6071:
6061:
6036:
6028:
5973:
5673:
5658:
5643:
5593:
5568:
5309:
5110:
5022:
4904:
4836:
4808:
4715:
4529:
4518:
4514:
4482:
4448:
1856:
1637:
1600:
1370:
1196:
1184:
1054:
1003:
990:
823:
758:
698:
518:
510:
440:
340:
268:
240:
169:
137:
67:
17:
3997:
3885:
3544:
3391:
3326:
3267:
3184:
3102:
3048:
3030:
2666:
1640:
or climate, that keep them in balance with their native habitat types. The
4305:
3299:
3128:. Vol. 3: Insects (2nd ed.). The Gale Group. 2004. p. 367.
3094:
7363:
7292:
6823:
6330:
6242:
6189:
6144:
5763:
5688:
5618:
5548:
5543:
5368:
5302:
4899:
4856:
4755:
4627:
4502:
4478:
3902:
Sahney, S; Benton, Michael J.; Falcon-Lang, Howard J. (1 December 2010).
3754:
Fahrig, Lenore (2019). "Habitat fragmentation: A long and tangled tale".
2460:
Vertebrates and
Invertebrates of European Cities:Selected Non-Avian Fauna
1624:
1517:
1298:
1211:
1125:
1113:
1011:
872:
818:
730:
714:
641:
522:
421:
329:
291:
279:
The word "habitat" has been in use since about 1755 and derives from the
232:
121:
3646:
3536:
2658:
2307:
887:
roam the streets. About 2,000 coyotes are thought to live in and around
247:
advance and retreat, and as different weather patterns bring changes of
136:
factors include the availability of food and the presence or absence of
7353:
7030:
7025:
6652:
6600:
6260:
5905:
5778:
5508:
5378:
5295:
5115:
5100:
5082:
4929:
4894:
4735:
4730:
4657:
4652:
4632:
4425:
4410:
4361:
2243:
1940:
1798:
1781:
1684: ā Fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions
1513:
1408:
1333:
1215:
1188:
1164:
1109:
1105:
888:
880:
856:
773:
706:
493:
403:
which is not kept under control by natural enemies in its new habitat.
355:
295:
260:
244:
236:
228:
220:
205:
98:
90:
3858:
3805:
Fahrig, L (2003). "Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity".
3775:
3686:
3661:
2650:
1317:
Habitat disturbance can have long-lasting effects on the environment.
976:. The final host is the waterfowl or mammal that consumes the shrimp.
399:
Another cause of disturbance is when an area may be overwhelmed by an
5443:
4974:
4959:
4919:
4914:
4788:
4710:
4705:
4615:
4126:"Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals"
3930:
3740:
1958:), with special reference to the factors controlling its abundance".
1509:
1393:
1192:
1175:
where the temperature may be as high as 71 Ā°C (160 Ā°F) and
1132:
931:
876:
844:
721:
or seabed provides a home for both static organisms, anchored to the
488:
473:
449:
339:
is much more specific in its requirements; it is found only in chalk
267:
can have a devastating effect on native wildlife ā through increased
255:. Other changes come as a direct result of human activities, such as
185:
173:
165:
161:
101:. A species habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its
4031:
WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005).
2859:
1987:
113:
assemblages, for which the term "habitat-type" is more appropriate.
1614:. Even though it might seem such a habitat type is impoverished in
1581:
Convention on the
Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
1344:
that may last for years and this can have a profound effect on the
319:
for example is found on all the continents of the world apart from
5105:
5004:
4936:
4924:
4662:
4610:
4033:"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics"
3340:
Perini, L.; GostinÄar, C.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (27 December 2019).
3077:
2858:. MarineBio Conservation Society. 29 December 2011. Archived from
1954:
Richards, O.W. (1940). "The biology of the small white butterfly (
1775:
1773:
1470:
1364:
1253:
1243:
1157:
1136:
1092:
1079:
989:
908:
884:
840:
702:
669:
651:
564:
539:
439:
428:
415:
392:
324:
280:
189:
181:
77:
61:
45:
3712:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J.; Falcon-Lang, H. J. (1 December 2010).
3479:
Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions
1979:
1544:
are some examples. Loss of habitat can be preceded by an initial
370:
cover develops that prevents the establishment of other species.
4984:
4969:
4909:
4585:
4474:
4430:
3200:"Gas-powered Circle of Life: Succession in a Deep-sea Ecosystem"
2947:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Archived from
1690: ā Management practice for protecting types of environments
1140:
388:
209:
197:
193:
141:
117:
82:
6625:
5878:
4334:
3956:
Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004).
2215:
Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems
4763:
899:"Microhabitat" redirects here. For the South Korean film, see
868:
864:
836:
544:
534:
152:, part of the host's body (such as the digestive tract), or a
2542:. Government of the Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
1820:. Problem-based basic science series. Saunders. p. 314.
1449:, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the
919:
tree provide a microhabitat for species like the leaf beetle
464:, and feed voraciously before digging a burrow of their own.
1073:
and small organic molecules present in their cells known as
200:; marine habitat types include salt marshes, the coast, the
4647:
3585:
10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2
3342:"Fungal and bacterial diversity of Svalbard subglacial ice"
1301:
that hang from their branches and the invertebrates in the
4330:
4191:
Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?
2346:
Cook, C.D.K.; Gut, B.J.; Rix, E.M.; Schneller, J. (1974).
1587:, and even kill the animal as a pest. In the interests of
1274:
changes associated with the geologic processes that cause
998:
lifeforms showing as a green layer a few millimeters thick
2917:. National Ocean Service. 11 January 2013. Archived from
2911:"A hydrothermal vent forms when seawater meets hot magma"
2690:"Bacteria Found Deep Under Antarctic Ice, Scientists Say"
1782:"Another plea for standard terminology: Editor's Message"
1100:, a process by which microbes convert such substances as
1780:
Krausman, Paul R.; Morrison, Michael L. (26 July 2016).
