950:
139:
994:
962:
938:
510:
1019:
982:
2544:
188:, and often had multiple bands of pattern-welding within the central portion. The handles were often of perishable material and there are few surviving examples. Blade length measured between 28–32 in (710–810 mm) in length and 1.7–2.4 in (43–61 mm) in width. The tang has a length of 4–5 in (100–130 mm) long. The blades show very little taper, usually ending in a rounded tip.
42:
721:
653:
The
Krefeld type spathae appear in graves from approximately the 430s through the 460s. In these graves, the exalted prestige of the sword is not yet fully developed, and some of them are surprisingly poor. They rather seem to still continue the tradition of military graves of the Roman period, of
897:
k543, a silver sword ring fitting of fixed type, among the treasure found near
Hammerwich, Staffordshire. Thought to be associated with one of the older pommel-caps in the hoard, the piece has been dated to the early 6th century. Pommel-cap k711 also displays characteristic damage caused by the
784:
The ring-sword (also ring-spatha, ring-hilt spatha) is a particular variant of the
Germanic migration period swords. Ring-swords are characterized by a small ring fixed to the hilt (not to be confused are Late Medieval to Renaissance Irish swords with ring-shaped pommels, also known as
841:
Some 80 examples of ring-hilted swords have been found in Europe, 14 of those in
Finland. First phase swords with a loose ring have only been found in Kent, England, whereas second phase is prevalent on the continent, especially in France but also in Sweden, Finland (six examples) and
961:
835:, literally "ring-sword" or "ring-ornament", and scholars who interpret this as referring to this type of sword can point to it as one indication that the Beowulf poet was still drawing from an unbroken tradition of the
1030:
industry began to establish itself. The earliest types of "Viking swords" according to the typology of
Petersen (1919) are dated to the second half of the 8th century, while the "Viking sword" proper (and notably the
928:, provides an important indication of the spread of the fashion. The sword was made in the early 6th century, and a ring was added only later, around 600 AD, damaging part of the existing hilt decoration.
685:. It rather establishes itself, by the 6th century, at the top of the scale of prestige associated with weapons. While every Germanic warrior grave of the pagan period was furnished with weapons as
949:
1418:
758:
An "Alamannic type" is distinguished from a "Franconian type" based on scabbard mounts and hilt design by Quast (1993). A total of 20 examples are known, ten of each type.
635:
An early type of recognizably
Germanic sword is the so-called "Krefeld-type" (also Krefeld-Gellep), named for a find in late Roman era military burials at Gelduba castle,
993:
1395:
1402:
568:
An early find of Roman spathae in a native
Germanic context (as opposed to Roman military camps in Germania) is the deposit of sixty-seven Roman swords in the
551:
from the late 2nd to the 3rd century. From the early 3rd century, legionaries and cavalrymen began to wear their swords on the left side, perhaps because the
937:
1454:
816:). These swords were prestigious, prized possessions, probably reserved for kings and high nobility. The ring is interpreted as a symbolic "oath ring".
769:. Some authors have suggested that Childeric's sword was a "ceremonial sword" not intended for combat, perhaps produced for the occasion of his burial.
2501:
2519:
1336:
1203:
1156:
1102:
598:
666:
1106:
1266:
has a range of meanings, "mark, sign, ornament; cross, crucifix; armor, harness, sword; measure; time, point of time, occasion, season"
1348:
David Edge, Alan
Williams: Some early medieval swords in the Wallace Collection and elsewhere, Gladius XXIII, 2003, 191-210 (p. 203).
898:
installation and later removal of a ring fitting in antiquity, like the pommel-cap from the Snösbäck ritual deposit in Västergötland.
2583:
1600:
1415:
824:
2568:
1562:
2524:
1732:
1220:
1026:
In the 8th century, Frankish sword smiths increasingly gained access to high quality steel imported from
Central Asia, where a
981:
319:
2514:
1782:
1587:
1447:
735:
The gold hilt spatha was a very rare and prestigious type of sword in the later 5th century. Specimens are known mostly from
646:, and they continue without interruption throughout the period of withdrawal of Roman troops and the establishment of early
138:
1427:
1405:- Nuova Antologia Militare (NAM), Anno 5, Fascicolo n. 17 (marzo 2024), Storia Militare Medievale, Roma, 2014, pp. 35-56.
