Migrant labourers in Kerala

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long-distance migration, families as well as single women from eastern and northeastern Indian states have come in significant numbers to work in Kerala. Irrespective of the origin, the majority of the migrant workers appear to be from socially and educationally disadvantaged poor agrarian communities. The future of human development in Kerala is also dependent on how fast the migrant population catches up with the current level of development in the state. Kerala offered migrant workers better wages, sustained work opportunities and relatively better treatment compared to several other destinations. Compounding their vulnerability, the access of migrant workers and their families to quality healthcare in Kerala is constrained by the inconvenient timings of the public health institutions that coincide with the work hours of migrants, communication barriers of both the providers as well as the migrant workers, limited awareness of migrants about the available health facilities, their poor social support system at the destination as well as their easy access to unauthorised healthcare providers. Children of migrant workers in plantations, children of footloose labourers and older children from poorer families are less likely to get enrolled in schools and more likely to drop out. While migrant workers, who have been to other destinations, rate Kerala as a place which treats them comparatively better, these workers experience stigma, discrimination and exploitations at unacceptable levels in Kerala too. Kerala is one of the very few Indian states where the overall government response to migration has been positive and accommodative.

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workers. These workers are free to choose their vocation, the location of employment, and have a reasonable negotiation power over their wages. Though these workers get the highest of the wages for an eight-hour job in Kerala, their chances of getting work every day are highly unpredictable. The daily wages of men for any unskilled job range from Rs 400 to Rs 700. The informal employees, the most common category of workers employed in the industrial sectors in Kerala, are either attached to an enterprise or a contractor, but without any formal agreement. These workers will not be on the official rolls of the company and do not enjoy most of the social security benefits. Their wages are generally lower than the footloose labourers, but they have steady employment. In the case of large scale employment, free accommodation is generally provided by the employer. Workers are usually deployed through a contractor to whom the manufacturer usually assigns the deliverables. Most of the time, the contractor himself/herself is a migrant and payments are usually made on piece rate or flat rate. Informal employees perhaps constitute the majority of the migrant labour in Kerala. A minority among the migrant labourers is also engaged as formal employees who enjoy all the social security benefits at par with the native labourers. Many industries have a handful of such employees who have been working there for years, while the rest are employed informally, directly or through a contractor.

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working in Kerala. A lot of workers from Odisha belonged to Mayurbhanj, Malkangiri, Gajapati, Rayagada, Kandhamal and Sundargarh, districts in Odisha with more than half of the population belonging to tribal communities. There were also Christian families among the Odiya workers. Some of them had moved out of Odisha during or after the Kandhamal riots in 2008.Except in the seafood, apparel and construction sectors, migration was driven by social networks. Traditional fishers from coastal Odisha worked on boats that operated from various harbours in Kerala.Women and girls from Balangir, Malkangiri, Sundargarh, Kandhamal, Ganjam, Nabarangpur and Rayagada worked in the textile and apparel sector in Kerala. Odiya families were concentrated in and around Perumbavoor in Ernakulam district. An Odiya service is available on Sundays at a church in Perumbavoor, Ernakulam district. A nursery school for children of Odiya workers has been functioning on the premises of the Keenpuram industrial estate at South Vazhakkulam for several years now. A majority of the children were from Rayagada.

302:, in 2016 this figure stood over 40 lakhs (4 million) with an annual arrival rate of 2.35 lakhs with a sum of Rs 25,000 crores going outside the state each year as wages to the migrant workers. According to official estimates, the expatriate Malayali population earns in excess of Rs. 75,000 crore annually. The number of migrant workers in Kerala is much larger compared to only 16 lakh (1.6 million) Keralites working outside India In 2013, the number of migrant workers in Kerala was almost one-tenth of that of the local population which was about 33 million in 2011. It is estimated to rise as high as 48 lakhs (4.8 million) by 2023 despite the decline of migration of Keralites to other countries. Besides, within 10 years, the majority of the local population would have aged above 40 years and this could lead to a further increase of migration from other states. In many cases, the high linguistic, social and cultural differences of Kerala and these other states and the large distance make it similar to international migration rather than internal migration. 957:. Although a few studies say that labourers from neighbouring states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka far outnumber the others, the cultural similarities with Kerala makes them well integrated with the local population. In Kasaragod and Wayanad districts, most of the migrant labourers are from Karnataka. During the period from 1961 to 1991, workers from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka1 complemented the native workers in filling up the requirement of the blue-collar labour force. There were specific sectors where migrant labourers were largely absorbed. The plantations, the brick kilns, and work requiring digging up earth predominantly depended on migrant labour. Labour migration from beyond southern India started significantly with the arrival of migrants from Odisha to work in the timber industry in Ernakulam district. Even though there are still a large number of workers from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, the trend in replacement labour seems to have reversed as according to the survey in 2023, 75 per cent of the migrant workers come from five states, namely 1005:

continues to be one of the major sources of footloose labour in Kerala. Migrants from 194 districts from across 25 Indian states Union Territories were found working in Kerala during 2016–2017. More than four-fifths of these districts belonged to eight Indian states. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the south, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar and West Bengal in the east and Assam in the northeast India were the major states of origin of migrant workers. Workers from far off districts such as Baramulla in Jammu and Kashmir to Namsai in Arunachal Pradesh were also found. Migrants from Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Tripura and Assam worked in the textile and apparel sector. Boys from Nagaland were found working in the hospitality sector. Labourers from Rajasthan sold gadgets at busy traffic junctions in Kochi. Men and women from Andhra Pradesh sought work from Kochi city labour nakas. Workers from Madhya Pradesh were found in the plantations. Women workers from Maharashtra were found in Kasaragod. There were also workers from

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workers are usually paid wages of around 200 rupees, but which can be as low as 90 rupees. The wages for non-agricultural work is also much higher in Kerala. Carpenters and plumbers get wages which are two times the national wage average for their profession. The data shows that while the average wage ranges are between Rs 200 and Rs 300 for different professions in states across the country, employers in Kerala do not pay below Rs 600 for any job. It is even said that a migrant labourer from Bihar, who would get Rs 40 at his native place, makes a minimum of Rs 600 in Kerala. However, Keralite workers are paid even higher amounts and so, most of the times the local residents prefer the migrant workers because of the comparatively cheaper labour and also because the migrants work harder than the locals. Even though the wages for labour are high, the cost of living in the state is the same or even lower than in many other parts of the country. Over 70 per cent of them earn wages above Rs.300 per day.

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almost completely dependent on migrant labour. The high wage rates and the sustainable job opportunities have made Kerala one of the most sought after destinations in the country. Political stability, the comparatively peaceful social environment, and the relatively less discriminatory treatment meted out to migrants compared to many other potential destinations, also serve as additional pull factors. The Muslim and Christian migrants feel quite comfortable in the state compared to other parts of India which is a significant reason for Kerala being chosen as their work destination. Hindi and Odiya services are offered for the Christian migrants in select areas in Kerala, and Muslim labourers tend to live in areas with significant presence of native Muslim community. Some of the migrants who have come to Kerala with their families cited the availability of better educational and health facilities in Kerala as an additional impetus for sticking on here.

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from most of the districts. Migrants from Assam came to work in the plywood industry in Perumbavoor first. Now the plywood sector in Perumbavoor as well as Valapattanam in Kannur engages workers from Assam. Workers from 24 districts in Assam were found working in Kerala during 2016–2017. Unlike Bengali Muslims from Assam who are found in large numbers across several districts in Kerala, single Hindu and Christian men from Lower Assam were found to be the majority in the laterite mining sector. Men from Assam, who never had any previous experience in fishing, worked as deck hands on fishing boats that operated from several harbours. Several migrants from Assam were also engaged as labourers, loading and unloading ice and fish, at various fish landing centres. Men and women from Assam also worked in the hospitality sector across the state. Assamese families were also found working in the plantation sector in Idukki and Wayanad.

