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user interfaces, multimedia, data-intensive computing, search and online advertising, natural language processing, and computer science fundamentals. This lab forms part of the
Microsoft Asia-Pacific Research and Development Group (ARD) R&D center, which also has campuses in Suzhou, Shenzhen, Tokyo, and Taipei.
599:
Microsoft
Research New York City was established on May 3, 2012. Susan Dumais serves as Managing Director of this location as well as the New England and Montreal labs. The lab collaborates with academia and other Microsoft Research labs in computational and behavioral social sciences, computational
715:
Microsoft's "AI for Good" initiative represents a significant commitment to leveraging artificial intelligence technology for social and environmental benefits. This initiative is part of a broader vision by
Microsoft to utilize AI in addressing some of the world's most challenging issues, including
550:
Microsoft
Research Asia (MSRA or MSR Asia) was founded in Beijing in November 1998. It has expanded rapidly and now has more than 300 researchers and developers, along with approximately 300 visiting scientists and students (including its new satellite office in Shanghai). Its focus includes natural
523:
Microsoft
Research Redmond was founded on the Microsoft Redmond campus in 1991. It has about 350 researchers and is headed by Donald Kossmann. The bulk of research on the Redmond, Washington campus focuses on areas such as theory, artificial intelligence, machine learning, systems and networking,
607:
by
Microsoft in 2017. Susan Dumais serves as Managing Director of this location as well as the New England and New York City labs. The lab collaborates with academia and other Microsoft Research labs in natural language processing (specifically machine reading comprehension), deep learning and
226:
patents were filed worldwide, with
Microsoft having by far the largest percentage of those patents, at 20%. According to estimates in trade publications, Microsoft spent about $ 6 billion annually in research initiatives from 2002 to 2010 and has spent from $ 10–14 billion annually since 2010.
202:
with the intent to advance state-of-the-art computing and solve difficult world problems through technological innovation in collaboration with academic, government, and industry researchers. The
Microsoft Research team has more than 1,000 computer scientists, physicists, engineers, and
284:
Microsoft
Research includes the core Microsoft Research labs and Microsoft Research AI, Microsoft Research NExT (for New Experiences and Technologies), and other incubation efforts all directed by corporate vice president
975:
750:, who led Microsoft’s quantum research at Station Q in 2005, authored a paper with Kitaev demonstrating how a topological quantum computer could perform any computation that a conventional quantum computer could.
498:
596:. The lab collaborates with the broader research community and pursues interdisciplinary research that brings together computer scientists and social scientists to develop future applications.
774:
In 2024, Microsoft created 4 logical qubits from 30 physical qubits, demonstrating reliable logical qubits by reducing the logical error rate by 800x compared to the physical error rate.
565:, was founded in 2006. Its collaborators explore theoretical and experimental approaches to creating the quantum analog of the traditional bit—the qubit. The group is led by
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1955:
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are Deputy
Directors. The lab conducts research on topics including machine learning, security and information retrieval, and maintains close ties to the
4031:
873:
1320:
1365:
1108:
Fabinger, Michal; Freedman, Michael H.; Weyl, E. Glen (2022). "Prospecting a Possible Quadratic Wormhole Between Quantum Mechanics and Plurality".
3490:
3233:
569:. Its Quantum Architectures and Computation (QuARC) group is based in Redmond, while other Station Q satellite locations exist on the campuses of
562:
3057:
671:
3511:
1090:
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716:
those related to health, the environment, accessibility, cultural heritage, and humanitarian action. AI for Good includes topics like
3483:
2762:
2059:
1494:
1448:
3540:
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2745:
2142:
1948:
771:
In 2023, Microsoft research demonstrated the creation and control of Majorana quasiparticles for topological quantum computing.