1663:
654:
warriors buried with their personal weapon, the presence of a sword perhaps indicating service in the late Roman army.
2529:
1542:
1690:
1066:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2547:
1727:
1634:
1627:
1605:
1440:
1056:
871:
191:
Surviving examples of these
Merovingian-period swords have notably been found in the context of the Scandinavian
2573:
1767:
1752:
1567:
1552:
435:
697:
248:"renowned treasure-sword" (1023a) is given to Beowulf as a reward for his heroism. The same sword is called a
1302:
1882:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1577:
1557:
1514:
839:, as ring-swords disappeared from the archaeological record with Christianization, by the late 7th century.
813:
701:
2284:
1717:
1712:
1695:
1639:
1534:
1093:(1906). See also C. Brady, '"Weapons" in "Beowulf"' in: Martin Biddle, Peter Clemoes, Julian Brown (eds.)
1051:
690:
415:
317:
in Beowulf, literally "hilt-sword", presumably describes a sword with an exceptionally long hilt. Slavic
1582:
1472:
642:
The military burials at Gelduba begin in the late 1st century with the establishment of a Roman camp in
419:
665:
A native industry producing "Germanic swords" then emerges from the 5th century, contemporary with the
301:"battle-sword"), found in Gothic as well as in Old English and Old Norse, perhaps related to the Greek
1673:
1644:
1547:
1086:
972:
870:, Bavaria, dated to between 580 and 620 AD. The sword is a rare example of a blade inscribed with an
867:
836:
624:
448:
2509:
1722:
1277:
Beowulf: an introduction to the study of the poem with a discussion of the stories of Offa and Finn
1061:
894:
797:
657:
Six Krefeld type swords are known from Francia, four from Alamannia, and another two from England.
207:
There is no single term that can be reconstructed as having referred specifically to the spatha in
69:
1892:
1744:
1683:
1572:
1504:
1480:
863:
788:
Ring-swords came into fashion in the last phase of the Migration period (or the beginning of the
427:
166:
1668:
1519:
1494:
1332:
1199:
1152:
1098:
1013:
789:
643:
538:
509:
487:
342:
could be any bladed tool, especially farm implements such as scythes or sickles; the compound
192:
2091:
1463:
1383:
1235:
Helm und Ringschwert. Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger. Eine Übersicht
1018:
752:
580:
174:
170:
162:
1700:
1678:
1622:
1592:
1476:
1422:
1033:
854:
705:
603:
553:
431:
367:
212:
208:
185:
462:
2374:
2158:
1822:
1509:
1398:- STUDIA IURIDICO– HISTORICA, Vol. 7, year VII, Blagoevgrad. /in print/; (in Bulgarian)
1371:
1315:
1046:
1027:
907:
819:
The design appears to have originated in the late 5th century, possibly with the early
584:
237:
17:
2562:
2235:
2133:
2096:
2056:
1922:
1651:
1610:
744:
729:
196:
143:
1827:
1817:
1800:
1617:
820:
740:
534:
211:. There are a number of terms and epithets which refer to the sword, especially in
178:
1301:
S. Fischer, "The Typochronology of Sword Pommels from the Staffordshire Hoard" at
147:
41:
2309:
2267:
2190:
2103:
1971:
1961:
1872:
1656:
1260:
968:
778:
762:
277:
2486:
2274:
2257:
2205:
2195:
2180:
2148:
2138:
2016:
1966:
1842:
1837:
1805:
1524:
911:
885:
801:
793:
720:
686:
589:
530:
468:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2399:
2304:
2200:
2163:
2153:
2113:
2066:
2061:
2011:
1951:
1877:
1867:
1847:
1810:
1795:
809:
736:
310:
689:, the vast majority of the 6th- to 7th-century graves have a seax and/or a
1303:
http://finds.org.uk/staffshoardsymposium/papers/svantefischerandjeansoulat
1196:
Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: an ethnographic perspective
2454:
2439:
2419:
2404:
2384:
2359:
2344:
2339:
2319:
2289:
2279:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2046:
2031:
2006:
1986:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1912:
1907:
1897:
1832:
1790:
1499:
725:
474:
439:
302:
1288:
V.I. Evison, "The Dover Ring-sword and other Sword-rings and Beads." in
2471:
2459:
2449:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2389:
2379:
2354:
2294:
2252:
2225:
2143:
2076:
2071:
2051:
2041:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1917:
1902:
1852:
1091:
The Anglo-Saxon weapon names treated archæologically and etymologically
925:
918:
828:
805:
766:
748:
636:
616:
543:
518:
359:
228:
223:
2491:
2444:
2429:
2394:
2369:
2334:
2329:
2262:
2247:
2185:
2123:
2108:
2086:
2036:
2026:
2021:
1934:
1929:
1887:
1857:
943:
Replica of a Lombard ring-sword, Civico Museo Archeologico di Bergamo
777:"Ring-sword" redirects here. For the Korean "ring-pommel sword", see
647:
569:
514:
504:
331:(“part for total”) could also refer to the sword as a whole include
273:
47:
1387:
1374:(1948). "A Sword of the Nydam Type from Ely Fields Farm, near Ely".
418:", but in the early period may also have referred to the sword (see
1432:
2364:
2349:
2324:
2314:
2299:
2242:
2210:
2175:
2170:
2128:
2118:
2001:
1862:
1705:
1017:
891:
the Chessel Down II (Isle of Wight) ring-sword), early 6th century
719:
712:(died 796), which at that time must have been over 200 years old.
682:
508:
158:
137:
115:
59:
2434:
2081:
1365:
The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: its Archaeology and Literature
1358:
Das zweischneidige Schwert der germanischen Völkerwanderungszeit
1000:
709:
670:
269:
126:
1436:
1329:
Rituals of power: from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages
975:, Germany shows a warrior in wolf costume holding a ring-sword
264:
1428:
Reenactor's page with Migration period sword reconstructions
874:, four runes arranged so that the staves form a cross shape.
823:, and quickly spread to England (from the earliest phase of
862:
the Schretzheim sword, found in tomb 78 in the Schretzheim
1138:
a survey of alternative views is given by Lewizkij (2011).
1115:
RASK – International journal of language and communication
354:"battle-blade" refers to the sword, but also the simplex
1237:. Studien zur Sachsenforschung. Vol. 6. p. 22.
1085:
A monographic treatment of the question can be found in
1396:
The role of the ring-swords from Early Medieval Europe.
184:
The blade was normally smooth or showed a very shallow
853:
the Beckum ring-sword, dated c. AD 475–525, found at
323:
is usually regarded as a loan from the Germanic word.
173:(c. 4th to 7th centuries AD), particularly among the
121:
straight, smooth or with shallow fuller, double edged
1316:
http://thethegns.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/sth-711.html
999:
Finnish ring sword (7th century) from Pappilanmäki,
2500:
1781:
1743:
1533:
1487:
792:, in the 6th and 7th centuries. They were found in
125:
114:
101:
96:
88:
80:
75:
65:
55:
32:
681:"sword", but technically a single-edged weapon or
1172:, "Oration of Admonition to an Emperor", para. 81
761:One of the "Franconian" examples is the sword of
704:, in a will of c. 1015 bequeathed to his brother
669:. The Germanic spatha did not replace the native
1376:Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society
967:The 7th-century Gutenstein scabbard, found near
696:Swords could often become important heirlooms.
132:short guard, large pommel, ring hilted variants
1247:H.R. Ellis-Davidson. "The Ring on the Sword."
1037:type) emerges by the turn of the 9th century.
313:6:17 translates this Greek word. The compound
1448:
859:Wünnenberg-Fürstenberg, grave 61, 6th century
244:"wave" describing the wave-like patterns). A
8:
1314:Æ. Thompson, "STH711: Woden's Pommelcap" at
338:"splitter, cleaver" (West Germanic only); a
1479:origin primarily identified as speakers of
382:" hew with sword, lay low with blade").