1606:
A monotypic habitat type is a concept sometimes used in
2882:"What does it take to live at the bottom of the ocean?"
2571:. Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust. Archived from
1006:(moderate) environments, a few organisms, most of them
395:
swept away, or shifting sediment exposes new areas for
4125:
1486:. Habitat destruction is in fact the leading cause of
7438:
4251:"1970 distribution of yellow starthistle in the U.S."
2594:
Lewis, E.E.; Campbell, J.F.; Sukhdeo, M.V.K. (2002).
1496:
Humans contribute to habitat destruction through the
1002:
Although the vast majority of life on Earth lives in
3807:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2496:
Abe, Y.; Bignell, David Edward; Higashi, T. (2014).
2352:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7.
1258:
Twenty-five years after the devastating eruption at
1152:
has not been studied much, but there is evidence of
717:
beds, all supporting their own flora and fauna. The
37:"Breeding ground" redirects here. For the band, see
7301:
7201:
7126:
6999:
6936:
6796:
6664:
6566:
6445:
6372:
6329:
6251:
6218:
6115:
6027:
5921:
5789:
5349:
5319:
5195:
5184:
5081:
5013:
4945:
4885:
4807:
4754:
4671:
4578:
4418:
4409:
1678: ā Natural layering of ecosystems by elevation
943:, each with its own specific habitat requirements.
676:which provide a range of habitat types. Similarly,
3234:"Extremotolerance in fungi: Evolution on the edge"
2499:Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology
2425:
212:, bays, the open sea, the sea bed, deep water and
3019:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
3015:"Biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere"
391:until the seabed is disturbed by a storm and the
2750:"Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor"
366:habitat types. In the absence of disturbance, a
116:The physical factors may include (for example):
2040:Sutherland, William J.; Hill, David A. (1995).
1814:Swapan Kumar Nath; Revankar, Sanjay G. (2006).
1236:; ice sheets in Antarctica which support fungi
1022:, the deepest place in the ocean and on Earth;
3432:Lindenmayer, David B.; Fischer, Joern (2013).
2970:DesbruyĆØres, Daniel; Segonzac, Michel (1997).
2217:. California Native Plant Society. p. 1.
2190:. ArizonaāSonora Desert Museum. Archived from
529:Examples of wetland and riparian habitat types
27:Type of environment in which an organism lives
6637:
5890:
4346:
2242:. The Vernal Pool Association. Archived from
513:can lay "winter eggs" which are resistant to
353:requirements it inhabits only areas in which
58:provides habitat for numerous marine species.
8:
3227:
3225:
2973:Handbook of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Fauna
2294:
2292:
362:Disturbance is important in the creation of
4153:Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World
2796:"Visions of Life on Mars in Earth's Depths"
2779:. Princeton Weekly Bulletin. Archived from
2428:City Critters: Wildlife in the Urban Jungle
1369:Predicted fragmentation and destruction of
1108:into organic molecules. These bacteria and
6858:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
6644:
6630:
6622:
5897:
5883:
5875:
5192:
4415:
4353:
4339:
4331:
3568:"Effects of invasive alien plants on fire"
3476:Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott (2008).
2850:
2848:
2829:The SAA BUhlmann DeeP-Stop System Handbook
2723:"Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth"
2563:
2561:
1433:. Causes of habitat fragmentation include
958:on or in which it is adapted to live. The
525:in the dried up mud that was once a pond.
4156:. Marshall Cavendish. 2001. p. 750.
3875:
3857:
3685:
3583:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3381:
3316:
3298:
3257:
3174:
3076:
3038:
2144:Breed, Michael D.; Moore, Janice (2011).
2046:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
1797:
1500:, agriculture, industrial production and
6756:Predatorāprey (LotkaāVolterra) equations
6395:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
3819:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419
3149:McGregor, G.B.; Rasmussen, J.P. (2008).
1399:
1384:
1332:" in coastal waters and destroy all the
947:hole; canopy, shrub layer, plant layer,
7445:
6788:Random generalized LotkaāVolterra model
2905:
2903:
2831:. Sub-Aqua Association. pp. viā1.
2043:Managing habitat types for Conservation
1724:
713:lagoons, sandy and pebbly beaches, and
6596:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
3482:. Cengage Learning. pp. 193ā195.
2827:Cole, Bob (March 2008). "Appendix 6".
2808:from the original on 12 September 2016
994:An Antarctic rock split apart to show
4170:from the original on 12 December 2018
4106:from the original on 12 December 2018
4092:. Council of Europe. pp. 65ā70.
3619:from the original on 12 December 2018
3496:from the original on 12 December 2018
3452:from the original on 12 December 2018
3210:from the original on 25 February 2014
2990:from the original on 12 December 2018
2702:from the original on 3 September 2019
2614:from the original on 12 December 2018
2516:from the original on 12 December 2018
2477:from the original on 12 December 2018
2405:from the original on 12 December 2018
2366:from the original on 12 December 2018
2327:. Joint Nature Conservation Committee
2164:from the original on 12 December 2018
2099:from the original on 12 December 2018
2060:from the original on 12 December 2018
1909:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
1887:from the original on 26 December 2018
7:
6611:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
5849:
3937:from the original on 11 October 2011
3605:. Academic Press. pp. 196ā202.
2794:Chang, Kenneth (12 September 2016).
2775:Schultz, Steven (13 December 1999).
2597:The Behavioural Ecology of Parasites
843:have followed man around the globe,
7061:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
5859:
4282:from the original on 17 August 2016
3198:Hsing, Pen-Yuan (18 October 2010).
2277:from the original on 26 August 2016
148:has as its habitat the body of its
6814:Ecological effects of biodiversity
4774:Evolutionary developmental biology
3126:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
2721:Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013).
1834:from the original on 24 April 2021
1786:The Journal of Wildlife Management
1754:from the original on 12 April 2021
935:these miniature "forests" are the
25:
6150:Generalist and specialist species
4799:Post-transcriptional modification
4132:from the original on 7 March 2011
4012:from the original on 23 July 2021
2756:from the original on 2 April 2013
2729:from the original on 2 April 2013
2688:Gorman, James (6 February 2013).