3715:
3370:
855:
659:
374:
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3052:
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2339:
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2265:
2116:
1075:
997:
758:
638:
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570:
286:
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3025:
2250:
1992:
1129:
612:
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2069:
733:
941:
4016:
3137:
2557:
2298:
2192:
2147:
1941:
729:
243:
490:
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667:
230:
Microsoft Research has made significant advances in the field of AI which it has infused in its products including
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2002:
626:
588:
Microsoft Research New England was established in 2008 in Cambridge, Massachusetts adjacent to the MIT campus by
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2012:
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578:
403:
122:
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2374:
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2157:
1324:
1207:
1187:
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689:
540:
388:
345:
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2007:
717:
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642:
630:
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407:
379:
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at Microsoft Research proposed developing a topological quantum computer from Majorana quasiparticles.
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Microsoft Research invests in multi-year collaborative joint research with academic institutions at
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1698:
1227:
765:
674:, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), the Microsoft Research Centre for Social NUI and others.
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2334:
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2022:
1987:
1388:
1150:"Microsoft's Station Q Sydney investment intensifies global effort to build a quantum economy"
970:
809:
757:, Freedman and Chetan Nayak developed theoretical proposals for a topological qubit using the
629:, was founded in August 2001 and closed in September 2014. Silicon Valley research focused on
574:
440:
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362:
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1697:
Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven H.; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Das Sarma, Sankar (2008).
1605:"Topologically Protected Qubits from a Possible Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall State"
1413:
1401:
836:
783:
646:
589:
487:
Microsoft has research labs around the world including the following non-exhaustive list:
366:
339:
321:
199:
138:
83:
1828:
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1724:
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2875:
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2767:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2474:
2212:
2152:
2046:
2017:
1542:
814:
536:
468:
457:
430:
235:
216:
191:
73:
17:
677:
Since 2016, Microsoft has partnered with Toyota Connected to research technology for
4010:
3973:
3731:
3437:
3311:
2977:
2940:
2728:
2719:
2698:
2657:
2511:
2101:
740:
700:
528:
3886:
3776:
3741:
3095:
3072:
2845:
2784:
2673:
2217:
593:
514:
425:
208:
204:
1638:
1067:
1007:
1912:
1466:
913:
768:
for information processing through braiding-based topological quantum computing.
3911:
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3856:
3721:
3699:
3669:
3654:
3391:
3171:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2865:
2182:
2111:
1876:"Microsoft says it's cracked the code on an important quantum computing problem"
1836:
335:
1732:
1047:
810:"How Microsoft plans to beat Google and Facebook to the Next Tech Breakthrough"
3931:
3836:
3761:
3664:
3599:
3567:
3077:
3067:
2870:
2757:
2641:
2636:
2479:
2369:
2353:
2187:
2162:
2126:
678:
600:
economics and prediction markets, machine learning, and information retrieval.
195:
133:
78:
1754:
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3821:
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3644:
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3398:
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1172:
1134:
1052:
1002:
936:
931:
555:
187:
106:
39:
1933:
1563:
Freedman, Michael; Kitaev, Alexei; Larsen, Michael; Wang, Zhenghan (2002).
932:"Microsoft Research – Emerging Technology, Computer, and Software Research"
592:
who also managed the New York and Montreal labs. The lab is now managed by
527:
Microsoft Research Cambridge was founded in the United Kingdom in 1997 by
3956:
3736:
3154:
3030:
2739:
2506:
2303:
2207:
2177:
2091:
2079:
2054:
1779:
1621:
1581:
1533:
1346:
685:
524:
security, privacy, human–computer interaction, and wearable technologies.
251:
2566:
269:
Expand the state of the art in each of the areas in which we do research
3946:
3936:
3751:
3577:
3082:
2855:
2202:
965:"Microsoft wants to 'read people's brain waves' to mine cryptocurrency"
604:
420:
1905:
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162:
38:
3963:
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3851:
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3694:
3624:
3442:
3149:
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2255:
2197:
2121:
2032:
878:
603:
Microsoft Research Montreal was established after the acquisition of
231:
1819:
1114:
761:
and for topological quantum computing based on non-abelian anyons.
