412:
smaller than summer litters. Litter size was positively correlated with body size, and is not significantly different in primaparous and multiparous females. Primaparous females had fewer young per litter than multiparous females. Litter size was constant in summer breeding periods at different population densities. Female eastern meadow voles reach reproductive maturity earlier than males; some ovulate and become pregnant as early as three weeks old. Males are usually six to eight weeks old before mature sperm are produced. One captive female produced 17 litters in one year for a total of 83 young. One of her young produced 13 litters (totalling 78 young) before she was a year old.
432:
eastern meadow vole abundance can exceed 1,482 eastern meadow voles per hectare (600/acre) in northern prairie wetlands. Eastern meadow voles in optimal habitats in
Virginia (old fields with dense vegetation) reached densities of 983/ha (398/ac); populations declined to 67/ha (27/ac) at the lowest point in the cycle. Different factors influencing population density have been assigned primary importance by different authors. Reich listed the following factors as having been suggested by different authors: food quality, predation, climatic events, density-related physiological stress, and the presence of genetically determined behavioral variants among dispersing individuals.
483:
larger than in meadows, and are smaller at higher population densities. Home ranges vary in size from 0.08 to 2.3 hectares (0.32-0.9 ac). Females have smaller home ranges than males, but are more highly territorial than males; often, juveniles from one litter are still present in the adult female's home range when the next litter is born. Female territoriality tends to determine density in suboptimal habitats; the amount of available forage may be the determining factor in female territory size, so determines reproductive success.
424:
extended lifespan (i.e. how much time adult eastern meadow voles have left) is about two months, not figuring in emigration. Mortality was 88% for the first 30 days after birth. and postnestling juveniles had the highest mortality rate (61%), followed by young adults (58%) and older age groups (53%). Nestlings were estimated to have the lowest mortality rate (50%). Estimated mean longevity ranges from two to 16 months. The maximum lifespan in the wild is 16 months, and few voles live more than two years.
460:
86:
230:
61:
848:
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activities contribute to habitat restoration. It prefers open, nonforest habitats and colonizes such open areas created by fire or other clearing disturbances. Very few eastern meadow voles are found in forest or woodland areas. In newly opened areas, it is quite abundant. In these new open areas, the vole quickly becomes a food source for predators.
820:
479:
rectangular patches in eastern meadow vole density. Edge effects in patches of this size were not found, suggesting eastern meadow voles are edge-tolerant. Habitat patch shape did affect dispersal and space use behaviors. In rectangular patches, home ranges were similar in size to those in square patches, but were elongated.
478:
In Ohio, the effects of patch shape and proportion of edge were investigated by mowing strips between study plots. The square plots were 132 feet per side (40 m x 40 m), and the rectangular patches were 52.8 feet by 330 feet (16 m x 100 m). Square habitat patches were not significantly different from
467:
In eastern
Massachusetts, eastern meadow vole density on a mosaic of grassy fields and mixed woods was positively correlated with decreasing vertical woody stem density and decreasing shrub cover. Density was highest on plots with more forbs and grasses and less with woody cover; eastern meadow voles
398:
Eastern meadow voles are active year-round and day or night, with no clear 24-hour rhythm in many areas. Most changes in activity are imposed by season, habitat, cover, temperature, and other factors. Eastern meadow voles have to eat frequently, and their active periods (every two to three hours) are
692:
Eastern meadow voles are abundant in agricultural habitats. The list of crops damaged by eastern meadow voles includes root and stem crops (asparagus, kohlrabi), tubers, leaf and leafstalks, immature inflorescent vegetables (artichoke, broccoli), low-growing fruits (beans, squash), the bark of fruit
516:
In winter, eastern meadow voles consume green basal portions of grass plants, often hidden under snow. Other winter diet components include seeds, roots, and bulbs. They occasionally strip the bark from woody plants. Seeds and tubers are stored in nests and burrows. Evidence of coprophagy is sparse,
431:
In years of average population sizes, typical eastern meadow vole population density is about 15 to 45 eastern meadow voles per acre in old-field habitat. In peak years, their population densities may reach 150 per acre in marsh habitat (more favorable for eastern meadow voles than old fields). Peak
407:
Gestation lasts 20 to 23 days. Neonates are pink and hairless, with closed eyes and ears. Fur begins to appear by three days, and young are completely furred except for the belly by seven days. Eyes and ears open by eight days. Weaning occurs from 12 to 14 days. Young born in spring and early summer
777:
plays important ecological roles. The eastern meadow vole is an important food source for many predators, and disperses mycorrhizal fungi. It is a major consumer of grass and disperses grass nutrients in its feces. After disruptive site disturbances such as forest or meadow fires, the meadow vole's
700:
by mowing, plowing, and herbicide application. Predators, particularly raptors, should be protected to keep eastern meadow vole populations in check. Direct control methods include trapping, fencing, and poisoning; trapping and fencing are of limited effectiveness. Poisons are efficient. Repellents
503:
Eastern meadow voles eat most available species of grasses, sedges, and forbs, including many agricultural plant species. In summer and fall, grasses are cut into match-length sections to reach the succulent portions of the leaves and seedheads. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of forbs are also typical
491:
Nests are used as nurseries, resting areas, and as protection against weather. They are constructed of woven grass; they are usually subterranean or are constructed under boards, rocks, logs, brush piles, hay bales, fenceposts, or in grassy tussocks. Eastern meadow voles dig shallow burrows, and in
435:
Normal population cycles do not occur when dispersal is prevented; under normal conditions, dispersers have been shown to be behaviorally, genetically, and demographically different from residents. A threshold density of cover is thought to be needed for eastern meadow vole populations to increase.