2085:. Psychology Press. p. 146.
1933:Everyman's Encyclopedia; Volume 4
7472:
7460:
7448:
6873:Occupancyāabundance relationship
5858:
5848:
5839:
5838:
5826:
5175:
4316:
4304:
4278:. National Wildlife Federation.
4057:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x
3982:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x
3602:Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology
3407:"Snow algae on Alaskan glaciers"
3259:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00794.x
3176:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00405.x
2888:from the original on 13 May 2016
2457:John G. Kelcey, John G. (2015).
2432:. Orca Book Publishers. p.
2267:"The most extreme fish on Earth"
2125:from the original on 31 May 2016
2121:. National Wildlife Federation.
1935:. J.M. Dent. 1967. p. 581.
1463:This section is an excerpt from
1357:This section is an excerpt from
685:List of freshwater habitat types
586:Examples of forest habitat types
349:species, and because of complex
6893:Relative abundance distribution
6606:Plant defense against herbivory
6473:Competitive exclusion principle
6185:Mesopredator release hypothesis
3756:Global Ecology and Biogeography
3438:. Island Press. pp. 1ā10.
2150:. Academic Press. p. 248.
1336:present. What was previously a
863:use the buildings for nesting,
656:Wetland habitat types in Borneo
550:Flooded grasslands and savannas
6478:Consumerāresource interactions
4254:Yellow Starthistle Information
3281:Oren, Aharon (15 April 2008).
2748:Oskin, Becky (14 March 2013).
2569:"Woodlands & Biodiversity"
1734:"Fishes beneath Antarctic ice"
1732:Wohlschlag, Donald E. (1968).
1654:, that colonizes areas of the
1445:), and human activity such as
56:Phoenix Islands Protected Area
1:
7324:Biological data visualization
7151:Environmental niche modelling
6878:Population viability analysis
4321:The dictionary definition of
2941:"Hydrothermal Vent Creatures"
2027:10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.12.006
867:use roof space for roosting,
265:introduction of alien species
6809:Density-dependent inhibition
4193:. Island Press. p. 33.
3945:– via GeoScienceWorld.
3013:; Green, Jessica L. (2010).
2976:. Editions Quae. p. 9.
2265:Walker, Matt (21 May 2015).
2082:Fundamentals of Biogeography
1747:. Australian Museum: 45ā48.
1712:List of life zones by region
1508:). Other activities include
737:List of marine habitat types
7278:Liebig's law of the minimum
7113:Resource selection function
6004:Metabolic theory of ecology
2388:Marine Conservation Ecology
2079:Richard J. Huggett (2004).
1218:and also fungi such as the
871:visit the garbage bins and
607:Temperate coniferous forest
420:Rich rainforest habitat in
401:invasive introduced species
7531:
7178:Niche apportionment models
6898:Relative species abundance
6102:Primary nutritional groups
5999:List of feeding behaviours
4086:de Klemm, Cyrille (1997).
3599:Lawrence, John M. (2013).
3366:10.1038/s41598-019-56290-5
2391:. Routledge. p. 105.
1881:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1817:Problem-based Microbiology
1741:Australian Natural History
1598:
1560:
1462:
1356:
983:
898:
612:Temperate deciduous forest
468:List of arid habitat types
343:areas, its larvae feed on
36:
29:
7427:
7359:Ecosystem based fisheries
6971:Interspecific competition
6863:Minimum viable population
6721:Maximum sustainable yield
6706:Intraspecific competition
6701:Effective population size
6581:Anti-predator adaptations
6092:Photosynthetic efficiency
5820:
5285:Polymerase chain reaction
5245:Green fluorescent protein
5173:
4822:Earliest known life forms
4368:
4229:10.1007/s10750-007-9177-z
3405:Takeuchi, Nozomu (2014).
3238:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
3155:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
2502:. Springer. p. 437.
2463:. Springer. p. 124.
2213:Witham, Carol W. (1998).
1960:Journal of Animal Ecology
1862:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1014:, for example, living in
7349:Ecological stoichiometry
7314:Alternative stable state
4128:. UNEP/CMS Secretariat.
3844:(15). Wiley: 5784ā5796.
1844:virus habitat is humans.
1599:Not to be confused with
1585:San Quintin kangaroo rat
1498:use of natural resources
1427:population fragmentation
1128:to these habitat types.
681:reduction of pollution.
327:feed on a wide range of
275:Definition and etymology
156:within the host's body.
32:Habitat (disambiguation)
7193:Ontogenetic niche shift
7056:Ideal free distribution
6966:Ecological facilitation
6716:Malthusian growth model
6686:Consumer-resource model
6543:Paradox of the plankton
6508:Energy systems language
6228:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
6195:Optimal foraging theory
6170:Heterotrophic nutrition
5337:species discovery curve
4465:Response to environment
2777:"Two miles underground"
2639:Journal of Parasitology
2424:Read, Nicholas (2012).
1439:one of the major causes
66:Few creatures make the
7339:Ecological forecasting
7283:Marginal value theorem
7081:Landscape epidemiology
7016:Cross-boundary subsidy
6951:Biological interaction
6301:Microbial intelligence
5989:Green world hypothesis
5812:Plant morphology terms
5414:Biological engineering
5096:Biological interaction
4189:Honey, Martha (2008).
3031:10.1098/rstb.2010.0283
3011:Bohannan, Brendan J.M.
1644:Centaurea solstitialis
1476:
1412:
1397:
1382:
1267:
1197:symbiotic associations
1085:
999:
926:
664:(rivers, streams) and
657:
454:Couch's spadefoot toad
445:
424:
180:habitat types include
160:habitat types include
86:
75:
59:
39:Breeding Ground (band)
7344:Ecological humanities
7243:Ecological energetics
7188:Niche differentiation
7051:Habitat fragmentation
6819:Ecological extinction
6766:Small population size
6518:Feed conversion ratio
6498:Ecological succession
6430:San Francisco Estuary
6344:Ecological efficiency
6286:Microbial cooperation
5499:Developmental biology
5474:Computational biology
5454:Cellular microbiology
4794:Mendelian inheritance
4706:Energy transformation
3838:Ecology and Evolution
3300:10.1186/1746-1448-4-2
3095:10.1089/ast.2010.0488
2635:Microphallus turgidus
2600:. CABI. p. 183.