327:Terms for "blade", "point" or "edge" which
268:), tentatively associated with the name of
177:. It later gave rise to the Carolingian or
92:Krefeld type, Alamannic type, Frankish type
1455:
1441:
1433:
955:Lombard art, sword pommel, 6th–7th century
29:
1416:5th- to 7th-century Germanic sword / seax
2520:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1078:
933:
765:(died 481), recovered from his tomb at
601:. Other variants deriving from it were
438:. Examples include the magic sword of
414:meaning "cutter", the normal term for "
1327:Frans Theuws, Janet L. Nelson (eds.),
1249:Journal of the Arms and Armour Society
1194:Frank Siegmund in Ian N. Wood (ed.),
1126:
181:type of the 8th to 11th centuries AD.
105:c. 70–80 cm (28–31 in) blade
380:suertu hauwan, bretun mit sinu billiu
7:
1403:Ring-sword in Early Medieval Europe.
1097:, Cambridge University Press, 2007,
987:Anglo Saxon ring sword (6th century)
917:Vendel ring-sword, found at Vendel,
910:, found 1933 in tomb 5 at Snartemo,
693:, and only the richest have swords.
667:collapse of the Western Roman Empire
547:sword was gradually replaced by the
1008:Transition to the Carolingian sword
1279:, 2nd edition (1932), pp. 349–352.
25:
924:the Vallstenarum sword, found in
650:presence in the mid-5th century.
2543:
2542:
1151:, Oxford University Press, 1998
1149:Handbook to life in ancient Rome
992:
980:
960:
948:
936:
388:"edge, blade", perhaps Tacitus'
40:
2525:Christianization of Scandinavia
1107:"Germanische Bezeichnungen für
593:(σπαθάριος), or "bearer of the
370:has a parallelism establishing
252:"battle-sword" later on (2154a)
2515:Christianization of the Franks
1588:Continental Germanic mythology
1198:, Boydell & Brewer, 1998,
1147:Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins,
882:the Kent (or Dover) ring-sword
392:"spear, lance", but Old Norse
1:
914:, Norway, dated to c. 500 AD.
800:as well as on the Continent (
747:), but also as far afield as
434:, swords could also be given
1022:Frankish sword (8th century)
796:Scandinavia, Finland and in
2530:Christianization of Iceland
673:, sometimes referred to as
557:had been abandoned and the
460:, two sword-names from the
396:means "edges, sword blades"
46:Germanic type ring sword –
2610:
1215:Brady (2007:94); L. Nees,
1111:und semantische Typologie"
1067:Viking Age arms and armour
1011:
776:
728:gold hilt spatha found at
615:, the latter reserved for
587:. In the Byzantine court,
513:Depiction of a late Roman
505:Spatha § Roman Empire
502:
2538:
1470:
1401:Vasilev, Vladimir (2024)
1394:Vasilev, Vladimir (2018)
1275:Raymond Wilson Chambers,
1057:Gothic and Vandal warfare
872:Elder Futhark inscription
619:. One of the more famous
222:"cutting weapon" (whence
109:
84:4th century – 7th century
66:Place of origin
39:
2584:Medieval European swords
1768:North Germanic languages
1753:Germanic parent language
1185:, Cambridge (1930), 171.
2569:Ancient European swords
1773:West Germanic languages
1763:East Germanic languages
1758:Proto-Germanic language
1578:Proto-Germanic folklore
1515:Romano-Germanic culture
827:) and Scandinavia. The
579:remained in use in the
446:after the dwarf Dáinn (
236:(1489a) referring to a
34:Migration Period Sword
1363:H. R. Ellis Davidson,
1233:Steuer, Heiko (1987).
1117:34 (2011), 3–22.
1052:Migration period spear
1023:
921:, Sweden, 6th century.
732:
613:spatharokoubikoularios
529:was introduced to the
522:
426:From the testimony of
305:; in any case, Gothic
155:Migration Period sword
150:
18:Migration period sword
1583:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1473:Ethnolinguistic group
1021:
1012:Further information:
723:
512:
420:Bergakker inscription
378:as synonyms (v. 53f.