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transferred home and the penetration of mobile phones cutting short the distance from homes influenced the migration to Kerala. There are push and pull factors attracting migrants to Kerala. According to Dr. Manav Paul, the push factors are mostly poverty, unemployment, density of population, bad yield from agriculture, low demand for labourers and other factors like raising up families, lack of civil activities in the residential area, disasters, internal fights on basis of caste, creed, race affect the flow of migrants to Kerala. Pull factors like better employment opportunities, standard of life in Kerala, high wages compared to other states, minimal or absence of communal clashes, high health indices, and provision of education for children also attract migrants to Kerala, as well as an ongoing

1321:. The government is taking steps following the concern about public hygiene and the scare of insurgents and illegal migrants from Bangladesh finding their way into the state, many of whom apparently follow extremist causes. These workers report Assam or West Bengal as their native states. Presence of men and women is documented in several districts. Trafficking of women from Bangladesh to Kerala was also documented by the police in Kozhikode and Palakkad districts. Settlers from Bangladesh without documents, on the Indian side, particularly from Assam, move to Kerala as the chances of being intercepted as a foreigner are much lesser in Kerala compared to Assam. Presence of Bangladeshi natives in several prisons and a mental hospital was reported. Although in Kerala 330:

too. Footloose labourers from Tamil Nadu have been lamenting about the lack of rains in their native place due to which agriculture is in a crisis. Workers from Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh and those from northern Karnataka were severely hit by drought. The major source areas from where workers come to Kerala are known for floods, cyclones as well as drought. In addition to these typical reasons, several workers from the eastern and northeastern states of India have cited political instability, caste oppressions and communal violence in their native places as reasons for migration. The enforcement of Foreigners Act by the current government in Assam has accentuated the movement of undocumented migrants from

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state. The Kerala Migration Survey (2014) conducted by the Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, found that the inability to generate employments to retain the educated youth was one reason why migration had increased – instead of dipping as forecast a few years earlier. But, several thousand educated youths have moved to the Gulf for low-skill jobs they wouldn't do in Kerala. Migration therefore also takes place either because the locals have priced themselves out of the informal service sector, or, as in big cities like Mumbai, they have placed some tasks beneath them and migrants fill the gap.

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in the state. The poor enrollment of children from migrant families in schools and dipping literacy levels is also a concern in Kerala, which historically boasts the highest literacy rate in India. While a significant number of children of migrant workers had been enrolled in schools across the districts, the number of migrant children not attending schools could also be substantial. Unlike couples from Tamil Nadu who mostly leave their children behind with other family members in their native places to ensure that they attend school, migrant families from most other states have come here with their children.

182: 1193:. Both men and women came from Tamil Nadu. In a lot of cases, both husband and wife came for work leaving the children behind with other family members. Migrants from Colachel in Kanyakumari district, Rameswaram in Ramanathapuram, Cuddalore and Thoothukudi districts constituted the majority among the traditional migrant fishers from various states who worked on boats that operated from Kerala coast. The plantations in Idukki and Wayanad also engage workers from Tamil Nadu. In most towns in Kerala, workers from Tamil Nadu were available and stayed in rented facilities scattered in and around the city. 167: 908:

being implemented across the State under the aegis of the Kerala State Aids Control Society among migrant labourers since 2009 mainly to detect HIV+ cases among them and to create awareness and health cards also have been issued to the labourers. Many private foundations have their own 'migrant suraksha projects'and even free medical camps which aims to improve the life of migrants working in the state. Exclusive grama sabhas or village councils are planned for the migrant labourers to identify their issues and find solutions.

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modes of transport. Assuming that the estimation is rigorous and extrapolating it, taking into account the net annual addition, possible growth in migration rate, as well as accounting for the migration from the neighbouring states, Kerala is likely to have 5 to 5.5 million inter-state migrant workers in 2020. Despite their importance and despite many of them praising the state for its welfare schemes and environment, they are often ignored in comparison and suffer from comparatively poor living conditions.

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Whereas 60 per cent of them work in the construction sector, they also work in the hospitality, manufacturing, trade and agriculture sectors. Their skills range from unskilled to skilled carpenters, masons, electricians and the like. Migrants now make around 65% of several private enterprises. In industries such as cashew, hotels, brick kilns, construction, quarries and fishing; their daily wages range from 400 to 900 rupees. Despite the fact that many migrants are not from West Bengal or

151: 1273:. Locals also experience problems such as higher rents, which result in many local businesses no longer being viable, while renters cannot afford to pay their rent. In 2016, the Kerala State Planning Board constituted a working group to formulate recommendations for the welfare of migrant workers under the thirteenth five-year plan (2017-2022). Perhaps it was for the first time in India that a state had set up a Working Group on Labour Migration as part of the five-year plan. 1220:

plantations in Idukki and Thrissur districts. A lot of them belonged to the Oraon tribe. The textile and apparel industry engaged workers, mainly women and girls, from Jharkhand.Migration from Jharkhand appears to be mostly organised labour mobilisation through a network of intermediaries. However, of late, network driven migration has become more prominent. The Dhanbad–Alappuzha Express is now one of the top ten most crowded trains in India according to a recent report.

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estimated to be unemployed in the state. The unemployment rate is lowest in Gujarat, at 0.5 per cent. However, Gujarat is a low-paying state on daily wages. Reading the two reports together, one can infer that while migrant labourers are attracted by the high daily wages, the natives are not opting for these jobs. Literacy and higher levels of education too has contributed to this attitude of considering some jobs as not respectable enough for a highly educated person.

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Kerala's gross domestic product. To put this in perspective; while the total remittances to Kerala from Keralites abroad, including in the Middle east countries from Apr 2013-Mar2014 were Rs 72,680 crores, the amount of household remittances to Kerala from its citizens abroad during Apr-March 2014 was only Rs 15,129 crores which is lesser than the amount which the migrant labourers in Kerala send to their home states

3189: 175: 5884: 5004: 1443:, has made their acceptance into the local community harder. Perumbavoor and its adjoining areas in the Ernakulam rural area, which features the largest concentration of migrant workers in the state, has earned a prominent place in the state crime map. During the last five years, 1,770 cases were registered in the state in which migrants were accused. 1202:

children. Kannadigas constituted the majority of the footloose labour in Kasaragod and Wayanad . Plantations in Wayanad and laterite mines in Kasaragod and Kannur engaged workers from Karnataka in significant numbers. Women from Karnataka also worked in the seafood sector in Alappuzha and in the apparel sectors in Trivandrum and Ernakulam districts.

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currently offers free health care for all the migrant workers and is planning legislation to address the migrant labourers issue with "The Kerala Migrant Workers Social Security Bill". The first official labour camp will also be opened for workers from the North and North eastern parts of the country

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annually. These high inward remittances have increased the demand of local labour. According to a study conducted by GIFT, the migrant labourers in kerala send their homes approximately 17500 crore rupees. or an average of Rs 70,000 per person per year. These remittances are almost entirely sent home

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Migration has been a livelihood strategy for millions of rural poor in India for decades. Low wages, limited and irregular employment opportunities, failed crops, family debts and drought have been some of the major reasons that have pushed many people to leave their homes in search of jobs in Kerala

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According to a 2013 study conducted by Mr. M. P. Joseph IAS (R), Dr. D. Narayana and Dr. C. S. Venkiteswaran on behalf of the Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation for the Department of Labour and Skills of the Government of Kerala, there are over 25 lakh(2.5 million) domestic migrant labourers in

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Migration from Assam to Kerala started in the late nineties as the plywood industry in Assam collapsed in 1996. While the first wave of migrants from Assam constituted predominantly Bengali Muslims with Nagaon as the focal point, the latest wave of migrants includes Hindu and Christian men and women

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Workers from West Bengal constitute one of the largest proportions of the footloose labour in Kerala. They were available at the labour nakas in all the districts along with workers from Tamil Nadu. The minor construction sector had absorbed a lot of them.A large proportion of the migrants from West

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Workers from more than two-thirds of the districts in Jharkhand were engaged in various jobs in Kerala. Many of these districts such as Khunti, Gumla, Lohardaga, Simdega, Pakur, Dumka, Latehar and West Singhbhum are concentration areas of tribal populations. Families from Jharkhand worked in several

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Contrary to the popular perceptions that migration from Tamil Nadu has significantly reduced, a 2017 research reveals that Tamil Nadu continues to be one of the major sources of footloose labour in Kerala. Among the eight leading source states, Tamil Nadu, along with Assam, had the largest number of

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Some of the longest migration corridors in India have evolved in the past two decades connecting Kerala with eastern and northeastern India. The study identified 12 new inter-district corridors, where the distance between source and destination district ranges from 2,300 to 3,700 km. Tamil Nadu

