179:. Tau proteins stabilize microtubules, and thus shift the reaction kinetics in favor of addition of new subunits, accelerating microtubule growth. Tau has the additional function of facilitating bundling of microtubules within the nerve cell. The function of tau has been linked to the neurological condition Alzheimer's disease. In the nervous tissue of Alzheimer's patients, tau forms abnormal aggregates. This aggregated tau is often severely modified, most commonly through hyperphosphorylation. As described above, phosphorylation of MAPs causes them to detach from microtubules. Thus, the hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to massive detachment, which in turn greatly reduces the stability of microtubules in nerve cells. This increase in microtubule instability may be one of the main causes of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
226:. In the nervous tissue of Alzheimer's patients, tau forms abnormal aggregates. This aggregated tau is often severely modified, most commonly through hyperphosphorylation. As described above, phosphorylation of MAPs causes them to detach from microtubules. Thus, the hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to massive detachment, which in turn greatly reduces the stability of microtubules in nerve cells. This increase in microtubule instability may be one of the main causes of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
325:, which severs them, and a number of motor proteins that transport vesicles along them. Certain motor proteins were originally designated as MAPs before it was found that they utilized ATP hydrolysis to transport cargo. In general, all these proteins are not considered "MAPs" because they do not bind directly to tubulin monomers, a defining characteristic of MAPs. MAPs bind directly to microtubules to stabilize or destabilize them and link them to various cellular components including other microtubules.
126:) are the two major members of the MAP1 family. These two proteins are high molecular weight. They bind to microtubules through charge interactions, a different mechanism to many other MAPs. While the C termini of these MAPs bind the microtubules, the N termini bind other parts of the cytoskeleton or the
214:
stabilize microtubules, and thus shift the reaction kinetics in favor of addition of new subunits, accelerating microtubule growth. Both MAP2 and tau have been shown to stabilize microtubules by binding to the outer surface of the microtubule protofilaments. A single study has suggested that MAP2 and
75:
protein. Phosphorylation of the MAP by the MARK causes the MAP to detach from any bound microtubules. This detachment is usually associated with a destabilization of the microtubule causing it to fall apart. In this way the stabilization of microtubules by MAPs is regulated within the cell through
90:
MAPs have been divided into several different categories and sub-categories. There are "structural" MAPs which bind along the microtubules and "+TIP" MAPs which bind to the growing end of the microtubules. Structural MAPs have been divided into MAP1, MAP2, MAP4, and Tau families. +TIP MAPs are
55:, and they have been found to carry out a wide range of functions. These include both stabilizing and destabilizing microtubules, guiding microtubules towards specific cellular locations, cross-linking microtubules and mediating the interactions of microtubules with other proteins in the cell.
219:, which is used in treating cancer, but this study has not been confirmed. MAP2 binds in a cooperative manner, with many MAP2 proteins binding a single microtubule to promote stabilization. Tau has the additional function of facilitating bundling of microtubules within the nerve cell.
157:
The MAP2 family is involved in the development of neurons, mostly present during early stages of axon formation then disappear later. However they exist in mature dendrites as well. Different forms of MAP2s are formed by different post-translational modifications of the mRNA.
62:
or depolymerized tubulin, and in most cases leads to the stabilization of microtubule structure, further encouraging polymerization. Usually, it is the C-terminal domain of the MAP that interacts with tubulin, while the N-terminal domain can bind with cellular vesicles,
313:
of microtubules has been observed to rise approximately tenfold. This is partly due to phosphorylation of XMAP215, which makes catastrophes (rapid depolymerization of microtubules) more likely. In this way the phosphorylation of MAPs plays a role in mitosis.
233:) is not confined to just nerve cells, but rather can be found in nearly all types of cells. Like MAP2 and tau, MAP4 is responsible for stabilization of microtubules. MAP4 has also been linked to the process of cell division.
166:
MAP4 was previously not thought to exist in neuronal tissue however the MAP-SP has been found in certain mammalian brain tissue. MAP4 is not confined to just nerve cells, but rather can be found in nearly all types of cells.