3951:
3896:
3015:
1997:
1715:
1029:
663:
513:
505:
497:
489:
297:
Microsoft research is categorized into the following broad areas:
1298:
3968:
3427:
3047:
2907:
2389:
699:
In 2023, Microsoft signed a multi-year deal to collaborate with
272:
Rapidly transfer innovative technologies into Microsoft products
262:
to provide its customers with more benefits and better service.
2570:
1937:
1274:"BSC-Microsoft Research Centre - BSC-Microsoft Research Centre"
696:. Novartis and Microsoft join forces to develop drugs using AI
3166:
2280:
1429:"Novartis and Microsoft join forces to develop drugs using AI"
1803:"InAs-Al hybrid devices passing the topological gap protocol"
1449:"Syneos in AI-focused pact with Microsoft to speed up trials"
1753:
Sarma, Sankar Das; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2015).
1659:
Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2006).
1603:
Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2005).
1091:"Microsoft Makes Bet Quantum Computing Is Next Breakthrough"
223:
764:
In 2015, Microsoft developed the theoretical framework of
1755:"Majorana zero modes and topological quantum computation"
1366:"Toyota, Microsoft Team Up on Connected-Car Technologies"
1273:
1699:"Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation"
1927:
1495:"Microsoft hopes to build topological quantum computer"
615:, GSL opened in 2008 to research database technologies.
1251:
611:
Gray Systems Lab, in Madison, Wisconsin. Named after
3560:
3551:
3473:
3408:
3362:
3327:
3242:
3201:
3194:
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3006:
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2836:
2829:
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2629:
2622:
2520:
2497:
2457:
2429:
2420:
2409:
2317:
2279:
2241:
2135:
2078:
2041:
1980:
1971:
561:Microsoft Research Station Q, on the campus of the
157:
144:
132:
112:
102:
92:
66:
48:
2812:Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft
1068:"About Research at Microsoft – Microsoft Research"
998:"About Research at Microsoft – Microsoft Research"
963:
874:Microsoft Leads The AI Patent Race Going Into 2019
1427:Waters, Richard; Neville, Sarah (October 2019).
681:, data analytics and network security services.
633:and included security and privacy, protocols,
625:Microsoft Research Silicon Valley, located in
2582:
1949:
1517:"Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires"
895:"Microsoft research and development expenses"
558:(Bangalore) and is headed by Sriram Rajamani.
8:
1347:"Microsoft India Development Center - MSIDC"
275:Ensure that Microsoft products have a future
32:
1130:"Station Q: the Quest for a Quantum Future"
545:University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
3557:
3198:
2833:
2626:
2589:
2575:
2567:
2426:
2417:
1977:
1956:
1942:
1934:
684:In October 2019, Microsoft partnered with
31:
4042:Research institutes in Washington (state)
1818:
1778:
1714:
1620:
1580:
1532:
1113:
808:Dina Bass, Jack Clark (25 January 2016).
707:for the optimization of clinical trials.
703:in development of a platform to leverage
4022:1991 establishments in the United States
1321:"Academic Programs - Microsoft Research"
4027:Computer science research organizations
1860:was invoked but never defined (see the
1295:"Microsoft Research Inria Joint Centre"
800:
728:Microsoft Azure Quantum has researched
563:University of California, Santa Barbara
4037:Research and development organizations
1489:
1487:
1409:
1397:
1386:
1078:from the original on 11 December 2016.
1048:"Microsoft Asia-Pacific R&D Group"
1801:Aghaee, Morteza; et al. (2023).
1467:"Using AI for Good with Microsoft AI"
672:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
554:Microsoft Research India is sited in
7:
4047:Artificial intelligence laboratories
1250:. MSR Silicon Valley. Archived from
889:
887:
854:McCraken, Harry (13 February 2019).
1855:
944:from the original on 29 April 2018
837:"Rick Rashid: Emeritus Researcher"
25:
4032:Organizations established in 1991
2060:Confidential Consortium Framework
1661:"Topological quantum computation"
1565:"Topological Quantum Computation"
649:and services, and related theory.
265:The mission statement of MSR is:
3991:
3990:
2553:
2552:
1856:Cite error: The named reference
1447:Keenan, Joseph (20 March 2023).