2007:Ecological Indicators
1700:Habitat fragmentation
1546:habitat fragmentation
1474:
1415:Habitat fragmentation
1403:
1388:
1368:
1359:Habitat fragmentation
1257:
1233:Wallemia ichthyophaga
1083:
993:
980:Extreme habitat types
965:Microphallus turgidus
912:
655:
632:Tropical moist forest
617:Temperate rain forest
444:Desert scene in Egypt
443:
419:
302:Environmental factors
81:
65:
49:
7369:Evolutionary ecology
7334:Ecological footprint
7329:Ecological economics
7253:Ecological threshold
7248:Ecological indicator
7118:Sourceāsink dynamics
7071:Land change modeling
7066:Insular biogeography
6918:Species distribution
6657:Modelling ecosystems
6316:Microbial metabolism
6155:Intraguild predation
5944:Biogeochemical cycle
5910:Modelling ecosystems
5719:Reproductive biology
5604:Mathematical biology
5529:Evolutionary biology
5479:Conservation biology
5290:Two-hybrid screening
5260:Protein purification
5091:Biogeochemical cycle
5053:Internal environment
4701:Cellular respiration
4313:at Wikimedia Commons
4264:on 31 December 2006.
4037:Conservation Biology
2536:"Microhabitat types"
2184:"Couch's spadefoot (
1719:Notes and references
1688:Habitat conservation
1676:Altitudinal zonation
1651:Dreissena polymorpha
1642:yellow starthistle,
1608:conservation biology
1563:Habitat conservation
1290:and climate change.
637:Tropical rain forest
500:Wetland and riparian
85:in an alpine habitat
30:For other uses, see
7419:Theoretical ecology
7394:Natural environment
7258:Ecosystem diversity
7228:Ecological collapse
7218:Bateman's principle
7173:Limiting similarity
7086:Landscape limnology
6908:Species homogeneity
6746:Population modeling
6741:Population dynamics
6558:Trophic state index
5504:Ecological genetics
5215:Gel electrophoresis
5205:Genetic engineering
5158:Population dynamics
5068:Reproductive system
4049:2005ConBi..19..108W
3974:2004RiskA..24..869M
3923:2010Geo....38.1079S
3850:2017EcoEv...7.5784C
3768:2019GloEB..28...33F
3733:2010Geo....38.1079S
3678:2018Ecosp...9E2488S
3649:on 30 October 2005.
3537:10.1038/nature07395
3529:2008Natur.456..792H
3358:2019NatSR...920230P
3250:2010FEMME..71....2G
3167:2008FEMME..63...23M
3087:2011AsBio..11..241S
3025:(1558): 3645ā3653.
2884:. BBC Earth. 2016.
2783:on 13 January 2016.
2385:Roff, John (2013).
2019:2009EcInd...9.1056S
1972:1940JAnEc...9..243R
1694:Habitat destruction
1569:habitat destruction
1480:Habitat destruction
1465:Habitat destruction
1201:anaerobic organisms
627:Tropical dry forest
286:, to inhabit, from
7430:Outline of ecology
7379:Industrial ecology
7374:Functional ecology
7238:Ecological deficit
7183:Niche construction
7146:Ecosystem engineer
6923:Speciesāarea curve
6844:Introduced species
6659:: Other components
6591:Deimatic behaviour
6493:Ecological network
6425:North Pacific Gyre
6410:hydrothermal vents
6349:Ecological pyramid
6296:Microbial food web
6107:Primary production
6052:Foundation species
5833:Biology portal
5729:Structural biology
5714:Relational biology
5539:Generative biology
5534:Freshwater biology
5332:mark and recapture
5280:Restriction enzyme
5073:Respiratory system
5028:Circulatory system
4955:Epidermis (botany)
4276:"Invasive Mussels"
3346:Scientific Reports
2695:The New York Times
2119:"Invasive species"
1799:10.1002/jwmg.21121
1574:endangered species
1557:Habitat protection
1550:endangered species
1534:nutrient depletion
1477:
1413:
1398:
1383:
1307:wildlife corridors
1268:
1089:Hydrothermal vents
1086:
1000:
972:and the second, a
927:
922:Aulacophora indica
895:Microhabitat types
658:
458:Scaphiopus couchii
446:
425:
385:pioneering species
146:parasitic organism
87:
76:
60:
7510:Landscape ecology
7436:
7435:
7319:Balance of nature
7076:Landscape ecology
6961:Community ecology
6903:Species diversity
6839:Indicator species
6834:Gradient analysis
6711:Logistic function
6619:
6618:
6576:Animal coloration
6553:Trophic mutualism
6291:Microbial ecology
6082:Photoheterotrophs
6067:Myco-heterotrophy
5979:Ecosystem ecology
5964:Carrying capacity
5929:Abiotic component
5872:
5871:
5734:Synthetic biology
5614:Molecular biology
5469:Cognitive biology
5345:
5344:
5171:
5170:
4862:Natural selection
4643:Organic compounds
4540:Scientific method
4530:Emergent property
4471:Hierarchy of life
4441:Energy processing
4309:Media related to
4200:978-1-59726-125-8
4163:978-0-7614-7200-1
4099:978-92-871-3429-5
3917:(12): 1079ā1082.
3859:10.1002/ece3.2977
3776:10.1111/geb.12839
3727:(12): 1079ā1082.
3687:10.1002/ecs2.2488
3612:978-0-12-397213-2
3523:(7223): 792ā794.
3489:978-0-495-55671-8
3445:978-1-59726-606-2
3135:978-0-7876-5779-6
3124:"Petroleum fly".