694:
Mohan, Renu; John, Annie (2015-06). "Microtubule-associated proteins as direct crosslinkers of actin filaments and microtubules: ROLE OF MAPs IN THE ACTIN_MICROTUBULE NETWORK"
195:)—which participate in determining the structure of different parts of nerve cells, with MAP2 being found mostly in dendrites and tau in the axon. These proteins have a
740:
463:
1368:
366:"Microtubule-associated proteins as direct crosslinkers of actin filaments and microtubules: ROLE OF MAPs IN THE ACTIN-MICROTUBULE NETWORK"
733:
629:"Truncation of the projection domain of MAP4 (microtubule-associated protein 4) leads to attenuation of microtubule dynamic instability"
252:
In addition, plus end tracking proteins, which bind to the very tip of growing microtubules, have also been identified. These include
1887:
51:
subunits that make up microtubules to regulate their stability. A large variety of MAPs have been identified in many different
39:. MAPs are integral to the stability of the cell and its internal structures and the transport of components within the cell.
726:
3035:
2589:
85:
241:
Besides the classic MAP groups, novel MAPs have been identified that bind the length of the microtubules. These include
1296:
561:
Kinoshita K, Habermann B, Hyman AA (June 2002). "XMAP215: a key component of the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton".
3055:
2767:
666:
Santarella RA, Skiniotis G, Goldie KN, et al. (June 2004). "Surface-decoration of microtubules by human tau".
176:
3000:
712:
58:
Within the cell, MAPs bind directly to the tubulin dimers of microtubules. This binding can occur with either
196:
68:
708:
464:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060424075523/http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/microtubule_intro.htm
334:
223:
473:
Cooper, Geoffrey M., Hausman, Robert E. (2004) The Cell: A Molecular
Approach. ASM Press, Washington D.C.
1419:
773:
64:
1688:
2995:
1628:
297:
187:
Type II MAPs are found exclusively in nerve cells in mammals. These are the most well studied MAPs—
130:
to control spacing of the microtubule within the cell. Members of the MAP1 family are found in the
149:, which has a low molecular-weight. MAP1S has been found to regulate cell division and cell death
1448:
1078:
395:
594:
Mandelkow E, Mandelkow EM (February 1995). "Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins".
2846:
2549:
1210:
683:
650:
611:
578:
545:
498:
447:
387:
203:
2569:
2794:
2501:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2382:
2091:
2071:
2041:
2036:
1918:
1273:
1268:
675:
640:
603:
570:
535:
527:
490:
437:
429:
377:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2397:
2101:
2096:
1143:
1031:
1021:
996:
976:
880:
860:
215:
tau bind on the inner microtubule surface on the same site in tubulin monomers as the drug
2936:
1550:
1400:
1283:
1103:
127:
481:
Drewes G, Ebneth A, Mandelkow EM (August 1998). "MAPs, MARKs and microtubule dynamics".
2899:
2762:
1459:
1290:
799:
442:
418:"MAP2 and tau bind longitudinally along the outer ridges of microtubule protofilaments"
417:
365:
207:
199:
574:
540:
515:
494:
3049:
2963:
2958:
1923:
1793:
1742:
1692:
1632:
1554:
1522:
1463:
1249:
768:
607:
399:
92:
2807:
1862:
1617:
1161:
753:
339:
318:
36:
20:
2779:
2757:
516:"Repeat motifs of tau bind to the insides of microtubules in the absence of taxol"
295:
Another MAP whose function has been investigated during cell division is known as
2953:
2904:
2774:
2664:
1994:
1438:
1393:
1312:
1234:
782:
344:
310:
211:
210:
domains projecting outwards, probably interacting with other proteins. MAP2 and
32:
718:
3005:
2924:
2914:
2802:
1913:
1892:
1658:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1565:
1540:
1528:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1336:
1218:
1207:
1193:
809:
679:
627:
Permana S, Hisanaga S, Nagatomo Y, Iida J, Hotani H, Itoh TJ (February 2005).
216:
139:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2784:
2622:
2617:
2612:
1970:
1950:
1605:
1600:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1469:
1373:
1307:
52:
687:
654:
582:
549:
531:
451:
391:
615:
502:
433:
305:). XMAP215 has generally been linked to microtubule stabilization. During
2948:
2909:
2841:
2814:
2681:
2669:
2544:
2539:
1980:
1975:
1897:
1331:
1326:
1188:
317:
There are many other proteins which affect microtubule behavior, such as
135:
67:
or other microtubules. MAP-microtubule binding is regulated through MAP
2975:
2929:
2819:
2749:
2718:
2648:
2643:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2564:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2204:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2008:
1945:
1433:
1378:
1319:
1302:
1263:
749:
645:
628:
322:
306:
302:
96:
59:
48:
2894:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2686:
2579:
2574:
2559:
2554:
2466:
2412:
2377:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2297:
2292:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2076:
2066:
2046:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1882:
1653:
1648:
1405:
1071:
1066:
1056:
834:
382:
289:
285:
261:
257:
253:
100:
416:
Al-Bassam J, Ozer RS, Safer D, Halpain S, Milligan RA (June 2002).