1383:Neville, Sarah (1 October 2019).
1168:"Microsoft Research New England"
978:from the original on 14 May 2022
872:Louis Columbus, January 6, 2019
502:Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing
475:Microsoft Research sponsors the
186:) is the research subsidiary of
3716:High Heat Major League Baseball
912:Togyer, Jason (7 August 2009).
732:since 2000 and is developing a
660:Barcelona Supercomputing Center
308:Communication and collaboration
222:Between 2010 and 2018, 154,000
3371:Where do you want to go today?
1874:David, Emilia (8 April 2024).
1364:Lippert, John (4 April 2016).
1248:"Class of 18th September 2014"
1089:Markoff, John (23 June 2014).
759:fractional quantum Hall effect
736:based on Majorana zero modes.
571:Delft University of Technology
27:Research division of Microsoft
1:
3418:Bundling of Microsoft Windows
1639:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.166802
1569:American Mathematical Society
1208:"Microsoft Research Montreal"
1188:"Microsoft Research New York"
694:personalized medicineresearch
477:Microsoft Research Fellowship
1918:Microsoft Developing Project
1543:10.1070/1063-7869/44/10S/S29
734:topological quantum computer
620:Former research laboratories
518:Microsoft Research Bangalore
510:Microsoft Research Cambridge
190:. It was created in 1991 by
3484:Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft
2193:Neural Network Intelligence
1913:The Microsoft Research Blog
1837:10.1103/PhysRevB.107.245423
730:quantum information science
54:; 33 years ago
4063:
3782:Nokia Devices and Services
3675:Fast Search & Transfer
3615:The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks
3541:Microsoft v. United States
3533:United States v. Microsoft
3048:C/AL a.k.a Navision Attain
1733:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083
668:Carnegie Mellon University
494:Microsoft Research Redmond
375:Human–computer interaction
203:mathematicians, including
3986:
3519:Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft
2604:
2550:
1703:Reviews of Modern Physics
627:Mountain View, California
312:Computational linguistics
37:
3544:(2018 data privacy case)
1965:Microsoft Research (MSR)
753:In 2005, 2006 and 2008,
579:University of Copenhagen
123:corporate vice president
3660:Double Fine Productions
3498:Microsoft v. Commission
1928:Microsoft Research Asia
1759:npj Quantum Information
1609:Physical Review Letters
1515:Kitaev, Alexei (2001).
789:Microsoft Research Maps
690:artificial intelligence
637:, large-scale systems,
608:reinforcement learning.
541:University of Cambridge
479:for graduate students.
389:artificial intelligence
346:computational economics
18:Microsoft Research Asia
3797:Obsidian Entertainment
3690:GIANT Company Software
2713:Senior leadership team
2168:Image Composite Editor
2143:Automatic Graph Layout
718:Microsoft AI for Earth
535:. Antony Rowstron and
519:
511:
503:
495:
43:
3792:Nuance Communications
3536:(2001 antitrust case)
3297:Outercurve Foundation
2734:Carolina Dybeck Happe
2598:Microsoft Corporation
1930:local Chinese website
643:computer architecture
631:distributed computing
517:
509:
501:
493:
483:Research laboratories
408:information retrieval
371:Health and well-being
317:Computational science
304:theory of computation
42:
3917:Vermeer Technologies
3847:Revolution Analytics
3757:Massive Incorporated
3727:inXile Entertainment
3512:Microsoft v. Lindows
2958:Open source software
2817:Microsoft and unions
2725:Takeshi Numoto (CMO)
2318:Launched as products
1981:Languages, compilers
1780:10.1038/npjqi.2015.1
914:"Still Boldly Going"
856:"Still Boldly Going"
583:University of Sydney
436:Software development
412:knowledge management
248:Microsoft Translator
3907:Twisted Pixel Games
3887:Winternals Software
3583:Activision Blizzard
3317:Activision Blizzard
3267:Digital Crimes Unit
2689:Carlos A. Rodriguez
2228:WorldWide Telescope
1920:(news archive from
1829:2023PhRvB.107x5423A
1771:2015npjQI...115001S
1725:2008RvMP...80.1083N
1631:2005PhRvL..94p6802D
1327:on 14 December 2008
1196:. 16 November 2023.