314:
The eastern meadow vole is active year-round, usually at night. It also digs burrows, where it stores food for the winter and females give birth to their young. Although these animals tend to live close together, they are aggressive towards one another. This is particularly evident in males during
482:
Eastern meadow voles tend to remain in home ranges and defend at least a portion of their home ranges from conspecifics. Home ranges overlap and have irregular shapes. Home range size depends on season, habitat, and population density: ranges are larger in summer than winter, those in marshes are
427:
Eastern meadow vole populations fluctuate annually and also tend to reach peak densities at two- to five-year intervals, with population declines in intervening years. Breeding often ceases in
January and starts again in March. Over the course of a year, eastern meadow vole populations tend to be
411:
Typical eastern meadow vole litters consist of four to six young, with extremes of one and 11 young. On average, 2.6 young are successfully weaned per litter. Litter size is not significantly correlated with latitude, elevation, or population density. Fall, winter, and spring litters tend to be
423:
Patterns of mortality apparently vary among eastern meadow vole populations. The average eastern meadow vole lifespan is less than one month because of high nestling and juvenile mortality. The average time adults are recapturable in a given habitat is about two months, suggesting the average
451:
Optimal eastern meadow vole habitat consists of moist, dense grassland with substantial amounts of plant litter. Habitat selection is largely influenced by relative ground cover of grasses and forbs; soil temperature, moisture, sodium, potassium, and pH levels; humidity; and interspecific
693:
trees, pasture, grassland, hay, and grains. Eastern meadow voles are listed as pests on forest plantations. In central New York, colonization of old fields by trees and shrubs was reduced due to seedling predation by eastern meadow voles, particularly under the herb canopy.
42:
508:
spp.), have been reported in eastern meadow vole diets. They occasionally consume insects and snails, and occasionally scavenge on animal remains; cannibalism is frequent in periods of high population density. Eastern meadow voles may damage woody vegetation by
1572:
Brooks, Robert T.; Healy, William M. (1988). "Response of small mammal communities to silvicultural treatments in eastern hardwood forests of West
Virginia and Massachusetts". In: Szaro, Robert C.; Severson, Kieth E.; Patton, David R., technical coordinators.
436:
Above the threshold amount, the quantity of cover influences the amplitude and possibly the duration of the population peak. Local patches of dense cover could serve as source populations or reservoirs to colonize less favorable habitats with sparse cover.
701:
are largely ineffective at present. Plastic mesh cylinders were effective in preventing seedling damage by eastern meadow voles and other rodents. Properly timed cultivation and controlled fires are at least partially effective in reducing populations.
351:
The eastern meadow vole is found throughout eastern North
America. It ranges from Labrador and New Brunswick south to South Carolina and extreme northeastern Georgia; west through Tennessee to Ohio. West of Ohio, it is replaced by the
824:
474:
In
Pennsylvania, three subadult eastern meadow voles were captured at least 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the nearest appreciable suitable eastern meadow vole habitat, suggesting they are adapted to long-distance dispersal.
408:
attain adult weight in 12 weeks, but undergo a fall weight loss. Young born in late summer continue growing through the fall and maintain their weight through the winter. Maximum size is reached between two and 10 months.
399:
associated with food digestion. In Canada, eastern meadow voles are active the first few hours after dawn and during the two- to four-hour period before sunset. Most of the inactive period is spent in the nest.
1930:
Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G.; Cantu-Salazar, Lisette; Gonzalez-Romero, Alberto; Lopez-Gonzalez, Carlos A. (2004). "Historical and present distribution of coyote (Canis latrans) in Mexico and
Central America".
1830:
Pauls, Ronald W. (1986). "Protection with vexar cylinders from damage by meadow voles of tree and shrub seedlings in northeastern
Alberta". In: Salmon, Terrell P.; Marsh, Rex E.; Beadle, Dorothy E., eds.
492:
burrows, nests are constructed in enlarged chambers. In winter, nests are often constructed on the ground surface under a covering of snow, usually against some natural formation such as a rock or log.
452:
competition. Eastern meadow voles are most commonly associated with sites having high soil moisture. They are often restricted to the wetter microsites when they occur in sympatry with prairie voles (
1096:
Lacki, Michael J.; Hummer; Joseph W.; Webster, Harold J. (September 1994). "Effect of
Reclamation Technique on Mammal Communities Inhabiting Wetlands on Mined Lands in East-Central Ohio".
1577:; 1988 July 19–21; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 313-318.
1492:
1845:
Markowski, D.; Ginsberg, H. S.; Hyland, K. E.; Hu, R. (1998). "Reservoir
Competence of the Meadow Vole (Rodentia: Cricetidae) for the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi".
1680:
Bergeron, Jean-Marie; Joudoin, Louise (1989). "Patterns of resource use, food quality, and health status of voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) trapped from fluctuating populations".
1887:
Sullivan, Thomas P.; Lautenschlager, R. A.; Wagner, Robert G. (1999). "Clearcutting and burning of northern spruce-fir forests: implications for small mammal communities".
4713:
4479:
786:
While it is a common and wide-ranging species throughout eastern North America, insular populations on the eastern periphery of the species' range are at risk from
1610:
Harper, Steven J.; Bollinger, Eric K.; Barrett, Gary W. (1993). "Effects of Habitat Patch Shape on Population Dynamics of Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)".
4708:
4557:
552:
Eastern meadow voles are important prey for many hawks, owls, and mammalian carnivores, and are also taken by some snakes. Almost all species of raptors take
4678:
1753:
870:
4588:
4650:
4453:
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1021:. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-287. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 187–204.
835:
1271:
Webster, A. Bruce; Brooks, Ronald J. (1981). "Daily Movements and Short Activity Periods of Free-Ranging Meadow Voles Microtus Pennsylvanicus".
1562:. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp. 289–99.
4693:
2005:
1738:
Osborn, Eric D.; Hoagstrom, Carl W. (1989). "Small mammals of a relict wet prairie in Ohio". In: Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds.