2983:978-2-905434-78-4
2838:978-0-9532904-8-2
2651:10.1645/ge-1970.1
2607:978-0-85199-754-4
2509:978-94-017-3223-9
2470:978-1-4939-1698-6
2443:978-1-55469-394-8
2398:978-1-136-53838-4
2359:978-90-6193-024-2
2224:978-0-943460-37-6
2186:Scaphiopus couchi
2157:978-0-08-091992-8
2092:978-0-415-32347-5
2053:978-0-521-44776-8
1706:Landscape ecology
1660:Mississippi River
1618:as compared with
1595:Monotypic habitat
1488:biodiversity loss
1262:, United States,
1224:Hortaea werneckii
1154:nitrogen fixation
913:The leaves of an
779:Hydrothermal vent
602:Peat swamp forest
368:climax vegetation
16:(Redirected from
7522:
7477:
7476:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7452:
7444:
7136:Ecological niche
7108:selection theory
6928:Umbrella species
6913:Species richness
6849:Invasive species
6829:Flagship species
6736:Population cycle
6731:Overexploitation
6696:Ecological yield
6646:
6639:
6632:
6623:
6528:Mesotrophic soil
6468:Climax community
6400:Marine food webs
6339:Biomagnification
6140:Chemoorganotroph
5994:Keystone species
5954:Biotic component
5899:
5892:
5885:
5876:
5862:
5861:
5852:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5807:Ecological terms
5459:Chemical biology
5320:Field techniques
5193:
5179:
5038:Digestive system
5033:Endocrine system
4606:Chemical element
4565:Biology journals
4461:Self-replication
4416:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4260:. Archived from
4247:
4241:
4240:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3931:10.1130/G31182.1
3908:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3861:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3741:10.1130/G31182.1
3718:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3645:. Archived from
3639:"GLOBIO: Africa"
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3473:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3413:on 29 March 2018
3409:. Archived from
3402:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3302:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3204:Lophelia II 2010
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3080:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3009:Womack, Ann M.;
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2546:on 14 April 2016
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2306:. Archived from
2296:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2246:on 23 April 2016
2235:
2229:
2228:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2013:(6): 1056ā1063.
2003:Phengaris arion
1998:
1992:
1991:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1913:on 4 August 2016
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1792:(7): 1143ā1144.
1777:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1738:
1729:
1682:Ecological niche
1630:invasive species
1530:invasive species
1312:local extinction
1272:geomorphological
1260:Mount St. Helens
1118:polychaete worms
1102:hydrogen sulfide
916:Alnus nepalensis
103:ecological niche
21:
7530:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7515:Systems ecology
7485:
7484:
7483:
7471:
7461:
7459:
7447:
7439:
7437:
7432:
7423:
7409:Systems ecology
7297:
7268:Extinction debt
7233:Ecological debt
7223:Bioluminescence
7204:
7197:
7166:marine habitats
7141:Ecological trap
7122:
7002:
6995:
6938:
6932:
6888:Rapoport's rule
6883:Priority effect
6824:Endemic species
6792:
6751:Population size
6667:
6660:
6650:
6620:
6615:
6568:
6562:
6548:Trophic cascade
6458:Bioaccumulation
6441:
6368:
6325:
6247:
6214:
6111:
6023:
5984:Ecosystem model
5917:
5903:
5873:
5868:
5825:
5824:
5816:
5802:Botanical terms
5785:
5784:
5783:
5744:Systems biology
5709:Quantum biology
5341:
5315:
5197:
5187:
5180:
5167:
5077:
5058:Muscular system
5015:
5009:
5000:Vascular tissue
4947:
4941:
4881:
4842:History of life
4803:
4784:Gene regulation
4779:Gene expression
4750:
4667:
4574:
4405:
4364:
4359:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4164:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4100:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3475:
3474:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2984:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2862:on 14 July 2018
2854:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2752:. LiveScience.
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2725:. LiveScience.
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2310:on 4 July 2016.
2298:
2297:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2158:
2147:Animal Behavior
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1671:
1604:
1597:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1542:noise pollution
1484:species numbers
1468:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1447:land conversion
1431:ecosystem decay
1362:
1354:
1320:Bromus tectorum
1284:coastal erosion
1276:tectonic uplift
1264:pioneer species
1252:
1042:intertidal zone
988:
982:
907:
897:
833:
828:
809:Seagrass meadow
784:Intertidal zone
739:
695:Marine habitats
692:
687:
666:standing waters
650:
588:
583:
531:
502:
470:
438:
414:
409:
336:Phengaris arion
308:light intensity
304:
277:
253:solar radiation
214:submarine vents
202:intertidal zone
172:, semi-arid or
130:light intensity
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7528:
7526:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7389:Microecosystem
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7288:Thorson's rule
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7213:Assembly rules
7209:
7207:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7132:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7098:
7096:Patch dynamics
7093:
7091:Metapopulation
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7007:
7005:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6986:Storage effect
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6868:Neutral theory
6865:
6860:
6855:
6853:Native species
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6726:Overpopulation
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6670:
6662:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6626:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6533:Nutrient cycle
6530:
6525:
6523:Feeding frenzy
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6503:Energy quality
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6463:Cascade effect
6460:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6306:Microbial loop
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6271:Lithoautotroph
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6253:Microorganisms
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6210:Prey switching
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6087:Photosynthesis
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6042:Chemosynthesis
6039:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5934:Abiotic stress
5931:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5846:
5836:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Marine biology
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5409:Bioinformatics
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5240:DNA microarray
5237:
5235:DNA sequencing
5232:
5227:
5225:Centrifugation
5222:
5220:Chromatography
5217:
5212:
5210:Transformation
5207:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5121:Climate change
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Nervous system
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4995:Vascular plant
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Microevolution
4849:
4847:Macroevolution
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4741:Photosynthesis
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:Cell signaling
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4579:Chemical basis
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:Taxonomic rank
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:Reductionistic
4522:
4468:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4381:
4372:Introduction (
4369:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4314:
4300:
4299:External links
4297:
4294:
4293:
4267:
4242:
4206:
4199:
4181:
4162:
4143:
4117:
4098:
4078:
4043:(1): 108ā121.