1154:Microsoft Australia
1010:on 11 December 2016
766:Majorana zero modes
739:In 2000, physicist
34:
4017:Microsoft Research
3650:Consumers Software
3491:Apple v. Microsoft
3250:Engineering groups
2988:Visual Studio Code
2660:(Chairman and CEO)
2651:Board of directors
2223:T2 Temporal Prover
1254:on 24 January 2021
1228:"Gray Systems Lab"
1095:The New York Times
533:Christopher Bishop
520:
512:
504:
496:
450:Speech recognition
380:AI for Social Good
180:Microsoft Research
44:
33:Microsoft Research
4004:
4003:
3982:
3981:
3922:Visio Corporation
3595:Altamira Software
3526:Microsoft v. Shah
3433:Internet Explorer
3385:Mojave Experiment
3358:
3357:
3307:Xbox Game Studios
3190:
3189:
3160:LinkedIn Learning
3138:Developer Network
2825:
2824:
2704:Padmasree Warrior
2564:
2563:
2546:
2545:
2493:
2492:
2405:
2404:
2243:Operating systems
2233:Z3 Theorem Prover
2148:Cognitive Toolkit
1807:Physical Review B
1677:10.1063/1.2337825
1408:Missing or empty
1396:Missing or empty
1351:www.microsoft.com
1030:"关于研究院 - 微软亚洲研究院"
974:. 24 April 2020.
971:Independent.co.uk
724:Quantum Computing
575:Purdue University
531:and is headed by
462:Technologies for
441:Programming tools
399:Quantum computing
357:Computer graphics
213:MacArthur Fellows
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
4054:
3994:
3993:
3817:Playground Games
3812:Perceptive Pixel
3767:Mobile Data Labs
3747:Lionhead Studios
3640:Compulsion Games
3558:
3505:FTC v. Microsoft
3335:Microsoft campus
3199:
2834:
2664:John W. Thompson
2627:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2556:
2555:
2427:
2418:
1978:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1909:
1908:
1906:Official website
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1822:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1718:
1709:(3): 1083–1159.
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1624:
1622:cond-mat/0412343
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1582:quant-ph/0101025
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1536:
1534:cond-mat/0010440
1527:(10S): 131–136.
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1491:
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1481:
1479:
1477:
1463:
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1456:
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1411:
1405:
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1384:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1323:. Archived from
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1204:
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1184:
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1177:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1146:
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1139:
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1120:
1119:
1117:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1006:. Archived from
994:
988:
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833:
827:
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822:
805:
755:Sankar Das Sarma
748:Michael Freedman
705:machine learning
567:Michael Freedman
464:emerging markets
394:Mobile computing
385:Machine learning
367:embedded systems
327:Computer systems
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35:
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3902:Tellme Networks
3877:Sunrise Atelier
3705:Groove Networks
3573:Access Software
3547:
3469:
3404:
3354:
3350:Microsoft Japan
3345:Microsoft India
3340:Microsoft Egypt
3323:
3292:.NET Foundation
3238:
3186:
3128:Microsoft Learn
3101:
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2805:Employee groups
2800:
2773:
2708:
2669:John W. Stanton
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1521:Physics-Uspekhi
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1301:on 29 June 2012
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1156:. 25 July 2017.