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which would accommodate about 1500 workers and camps will be established in all other districts in the next phase. The department also plans to start kiosks and call centres with people proficient in Hindi as staff to interact and understand the problems of the labourers. Migrant Suraksha Project is

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Although a large number of the children of migrant workers are enrolled in government schools, the state education department has opened schools for the children of migrant workers under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Region specific teaching curriculum has to be often adopted as the origin and languages of

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even though currently the wages obtained in Kerala have become similar to those obtained abroad in many cases. Additionally, the glamour associated with Gulf emigration is still very strong among the young in Kerala. This is an important factor in their decision to emigrate instead of working in the

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A study conducted in 2013 by the Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation for the Kerala government has recommended that the government take steps to improve their housing and living conditions. Registration on arrival is also proposed. The report also suggests that the migrant labourers be brought

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The majority of the migrant workers do not have any special skills, while the state's construction, hospitality and retail sectors among other areas demand a skilled work force. The unskilled migrant workers are unable to fill the skill gap. Skill development institutes have been proposed for setup

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men (Gurkhas) had been employed mostly as security personnel, migrants from Nepal are now available across several economic sectors in the state. Some of them even come here with families. The hospitality industry in Kerala engages men and women from Nepal. Women from Nepal work in malls as well as

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Kerala is the first State in India to enact a social security scheme for the migrant workers and the State is the first to provide benefits to the job-seekers from outside with the Kerala migrant workers' welfare scheme set up in 2010. The police has started audits of migrant workers in cities like

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and is a key attraction to the migrant labourers. For agricultural work like ploughing and tilling, the average daily wage in Kerala was more than Rs 713, followed by Tamil Nadu at Rs 515. The lowest wage being paid in the country was Rs 187. In states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Odisha,

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Kerala offers the best wage rates in the country in the unorganised sector. Sustained job opportunities, peaceful social environment, relatively less discriminatory treatment of workers, presence of significant others, direct trains from native states, the ease with which the money they earn can be

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Initially the Tamil population used to migrate in large numbers to Kerala but appropriate action by the Tamil Nadu government in providing welfare schemes has called some of them back. Migrants from other states often find it difficult to integrate due to differences in culture and habits language

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also have a sizeable number of migrant workers. According to the 2013 study, which was based on a Survey of the Domestic Migrant Labour coming into and leaving Kerala, the remittances of migrant workers in Kerala to their home states are over Rs. 17,500 crores which is equivalent to 4 per cent of

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Kerala currently offers the highest wages not only in India but also among the SAARC Countries. The high minimum wages with comparatively better living conditions in Kerala, even in villages, are often what motivates migrant workers, as the wages are often double or even more than three times than

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according to a 2013 study by the Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation. Every year, the migrant worker population in Kerala increases by 2.35 lakh (235,000) people. The study, based on long-distance trains terminating in Kerala, does not cover migrants from the neighbouring states who use other

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area which has one of the largest number of migrants in the state in the last 5 years, 32 had links to migrant labourers and such a trend is observed in other parts of the state as well with only a few arrests made as the accused often flee the state. 323 cases of crime are registered relating to

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Migrants from 17 districts in Karnataka worked in Kerala during 2016–2017. Migration from Karnataka to Kerala was mostly confined to the three districts of Wayanad, Kannur and Kasaragod which share borders with Karnataka A lot of workers from Karnataka came with their families that included small

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Workers from a majority of the districts in Bihar were found in Kerala. Migration from Bihar is predominantly driven by social networks; however, there is also organised labour movement to the construction industry. Large scale construction in Kerala depended heavily on workers from Bihar. Brick

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through which biometric details have been captured and ID cards issued. In 2016, a new insurance scheme called Awas was launched to provide social security to the migrant workers and also to act as their database and registry as the crimes involving migrant workers are also rising along with the

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Kerala offers the best wage rates in the country in the unorganised sector- almost double the national average in many categories. In the absence of the availability of native labour due to the demographic advancement and the resultant changes in the age structure of the population, the state is

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A 2017 study found four broad employment arrangements for migrant labour in Kerala. While these four categories are not mutually exclusive, they explain the labour dynamics which are distinct. The footloose labourers, not attached to any particular employer, constitute a large proportion of the

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Migrant workers are a work force consisting almost entirely of single males aged between 18 and 35 years and are usually highly mobile within Kerala. According to a 2013 study commissioned by the government, every fourth male between the ages of 20 and 64 in the state is likely to be a migrant.

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Odisha is the first state beyond south India from where workers came to Kerala in significant numbers. Migrants from 22 districts of Odisha- Western Odisha, Coastal Odisha, Southern Odisha and Northern Odisha, regions which have been identified as having distinct migration patterns, were found

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However, according to the last NSSO Survey (2011–2012), in the category of major states, Kerala has the highest unemployment rate (UR). Kerala's unemployment level is at 7.4%, while in other states it is below 4%. Even though the rate has declined over the years, 50 lakh (5 million) people are

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Some of the longest migration corridors in India have evolved during the past two decades, connecting Kerala with Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. Tamil Nadu continues to be one of the leading sources of footloose labour in Kerala. In addition to the single men typical of

1383:, long work days of up to 10 hours, and long work weeks of up to six or seven days. While migrants form a significant role in Kerala's prosperity, they do not receive much attention from the state government; this is especially important as they are usually not involved in 1402:. The introduction of health cards was also proposed due to diseases being found in migrant workers; these were then eradicated by the state. Because of the introduction of new diseases a proposal to screen all the workers is being made under the "Safe Kerala" campaign. 412:. The existing wages for casual workers in Kerala is around 65% higher than that of India. It is notable that the wage rates for women in Kerala is 50% more than that of their counterparts in India. However it is much lesser than their male counterparts in Kerala. 1479:, another migrant worker was accused of robbery and tied to a tree in Kottayam, which resulted in his death. The murder of Nimisha, a college student has put the focus back on Perumbavoor, a migrant hub, two years after the 2016 Jisha murder case. 1238:

Bengal were Muslims. A mason who earned Rs 200 in Murshidabad got Rs 800 and above in Kerala.Families from West Bengal were clustered in various panchayats near Perumbavoor in Ernakulam district and Nelliyampathy in Palakkad district.

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are provided to the migrant labourers and more than 400 migrants registered for the first classes which were conducted in unlikely places like inside factories and auditoriums, anganwadis and union offices, libraries and shelters.

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kilns in Wayanad, Kollam and Alappuzha also had workers, including families, from Bihar. Plantations in Idukki too had families from Bihar. Binanipuram in Ernakulam district is a residential pocket of migrant workers from Bihar.

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According to S Irudaya Rajan, a professor and expert on migration studies at Thiruvananthapuram's Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Kerala is a field to watch out how migration, ageing and demographics change the landscape.

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According to a study, Kerala is not able to create enough jobs that are suitable for an increasingly larger number of young people with high levels of education. Although lack of jobs was the main reason for migration of

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Authorities find it difficult to get an exact number since thousands of migrants are said to move through the state from one part to another every day and at least 1500 new migrants reach the state every week. While

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rate in the country and is set to become the first state with zero population growth, or even with a negative growth rate. The child population growth is currently negative at -8.44%. In less than a decade, the

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from other states. Although Kerala does not have major industries with scope for potential child labour, small-scale industries, particularly based in cottages and quarters, are stealthily engaging children.

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and the Kerala police has been finding it difficult to identify as they often mingle with migrants from other states and disappear into the crowd. It is estimated that about 20 million (2 crore) citizens of

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population is set to decrease. Schools have been reporting vacancy of seats not because of drops in enrollment, but simply as there are no children to send. Therefore, with an ageing population like in

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shops. Nepali men have also been found working in several industrial estates in the state. Unlike Bangladeshi citizens, citizens of Nepal do not require visa if they enter India directly from Nepal.

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rural area alone in the last five years. Kerala government has been trying to alleviate the fears of the local population in regard to this. They are also known to crowd railway stations, such as

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and lack knowledge about their rights. Migrants are also often absent from government documents; contracts between migrants and their employers are usually informal and unofficial.