1508:
4583:
1778:. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-287. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 187-204.
696:
Management of eastern meadow vole populations in agricultural areas includes reduction of habitat in waste places such as roadsides and
620:) is a major predator; eastern meadow voles avoid areas frequented by short-tailed shrews. Other major mammalian predators include the
4703:
3237:
858:
4718:
4518:
3246:
950:
4536:
1448:
Birney, Elmer C.; Grant, W. E.; Baird, Donna Day (1976). "Importance of Vegetative Cover to Cycles of Microtus Populations".
1372:
Golley, Frank B. (1961). "Interaction of Natality, Mortality and Movement during One Annual Cycle in a Microtus Population".
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1256:
Johnson, Murray L.; Johnson, Sherry (1982). "Voles: Microtus species". In Chapman, Joseph A.; Feldhamer, George A. (eds.).
3979:
379:
Eastern meadow voles are most commonly found in grasslands, preferring moister areas, but are also found in wooded areas.
1645:
Jones, Eric N. (1990). "Effects of Forage Availability on Home Range and Population Density of Microtus pennsylvanicus".
3537:
3228:
2905:
2699:
4531:
4404:
613:
4369:
4688:
3658:
3028:
2978:
799:
343:) as a single species with a very large range, but genetic evidence indicates that these are all distinct species.
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4396:
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3952:
3909:
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3210:
3098:
3088:
1998:
85:
4049:
4031:
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3676:
3335:
1788:
Gill, David S.; Marks, P. L. (1991). "Tree and Shrub Seedling Colonization of Old Fields in Central New York".
471:
In West Virginia, the only forested habitats in which eastern meadow voles were captured were seedling stands.
3694:
3943:
3873:
3219:
2681:
2109:
608:) pellets on a relict wet prairie, and in Wisconsin, eastern meadow voles comprised 95% of short-eared owl (
336:
300:
242:
4698:
4331:
3882:
3846:
3528:
3519:
740:
3652:
2497:
2455:
443:. They are socially aggressive and agonistic; females dominate males and males fight amongst themselves.
4609:
4409:
4306:
3703:
3402:
459:
202:
2753:
2569:
2313:
2218:
971:"A precarious future for distinctive peripheral populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)"
560:
spp.) rodents as prey. Birds not usually considered predators of mice do take voles; examples include
229:
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2708:
2648:
2506:
2209:
1991:
1940:
1896:
1797:
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1457:
1280:
761:
1560:
Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America: Proceedings of the symposium
2735:
2672:
2295:
2236:
2100:
1740:
Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference
1011:
923:
520:
In an old-field community in Quebec, plants preferred by eastern meadow voles included quackgrass (
353:
328:
296:
238:
50:
4549:
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1552:
829:
3344:
3326:
3119:
3037:
2663:
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2118:
1964:
1956:
1912:
1813:
1721:
1705:
1662:
1627:
1473:
1389:
1354:
1296:
1078:
604:). In Ohio, eastern meadow voles comprised 90% of the individual prey remains in long-eared owl (
80:
4383:
3735:
2818:
4614:
4484:
4683:
4596:
4210:
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Spirit of the land, our prairie legacy: Proceedings, 13th North American prairie conference
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1983:
1408:
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569:
382:
In east-central Ohio, eastern meadow voles were captured in reconstructed common cattail (
316:
4067:
3855:
3161:
3128:
3064:
2182:
1944:
1900:
1801:
1693:
1526:"Small mammals in prairie wetlands: habitat use and the effects of wetland modification"
1461:
1426:
Fritzell, Erik K. (1989). "Mammals in prairie wetlands". In Vander Valk; Arnold (eds.).
1284:
386:) wetlands. In Virginia, eastern meadow voles were least abundant in eastern red cedar (
41:
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3501:
3435:
3317:
3255:
2918:
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2515:
2470:
2420:
2345:
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803:
748:
717:
17:
1553:"The role of habitat structure in organizing small mammal populations and communities"
1499:. In Wickett, Robert G.; Lewis, Patricia Dolan; Woodliffe, Allen; Pratt, Paul (eds.).
900:
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285:
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1968:
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2924:
2885:
2791:
2634:
2610:
2551:
2524:
2387:
2369:
2146:
1337:
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798:
habitats, populations of the species on the mainland periphery of its range in the
677:
661:
653:
468:
preferred woody cover over sparse vegetation where grassy cover was not available.
440:
319:. They can cause damage to fruit trees, garden plants, and commercial grain crops.
847:
428:
lowest in early spring; the population increases rapidly through summer and fall.
1776:
Silvicultural approaches to animal damage management in Pacific Northwest forests
1314:
Bailey, Vernon (1924). "Breeding, feeding, and other life habits of meadow mice (
1019:
Silvicultural approaches to animal damage management in Pacific Northwest forests
4544:
4523:
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2015:
1752:
Evrard, James O.; Snobl, DeWayne A.; Doeneir, Paul B.; Dechant, Jill A. (1991).
938:
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2063:
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1742:; 1988 August 7–11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 247-250.
756:
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1960:
1916:
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1709:
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being a notable example of this. In addition, due to its dependence on
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709:
637:
179:
1575:
Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America
1109:
4471:
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3552:
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281:
137:
127:
107:
4325:
1809:
1658:
1623:
1558:. In Szaro, Robert C.; Severson, Kieth E.; Patton, David R. (eds.).
1469:
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1350:
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1073:
1060:
4435:
1503:. Windsor, ON: Department of Parks and Recreation. pp. 81–6.
733:
725:
458:
439:
Eastern meadow voles form extensive colonies and develop communal
414:
1258:
Wild mammals of North America: Biology, management, and economics
356:. Several subspecies are found on eastern islands, including the
4422:
561:
277:
4329:
1987:
672:. Other animals reported to have ingested voles include trout (
841:
1591:) on forest clearcuts: the role of long-distance dispersal".