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784:Microsoft Award
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647:internet search
635:fault-tolerance
622:
590:Jennifer Chayes
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431:Social sciences
322:Computer vision
302:Algorithms and
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2785:Joe Belfiore
2763:Phil Spencer
2674:Reid Hoffman
2458:Discontinued
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205:Turing Award
183:
179:
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134:Subsidiaries
121:Lili Cheng (
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3892:TakeLessons
3857:ScreenTonic
3710:Havok Group
3700:GreenButton
3685:Forethought
3670:FASA Studio
3588:acquisition
3202:Conferences
3172:Outlook.com
2746:Kevin Scott
2538:Office Labs
2289:Accelerator
2266:Singularity
2183:LiveStation
2117:Penny Black
2112:HoneyMonkey
2043:Distributed
1885:3 September
1858:NS Majorana
1476:13 December
1034:www.msra.cn
982:18 December
711:AI for Good
692:to enhance
639:concurrency
336:Data mining
139:Havok Group
4011:Categories
3932:VoloMetrix
3837:ProClarity
3832:Press Play
3762:Metaswitch
3600:AltspaceVR
3475:Litigation
3260:Skype unit
3182:Translator
3096:Visual J++
3078:TypeScript
3068:PowerShell
2758:Harry Shum
2752:Brad Smith
2642:Paul Allen
2637:Bill Gates
2521:Other labs
2480:Photosynth
2375:Allegiance
2370:Group Shot
2354:TouchLight
2350:PixelSense
2330:Comic Chat
2251:Barrelfish
2188:MyLifeBits
2163:IllumiRoom
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2084:networking
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1410:|url=
1331:26 January
1305:26 January
1279:26 January
1115:2209.08144
1014:26 January
948:26 January
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821:3 November
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679:telematics
340:management
331:networking
280:Key people
196:Bill Gates
165:.microsoft
146:Employees
114:Key people
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3645:Connectix
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3605:aQuantive
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3243:Divisions
3133:Channel 9
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3009:languages
2926:Clipchamp
2881:Laptop Go
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2447:Deep Zoom
2442:Seadragon
2422:Live Labs
2385:Songsmith
2380:TrueSkill
2365:ClearType
2173:Infer.NET
2097:Avalanche
2065:DeepSpeed
1922:Softpedia
1880:The Verge
1862:help page
1765:: 15001.
1716:0707.1889
1588:30 August
1575:: 31–38.
1500:27 August
1471:Microsoft
1370:Bloomberg
1233:Microsoft
1213:Microsoft
1193:Microsoft
1173:Microsoft
1135:Microsoft
1072:Microsoft
1053:Microsoft
1003:Microsoft
937:Microsoft
841:Microsoft
815:Bloomberg
746:In 2002,
688:to apply
556:Bengaluru
454:synthesis
445:languages
350:Education
287:Peter Lee
240:Holo Lens
219:winners.
211:winners,
207:winners,
188:Microsoft
169:/research
148:(in 2016)
107:Microsoft
3996:Category
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3882:SwiftKey
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3737:LinkedIn
3665:Farecast
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3392:I'm a PC
3387:" (2006)
3380:" (2002)
3373:" (1994)
3282:Research
3155:LinkedIn
3063:Power Fx
3031:VBScript
2931:Dynamics
2918:Software
2851:HoloLens
2838:Hardware
2830:Products
2740:Amy Hood
2630:Founders
2558:Category
2507:Docs.com
2465:Deepfish
2414:research
2410:MSR Labs
2360:SenseCam
2345:Sideshow
2304:mimalloc
2208:PhotoDNA
2178:LightGBM
2092:AjaxView
2080:Internet
2055:BitVault
1974:projects
1389:cite web
1076:Archived
976:Archived
942:Archived
778:See also
686:Novartis
613:Jim Gray
543:and the
417:Security
363:Hardware
260:Dynamics
252:Linkedin
97:Division
67:Founders
3947:Xamarin
3937:VXtreme
3802:Onfolio
3752:Maluuba
3722:Hotmail
3680:Firefly
3578:Acompli
3448:Windows
3443:_NSAKEY
3328:Estates
3219:Inspire
3195:Company
3143:TechNet
3123:Copilot
2998:Xbox OS
2993:Windows
2968:Servers
2861:Surface
2856:LifeCam
2614:Outline
2609:History
2430:Current
2412:applied
2335:Detours
2203:OneFuzz
2107:Gazelle
2070:Orleans
2023:Phoenix
1842:26 June
1825:Bibcode
1786:26 June
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1738:26 June
1721:Bibcode
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1627:Bibcode
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1988:Bartok
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