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districts from where workers were found in Kerala. Migrants from 24 out of the 32 districts in Tamil Nadu worked across all the districts in Kerala. The migration was mostly to

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from Bengal and Odisha who give their speeches in their respective languages, theatres playing Bengali, Assamese and Oriya movies as well as a Gandhi Bazaar and a Bhai Bazaar.

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There have also been concerns about the working conditions and long working hours of migrant labourers; this issue came to the forefront in regard to the plywood industry in

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are the major crimes involving migrants, but there were brutal murder cases in which migrants were involved. In an analysis, out of 38 cases of murder reported in

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in Kerala and greater healthcare availability. However, despite these motivations, migrants often find that they are unable to access the same benefits as locals.

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population. The government has also begun to open safe and clean hostels for migrant workers titled 'apna ghar' to take care of their dismal accommodation.

2980: 2458: 2002: 997:, one of the towns with the largest migrant population in the state (over 200,000 migrants), there are Bengali hotels, churches with gospels in Oriya and 5112: 2656: 2610: 1915: 2866: 1431:

The rising crime rate, with many crimes being attributed to migrant workers, especially those from the poorer north-eastern states of India, such as

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and as citizens of India. It is estimated that a large number of Bangladeshi illegal immigrants live in Kerala under the pretext of being from

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Some of the most important issues facing migrant workers include low-quality and illegal housing, which often lacks basic facilities such as

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Average wage earnings per day from casual labour work other than public works in Currently Week Status (CWS) for Kerala and India, in ₹

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The Kerala government is considering the development of a Skill Development Institute for migrant workers. It has already established

3090: 5731: 5447: 5179: 2867:"Migrant workers bringing in new diseases to state: Kerala Health Minister - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis" 2708: 393: 3108: 254:. This trend then led to a decline in the availability of workforce in Kerala especially in unskilled jobs. Kerala has the lowest 2289: 5217: 3178: 46: 2142: 3863: 5273: 3878: 3858: 1392: 1835: 5860: 5810: 5222: 5194: 4319: 3883: 3873: 1615: 1515: 2263: 5743: 5189: 5184: 5166: 5032: 3868: 3227: 3219: 111: 352:

wages obtained in other major cities in India, which also have higher living costs. This is often attributed to the

5912: 5245: 4680: 1948: 1710:"Election 2016: Can Kerala learn to respect its non-resident millionaires and Bengali immigrants equally? — Quartz" 1415: 392:, which might be a pull factor for the Migrant labourers in Kerala. According to the India Wage Report prepared by 40:, as this article is written like a report in an academic journal and does not easily provide general information.. 5338: 5323: 5303: 401: 37: 1557:"Left-led Kerala govt will be first in country to provide insurance, free medical treatment for migrant workers" 5922: 5298: 5240: 4469: 4394: 3893: 3810: 3790: 3452: 1419: 5907: 5407: 3237: 3143: 2695: 2122: 1505: 985:

as well. The languages seems to have found ground in Kerala with many shops advertising themselves also in

166: 2392:"Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News" 858:

city and new centres of Kerala Academy of Skills Excellence (KASE) will be opened soon in other districts.

190: 5496: 5358: 5025: 3956: 3510: 3320: 1535: 4990: 2170:. New Delhi: National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Implementation, Government of India. 2150:. New Delhi: National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Implementation, Government of India. 246:

in general. High literacy rates, better education and lack of professional and skilled jobs had prompted

5250: 5212: 5207: 5087: 4906: 4444: 4031: 3600: 953:

with many Tamil colonies existing in Kerala and many of them having been integrated with the locals in

3188: 5855: 5840: 5718: 5511: 5328: 5162: 3740: 3505: 3365: 3171: 2631: 1500: 251: 1414:

in India. Once a rare sight, begging on the streets is on the rise. There have also been reports of

268:

combined with the tendency of youth migrating abroad, the shortage of workers is bound to increase.

150: 5805: 5748: 5462: 5379: 5366: 5293: 5265: 5202: 5147: 5077: 3695: 3340: 3330: 3272: 1333:

have also been arrested in many cases where the migrants, who come under the pretext of being from

5775: 5649: 5639: 5467: 5283: 5255: 5142: 5117: 5097: 5082: 3835: 3680: 3660: 3360: 3292: 3277: 3257: 3242: 3210: 3147: 2585: 1890: 1469: 1465: 1178: 922: 892: 243: 121: 101: 3156: 1754:"Kerala's emigration, locals' disinclination to work is a boon for interstate migrant labourers" 396:

in 2018, the states with the consistent highest casual wages in both rural and urban areas are

5820: 5815: 5795: 5780: 5762: 5501: 5479: 5457: 5427: 5389: 5362: 5343: 5288: 5152: 5132: 5059: 4975: 4851: 4771: 4685: 4499: 4186: 3765: 3640: 3370: 3355: 3325: 3315: 3267: 3262: 3247: 2650: 2604: 1909: 1530: 1476: 1266: 904: 255: 131: 5577: 5437: 5137: 4958: 4921: 4615: 4399: 4374: 3690: 3375: 3335: 3282: 3007: 1444: 990: 2553:"Can Kerala learn to respect its non-resident millionaires and Bengali immigrants equally?" 2214: 206: 5669: 5654: 5644: 5122: 5051: 4980: 4314: 4141: 3565: 3402: 3350: 3345: 3302: 3287: 3252: 3232: 3164: 1525: 1411: 1358:. In Kerala, this migration happens due to the high wages and quality living conditions. 225:, are a significant economic force in the state; there were around 2.5 million internal 78: 24: 5692: 5659: 5516: 5506: 5491: 5399: 5278: 4721: 4655: 4439: 4404: 4216: 4181: 4156: 4146: 4136: 3996: 3760: 3730: 3590: 3560: 3555: 3442: 3418: 3394: 3310: 1448: 1355: 318: 226: 2185:"Kerala government proposes to set up skill development institute for migrant workers" 242:

There are both economic and social imbalances among states in India and this leads to

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https://www.unescogym.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Gods-Own-Workforce-CMID-2017.pdf

1322: 982: 966: 5888: 5790: 5697: 5567: 5557: 5452: 5412: 5333: 5318: 5008: 4926: 4911: 4861: 4801: 4796: 4786: 4766: 4670: 4625: 4620: 4605: 4545: 4494: 4454: 4434: 4344: 4339: 4279: 4211: 4121: 4086: 4041: 4026: 3971: 3815: 3780: 3720: 3685: 3655: 3620: 3605: 3585: 3550: 3535: 3520: 3475: 1520: 357: 311: 5865: 5613: 5608: 5552: 5526: 5422: 5127: 5107: 4948: 4866: 4856: 4736: 4595: 4585: 4479: 4474: 4459: 4324: 4299: 4289: 4226: 4196: 4161: 4106: 4081: 4056: 4016: 3981: 3805: 3670: 3635: 3630: 3580: 1456: 1440: 1399: 1384: 1342: 1334: 1306: 1270: 994: 978: 958: 2709:"കേരളത്തില്‍ മറുനാടന്‍ തൊഴിലാളികള്‍ 40 ലക്ഷം; പുറത്തേക്കൊഴുകുന്നത് 25,000 കോടി" 174: 5681: 5562: 5384: 4985: 4896: 4886: 4816: 4751: 4731: 4726: 4675: 4650: 4610: 4580: 4575: 4524: 4514: 4449: 4409: 4349: 4231: 4206: 4201: 4191: 4091: 4061: 4011: 4006: 3946: 3795: 3785: 3775: 3770: 3665: 3650: 3540: 3495: 1347: 1330: 1314: 1282: 1190: 1010: 950: 939: 389: 388:

offers the best wages in unorganised sector among the subnational entities of

331: 5845: 5770: 5634: 5618: 5542: 5232: 4716: 4706: 4690: 4645: 4635: 4565: 4429: 4414: 4364: 4354: 4284: 4116: 4051: 4036: 4001: 3991: 3966: 3951: 3941: 3931: 3911: 3710: 3675: 3625: 3615: 3570: 3515: 3500: 3490: 3480: 3434: 3062:"Kerala: Migrant labourer dies after locals tie him to a tree under the sun" 2237:"Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan plans for education of children of migrant labourers" 1732:"Kerala migration survey 2014: State's youth still fly abroad for livelhood" 1461: 1376: 1310: 1294: 1168:

The below are profiles of the top 8 sourcing states for labourers in Kerala

970: 926: 866: 353: 5374: 5313: 4916: 4846: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4791: 4781: 4741: 4640: 4630: 4555: 4540: 4424: 4419: 4384: 4369: 4359: 4329: 4309: 4274: 4236: 4176: 4151: 4126: 4101: 4076: 4046: 4021: 3986: 3926: 3921: 3830: 3800: 3735: 3725: 3715: 3700: 3645: 3610: 3426: 2696:

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21348/15/15_summary.pdf

1380: 1354:

illegally in the last two decades alone. and had even led to events like

1290: 1186: 369: 282: 281:

before 2000, the notion of higher wages abroad has gained traction among

278: 260: 247: 3123:"In Perumbavoor, migrant labourers face locals' ire after latest murder" 2366:"Kerala's first 'Apna Ghar' is ready, hostel houses 640 migrant workers" 2003:"Some statistics that show why migrant labourers are flocking to Kerala" 5870: 5825: 5702: 5687: 5572: 5547: 5442: 5432: 4953: 4901: 4891: 4881: 4836: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4665: 4660: 4570: 4504: 4464: 4389: 4379: 4304: 4294: 4269: 4246: 4171: 4166: 4066: 3906: 3840: 3825: 3750: 3465: 3410: 1452: 1302: 989:

and instances of local transport buses displaying destination names in

409: 2785:"Bangladeshi influx larger than Lankan population - and we do nothing" 5835: 5800: 5677: 5603: 5417: 5048: 4940: 4776: 4590: 4560: 4550: 4519: 4509: 4241: 4131: 4071: 3976: 3820: 3530: 3196: 3151: 1182: 974: 954: 946: 930: 899: 855: 405: 397: 385: 373: 295: 291: 265: 230: 2759: 2507:"Migration still on the rise as job opportunities shrink in Kerala" 5785: 5593: 5394: 5102: 4871: 4484: 4221: 3961: 3916: 3901: 3575: 3470: 3460: 1659:"Kerala to become 'zero population growth' state - Times of India" 1436: 1432: 1351: 1338: 1318: 1298: 1286: 1006: 998: 986: 962: 918: 888: 299: 218: 205: 197: 189: 181: 173: 165: 157: 149: 5598: 5017: 4489: 2672:"Most migrant labours come from Karnataka in Kasaragod, Wayanad" 925:

continue to attract the largest number of migrants, cities like

198: 5021: 3160: 3105:"College girl killed amid Bengali worker's chain-snatching bid" 2130:. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board. p. 365. 1269:, which is not to many migrants' tastes due to the presence of 3087:"വീണ്ടും അരുംകൊല; നടുക്കത്തില്‍ നിന്ന് കരകയറാതെ പെരുമ്പാവൂര്‍" 2735:"Steady influx of illegal immigrants into city raises concern" 2164:

Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) - 2017-18

2144:

Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) - 2018-19

1930:"It's official: Lowest minimum wage in Kerala is Rs 600 a day" 18: 2893:"Population of homeless in rural India dips - Times of India" 2812:"Call to provide education for children of migrant labourers" 2341:"Kerala To Bring Over 25 Lakh Migrants Under Insurance Cover" 2058:"Perumbavoor: A mini North India in Kerala - Times of India" 2945:"Spurt in crimes involving migrant workers rattles Kerala" 1795: 945:

Traditionally, the largest number of migrant workers in

1779:

M. P. Joseph; D. Narayana; C. S. Venkiteswaran (2013).

1313:

among other countries especially in larger cities like

865:

Migrants are also taught reading and writing skills in

42: 2485:"Migrant workers send home 4 per cent of Kerala's GDP" 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 252:

look for higher wages and skilled labour outside India

3031:"Drug Trafficking: Cops to Step up Vigil on Migrants" 1487:

A study done in 2017 had the following key findings:

1472:, where they are often tied with Tamil robber gangs. 2967: 2965: 1836:"Survey finds only 16.25 lakh NoRKs - Today's Paper" 5761: 5711: 5668: 5627: 5586: 5535: 5478: 5357: 5264: 5231: 5161: 5058: 4939: 4699: 4533: 4262: 4255: 3892: 3849: 3451: 3384: 3301: 3218: 852:

Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction

140: 130: 120: 110: 100: 95: 85: 2407:"Corpn. extends help for migrants' health project" 5737:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present) 2179: 2177: 1997: 1995: 942:, they are often known as "Bengalis" or "Bhais". 2919:"Rising child labour leads to human trafficking" 1864:. Minister-labour.kerala.gov.in. 26 January 1946 1862:"Study on the Domestic Migrant Labour in Kerala" 1069:Source : Institute of Finance and Taxation 2973:"Kerala: Rising Rural Crime Linked to Migrants" 2316:"Police begin audit of migrant workers in city" 5732:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) 3003:"Migrant workers in Kerala still out of radar" 2052: 2050: 1968: 1966: 869:and Hindi through the state literacy mission. 5033: 3172: 8: 2459:"Grama sabhas planned for migrant labourers" 2060:. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 30 April 2016 1816:. Archive.indianexpress.com. 15 January 2014 1661:. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 28 March 2015 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 294:from other states of India, as well as from 71: 2029:"Perumbavoor: A mini North India in Kerala" 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 448: 441: 434: 427: 420: 5484: 5040: 5026: 5018: 4259: 3179: 3165: 3157: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 1781:Study of Domestic Migrant Labour in Kerala 1681:"Kerala Census: Child population declines" 1076: 1024: 414: 77: 70: 2483:Ravindranath, Karthik (8 November 2015). 2022: 2020: 1475:Barely a month after the much publicized 1281:There is a large number of migrants from 977:. A large number consist of workers from 186:Migrant workers find work in paddy fields 178:Migrant workers find work in paddy fields 5851:List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode 2088:"Kerala, a 'Dubai' for Bengali migrants" 1945:"Kerala pay too irresistible for Bengal" 1634:"Kerala, a 'Dubai' for Bengali migrants" 2837:"Plywood Industry, a Boost for Economy" 2509:. The Indian Express. 18 September 2014 1734:. The Indian Express. 17 September 2014 1704: 1702: 1547: 368:As per a study in 2013, the expatriate 202:Construction work performed by migrants 2917:Naha, Abdul Latheef (24 August 2012). 2670:Anandankochi, S. (28 September 2017). 2655:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2648: 2609:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2602: 1914:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1907: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1189:, three cities that share border with 5724:Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam 1975:"Migrants in the land of expatriates" 7: 2314:Unnikrishnan, Hiran (25 July 2016). 1947:. Telegraphindia.com. Archived from 1410:Kerala has the lowest proportion of 96:Regions with significant populations 2810:Staff Reporter (13 December 2012). 2733:Surendranath, Nidhi (4 July 2013). 2457:Muringatheri, Mini (9 April 2016). 1973:Nair, Gouridasan (17 August 2015). 1511:Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 4949:Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore) 3129:from the original on 31 July 2018. 2432:"Medical camp for migrant workers" 372:population earns over 75000 crore 14: 2288:BASHEER, KPM (16 February 2015). 2086:Menon, Sreelatha (27 July 2011). 1632:Menon, Sreelatha (27 July 2011). 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 464: 457: 394:International Labour Organization 5928:History of Kerala (1947–present) 5882: 5806:Places of Interest in Malappuram 5002: 3187: 3060:Rajeevan, Revathi (5 May 2016). 2551:Menon, Harish C. (16 May 2016). 154:Concrete pumping for an abutment 23: 5821:Tourist attractions of Palakkad 5246:2001 Kadalundi Train derailment 2405:Staff Reporter (6 March 2016). 2124:Economic Review 2020 (Volume-I) 2005:. The News Minute. 18 June 2015 5274:Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve 2528:V B Unnithan (30 March 2016). 2290:"Kerala's scheme for migrants" 2121:Kerala, Government of (2020). 2027:Babul, Bibin (30 April 2016). 1647:– via Business Standard. 1393:Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana 1: 5861:Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram 5811:Tourist attractions in Kannur 2932:– via www.thehindu.com. 2825:– via www.thehindu.com. 2748:– via www.thehindu.com. 2685:– via www.thehindu.com. 2472:– via www.thehindu.com. 2446:– via www.thehindu.com. 2420:– via www.thehindu.com. 2329:– via www.thehindu.com. 1943:Sobhana K. (4 October 2012). 1406:Begging and human trafficking 1277:Migrants from other countries 381:Average Wage Earnings per day 5918:Internal migrations in India 2943:Basheer, KPM (27 May 2015). 2487:. English.manoramaonline.com 2262:Anima, P (20 October 2017). 1516:Illegal immigration to India 5744:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen 358:Kerala model of development 215:Migrant labourers in Kerala 72:Migrant labourers in Kerala 36:to comply with Knowledge's 5944: 2161:Poddar, Jyotirmoy (2019). 2141:Sadhu, Asit Kumar (2020). 1794:Menacherry, M. P. Joseph. 882:Health and social security 835:M:Male, F:Female, P:Person 309: 194:Tea and coffee plantations 91:5 million (50 lakh) (2020) 5879: 5487: 5468:colleges and universities 5324:Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 4999: 3203: 3146:by State Planning Board, 2532:. English.mathrubhumi.com 1555:K, Rejimon (1 May 2017). 1420:street children in Kerala 753: 676: 599: 522: 162:Machinery used for piling 90: 76: 5299:Eravikulam National Park 5251:2016 Paravur temple fire 3228:Thiruvananthapuram KL-01 2949:thehindubusinessline.com 2294:thehindubusinessline.com 2268:thehindubusinessline.com 1371:Health and social status 862:migrants always differ. 170:Kochi metro construction 49:may contain suggestions. 34:may need to be rewritten 5408:Saint Thomas Christians 5218:United Democratic Front 1638:Business Standard India 1506:Ethnic groups in Kerala 5712:Organisations/Agencies 5536:Dance / Drama / Cinema 5319:Nelliampathi Mountains 3957:Chittur-Thathamangalam 3851:Municipal corporations 1536:Unemployment in Kerala 1460:migrant labour in the 1418:on the rise with many 1329:Illegal migrants from 1073:Statistics by district 211: 203: 195: 187: 179: 171: 163: 155: 5213:Left Democratic Front 5148:Perumpadapu Swaroopam 5088:Chovvanur burial cave 4032:Kothamangalam, Kerala 2707:ഉണ്ണിത്താന്‍, വി.ബി. 2264:"Malayalam hai, bhai" 2211:".:: K a S e ::" 1712:. Qz.com. 16 May 2016 1260:Issues and challenges 601:October–December 2018 209: 201: 193: 185: 177: 169: 161: 153: 5856:Estuaries of Paravur 5841:Muzhappilangad Beach 5831:Tourism in Kasaragod 5719:Nair Service Society 5241:1988 Perumon tragedy 5190:Legislative Assembly 5108:Kingdom of Cannanore 3238:Pathanamthitta KL-03 3144:Economic Review 2020 3035:newindianexpress.com 2977:newindianexpress.com 2841:newindianexpress.com 1501:Kerala Gulf diaspora 334:in Assam to Kerala. 5749:Syro-Malabar Church 5203:Saptakakshi Munnani 5078:Ariyannur Umbrellas 1391:under the ambit of 993:and even Oriya. In 524:July–September 2018 417: 377:via bank services. 73: 5776:Athirappilly Falls 5650:Suriyani Malayalam 5640:Malayalam calendar 5284:Kavvayi Backwaters 5256:2018 Kerala floods 5143:Vaikom Satyagraham 5118:Battle of Kulachal 5098:Zamorin of Calicut 5083:Kudakkallu Parambu 4941:Historical regions 3859:Thiruvananthapuram 3791:Thiruvananthapuram 3211:Thiruvananthapuram 3148:Thiruvananthapuram 2983:on 30 October 2015 2559:. Quartz Media LLC 2372:. 13 November 2017 2243:. 20 November 2014 2241:The Economic Times 2033:The Times of India 1470:Ernakulam Junction 1466:Trivandrum Central 1350:have crossed into 1179:Thiruvananthapuram 1096:Thiruvananthapuram 949:used to come from 923:Thiruvananthapuram 893:Thiruvananthapuram 678:January–March 2019 415: 244:internal migration 212: 204: 196: 188: 180: 172: 164: 156: 112:Thiruvananthapuram 5913:Economy of Kerala 5895: 5894: 5816:Islands of Kollam 5796:Kerala Backwaters 5781:Beaches in Kerala 5757: 5756: 5522:Triumvirate poets 5428:Jainism in Kerala 5344:Sasthamcotta Lake 5153:Malabar Migration 5133:Anglo-Mysore Wars 5015: 5014: 4991:Travancore–Cochin 4935: 4934: 3093:on 12 March 2019. 2847:on 12 August 2014 2370:thenewsminute.com 2191:. 16 October 2014 2189:indianexpress.com 2092:Business Standard 1842:. 31 October 2013 1531:Economy of Kerala 1477:Jisha murder case 1416:child trafficking 1159: 1158: 1067: 1066: 1031:Percentage share 1021:Origin statistics 905:Palakkad district 830: 829: 402:Jammu and Kashmir 256:population growth 148: 147: 64: 63: 38:quality standards 5935: 5889:India portal 5887: 5886: 5885: 5578:Cinema of Kerala 5485: 5448:Scheduled Tribes 5138:Battle of Quilon 5042: 5035: 5028: 5019: 5009:India portal 5007: 5006: 5005: 4922:Thalayolaparambu 4681:Sreekrishnapuram 4616:Sreemoolanagaram 4260: 3273:Malappuram KL-10 3191: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3158: 3131: 3130: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3111:on 30 July 2018. 