4023:
3968:(4): 869ā878.
3948:
3891:
3824:
3797:
3746:
3701:
3652:
3630:
3611:
3591:
3578:(7): 677ā688.
3558:
3507:
3488:
3463:
3444:
3424:
3397:
3332:
3287:Saline Systems
3273:
3221:
3190:
3141:
3134:
3116:
3071:(3): 241ā258.
3054:
3001:
2982:
2962:
2951:on 24 May 2016
2932:
2921:on 29 May 2016
2899:
2873:
2856:"The Deep Sea"
2844:
2837:
2819:
2801:New York Times
2786:
2767:
2740:
2713:
2680:
2645:(4): 913ā919.
2625:
2606:
2586:
2575:on 8 June 2016
2557:
2527:
2508:
2488:
2469:
2449:
2442:
2416:
2397:
2377:
2358:
2338:
2313:
2288:
2257:
2240:"Fairy shrimp"
2238:Green, Scott.
2230:
2223:
2205:
2194:on 30 May 2016
2175:
2156:
2136:
2110:
2091:
2071:
2052:
2032:
1993:
1966:(2): 243ā288.
1946:
1924:
1898:
1868:
1865:(Online). n.d.
1848:
1826:
1805:
1769:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1649:zebra mussel,
1596:
1593:
1561:Main article:
1558:
1555:
1522:climate change
1469:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1375:Central Africa
1363:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1266:have moved in.
1251:
1250:Habitat change
1248:
1181:microbial mats
1098:chemosynthesis
1067:bioluminescent
1031:photosynthesis
1020:Mariana Trench
984:Main article:
981:
978:
896:
893:
832:
829:
827:
826:
821:
816:
814:Mangrove swamp
811:
806:
801:
799:Oceanic trench
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
738:
735:
691:
688:
686:
683:
678:aquatic plants
662:running waters
649:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
530:
527:
501:
498:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
469:
466:
437:
434:
413:
410:
408:
405:
303:
300:
276:
273:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7527:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7468:
7458:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7442:
7431:
7426:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7414:Urban ecology
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:Kleiber's law
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7046:Foster's rule
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6640:
6635:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6364:Trophic level
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6321:Phage ecology
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6311:Microbial mat
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6266:Bacteriophage
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6233:Decomposition
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:Mesopredators
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:Apex predator
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5959:Biotic stress
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5888:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5865:
5857:
5855:
5847:
5845:
5837:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:Phylogenetics
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:Human biology
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:Chronobiology
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:Biotechnology
5437:
5435:
5434:Biostatistics
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Belt transect
5325:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Southern blot
5273:
5271:
5270:Northern blot
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5178:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Immune system
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:Ground tissue
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Phylogenetics
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Genetic drift
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Nucleic acids
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Chemical bond
4599:
4597:
4596:Carbohydrates
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4327:at Wiktionary
4326:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4217:Hydrobiologia
4210:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4182:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:Risk Analysis
3959:
3952:
3949:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3425:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
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2697:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2590:
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2574:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2339:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1833:
1829:
1827:9780721606309
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:For example:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:Deforestation
1402:
1395:
1391:
1390:Deforestation
1387:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1352:Fragmentation
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:urchin barren
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:populations "
1327:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1288:fragmentation
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:basidiomycete
1226:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:salt-tolerant
1207:that harbour
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:cyanobacteria
1174:
1170:
1169:petroleum fly
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Lake Whillans
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
992:
987:
979:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
952:
950:
944:
942:
939:, species of
938:
933:
924:
923:
918:
917:
911:
905:
903:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:house martins
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
830:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:Littoral zone
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:Demersal zone
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:Abyssal plain
742:
741:
736:
734:
732:
728:
727:demersal zone
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
684:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
654:
647:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
592:Boreal forest
590:
589:
585:
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:fairy shrimps
507:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
463:
462:metamorphosis
459:
455:
451:
442:
435:
433:
430:
423:
418:
411:
406:
404:
402:
398:
397:colonisation.
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
322:
318:
317:
311:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:deforestation
254:
250:
249:precipitation
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
84:
80:
73:
69:
64:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7399:Regime shift
7384:Macroecology
7160:
7105:
7101:
7041:Edge effects
7011:Biogeography
6956:Commensalism
6804:Biodiversity
6681:Allee effect
6420:kelp forests
6373:Example webs
6238:Detritivores
6077:Organotrophs
6057:Kinetotrophs
6009:Productivity
5724:Sociobiology
5704:Protistology
5669:Photobiology
5664:Pharmacology
5654:Parasitology
5649:Paleontology
5629:Neuroscience
5609:Microbiology
5519:Epidemiology
5489:Cytogenetics
5449:Cell biology
5429:Biosemiotics
5419:Biomechanics
5399:Biogeography
5394:Biochemistry
5389:Bacteriology
5384:Astrobiology
5308:
5301:
5294:
5265:Western blot
5255:Enzyme assay
5230:Cell culture
5140:
5131:Conservation
5016:and function
5014:Animal form
4948:and function
4721:Fermentation
4499:Organ system
4457:Reproduction
4435:Properties (
4323:
4284:. Retrieved
4270:
4262:the original
4253:
4245:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4190:
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4152:
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4088:
4081:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
3965:
3961:
3951:
3939:. Retrieved
3914:
3910:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3762:(1): 33ā41.
3759:
3755:
3749:
3724:
3720:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3647:the original
3642:
3633:
3621:. Retrieved
3601:
3594:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3478:
3454:. Retrieved
3434:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3411:the original
3400:
3352:(1): 20230.
3349:
3345:
3335:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3241:
3237:
3212:. Retrieved
3203:
3193:
3161:(1): 23ā35.