495:
Eastern meadow voles form runways or paths in dense grasses.
390:) glades and most abundant in fields with dense grass cover.
1774:
Askham, Leonard R. (1992). "Voles". In: Black, Hugh C., ed.
307:
were formerly considered regional variants or subspecies of
504:
components of the summer diet. Fungi, primarily endogones (
1430:. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. pp. 268–301.
612:) prey. Most mammalian predators take microtine prey. The
311:, but have all since been designated as distinct species.
1754:"Nesting short-eared owls and voles in St. Croix County"
739:
Human diseases transmitted by microtine rodents include
969:
Jackson, Donavan J; Cook, Joseph A (21 February 2020).
866:
704:
Ecto- and endoparasites have been reported to include
1882:
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2135:
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2072:
463:
On the ground amid strands of grass in Virginia, US
1493:"A dramatic increase of the meadow jumping mouse (
1497:) in a post-drought, restored, tallgrass prairie"
1185:
1183:
1128:"Habitat selection in the southern bog lemming,
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1593:Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
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1221:
924:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13452A22347596.en
1999:
1491:Schramm, Peter; Clover, Catherine A. (1994).
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1441:
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1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1126:Linzey, Alicia V.; Cranford, Jack A. (1984).
8:
1833:Proceedings--12th vertebrate pest conference
1190:Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1974).
1121:
1119:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
288:. Its range extends farther south along the
1587:Kirkland, Gordon L. (1988). "Meadow voles (
1415:. London: Academic Press. pp. 267–399.
1194:. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
1046:
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2006:
1992:
1984:
327:The species was formerly grouped with the
228:
59:
40:
31:
1151:
1072:
986:
922:
773:As with many other small mammal species,
4714:Least concern biota of the United States
891:
836:United States Department of Agriculture
7:
4709:Least concern biota of North America
3238:Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming (
964:
962:
960:
4679:IUCN Red List least concern species
1530:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
910:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
25:
513:when population density is high.
1953:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01163.x
1909:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00408.x
1320:Journal of Agricultural Research
951:American Society of Mammalogists
846:
823: This article incorporates
818:
759:and the Lyme disease spirochete
84:
3247:Richardson's collared lemming (
3538:North American brown lemming (
802:may be at potential risk from
1:
3412:Przewalski's steppe lemming (
1847:Journal of Medical Entomology
947:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
790:, with the extinction of the
4694:Rodents of the United States
3980:Imaizumi's red-backed vole (
3659:White-tailed mountain vole (
2014:Extant species of subfamily
4229:California red tree mouse (
3953:Tien Shan red-backed vole (
3760:Lake Baikal mountain vole (
3265:Unalaska collared lemming (
3229:Nelson's collared lemming (
3211:Northern collared lemming (
2906:Schelkovnikov's pine vole (
2700:Liechtenstein's pine vole (
1524:Pendleton, Grey W. (1984).
1374:American Midland Naturalist
1339:American Midland Naturalist
1098:The Ohio Journal of Science
1059:Reich, Lawrence M. (1981).
1017:. In Black, Hugh C. (ed.).
1010:Askham, Leonard R. (1992).
614:American short-tailed shrew
4735:
4050:Hokkaido red-backed vole (
4032:Japanese red-backed vole (
3989:Northern red-backed vole (
3962:Southern red-backed Vole (
3713:Stolička's mountain vole (
3677:Gobi Altai mountain vole (
3336:Transcaucasian mole vole (
1889:Journal of Applied Ecology
1551:Adler, Gregory H. (1988).
800:Southeastern United States
4704:Mammals described in 1815
3944:Western red-backed vole (
3220:Ungava collared lemming (
3029:Forrest's mountain vole (
2682:Mediterranean pine vole (
2110:Southwestern water vole (
2022:
1428:Northern prairie wetlands
1140:Canadian Field-Naturalist
1061:"Microtus pennsylvanicus"
236:
227:
208:
201:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
4719:Taxa named by George Ord
3910:Ward's red-backed vole (
3883:Yunnan red-backed vole (
3847:Kachin red-backed vole (
3529:Siberian brown lemming (
3520:Wrangel Island lemming (
3089:Duke of Bedford's vole (
1859:10.1093/jmedent/35.5.804
528:spp.), wild strawberry (
265:), sometimes called the
4397:microtus-pennsylvanicus
4384:Microtus_pennsylvanicus
4370:Microtus pennsylvanicus
4340:Microtus pennsylvanicus
4307:Long-clawed mole vole (
3704:Mongolian silver vole (
3695:Royle's mountain vole (
3403:Yellow steppe lemming (
1933:Journal of Biogeography
1589:Microtus pennsylvanicus
1134:Microtus pennsylvanicus
1132:, and the meadow vole,
941:Microtus pennsylvanicus
903:Microtus pennsylvanicus
831:Microtus pennsylvanicus
732:, and ticks and mites (
540:spp.), and bird vetch (
337:Florida salt marsh vole
301:Florida salt marsh vole
262:Microtus pennsylvanicus
243:Florida salt marsh vole
212:Microtus pennsylvanicus
18:Microtus pennsylvanicus
4270:Eastern heather vole (
4261:Western heather vole (
4105:Round-tailed muskrat (
4059:Grey red-backed vole (
3865:Southwest China vole (
3686:Central Kashmir vole (
3668:Silver mountain vole (
3603:Southern bog lemming (
3594:Northern bog lemming (
3056:Sikkim mountain vole (
3047:Linzhi mountain vole (
2709:Lusitanian pine vole (
988:10.1093/jmammal/gyz196
917:: e.T13452A115114123.
825:public domain material
741:cystic hydatid disease
517:but thought to occur.