3107:. 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Archived from 1888: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1800:www.mpjoseph.org 1791: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1629: 1618: 1613: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1552: 1445:Drug trafficking 1077: 1025: 871:Hamari Malayalam 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 469: 462: 453: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 221:'s southernmost 210:Migrants farming 86:Total population 81: 74: 59: 56: 50: 27: 19: 16:Kerala workforce 5943: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5923:Crime in Kerala 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5883: 5881: 5875: 5753: 5707: 5664: 5655:Judeo-Malayalam 5645:Arabi Malayalam 5623: 5582: 5531: 5474: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5339:Protected areas 5304:Flora and fauna 5260: 5227: 5180:Chief Ministers 5165: 5157: 5123:Arakkal kingdom 5103:Venad Swaroopam 5054: 5046: 5016: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4981:Venad (kingdom) 4931: 4695: 4529: 4395:Kottappadi Part 4251: 3888: 3845: 3447: 3403:Indian elephant 3380: 3297: 3293:Kasaragod KL-14 3278:Kozhikode KL-11 3258:Ernakulam KL-07 3243:Alappuzha KL-04 3214: 3199: 3185: 3140: 3138:Further reading 3135: 3134: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2713:mathrubhumi.com 2706: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2625:"Archived copy" 2623: 2622: 2618: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2591:on 25 July 2011 2588: 2581: 2579:"Archived copy" 2577: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2550: 2549: 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1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1631: 1630: 1621: 1614: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1526:Labour in India 1497: 1485: 1429: 1412:homeless people 1408: 1373: 1364: 1279: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1174: 1166: 1075: 1023: 914: 884: 848: 843: 841:Welfare schemes 837: 755:April–June 2019 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 383: 349: 340: 327: 314: 308: 306:Possible causes 274: 240: 141:Other districts 69: 60: 54: 51: 41: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5908:Kerala society 5900: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5693:Panchari melam 5690: 5685: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5660:Irula language 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5517:Sarpam Thullal 5514: 5509: 5507:Kalarippayattu 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5279:Ashtamudi Lake 5276: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4722:Chirayinkeezhu 4719: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4656:Vadakkencherry 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4440:Muzhappilangad 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Padinharethara 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4217:Thrippunithura 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4182:Sreekandapuram 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4157:Perinthalmanna 4154: 4149: 4147:Pathanamthitta 4144: 4139: 4137:Parappanangadi 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3997:Karunagappalli 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3894:Municipalities 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3761:Sultan Bathery 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3741:Perinthalmanna 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3561:Karunagappalli 3558: 3556:Karthikappally 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3506:Chirayinkeezhu 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3443:Papilio buddha 3440: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3395:Great hornbill 3392: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3268:Palakkad KL-09 3265: 3263:Thrissur KL-08 3260: 3255: 3250: 3248:Kottayam KL-05 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3114: 3096: 3078: 3052: 3022: 2994: 2961: 2935: 2909: 2897:indiatimes.com 2884: 2858: 2828: 2802: 2776: 2760:"Archive News" 2751: 2725: 2699: 2688: 2662: 2616: 2570: 2543: 2520: 2498: 2475: 2449: 2423: 2397: 2383: 2357: 2332: 2306: 2280: 2254: 2228: 2202: 2173: 2153: 2133: 2104: 2071: 2046: 2016: 1991: 1962: 1951:on 7 June 2014 1935: 1932:. 17 May 2018. 1921: 1875: 1853: 1827: 1805: 1786: 1771: 1760:. 14 June 2017 1745: 1723: 1698: 1672: 1650: 1619: 1573: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1484: 1481: 1449:counterfeiting 1428: 1425: 1407: 1404: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1356:Assam Movement 1278: 1275: 1265:and the local 1261: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1164:State profiles 1162: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1022: 1019: 983:Madhyapradesh 967:Uttar Pradesh 913: 910: 883: 880: 873:textbooks and 847: 844: 842: 839: 832: 828: 827: 824: 821: 818: 813: 810: 807: 804: 799: 796: 792: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 774: 771: 768: 765: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 730: 727: 722: 719: 715: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 697: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 674: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 653: 650: 645: 642: 638: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 620: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 597: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 576: 573: 568: 565: 561: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 540: 537: 532: 529: 526: 520: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 455: 454: 447: 440: 433: 426: 382: 379: 348: 345: 339: 336: 326: 323: 319:labor shortage 307: 304: 273: 270: 239: 236: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 114: 108: 107: 104: 98: 97: 93: 92: 88: 87: 83: 82: 67: 62: 61: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5940: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5890: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5349:Vembanad Lake 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5329:Nilgiri Hills 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Malabar Coast 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208:Aikya Munnani 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113:Kerala school 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5073:Edakkal Caves 5071: 5069: 5068:Sangam period 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5010: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4969:South Malabar 4967: 4965: 4964:North Malabar 4962: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Kanjirappally 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4842:Vadasserikara 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712:Balaramapuram 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686:Lakkidi-Perur 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4601:Chottanikkara 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4335:Kunnamangalam 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 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3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3706:North Paravur 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3696:Neyyattinkara 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3601:Kothamangalam 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3546:Kanjirappally 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3486:Changanassery 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3436: 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Retrieved 1560: 1550: 1521:Kerala model 1489: 1486: 1474: 1430: 1409: 1397: 1389: 1374: 1365: 1328: 1280: 1263: 1254: 1251:Work setting 1245: 1236: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1181:and also to 1175: 1167: 1160: 1123:>200,000 1115:>400,000 1107:>400,000 1099:>800,000 1091:>800,000 1068: 1015: 1003: 944: 936: 915: 912:Demographics 898: 885: 874: 870: 864: 860: 849: 834: 831: 815: 801: 776: 762: 754: 732: 724: 699: 694: 677: 655: 647: 622: 617: 600: 578: 570: 542: 534: 523: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 466: 459: 450: 443: 436: 429: 422: 384: 367: 363: 350: 341: 338:Pull factors 328: 325:Push factors 315: 312:Kerala model 288: 275: 241: 214: 213: 106:> 800,000 68:Ethnic group 65: 55:October 2021 52: 43:You can help 33: 5866:Vallam kali 5614:Eid al-Adha 5609:Eid al-Fitr 