203:Names and terminology
141:
1360:, Stockholm (1939).0
1087:May Lansfield Keller
825:Anglo-Saxon presence
2510:Gothic Christianity
1181:Dorothy Whitelock,
1105:; Viktor Lewizkij,
1095:Anglo-Saxon England
1062:Anglo-Saxon warfare
895:Staffordshire Hoard
831:poem uses the term
798:Anglo-Saxon England
639:(Gellep grave 43).
597:", was a mid-level
572:bog (3rd century).
161:popular during the
70:Northwestern Europe
1893:Germani cisrhenani
1601:Funerary practices
1505:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1481:Germanic languages
1421:2011-09-04 at the
1217:Early medieval art
1024:
864:Alemannic cemetery
846:Examples include:
733:
708:the sword of king
698:Æthelstan Ætheling
661:Merovingian period
621:spatharokandidatoi
609:spatharokandidatos
523:
428:Germanic mythology
366:"sword-bite". The
167:Merovingian period
151:
76:Production history
2556:
2555:
1728:Gothic and Vandal
1520:Germanic Iron Age
1495:Nordic Bronze Age
1477:Northern European
1337:978-90-04-10902-5
1219:, Oxford (2002),
1204:978-0-85115-723-8
1183:Anglo-Saxon Wills
1157:978-0-19-512332-6
1103:978-0-521-03865-2
1014:Carolingian sword
973:Baden-Württemberg
790:Early Middle Ages
644:Germania Inferior
561:had replaced the
521:(dated to 406 AD)
494:Early development
488:Wayland the Smith
272:(identified with
246:mære maðþumsweord
232:has the compound
193:Germanic Iron Age
136:
135:
16:(Redirected from
2601:
2594:Migration Period
2589:Germanic weapons
2579:European weapons
2546:
2545:
2502:Christianization
2092:Ripuarian Franks
1464:Germanic peoples
1457:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1391:
1367:, Oxford (1962).
1349:
1346:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1083:
996:
984:
964:
952:
940:
843:
785:"ring-swords").
716:Gold hilt spatha
581:Byzantine Empire
436:individual names
175:Germanic peoples
171:European history
163:Migration Period
44:
35:
30:
21:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2574:European swords
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2534:
2496:
1777:
1739:
1701:Gothic alphabet
1593:Norse mythology
1529:
1483:
1466:
1461:
1423:Wayback Machine
1412:
1388:10.5284/1034398
1372:Maryon, Herbert
1370:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1290:Archaeologia CI
1287:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1043:
1016:
1010:
1003:
997:
988:
985:
976:
965:
956:
953:
944:
941:
855:Beckum, Germany
840:
782:
775:
718:
663:
633:
625:Harald Hardrada
604:protospatharios
535:imperial period
507:
501:
496:
432:Icelandic sagas
368:Hildebrandslied
213:Germanic poetry
209:Common Germanic
205:
146:sword found at
110:
51:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2159:Thracian Goths
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Roman Iron Age
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1411:
1410:External links
1408:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1368:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1268:
1253:
1240:
1225:
1208:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1140:
1131:
1119:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1047:Iron Age sword
1042:
1039:
1028:crucible steel
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
998:
991:
989:
986:
979:
977:
966:
959:
957:
954:
947:
945:
942:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
922:
915:
908:Snartemo sword
901:
900:
899:
892:
889:
883:
877:
876:
875:
860:
857:
774:
771:
717:
714:
700:, son of king
662:
659:
632:
629:
541:. The earlier
503:Main article:
500:
497:
495:
492:
449:Skáldskaparmál
424:
423:
409:
403:
397:
383:
362:(v. 4882) has
325:
324:
280:
253:
238:pattern-welded
204:
201:
157:was a type of
134:
133:
130:
123:
122:
119:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
97:Specifications
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2606:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Crimean Goths
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:Salian Franks
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1535:Early culture
1532:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:Elis Behmer,
1355:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1129:, p. 74.