2919:
2691:
2674:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2421:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2332:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2287:
2282:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2184:
2179:
2146:
2141:
2111:
2106:
2086:
2081:
2061:
2051:
1966:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1643:
1638:
1348:
1278:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1138:
1128:
1113:
1046:
1036:
1016:
991:
986:
971:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
921:
875:
870:
865:
855:
850:
845:
824:
819:
814:
804:
791:
281:
277:
269:
265:
222:
The function of tau has been linked to the neurological condition
146:
123:
115:
3020:
3015:
3010:
2970:
2941:
2856:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2627:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2194:
2189:
2056:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1388:
1383:
1341:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1006:
931:
926:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
273:
246:
242:
230:
192:
188:
131:
722:
514:
Kar S, Fan J, Smith MJ, Goedert M, Amos LA (January 2003).
175:
Mainly associated with abnormalities that result in
2988:
2887:
2793:
2748:
2657:
2636:
2588:
2411:
2203:
2155:
2007:
1993:
1959:
1906:
1875:
1855:
1734:
1616:
1447:
1429:
1418:
1361:
1154:
833:
790:
781:
767:
760:
71:. This is accomplished through the function of the
229:In contrast to the MAPs described above, MAP4 (
734:
73:microtubule-affinity-regulating-kinase (MARK)
8:
2004:
1444:
1426:
787:
778:
764:
741:
727:
719:
711:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
644:
539:
441:
381:
356:
364:Mohan, Renu; John, Annie (June 2015).
31:) are proteins that interact with the
16:Proteins interacting with microtubules
698:67 (6): 395–403. doi:10.1002/iub.1384
7:
321:, which destabilizes microtubules,
14:
145:Another member of this family is
1369:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
2590:Microtubule organising proteins
709:Microtubule-Associated+Proteins
25:microtubule-associated proteins
1:
2637:Microtubule severing proteins
575:10.1016/S0962-8924(02)02295-X
495:10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01245-6
86:KIN2/PAR-1/MARK kinase family
1297:actin depolymerizing factors
608:10.1016/0955-0674(95)80047-6
237:Other MAPs and Naming Issues
2775:Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)
183:Type II MAPs (MAP2 and Tau)
3072:
245:(also known as MAP6), and
177:neurodegenerative diseases
83:
3031:
680:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.04.008
3001:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
713:Medical Subject Headings
249:(also known as MAP7).
65:intermediate filaments
1621:(hard alpha-keratins)
1452:(soft alpha-keratins)
596:Curr. Opin. Cell Biol
462:Childs, G. V. (2001)
434:10.1083/jcb.200201048
3036:cytoskeletal defects
2996:Major sperm proteins
532:10.1093/emboj/cdg001
301:(the "X" stands for
202:microtubule-binding
171:Tau Protein (Type 2)
1449:Epithelial keratins
483:Trends Biochem. Sci
466:, accessed 2/13/06.
335:Alzheimer's disease
311:dynamic instability
224:Alzheimer's disease
646:10.1247/csf.29.147
633:Cell Struct. Funct
107:MAP1 (Type I MAPs)
103:, and other MAPs.
3056:Molecular biology
3043:
3042:
2984:
2983:
2744:
2743:
1989:
1988:
1871:
1870:
1414:
1413:
1357:
1356:
76:phosphorylation.
47:MAPs bind to the
3063:
2005:
1445:
1427:
788:
779:
765:
743:
736:
729:
720:
691:
664:
658:
648:
625:
619:
592:
586:
563:Trends Cell Biol
559:
553:
543:
512:
506:
479:
472:
461:
455:
445:
414:
404:
403:
385:
383:10.1002/iub.1384
361:
35:of the cellular
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3027:
2980:
2883:
2789:
2740:
2653:
2632:
2584:
2407:
2199:
2151:
1997:
1985:
1955:
1902:
1867:
1851:
1735:Ungrouped alpha
1730:
1620:
1612:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1410:
1353:
1150:
829:
771:
756:
747:
705:
665:
661:
639:(5–6): 147–57.