464:
420:
194:M. pennsylvanicus
4610:Paleobiology Database
2673:Daghestan pine vole (
2336:(Voles from Pakistan)
2296:Caucasian snow vole (
2237:Japanese grass vole (
2101:European water vole (
1790:Ecological Monographs
1192:The mammals of Canada
899:Cassola, F. (2017) .
769:Ecological importance
602:Botaurus lentiginosus
462:
418:
3345:Northern mole vole (
3327:Southern mole vole (
3120:Narrow-headed vole (
3038:Chinese scrub vole (
2754:Thomas's pine vole (
2664:Calabria pine vole (
2655:Bavarian pine vole (
2588:European pine vole (
2570:Schidlovsky's vole (
2314:Robert's snow vole (
2305:European snow vole (
2219:Middendorff's vole (
2119:Montane water vole (
1647:Journal of Mammalogy
1612:Journal of Mammalogy
975:Journal of Mammalogy
861:for the books listed
762:Borrelia burgdorferi
524:), sedges, fescues (
456:) or montane voles.
454:Microtus ochrogaster
419:Juvenile in the open
388:Juniperus virginiana
35:Eastern meadow vole
4211:White-footed vole (
3874:Père David's vole (
3511:Beringian lemming (
2988:Zempoaltépec vole (
2866:Jalapan pine vole (
2718:Major's pine vole (
2684:M. duodecimcostatus
2597:Transcaspian vole (
2210:Maximowicz's vole (
1945:2004JBiog..31.2025H
1901:1999JApEc..36..327S
1802:1991EcoM...61..183G
1694:1989Oecol..79..306B
1462:1976Ecol...57.1043B
1407:Krebs, Charles J.;
1285:1981Oikos..37...80W
530:Fragaria virginiana
354:western meadow vole
329:western meadow vole
297:western meadow vole
257:eastern meadow vole
239:western meadow vole
51:Conservation status
4627:Mus pennsylvanicus
4309:P. schaposchnikowi
4166:Balkan snow vole (
3780:Flat-headed vole (
3751:Large-eared vole (
3722:Tuva silver vole (
3354:Zaisan mole vole (
2952:Long-tailed vole (
2783:Gray-tailed vole (
2736:Savi's pine vole (
2727:Alpine pine vole (
2498:Doğramaci's vole (
1702:10.1007/BF00384309
1130:Synaptomys cooperi
618:Blarina brevicauda
487:Cover requirements
465:
421:
4689:Rodents of Canada
4666:
4665:
4597:Open Tree of Life
4332:Taxon identifiers
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4282:
4281:
4254:
4204:
4178:
4177:
4141:
4140:
4080:
4079:
4025:
4020:(other Red-backed
3937:
3901:Yulungshan vole (
3840:
3643:
3615:
3614:
3587:
3486:
3467:
3448:
3447:
3385:
3366:
3365:
3311:
3292:
3277:
3276:
3193:
3174:
3173:
3099:P. liangshanensis
3022:
2934:California vole (
2908:M. schelkovnikovi
2839:Guatemalan vole (
2819:Townsend's vole (
2812:M. pennsylvanicus
2745:Tatra pine vole (
2702:M. liechtensteini
2446:
2339:
2289:
2201:Lacustrine vole (
2131:
2130:
2094:
1510:978-0-9698160-0-3
1065:Mammalian Species
888:
887:
775:M. pennsylvanicus
634:Mephitis mephitis
586:C. brachyrhynchos
576:), common raven (
375:Plant communities
309:M. pennsylvanicus
280:found in eastern
253:
252:
74:
27:Species of mammal
16:(Redirected from
4726:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4387:
4386:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4327:
4293:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4184:Pliophenacomyini
4152:
4091:
4024:
4023:
4017:
3936:
3935:
3932:(some Red-backed
3929:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3540:L. trimucronatus
3502:Norway lemming (
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3436:Steppe lemming (
3389:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3329:E. fuscocapillus
3318:Alai mole vole (
3310:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3256:Arctic lemming (
3213:D. groenlandicus
3197:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3021:
3020:
3019:(Mountain voles)
3016:
2999:M. xanthognathus
2945:M. chrotorrhinus
2848:Tarabundí vole (
2841:M. guatemalensis
2675:M. daghestanicus
2626:Bucharian vole (
2599:M. transcaspicus
2516:Tien Shan vole (
2507:Günther's vole (
2489:Cabrera's vole (
2471:Anatolian vole (
2445:
2444:
2440:
2421:Sagebrush vole (
2338:
2337:
2333:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2266:M. sachalinensis
2228:Mongolian vole (
2142:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2052:Euarchontoglires
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1842:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1758:Passenger Pigeon
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1409:Myers, Judith H.
1404:
1398:
1397:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:10.5962/p.355191
1123:
1114:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1056:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
966:
955:
954:
935:
929:
928:
926:
896:
883:
880:
874:
850:
842:
839:
822:
821:
792:Gull Island vole
788:invasive species
728:(Siphonaptera),
718:acanthocephalans
658:Canis familiaris
650:Martes americana
598:American bittern
590:great blue heron
536:), bluegrasses (
522:Elytrigia repens
369:Gull Island vole
341:M. dukecampbelli
237:Range (includes
232:
214:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4571:Observation.org
4569:
4561:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4408:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4382:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4334:
4324:
4315:
4278:
4251:(Heather voles)
4250:
4249:
4247:
4237:
4220:Red tree vole (
4200:
4199:
4197:
4174:
4137:
4113:
4076:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4006:
3946:C. californicus
3933:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3918:
3892:Chaotung vole (
3876:E. melanogaster
3836:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3821:
3788:
3715:A. stoliczkanus
3639:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3621:Clethrionomyini
3611:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3564:M. schisticolor
3546:
3483:(True lemmings)
3482:
3481:
3479:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3444:
3420:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3362:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3273:
3267:D. unalascensis
3240:D. nunatakensis
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:Dicrostonychini
3170:
3153:Szechuan vole (
3137:
3104:
3073:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3005:
2936:M. californicus
2857:Woodland Vole (
2801:Creeping vole (
2691:Felten's vole (
2666:M. brachycercus
2590:M. subterraneus
2572:M. schidlovskii
2543:Southern vole (
2442:
2441:
2439:
2429:
2405:
2397:Mandarin vole (
2379:Brandt's vole (
2363:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2322:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2264:Sakhalin vole (
2221:M. middendorffi
2212:M. maximowiczii
2156:Clarke's vole (
2127:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2068:
2018:
2012:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1939:(12): 2025–38.