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
974:
970:
963:
958:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
909:
905:
904:
902:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
856:
852:
851:
849:
848:
847:
844:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
759:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:Villingendorf
742:
738:
731:
730:Villingendorf
727:
722:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
660:
658:
655:
651:
649:
645:
640:
638:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
555:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
533:in the early
532:
528:
520:
516:
511:
506:
498:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
455:
451:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
417:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
333:
332:
330:
329:pars pro toto
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
218:
217:
216:
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
197:Vendel period
194:
189:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
149:
145:
144:Vendel period
140:
131:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:, 6th century
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1828:Anglo-Saxons
1818:Adrabaecampi
1801:Bucinobantes
1543:Architecture
1379:
1375:
1364:
1357:
1344:
1328:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1216:
1211:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1168:Kekaumenos,
1164:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1032:
1025:
903:Scandinavia
845:
837:pagan period
832:
821:Merovingians
818:
787:
783:
760:
757:
741:Pleidelsheim
734:
724:5th-century
695:
678:
674:
664:
656:
652:
641:
634:
631:Krefeld type
620:
612:
608:
602:
594:
588:
576:
574:
567:
562:
558:
552:
548:
542:
537:by Germanic
526:
524:
499:Roman spatha
483:
479:
473:
467:
463:Kormáks saga
461:
457:
453:
447:
443:
425:
411:
405:
399:
393:
389:
385:
379:
375:
371:
363:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
328:
326:
318:
314:
306:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
263:
259:
255:
249:
245:
241:
233:
227:
219:
206:
190:
183:
179:Viking sword
154:
152:
2268:Nahanarvali
2191:Hilleviones
2104:Frisiavones
1972:Cananefates
1962:Burgundians
1873:Banochaemae
1723:Anglo-Saxon
1674:Anglo-Saxon
1640:Anglo-Saxon
1623:Anglo-Saxon
1606:Anglo-Saxon
1261:Old English
1170:Strategikon
1127:Maryon 1948
969:Sigmaringen
814:Langobardia
779:Hwandudaedo
763:Childeric I
687:grave goods
599:court title
539:auxiliaries
364:billes biti
278:Jacob Grimm
240:blade (the
2563:Categories
2487:Vinoviloth
2275:Marcomanni
2258:Helveconae
2236:Heaðobards
2206:Istvaeones
2196:Ingaevones
2181:Hermunduri
2149:Ostrogoths
2139:Greuthungi
2017:Chattuarii
1843:Angrivarii
1838:Ampsivarii
1806:Lentienses
1635:Literature
1525:Viking Age
1073:References
912:Vest-Agder
888:ring-sword
886:Sutton Hoo
850:Continent
794:Vendel era
773:Ring-sword
590:spatharios
531:Roman army
486:forged by
142:Hilt of a
129: type
118: type
2482:Vidivarii
2477:Victohali
2467:Vangiones
2400:Thuringii
2305:Nuithones
2201:Irminones
2164:Visigoths
2154:Thervingi
2114:Gambrivii
2067:Dulgubnii
2062:Dauciones
2012:Chasuarii
1952:Brondings
1878:Bastarnae
1868:Baiuvarii
1848:Armalausi
1811:Raetovari
1745:Languages
1713:Symbology
1573:Folklore
1568:Festivals
1382:: 73–76.
1339:, p. 425.
1251:2 (1958).
1206:, p. 192.
868:Dillingen
833:hring-mæl
810:Alemannia
737:Alemannia
726:Alamannic
444:Dáinnleif
358:is used.
352:hildebill
311:Ephesians
299:hildemece
250:guðsweord
234:wægsweord
148:Valsgärde
2548:Category
2455:Hasdingi
2440:Usipetes
2420:Tubantes
2405:Toxandri
2385:Tencteri
2360:Suarines
2345:Sicambri
2340:Semnones
2320:Reudigni
2290:Mattiaci
2280:Marsacii
2231:Lombards
2221:Lacringi
2216:Juthungi
2047:Corconti
2032:Cherusci
2007:Charudes
1987:Chaedini
1957:Bructeri
1942:Bateinoi
1913:Eburones
1908:Condrusi
1903:Caeroesi
1898:Atuatuci
1833:Ambrones
1796:Brisgavi
1791:Alemanni
1669:Paganism
1558:Clothing
1553:Calendar
1500:Germania
1419:Archived
1159:, p. 87.