626:
622:
593:
589:
560:
556:
513:
509:
480:
476:
469:
458:
415:
411:
408:
407:
363:
362:
358:
353:
331:
239:
185:
173:
164:
155:
128:plasma membrane
109:
88:
82:
69:phosphorylation
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Corneodesmosin
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
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2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:Nuclear lamins
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1455:
1453:
1442:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1293:
1291:Arp2/3 complex
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1216:
1205:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
981:
980:
979:
974:
966:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
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839:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
796:
794:
785:
776:
769:Microfilaments
762:
758:
757:
748:
746:
745:
738:
731:
723:
717:
716:
704:
703:External links
701:
700:
699:
692:
659:
620:
587:
554:
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474:
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456:
428:(7): 1187–96.
406:
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376:(6): 395–403.
355:
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337:
330:
327:
238:
235:
184:
181:
172:
169:
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108:
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93:motor proteins
81:
78:
44:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3068:
3057:
3054:
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2999:
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2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Delta catenin
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Alpha catenin
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
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2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
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2596:
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2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
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2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:cytoplasmic:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
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2483:
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2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
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2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
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2239:
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2226:
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2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
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2048:
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2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:Neurofilament
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
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1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:chromosome 12
1791:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:chromosome 17
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:chromosome 12
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:chromosome 17
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:Hair keratins
1615:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:chromosome 12
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:chromosome 12
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:chromosome 17
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:Intermediate
1417:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
840:
838:
836:
832:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
793:
789:
786:
784:
780:
777:
775:
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
724:
721:
714:
710:
707:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:(3): 539–53.
673:
669:
663:
660:
656:
652:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:(6): 267–73.
568:
564:
558:
555:
551:
547:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:(8): 307–11.
488:
484:
478:
475:
471:
468:
465:
460:
457:
453:
449:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
413:
410:
409:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
360:
357:
350:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
328:
326:
324:
320:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
236:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
218:
213:
209:
206:and variable
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
170:
168:
161:
159:
153:MAP2 (Type 2)
152:
150:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
87:
79:
77:
74:
70:
66:
61:
56:
54:
50:
42:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3033:
2808:Dystroglycan
2763:Beta catenin
2156:
1999:
1995:Microtubules
1863:Beta-keratin
1792:
1741:
1687:
1627:
1549:
1535:
1521:
1458:
1295:
1162:Tropomodulin
754:cytoskeleton
695:
671:
668:J. Mol. Biol
667:
662:
636:
632:
623:
602:(1): 72–81.
599:
595:
590:
566:
562:
557:
523:
519:
510:
486:
482:
477:
470:
459:
425:
422:J. Cell Biol
421:
412:
373:
369:
359:
340:Cytoskeleton
319:catastrophin
316:
296:
294:
251:
240:
228:
221:
186:
174:
165:
156:
144:
119:
111:
110:
89:
72:
57:
46:
37:cytoskeleton
33:microtubules
28:
24:
21:cell biology
18:
2954:Plakophilin
2905:Desmoplakin
2665:Tau protein
1439:Cytokeratin
1235:Tropomyosin
783:Myofilament
696:IUBMB Life.
526:(1): 70–7.
345:Microtubule
140:nerve cells
60:polymerized
3034:See also:
3006:Crescentin
2925:Periplakin
2915:Envoplakin
2803:Dystrophin
2420:axonemal:
1914:Internexin
1893:Peripherin
370:IUBMB Life
351:References
208:N-terminal
200:C-terminal
84:See also:
53:cell types
2623:Centrin 3
2618:Centrin 2
2613:Centrin 1
1951:Syncoilin
1856:Not alpha
1422:filaments
1374:Fibrillin
400:205968420
270:Dynamitin
266:p150Glued
247:ensconsin
197:conserved
191:and tau (
136:dendrites
3050:Category
2989:Nonhuman
2949:Vinculin
2910:Dystonin
2842:Spectrin
2815:Utrophin
2795:Membrane
2750:Catenins
2682:Stathmin
2670:Dynactin
2550:DYNC2LI1
2545:DYNC1LI2
2540:DYNC1LI1
2205:Kinesins
2009:Tubulins
1898:Vimentin
1430:Type 1/2
1332:Profilin
1327:Gelsolin
1189:Troponin
750:Proteins
688:15147841
655:15840946
583:12074886
550:12505985
452:12082079
392:26104829
329:See also
95:such as
43:Function
2976:PLEKHA7
2930:Plectin
2895:Plakins
2820:Ankyrin
2719:Dynamin
2649:Spastin
2644:Katanin
2608:CAMSAP3
2603:CAMSAP2
2598:CAMSAP1
2570:DYNLRB2
2565:DYNLRB1
2535:DYNC1I2
2530:DYNC1I1
2525:DYNC2H1
2520:DYNC1H1
2413:Dyneins
2137:TUBGCP6
2132:TUBGCP5
2127:TUBGCP4
2122:TUBGCP3
2117:TUBGCP2
1946:Synemin
1689:type II
1551:type II
1434:Keratin
1379:Filamin
1320:Destrin
1303:Cofilin
1264:Actinin
835:Myosins
752:of the
616:7755992
503:9757832
443:2173547
323:katanin
307:mitosis
303:Xenopus
298:XMAP215
282:CLIP115
278:CLIP170
101:dyneins
97:kinesin
49:tubulin
2877:SPTBN5
2872:SPTBN4
2867:SPTBN2
2862:SPTBN1
2852:SPTAN1
2687:Tektin
2580:DYNLT3
2575:DYNLT1
2560:DYNLL2
2555:DYNLL1
2502:DNALI1
2487:DNAH17
2482:DNAH14
2477:DNAH13
2472:DNAH12
2467:DNAH11
2462:DNAH10
2383:KIF26B
2378:KIF26A
2353:KIF21B
2348:KIF21A
2343:KIF20B
2338:KIF20A
2328:KIF18B
2323:KIF18A
2313:KIF16B
2298:KIF13B
2293:KIF13A
2092:TUBB4Q
2077:TUBB2C
2072:TUBB2B
2067:TUBB2A
2047:TUBA4A
2042:TUBA3E
2037:TUBA3D
2032:TUBA3C
2027:TUBA1C
2022:TUBA1B
2017:TUBA1A
1960:Type 5
1919:Nestin
1907:Type 4
1883:Desmin
1876:Type 3
1629:type I
1460:type I
1406:TRIOBP
1072:MYO18B
1067:MYO18A
1063:XVIII
1057:MYO15A
792:Actins
715:(MeSH)
686:
653:
614:
581:
548:
541:140040
538:
520:EMBO J
501:
450:
440:
398:
390:
290:CLASP2
288:, and
286:CLASP1
204:domain
118:) and
2937:Talin
2920:MACF1
2888:Other
2847:SPTA1
2712:TEKT5
2707:TEKT4
2702:TEKT3
2697:TEKT2
2692:TEKT1
2675:DCTN1
2658:Other
2512:DNAL4
2507:DNAL1
2497:DNAI2
2492:DNAI1
2457:DNAH9
2452:DNAH8
2447:DNAH7
2442:DNAH6
2437:DNAH5
2432:DNAH3
2427:DNAH2
2422:DNAH1
2403:KIFC3
2398:KIFC2
2393:KIFC1
2388:KIF27
2373:KIF25
2368:KIF24
2363:KIF23
2358:KIF22
2333:KIF19
2318:KIF17
2308:KIF15
2303:KIF14
2288:KIF12
2283:KIF11
2263:KIF5C
2258:KIF5B
2253:KIF5A
2248:KIF4B
2243:KIF4A
2238:KIF3C
2233:KIF3B
2228:KIF2C
2223:KIF2A
2218:KIF1B
2213:KIF1A
2185:MAP1B
2180:MAP1A
2147:TUBE1
2142:TUBD1
2112:TUBG2
2107:TUBG1
2102:TUBB8
2097:TUBB6
2087:TUBB4
2082:TUBB3
2062:TUBB1
2052:TUBA8
1401:Espin
1362:Other
1349:Titin
1155:Other
1144:MYLL1
1139:MYLK2
1129:MYLIP
1114:MYL6B
1047:MYO10
1037:MYO9B
1032:MYO9A
1022:MYO7B
1017:MYO7A
997:MYO5C
992:MYO5B
987:MYO5A
977:MYO3B
972:MYO3A
962:MYH16
957:MYH15
952:MYH14
947:MYH13
942:MYH11
937:MYH10
922:MYH7B
881:MYO1H
876:MYO1G
871:MYO1F
866:MYO1E
861:MYO1D
856:MYO1C
851:MYO1B
846:MYO1A
761:Human
396:S2CID
217:Taxol
147:MAP1S
132:axons
124:MAP1B
120:MAP1b
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2971:ACF7
2964:PKP2
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2165:EB1
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