3158:
3154:
3144:
3125:
3119:
3068:
3065:Astrobiology
3064:
3057:
3022:
3018:
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2972:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2949:the original
2945:Ocean Portal
2944:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2919:the original
2914:
2890:. Retrieved
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:the original
2828:
2822:
2812:12 September
2810:. Retrieved
2799:
2789:
2781:the original
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2693:
2683:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2596:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2573:the original
2548:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2539:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2498:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2459:
2452:
2427:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2387:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2348:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2316:
2308:the original
2303:
2279:. Retrieved
2270:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:the original
2233:
2214:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:the original
2185:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2146:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2081:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2042:
2035:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1980:10.2307/1459
1963:
1959:
1956:Pieris rapae
1955:
1949:
1932:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
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1816:
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1744:
1740:
1727:
1650:
1643:
1634:colonization
1623:
1616:biodiversity
1605:
1578:
1566:
1532:, ecosystem
1526:introduction
1506:urban sprawl
1502:urbanization
1490:and species
1478:
1318:
1316:
1292:
1269:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1162:
1130:
1087:
1071:biomolecules
1059:detritivores
1050:scuba divers
1039:
1035:carbon cycle
1028:
1001:
986:Extremophile
974:glass shrimp
963:
953:
945:
941:invertebrate
928:
920:
914:
902:Microhabitat
901:
834:
754:Benthic zone
749:Aphotic zone
719:benthic zone
693:
665:
661:
659:
622:Thorn forest
597:Cloud forest
506:Vernal pools
503:
484:Polar desert
457:
447:
426:
361:
354:
344:
334:
328:
316:Pieris rapae
314:
312:
305:
287:
283:
278:
218:
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115:
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43:
18:Microhabitat
7455:Environment
7036:Disturbance
6939:interaction
6761:Recruitment
6691:Depensation
6483:Copiotrophs
6354:Energy flow
6276:Lithotrophy
6220:Decomposers
6200:Planktivore
6175:Insectivore
6165:Heterotroph
6130:Bacterivore
6097:Phototrophs
6047:Chemotrophs
6019:Restoration
5969:Competition
5864:WikiProject
5774:Xenobiology
5769:Virophysics
5739:Systematics
5694:Primatology
5639:Ornithology
5579:Ichthyology
5564:Herpetology
5559:Gerontology
5524:Epigenetics
5484:Cryobiology
5374:Agrostology
5364:Aerobiology
5359:Abiogenesis
5196:Laboratory
5043:Homeostasis
4946:Plant form
4769:Epigenetics
4691:Cell theory
4591:Amino acids
4570:Common name
4560:Peer review
4535:Mechanistic
3941:29 November
3813:: 487ā515.
3244:(1): 2ā11.
2915:Ocean facts
1656:Great Lakes
1612:monoculture
1494:worldwide.
1458:Destruction
1425:), causing
1419:environment
1377:, from the
1373:habitat in
1340:becomes an
1338:kelp forest
1303:leaf litter
1220:black yeast
1199:with these
1195:which form
1173:hot springs
1150:Aerobiology
1122:crustaceans
1046:photic zone
1024:marine snow
1004:mesophyllic
949:leaf litter
804:Photic zone
789:Kelp forest
570:Vernal pool
560:Shrub swamp
515:desiccation
412:Terrestrial
359:ants live.
178:Fresh-water
154:single cell
126:temperature
124:, range of
107:environment
68:ice shelves
7489:Categories
7404:Sexecology
6981:Parasitism
6946:Antibiosis
6781:Resistance
6776:Resilience
6666:Population
6586:Camouflage
6538:Oligotroph
6453:Ascendency
6415:intertidal
6405:cold seeps
6359:Food chain
6160:Herbivores
6135:Carnivores
6062:Mixotrophs
6037:Autotrophs
5916:components
5790:Glossaries
5759:Toxicology
5754:Teratology
5699:Proteomics
5684:Physiology
5624:Neontology
5589:Lipidology
5584:Immunology
5554:Geobiology
5514:Embryology
5494:Dendrology
5424:Biophysics
5404:Biogeology
5198:techniques
5153:Microbiome
4980:Plant stem
4872:Speciation
4817:Adaptation
4746:Prokaryote
4726:Metabolism
4686:Cell cycle
4517:>
4513:>
4509:>
4507:Population
4505:>
4501:>
4497:>
4493:>
4489:>
4485:>
4481:>
4477:>
4453:Regulation
4437:Adaptation
3572:BioScience
2304:BBC Nature
2300:"Habitats"
1941:B0015GRC04
1638:herbivores
1589:ecotourism
1492:extinction
1451:extinction
1443:speciation
1435:geological
1346:food chain
1334:macroalgae
1326:sea urchin
1280:subsidence
1239:Thelebolus
1187:where the
1185:cold seeps
1145:atmosphere
1075:piezolytes
996:endolithic
960:life cycle
937:microfauna
849:peregrines
764:Coral reef
703:sand banks
699:rock pools
674:backwaters
648:Freshwater
575:Wet meadow
555:Floodplain
479:Fog desert
372:Wildflower
364:biodiverse
351:life cycle
321:Antarctica
241:ice sheets
225:earthquake
111:vegetation
72:Antarctica
52:coral reef
7309:Allometry
7263:Emergence
6991:Symbiosis
6976:Mutualism
6771:Stability
6676:Abundance
6488:Dominance
6446:Processes
6435:tide pool
6331:Food webs
6205:Predation
6190:Omnivores
6117:Consumers
6072:Mycotroph
6029:Producers
5974:Ecosystem
5939:Behaviour
5674:Phycology
5659:Pathology
5644:Osteology
5634:Nutrition
5594:Mammalogy
5569:Histology
5310:in silico
5186:Research
5163:Resources
5136:Ecosystem
5126:Community
5111:Biosphere
5023:Breathing
4905:Eukaryote
4887:Diversity
4837:Gene flow
4809:Evolution
4716:Eukaryote
4628:Molecules
4519:Biosphere
4515:Ecosystem
4511:Community
4483:Organelle
4378:Evolution
4223:: 77ā87.