5553:Koodiyattam 5527:Vallam kali 5423:Cochin Jews 5385:Ambalavasis 5223:Politicians 5128:Lakshadweep 4907:Puthuppally 4867:Mararikulam 4857:Charummoodu 4737:Chathannoor 4596:Malayattoor 4586:Kunnathunad 4480:Cheruvathur 4475:Thrikaripur 4460:Kalliasseri 4325:Vallikkunnu 4300:Kuttippuram 4290:Angadipuram 4256:Other towns 4227:Tirurangadi 4197:Taliparamba 4162:Perumbavoor 4107:Nileshwaram 4082:Mavelikkara 4057:Kunnamkulam 4017:Kodungallur 3982:Kalamassery 3811:Tirurangadi 3766:Taliparamba 3671:Mavelikkara 3636:Kunnathunad 3631:Kunnamkulam 3581:Kodungallur 3419:Golden rain 3066:India Today 3045:14 December 3015:14 December 2987:14 December 2954:14 December 2928:14 December 2902:14 December 2877:14 December 2851:14 December 2821:14 December 2795:14 December 2769:14 December 2744:14 December 2718:14 December 2681:14 December 2468:14 December 2442:14 December 2416:14 December 2376:14 December 2350:14 December 2325:14 December 2299:14 December 2273:14 December 2247:14 December 2195:14 December 1764:14 December 1643:14 December 1457:Perumbavoor 1441:West Bengal 1400:Perumbavoor 1343:West Bengal 1335:West Bengal 1307:Philippines 1271:coconut oil 1233:West Bengal 1083:Population 995:Perumbavoor 979:Uttarakhand 959:West Bengal 136:>400,000 126:>400,000 116:>800,000 5902:Categories 5682:Thayambaka 5563:Margamkali 5512:Literature 5438:Dravidians 5289:Backwaters 5163:Government 4986:Travancore 4897:Karukachal 4887:Mundakayam 4817:Mallapally 4752:Neendakara 4732:Parippally 4727:Kilimanoor 4676:Malampuzha 4651:Chelakkara 4611:Varappuzha 4581:Puthencruz 4576:Kolenchery 4525:Manjeshwar 4515:Mangalpady 4450:Cherukunnu 4410:Meenangadi 4350:Kodencheri 4232:Valanchery 4207:Thodupuzha 4202:Thiruvalla 4192:Thalassery 4092:Nedumangad 4062:Malappuram 4012:Kayamkulam 4007:Kattappana 3947:Chengannur 3796:Thodupuzha 3786:Thiruvalla 3776:Thalassery 3771:Thalapilly 3691:Nedumangad 3666:Mannarkkad 3651:Mallapally 3541:Kanayannur 3496:Chengannur 3366:Government 2536:1 December 2513:1 December 2491:1 December 2064:1 December 2009:1 December 1955:1 December 1868:1 December 1846:1 December 1820:1 December 1738:1 December 1716:1 December 1691:1 December 1665:1 December 1542:References 1483:Conclusion 1348:Bangladesh 1331:Bangladesh 1315:Trivandrum 1283:Bangladesh 1191:Tamil Nadu 1172:Tamil Nadu 1155:4,000,000 1136:Malappuram 1011:Bangladesh 951:Tamil Nadu 940:Bangladesh 390:South Asia 347:High wages 332:Bangladesh 310:See also: 238:Background 144:~3,000,000 5846:Peruvanam 5771:Alappuzha 5728:Samastha 5635:Malayalam 5628:Languages 5619:Christmas 5587:Festivals 5543:Kathakali 5463:Education 5390:Samanthas 5375:Malayalis 5294:Districts 5266:Geography 5233:Incidents 5198:elections 5196:Panchayat 5185:Governors 4772:Kunnathur 4717:Kattakada 4707:Parassala 4691:Thrithala 4646:Pavaratty 4636:Puthukkad 4566:Devikulam 4430:Dharmadom 4415:Panamaram 4365:Nadapuram 4355:Balussery 4285:Kottakkal 4117:Ottapalam 4052:Koyilandy 4037:Kottakkal 4002:Kasaragod 3992:Kanhangad 3967:Guruvayur 3952:Cherthala 3942:Chavakkad 3932:Chalakudy 3912:Alappuzha 3864:Kozhikode 3711:Ottapalam 3676:Meenachil 3641:Kunnathur 3626:Kozhikode 3616:Koyilandy 3571:Kattakada 3566:Kasaragod 3516:Devikulam 3501:Cherthala 3491:Chavakkad 3481:Chalakudy 3435:Jackfruit 3341:Geography 3331:Education 3220:Districts 2923:The Hindu 2816:The Hindu 2764:The Hindu 2739:The Hindu 2676:The Hindu 2641:15 August 2463:The Hindu 2436:The Hindu 2411:The Hindu 2320:The Hindu 1979:The Hindu 1840:The Hindu 1814:"Archive" 1685:The Hindu 1561:Firstpost 1462:Ernakulam 1377:bathrooms 1362:Education 1311:Sri Lanka 1295:Indonesia 1215:Jharkhand 1197:Karnataka 1104:Kozhikode 1088:Ernakulam 1036:Jharkhand 971:Rajasthan 927:Kozhikode 875:Changathi 867:Malayalam 846:Education 356:-leaning 354:socialist 283:Keralites 279:Keralites 248:Keralites 122:Kozhikode 102:Ernakulam 47:talk page 5443:Adivasis 5400:Mappilas 5367:Religion 5314:Marayoor 5175:Agencies 5167:Politics 4917:Uzhavoor 4847:Parumala 4832:Kulanada 4827:Aranmula 4822:Kumbanad 4792:Thenmala 4782:Kadakkal 4742:Kottiyam 4641:Manaloor 4631:Kodakara 4556:Rajakkad 4541:Peermade 4445:Azhikode 4425:Peravoor 4420:Pulpally 4385:Chundale 4370:Kuttiady 4360:Perambra 4330:Olavanna 4310:Areekode 4275:Thavanur 4237:Vatakara 4177:Shoranur 4152:Payyanur 4127:Palakkad 4102:Nilambur 4077:Mattanur 4047:Kottayam 4022:Kondotty 3987:Kalpetta 3927:Attingal 3922:Angamaly 3879:Thrissur 3831:Vatakara 3801:Thrissur 3736:Peermade 3731:Payyanur 3726:Pattambi 3716:Palakkad 3701:Nilambur 3646:Kuttanad 3611:Kottayam 3591:Kondotty 3427:Karimeen 3361:Wildlife 3127:Archived 2651:cite web 2605:cite web 2595:7 August 2345:ndtv.com 1910:cite web 1900:7 August 1495:See also 1381:kitchens 1291:Maldives 1187:Palakkad 1147:150,000 1139:200,000 1131:200,000 1120:Thrissur 1112:Palakkad 1080:District 370:Malayali 261:Keralite 227:migrants 132:Palakkad 5871:Wayanad 5826:Kovalam 5763:Tourism 5703:Sopanam 5688:Kolkali 5573:Theyyam 5548:Kolkali 5502:Cuisine 5480:Culture 5458:Tourism 5433:Pulayar 5418:Ezhavas 5404:Thiyyas 5363:Economy 5060:History 4959:Malabar 4954:Zamorin 4902:Pampady 4892:Vazhoor 4882:Erumely 4837:Omallur 4762:Oachira 4757:Chavara 4747:Kundara 4666:Nemmara 4661:Alathur 4571:Adimali 4534:Central 4505:Karadka 4500:Parappa 4470:Alakode 4465:Irikkur 4390:Meppadi 4380:Vythiri 4375:Lakkidi 4320:Vengara 4315:Wandoor 4305:Karipur 4295:Mankada 4270:Edappal 4247:Varkala 4172:Punalur 4167:Ponnani 4142:Paravur 4067:Manjeri 3907:Anthoor 3841:Vythiri 3826:Varkala 3751:Punalur 3746:Ponnani 3526:Hosdurg 3511:Chittur 3466:Alathur 3411:Coconut 3385:Symbols 3371:Tourism 3356:History 3326:Economy 3316:Culture 3206:Capital 3071:13 June 2563:13 June 2221:16 July 2097:13 June 2039:13 June 1453:robbery 1303:Nigeria 1267:cuisine 991:Bengali 903:in the 823:204.49 820:309.77 812:244.15 809:367.65 806:278.62 798:297.44 790:676.96 787:381.59 784:710.77 781:648.27 773:680.32 770:697.18 767:388.32 759:Kerala 749:278.56 746:193.44 743:299.08 740:339.15 737:220.22 729:267.42 721:287.36 713:650.87 710:374.84 707:680.07 704:649.73 691:651.61 685:677.53 682:Kerala 672:275.59 669:190.26 666:297.86 663:331.24 660:226.25 652:264.63 644:286.84 636:620.16 633:375.43 630:666.26 627:649.06 614:605.64 608:659.41 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The 5786:Bekal 5670:Music 5594:Vishu 5395:Nairs 5093:Chera 4872:Aroor 4812:Ranni 4807:Konni 4700:South 4485:Bekal 4263:North 4222:Tirur 4187:Tanur 3962:Eloor 3917:Aluva 3902:Adoor 3869:Kochi 3806:Tirur 3756:Ranni 3596:Konni 3576:Kochi 3471:Aluva 3461:Adoor 3431:Fruit 3351:Ports 3346:Roads 3193:State 2635:(PDF) 2628:(PDF) 2589:(PDF) 2582:(PDF) 2168:(PDF) 2148:(PDF) 2128:(PDF) 1894:(PDF) 1887:(PDF) 1437:Assam 1433:Bihar 1427:Crime 1352:India 1339:Assam 1319:Kochi 1299:kenya 1287:Nepal 1242:Assam 1224:Bihar 1152:Total 1052:Bihar 1044:Assam 1028:State 1007:Nepal 999:Imams 987:Hindi 963:Bihar 919:Kochi 889:Kochi 571:170.1 451:Total 444:Urban 437:Rural 300:Nepal 223:state 219:India 5599:Onam 5492:Arts 4626:Mala 4490:Udma 4122:Pala 3423:Fish 3407:Tree 3391:Bird 3336:Film 3311:Arts 3073:2017 3047:2017 3017:2017 2989:2017 2956:2017 2930:2017 2904:2017 2879:2017 2853:2017 2823:2017 2797:2017 2771:2017 2746:2017 2720:2017 2683:2017 2657:link 2643:2016 2611:link 2597:2015 2565:2017 2538:2016 2515:2016 2493:2016 2470:2017 2444:2017 2418:2017 2378:2017 2352:2017 2327:2017 2301:2017 2275:2017 2249:2017 2223:2015 2197:2017 2099:2017 2066:2016 2041:2017 2011:2016 1986:2017 1957:2016 1916:link 1902:2015 1870:2016 1848:2016 1822:2016 1766:2017 1740:2016 1718:2016 1693:2016 1667:2016 1645:2017 1568:2017 1468:and 1439:and 1379:and 1317:and 1309:and 1185:and 1009:and 981:and 973:and 929:and 921:and 891:and 298:and 3195:of 1337:or 1055:20 1047:30 1039:20 854:in 430:K/I 250:to 229:in 5904:: 3208:: 3150:, 3125:. 3064:. 3033:. 3005:. 2975:. 2964:^ 2947:. 2921:. 2895:. 2869:. 2839:. 2814:. 2787:. 2762:. 2737:. 2711:. 2674:. 2653:}} 2649:{{ 2607:}} 2603:{{ 2555:. 2461:. 2434:. 2409:. 2368:. 2343:. 2318:. 2292:. 2266:. 2239:. 2187:. 2176:^ 2107:^ 2090:. 2074:^ 2049:^ 2031:. 2019:^ 1994:^ 1977:. 1965:^ 1912:}} 1908:{{ 1838:. 1798:. 1756:. 1701:^ 1683:. 1636:. 1622:^ 1576:^ 1559:. 1447:, 1435:, 1395:. 1305:, 1301:, 1297:, 1293:, 1289:, 1285:, 1063:5 1013:. 969:, 965:, 961:, 404:, 400:, 217:, 5684:) 5680:( 5041:e 5034:t 5027:v 3180:e 3173:t 3166:v 3075:. 3049:. 3019:. 2991:. 2958:. 2906:. 2881:. 2855:. 2799:. 2773:. 2722:. 2659:) 2645:. 2613:) 2599:. 2567:. 2540:. 2517:. 2495:. 2394:. 2380:. 2354:. 2303:. 2277:. 2251:. 2225:. 2199:. 2101:. 2068:. 2043:. 2013:. 1988:. 1959:. 1918:) 1904:. 1872:. 1850:. 1824:. 1802:. 1783:. 1768:. 1742:. 1720:. 1695:. 1669:. 1570:. 833:† 516:P 509:F 502:M 495:P 488:F 481:M 474:P 467:F 460:M 57:) 53:(

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