1041:See also
1034:Ulfberht
879:England
702:Æthelred
648:Frankish
583:and its
475:Hrunting
454:Skofnung
442:, named
430:and the
315:hæftmece
220:*swerdan
165:and the
89:Variants
81:Produced
2472:Varisci
2460:Silingi
2450:Vandals
2425:Tulingi
2415:Triboci
2410:Treveri
2390:Teutons
2380:Taifals
2355:Sitones
2295:Nemetes
2253:Helisii
2226:Lemovii
2144:Gutones
2077:Firaesi
2072:Favonae
2052:Cugerni
2042:Cobandi
1997:Chamavi
1992:Chaemae
1982:Casuari
1977:Caritni
1947:Betasii
1918:Paemani
1853:Auiones
1718:Warfare
1696:Scripts
1664:Numbers
1488:History
1318:, 2012.
1305:, 2010.
1292:, 1967.
1109:Schwert
926:Gotland
919:Uppland
829:Beowulf
806:Francia
767:Tournai
753:Blučina
749:Moravia
706:Eadmund
675:gladius
637:Krefeld
617:eunuchs
563:gladius
544:gladius
519:diptych
480:Beowulf
469:Nægling
458:Hviting
412:*gaizo-
408:"point"
402:"edge".
394:þremjar
386:*þramja
360:Heliand
348:wigbill
344:guðbill
303:μάχαιρα
297:; also
229:Beowulf
2492:Warini
2445:Vagoth
2430:Tungri
2395:Thelir
2375:Swedes
2370:Sunici
2335:Saxons
2330:Rugini
2263:Manimi
2248:Diduni
2186:Heruli
2124:Gepids
2109:Frisii
2087:Franks
2037:Cimbri
2027:Chauci
2022:Chatti
1935:Nervii
1930:Morini
1888:Belgae
1883:Batavi
1858:Avarpi
1823:Angles
1783:Groups
1733:Viking
1679:Gothic
1657:Gothic
1563:Family
1335:
1202:
1155:
1101:
842:Italy.
802:Saxony
595:spatha
577:spatha
570:Vimose
559:spatha
554:scutum
549:spatha
527:spatha
515:spatha
484:Mimung
482:, and
390:framea
336:*biljo
274:Teiwaz
186:fuller
102:Length
48:France
2365:Suebi
2350:Sciri
2325:Rugii
2315:Quadi
2300:Njars
2285:Marsi
2243:Lugii
2211:Jutes
2176:Harii
2171:Gutes
2129:Goths
2119:Geats
2057:Danes
2002:Chali
1923:Segni
1863:Baemi
1706:Runes
1691:Rings
1684:Norse
1652:Names
1645:Norse
1628:Norse
1611:Norse
691:spear
683:knife
679:ensis
517:on a
478:from
440:Högni
416:spear
400:*agjo
376:suert
291:mækir
276:) by
260:heoro
256:heoru
224:sword
159:sword
116:Blade
60:Sword
27:Sword
2435:Ubii
2082:Fosi
1967:Buri
1333:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1001:Eura
906:the
710:Offa
671:seax
623:was
611:and
585:army
575:The
525:The
472:and
456:and
452:),
374:and
372:bill
356:bill
340:bill
320:mьčь
307:meki
295:mece
287:meki
283:maki
270:Ares
242:wæg-
153:The
127:Hilt
56:Type
2310:Osi
1618:Law
1548:Art
1475:of
1384:doi
1380:XLI
1264:mǽl
755:).
677:or
406:ord
309:in
265:eor
226:).
199:).
169:of
2565::
1378:.
1331:,
1221:83
1113:,
1089:,
971:,
866:,
812:,
808:,
804:,
743:,
627:.
607:,
565:.
490:.
466:,
350:,
346:,
293:,
289:,
262:,
215:.
1595:)
1456:e
1449:t
1442:v
1390:.
1386::
1223:.
781:.
751:(
739:(
422:)
285:(
258:(
195:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