4065:0888-8892
3990:0272-4332
3868:2045-7758
3784:1466-8238
3696:2150-8925
3666:Ecosphere
3374:2045-2322
3309:1746-1448
3078:1004.2047
2675:207250475
2271:BBC Earth
1907:"Biotope"
1877:"Habitat"
1857:"habitat"
1663:watershed
1620:polytypic
1601:Monotypic
1371:Great Ape
1299:epiphytes
1205:salt pans
1055:biosphere
873:squirrels
824:Tide pool
759:Cold seep
723:substrate
519:killifish
380:biennials
341:grassland
330:Brassicas
269:predation
206:estuaries
170:grassland
138:predators
7500:Habitats
7364:Endolith
7293:Xerosere
7205:networks
7021:Ecocline
6567:Defense,
6243:Detritus
6145:Foraging
6014:Resource
5844:Category
5764:Virology
5749:Taxonomy
5689:Pomology
5619:Mycology
5549:Genomics
5544:Genetics
5369:Agronomy
5350:Branches
5303:in vitro
4900:Bacteria
4877:Taxonomy
4857:Mutation
4827:Function
4756:Genetics
4658:Proteins
4503:Organism
4479:Molecule
4463:),
4419:Overview
4394:Timeline
4374:Genetics
4311:Habitats
4280:Archived
4237:19880476
4168:Archived
4130:Archived
4104:Archived
4073:33258495
4016:18 March
4010:Archived
4006:44809930
3998:15357806
3935:Archived
3886:28811883
3792:91260144
3617:Archived
3545:18931656
3494:Archived
3450:Archived
3392:31882659
3327:18412960
3268:19878320
3208:Archived
3206:. NOAA.
3185:18081588
3111:22078593
3103:21480792
3049:20980313
2988:Archived
2886:Archived
2806:Archived
2754:Archived
2727:Archived
2700:Archived
2667:20049996
2659:27735680
2612:Archived
2514:Archived
2475:Archived
2403:Archived
2364:Archived
2275:Archived
2162:Archived
2123:Archived
2097:Archived
2058:Archived
1885:Archived
1838:24 April
1832:Archived
1765:animals.
1749:Archived
1669:See also
1658:and the
1625:Hydrilla
1518:trawling
1212:bacteria
1165:tar pits
1135:grains,
1114:molluscs
1044:and the
1012:bacteria
1008:microbes
881:raccoons
857:swallows
853:sparrows
819:Seamount
731:plankton
715:seagrass
711:brackish
707:mudflats
642:Woodland
523:diapause
422:Dominica
292:organism
284:habitÄre
245:glaciers
233:wildfire
122:moisture
7505:Ecology
7495:Habitat
7479:Biology
7467:Ecology
7441:Portals
7354:Ecopath
7161:Habitat
7031:Ecotype
7026:Ecotone
7003:ecology
7001:Spatial
6937:Species
6797:Species
6668:ecology
6653:Ecology
6601:Mimicry
6569:counter
6513:f-ratio
6261:Archaea
5949:Biomass
5922:General
5914:Trophic
5906:Ecology
5854:Commons
5797:Biology
5779:Zoology
5509:Ecology
5379:Anatomy
5296:in vivo
5188:methods
5141:Habitat
5116:Climate
5101:Biomass
5083:Ecology
4930:Protist
4895:Archaea
4789:Genomes
4736:Mitosis
4731:Meiosis
4653:Polymer
4633:Monomer
4621:Quantum
4455:,
4451:,
4447:,
4443:,
4439:,
4426:Science
4411:Biology
4389:History
4384:Outline
4362:Biology
4324:habitat
4286:29 June
4174:10 July
4110:10 July
4045:Bibcode
3970:Bibcode
3919:Bibcode
3911:Geology
3877:5552933
3846:Bibcode
3764:Bibcode
3729:Bibcode
3721:Geology
3674:Bibcode
3623:10 July
3553:4349469
3525:Bibcode
3383:6934841
3354:Bibcode
3318:2329653
3246:Bibcode
3163:Bibcode
3083:Bibcode
3040:2982008
2618:10 July
2520:10 July
2481:10 July
2015:Bibcode
1968:Bibcode
1758:19 July
1514:logging
1423:habitat
1411:, 2016.
1409:Bolivia
1330:explode
1295:extinct
1216:archaea
1193:mussels
1189:methane
1179:create
1126:endemic
1110:Archaea
1106:ammonia
1063:pelagic
932:lichens
889:Chicago
877:coyotes
845:pigeons
774:Estuary
494:Savanna
450:deserts
376:annuals
356:Myrmica
296:biotope
261:plowing
237:climate
229:tsunami
221:volcano
186:streams
182:marshes
99:species
95:habitat
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6385:Rivers
6281:Marine
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5250:vector
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1158:clouds
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1137:spores
1133:pollen
904:(film)
885:skunks
690:Marine
670:bayous
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489:Steppe
474:Desert
429:biomes
346:Thymus
325:larvae
323:. Its
288:habÄre
259:, the
196:, and
190:rivers
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5005:Xylem
4990:Shoot
4937:Virus
4925:Plant
4673:Cells
4663:Water
4586:Atoms
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4449:Order
4401:Index
4233:S2CID
4069:S2CID
4002:S2CID
3907:(PDF)
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3107:S2CID
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2671:S2CID
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1538:water
1429:and
1244:algae
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540:Marsh
407:Types
393:algae
281:Latin
239:, as
223:, an
210:reefs
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4431:Life
4288:2016
4195:ISBN
4176:2016
4158:ISBN
4138:2016
4112:2016
4094:ISBN
4061:ISSN
4018:2021
3994:PMID
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3882:PMID
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231:, a
227:, a
150:host
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142:moss
118:soil
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4764:DNA
4681:ATP
4555:Law
4258:UCD
4225:doi
4221:600
4053:doi
3978:doi
3927:doi
3872:PMC
3854:doi
3815:doi
3772:doi
3737:doi
3682:doi
3580:doi
3533:doi
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