1929:
1928:
1924:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1825:
1810:10.2307/1943007
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1659:10.2307/1381950
1644:
1643:
1639:
1624:10.2307/1382443
1609:
1608:
1604:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1495:Zapus hudsonius
1490:
1489:
1485:
1470:10.2307/1941069
1447:
1446:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1386:10.2307/2422873
1371:
1370:
1366:
1351:10.2307/2422671
1336:
1335:
1331:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1293:10.2307/3544076
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1161:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1074:10.2307/3503976
1058:
1057:
1026:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
968:
967:
958:
937:
936:
932:
898:
897:
893:
884:
878:
875:
864:
851:
828:
819:
816:
784:
771:
690:
574:Larius borealis
570:northern shrike
550:
534:Phleum pratense
501:
489:
449:
405:
396:
384:Typha latifolia
377:
349:
325:
317:breeding season
223:
216:
210:
197:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4732:
4730:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4647:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4450:
4440:
4427:
4414:
4401:
4388:
4375:
4360:
4344:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4290:
4288:Prometheomyini
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4263:P. intermedius
4257:
4255:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4226:
4222:A. longicaudus
4217:
4207:
4205:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4068:Smith's vole (
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3998:Shansei vole (
3995:
3986:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3856:Pratt's vole (
3853:
3843:
3841:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3767:
3766:
3762:A. olchonensis
3757:
3748:
3742:Lemming vole (
3729:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3646:
3644:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3584:(Bog lemmings)
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3562:Wood lemming (
3558:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3493:Amur lemming (
3489:
3487:
3468:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:E. przewalskii
3409:
3399:
3397:
3386:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3249:D. richardsoni
3244:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3194:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3162:Marie's vole (
3159:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3129:Radde's vole (
3126:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3065:Blyth's vole (
3062:
3053:
3049:N. linzhiensis
3044:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2981:M. richardsoni
2976:
2970:Singing vole (
2967:
2961:Mexican vole (
2958:
2954:M. longicaudus
2949:
2940:
2931:
2927:M. abbreviatus
2925:Insular vole (
2919:incertae sedis
2913:
2912:
2893:
2892:
2888:M. ochrogaster
2886:Prairie vole (
2873:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2792:Montane vole (
2789:
2780:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2711:M. lusitanicus
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2642:
2641:
2635:Juniper vole (
2632:
2623:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2563:M. qazvinensis
2558:
2552:Paradox vole (
2549:
2540:
2536:M. kermanensis
2531:
2525:Persian vole (
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2449:
2447:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2388:Plateau vole (
2385:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2203:M. limnophilus
2198:
2189:
2183:Gerbe's vole (
2180:
2171:
2167:M. evoronensis
2162:
2152:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1980:External links
1978:
1975:
1974:
1922:
1895:(3): 327–344.
1872:
1837:
1823:
1796:(2): 183–205.
1780:
1767:
1744:
1731:
1672:
1637:
1618:(4): 1045–55.
1602:
1579:
1565:
1543:
1516:
1509:
1483:
1456:(5): 1043–51.
1433:
1418:
1399:
1364:
1345:(2): 392–405.
1329:
1306:
1263:
1197:
1159:
1136:, in Virginia"
1115:
1088:
1024:
1002:
956:
930:
890:
889:
886:
885:
854:
852:
845:
815:
812:
804:climate change
783:
780:
770:
767:
749:bubonic plague
689:
686:
594:Ardea herodias
549:
546:
500:
497:
488:
485:
448:
445:
404:
401:
395:
392:
376:
373:
348:
345:
324:
321:
275:North American
251:
250:
234:
233:
225:
224:
217:
206:
205:
199:
198:
191:
189:
185:
184:
177:
173:
172:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4731:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:Bioindicators
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4131:O. zibethicus
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3927:
3926:
3925:Clethrionomys
3921:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3670:A. argentatus
3666:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3640:Central Asia)
3633:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3058:N. sikimensis
3054:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2850:M. oaxacensis
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:M. townsendii
2817:
2815:
2813:
2810:Meadow vole (
2808:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2785:M. canicaudus
2781:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2628:B. bucharicus
2624:
2622:
2620:
2617:Afghan vole (
2614:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2579:Social vole (
2577:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2561:Qazvin vole (
2559:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2534:Kerman vole (
2532:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2500:M. dogramacii
2496:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2480:Common vole (
2478:
2476:
2474:
2473:M. anatolicus
2469:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2399:L. mandarinus
2395:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2355:Murree vole (
2353:
2351:
2349:
2346:True's vole (
2344:
2343:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2255:Tundra vole (
2253:
2251:
2249:
2248:M. mujanensis
2244:
2242:
2240:
2239:M. montebelli
2235:
2233:
2231:
2230:M. mongolicus
2226:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2192:Taiwan vole (
2190:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2165:Evorsk vole (
2163:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2091:(Water voles)
2086:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:(3): 306–14.
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1532:(MS Thesis).
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
961:
957:
952:
948:
944:
942:
934:
931:
925:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
904:
895:
892:
882:
872:
868:
867:add the ISBNs
862:
860:
855:This article
853:
849:
844:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
826:
813:
811:
809:
808:aridification
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
779:
776:
768:
766:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
699:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:mountain lion
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:striped skunk
627:
626:Taxidea taxus
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:American crow
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
514:
512:
507:
498:
496:
493:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
461:
457:
455:
446:
444:
442:
441:latrine areas
437:
433:
429:
425:
417:
413:
409:
402:
400:
393:
391:
389:
385:
380:
374:
372:
370:
367:
363:
362:M. p. breweri
359:
355:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
333:M. drummondii
330:
322:
320:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
286:United States
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
226:
221:
215:
213:
207:
204:
203:Binomial name
200:
196:
195:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4626:
4339:
4308:
4298:Prometheomys
4296:
4271:
4262:
4242:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4201:(Tree voles)
4192:
4168:D. bogdanovi
4167:
4155:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4094:
4069:
4061:C. rufocanus
4060:
4051:
4042:
4041:Royal vole (
4034:C. andersoni
4033:
4011:
4000:C. shanseius
3999:
3990:
3982:C. imaizumii
3981:
3973:C. glareolus
3972:
3963:
3955:C. centralis
3954:
3945:
3923:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3858:E. chinensis
3857:
3848:
3826:
3814:
3813:Kolan vole (
3805:
3804:Ganzu vole (
3793:
3782:A. strelzowi
3781:
3774:Platycranius
3772:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3724:A. tuvinicus
3723:
3714:
3706:A. semicanus
3705:
3696:
3687:
3679:A. barakshin
3678:
3669:
3661:A. albicauda
3660:
3651:
3649:
3629:
3604:
3595:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3531:L. sibiricus
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3495:L. amurensis
3494:
3474:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3404:
3392:
3355:
3346:
3338:E. lutescens
3337:
3328:
3319:
3308:(Mole voles)
3299:
3289:(mole voles)
3266:
3258:D. torquatus
3257:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3222:D. hudsonius
3221:
3212:
3200:
3163:
3155:V. millicens
3154:
3142:
3130:
3121:
3111:Stenocranius
3109:
3097:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3010:
2998:
2997:Taiga vole (
2989:
2980:
2979:Water vole (
2971:
2963:M. mexicanus
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2868:M. quasiater
2867:
2859:M. pinetorum
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2774:Beach Vole (
2766:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2729:M. multiplex
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2657:M. bavaricus
2656:
2647:
2645:
2637:B. juldaschi
2636:
2627:
2618:
2611:Blanfordimys
2609:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2554:M. paradoxus
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2509:M. guentheri
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2462:Field vole (
2454:
2452:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2370:Lasiopodomys
2368:
2356:
2347:
2327:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2286:(Snow voles)
2277:
2265:
2257:M. oeconomus
2256:
2247:
2246:Muisk vole (
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2147:Alexandromys
2145:
2120:
2111:
2103:A. amphibius
2102:
2082:
2050:Superorder:
2044:Infraclass:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1892:
1888:
1853:(5): 804–8.
1850:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1653:(3): 382–9.
1650:
1646:
1640:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1546:
1529:
1519:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1453:
1449:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1402:
1380:(1): 152–9.
1377:
1373:
1367:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1326:(8): 523–36.
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1191:
1146:(4): 463–9.
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1104:(4): 154–8.
1101:
1097:
1091:
1067:(159): 1–8.
1064:
1018:
1005:
981:(1): 36–51.
978:
974:
946:
940:
933:
914:
908:
902:
894:
876:
871:citation bot
865:Please help
856:
830:
817:
785:
774:
772:
760:
738:
724:(Anoplura),
703:
695:
691:
681:
678:garter snake
673:
665:
662:domestic cat
657:
654:domestic dog
649:
641:
633:
625:
617:
609:
605:
601:
593:
585:
578:Corvus corax
577:
573:
565:
557:
551:
542:Vicia cracca
541:
537:
533:
532:), timothy (
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
505:
502:
494:
490:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
453:
450:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
410:
406:
403:Reproduction
397:
387:
383:
381:
378:
361:
350:
347:Distribution
340:
332:
326:
313:
308:
294:
271:meadow mouse
270:
266:
261:
260:
256:
254:
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
168:
29:
4589:meadow-vole
4545:NatureServe
4467:iNaturalist
4364:Wikispecies
3971:Bank vole (
3903:E. proditor
3849:E. cachinus
3835:(Voles from
3753:A. macrotis
3744:A. lemminus
3638:(Voles from
3596:S. borealis
3513:L. nigripes
3347:E. talpinus
3283:Ellobiusini
3202:Dicrostonyx
3122:S. gregalis
3091:P. bedfordi
3067:N. leucurus
3031:N. forresti
2990:M. umbrosus
2943:Rock vole (
2900:Hyrcanicola
2794:M. montanus
2747:M. tatricus
2619:B. afghanus
2581:M. socialis
2491:M. cabrerae
2464:M. agrestis
2423:L. curtatus
2381:L. brandtii
2348:H. fertilis
2329:Hyperacrius
2194:M. kikuchii
2174:Reed vole (
2121:A. scherman
2016:Arvicolinae
1764:(3): 223–6.
1279:(1): 80–7.
869:or run the
666:Felis catus
610:A. flammeus
267:field mouse
158:Arvicolinae
154:Subfamily:
4673:Categories
4642:Q109646705
4244:Phenacomys
4213:A. albipes
4070:C. smithii
4043:C. regulus
3991:C. rutilus
3964:C. gapperi
3885:E. miletus
3837:East Asia)
3828:Eothenomys
3736:Aschizomys
3688:A. montosa
3605:S. cooperi
3577:Synaptomys
3438:L. lagurus
3356:E. tancrei
3320:E. alaicus
3231:D. nelsoni
3186:(Collared
3164:V. musseri
3080:Proedromys
2803:M. oregoni
2776:M. breweri
2756:M. thomasi
2693:M. felteni
2482:M. arvalis
2316:C. roberti
2307:C. nivalis
2158:M. clarkei
2112:A. sapidus
2074:Arvicolini
2064:Cricetidae
1599:(2): 83–5.
1110:1811/23462
814:References
757:giardiasis
753:babesiosis
706:trematodes
688:Management
682:Thamnophis
676:spp.) and
364:) and the
358:beach vole
335:) and the
305:beach vole
247:beach vole
176:Subgenus:
148:Cricetidae
4272:P. ungava
4194:Arborimus
4157:Dinaromys
4147:Pliomyini
4129:Muskrat (
4107:N. alleni
4086:Ondatrini
4013:Craseomys
3894:E. olitor
3867:E. custos
3771:Subgenus
3733:Subgenus
3697:A. roylei
3650:Subgenus
3522:L. paulus
3504:L. lemmus
3405:E. luteus
3394:Eolagurus
3131:S. raddei
2972:M. miurus
2897:Subgenus
2877:Subgenus
2830:Subgenus
2765:Subgenus
2720:M. majori
2649:Terricola
2646:Subgenus
2608:Subgenus
2518:M. ilaeus
2453:Subgenus
2412:Lemmiscus
2390:L. fuscus
2357:H. wynnei
2279:Chionomys
2185:M. gerbei
2176:M. fortis
2137:Microtini
2026:Kingdom:
1682:Oecologia
997:0022-2372
879:June 2016
806:-induced
745:tularemia
714:nematodes
698:fencerows
606:Asio otus
554:microtine
548:Predators
188:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
4684:Microtus
4636:Wikidata
4550:2.103729
4537:13000290
4485:11018033
4355:Q1765085
4349:Wikidata
4096:Neofiber
3912:E. wardi
3795:Caryomys
3653:Alticola
3631:Alticola
3462:Lemmings
3380:lemmings
3378:(Steppe
3372:Lagurini
3301:Ellobius
3188:lemmings
3040:N. irene
2738:M. savii
2545:M. levis
2527:M. irani
2456:Microtus
2436:Microtus
2084:Arvicola
2062:Family:
2058:Rodentia
2046:Eutheria
2040:Mammalia
2034:Chordata
2032:Phylum:
2028:Animalia
1969:56048806
1726:32476244
1718:23921395
1538:11514828
1316:Microtus
949:. 1.11.
710:cestodes
558:Microtus
511:girdling
506:Endogone
323:Taxonomy
290:Atlantic
284:and the
169:Microtus
144:Family:
138:Rodentia
128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
4656:9586240
4524:1002096
4459:2438655
4423:1037788
4231:A. pomo
4120:Ondatra
3815:C. inez
3454:Lemmini
3427:Lagurus
3144:Volemys
2880:Pedomys
2833:Pitymys
2768:Mynomes
2443:(Voles)
2056:Order:
2038:Class:
1961:3554678
1941:Bibcode
1917:2655890
1897:Bibcode
1867:9775612
1818:1943007
1798:Bibcode
1710:4218960
1690:Bibcode
1667:1381950
1632:1382443
1478:1941069
1458:Bibcode
1450:Ecology
1394:2422873
1359:2422671
1301:3544076
1281:Bibcode
1083:3503976
1012:"Voles"
782:Threats
730:Diptera
684:spp.).
644:spp.),
642:Mustela
638:weasels
596:), and
568:spp.),
526:Festuca
447:Habitat
366:extinct
292:coast.
273:, is a
222:, 1815)
181:Pitymys
164:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
4602:340973
4498:180297
4443:FEIS:
4436:MICRPN
4392:ARKive
4052:C. rex
4022:voles)
3934:voles)
3806:C. eva
3553:Myopus
3476:Lemmus
3012:Neodon
2298:C. gud
1967:
1959:
1915:
1865:
1816:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1665:
1630:
1536:
1507:
1476:
1392:
1357:
1299:
1081:
995:
857:lacks
668:) and
646:marten
622:badger
394:Habits
303:, and
282:Canada
245:, and
4615:48602
4576:84997
4563:10058
4511:13452
4480:IRMNG
4472:44311
4410:16232
1965:S2CID
1957:JSTOR
1913:JSTOR
1814:JSTOR
1722:S2CID
1706:JSTOR
1663:JSTOR
1628:JSTOR
1556:(PDF)
1474:JSTOR
1390:JSTOR
1355:JSTOR
1297:JSTOR
1273:Oikos
1079:JSTOR
1015:(PDF)
859:ISBNs
827:from
796:mesic
734:Acari
726:fleas
674:Salmo
566:Larus
562:gulls
499:Diets
4651:GBIF
4584:ODNR
4558:NCBI
4506:IUCN
4493:ITIS
4454:GBIF
4446:mipe
4431:EPPO
4405:BOLD
1863:PMID
1714:PMID
1534:OCLC
1505:ISBN
1318:)".
993:ISSN
915:2016
722:lice
315:the
295:The
278:vole
255:The
4532:MSW
4519:MDD
4418:EoL
4379:ADW
1949:doi
1905:doi
1855:doi
1806:doi
1698:doi
1655:doi
1620:doi
1466:doi
1382:doi
1347:doi
1289:doi
1148:doi
1106:hdl
1069:doi
983:doi
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919:doi
736:).
660:),
652:),
636:),
628:),
588:),
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538:Poa
269:or
220:Ord
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4482::
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4394::
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4351::
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3740::
3657::
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2904::
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2837::
2772::
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2615::
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1947:.
1937:31
1935:.
1911:.
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