Migration and asylum policy of the European Union

638: 946: 2517:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1358 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of biometric data in order to effectively apply Regulations (EU) 2024/1351 and (EU) 2024/1350 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 2001/55/EC and to identify illegally staying third-country nationals and stateless persons and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes, amending Regulations (EU) 2018/1240 and (EU) 2019/818 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EU) No 603/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council" 881:, it consists of relocating the reception and accommodation of asylum seekers and the processing of their asylum applications, in places near the borders of the EU or in countries outside the EU, from which asylum seekers originate or through which they pass. After an attempted relocation of asylum procedures in centres on the boundaries of the EU, in 2003 these policies have resulted in a proliferation of exile camps in and around the European Union, a pressure on neighbouring countries to develop systems that consider applications for asylum in their territories, and a radicalisation of antimigratory policies in neighbouring countries and within the border of the European Union. 723:(SAR) operations have become the object of a criminalization campaign on the part of EU member states, leading to the arrest of some ship captains, as well as to the seizure of most of their vessels, provoking international criticism and accusations towards the EU for dereliction of duty regarding SAR operations. As a consequence, the EU has been blamed for numerous deaths at sea by preventing humanitarian NGOs search and rescue efforts, thus allegedly contradicting its declarations of good will towards refugees and migrants. Despite all the difficulties imposed on them, humanitarian NGOs continue to carry out SAR operations in the Mediterranean. 911:

after being dismissed. This expression is used to treat certain asylum seekers in analogy with consumers of welfare provisions). Such definition appears in official documents, newspaper articles, analysis, etc. The main factor in refugees' choice for their host country is the differences in laws of different Member States; some states give refugee status to the majority of applicants, while others give it to fewer than 1%. In 2017 Maria Teresa Rivera became the first woman in the world granted asylum because of being wrongly jailed for disregarding a ban on abortion; she disregarded the ban in

1725:, which will facilitate the provision of humanitarian assistance to refugees, the observance of administrative procedures for border control and the processing of asylum requests in accordance with the rules EU. Reception centers are being set up, where newly arrived migrants will pass a quick check and will be divided into those whose asylum requests can be considered, and those for whom the further path is closed. In addition, transit centers are organized to which candidates for asylum or other forms of international protection will be sent. 828:(EU) border, and what to tell the border guards on the other side of the border. Migrants said that Belarus provided them with wire cutters and axes to cut through border fences and enter the EU; however, those who did not manage to cross the border were often forced to stay there by Belarusian authorities, who were accused of assaulting some migrants who failed to get across. Belarusian authorities later confirmed that the involvement of the border troops is "absolutely possible". Belarus refused to allow Polish 546:

in order to provide the Community and the Member States with adequate information to allow for appropriate measures to be taken or to tackle identified threats and risks with a view to improving the integrated management of external borders". Frontex's key institution with respect to intelligence and risk assessment is its Risk Analysis Unit (RAU) and the Frontex Risk Analysis Network (FRAN), via which the Frontex staff is cooperating with security experts from the Member States.

1732:, which clearly defines the rights and obligations of both parties in connection with the influx of refugees and migrants traveling through Turkey to Europe. According to this agreement, migrants who illegally arrived in Greece from Turkey will be sent back to Turkey, and Europe will accept migrants only on condition that their asylum requests are submitted and approved in Turkish territory. Also, the Turkish authorities from now are obliged to block the channels of 2752:

responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes, and amending Regulation (EU) No 1077/2011 establishing a European Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice

2370:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1347 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection and for the content of the protection granted, amending Council Directive 2003/109/EC and repealing Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council" 308:

illegal border crossing, or is rescued as part of a search and rescue operation. Those subjected to the border procedure are treated as if they have not yet entered the territory of the member state. The new border procedure will be mandatory for applicants who are a danger to national security or public order, who have misled the authorities, or who have a nationality with a recognition rate below 20%.

151:, which is the main legislative act establishing the status and rights of refugees. According to the key provisions of the legal act, the main apparatus in the regulation of situations with refugees is the government. They are obliged to preserve the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons and refugees, but at the same time monitor the creation of such a legal provision that is used by all 1473: 1830:, the lack of Polish authorities' control of extreme-right militias, and the criminal case against him appearing to constitute political persecution by Polish authorities. The case is widely regarded in Poland as a Norwegian retaliation for granting the refugee status by the Polish authorities in 2017 to a Norwegian woman named Silje Garmo, on the grounds of her persecution by the 1615:, which brought with it over a million refugees escaping war, political instability, and poverty, accentuated the shortcomings of the existing system and made evident the need for reform. The unequal distribution of the bureaucratic burden amongst different member states produced situations that demonstrated that the CEAS, as it stood, was not sufficient or adequate. 2764:

examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person], for identifying an illegally staying third-country national or stateless person and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes

771:

for all migrants having their rights restricted in general. Moreover, pessimistic forecasts have sometimes been voiced that the applicability of these restrictions, currently limited to migrants, could be only a prelude to possible wider extension aiming to make the indigenous EU population also subjected to them in the future.

449:"After a proposal made by the Commission in May 2015, the Council adopted two decisions – (EU) 2015/1523 and (EU) 2015/1601 respectively – establishing a temporary relocation mechanism for 160 000 applicants in need of international protection from Greece and Italy, to be implemented over two years until September 2017." 692:, previously marginalised but now reinvigorated, managed to enter the mainstream politics. On the other hand, the representatives of the European Commission and countries which support the adoption of migrants emphasize the need to fulfill international obligations, focusing on the priority of migrant security. 2881:

Regulation (EU) No 516/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, amending Council Decision 2008/381/EC and repealing Decisions No 573/2007/EC and No 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council

2869:

824:, ostensibly for hunting purposes. Social media groups were additionally offering fraudulent advice on the rules of crossing the border to the prospective migrants, most of whom were trying to reach Germany. Those who arrived in Belarus were then given instructions about how and where to trespass the 679:

which were unrelated to terrorism but nevertheless shocked the public as an open and widespread demonstration by Muslim refugees of disregard for European social norms, as did also attempts by some imams in Germany to excuse such behaviour and shift the blame to the victims instead, while the ensuing

545:

Frontex regularly releases reports analyzing events related to border control, irregular border crossing and different forms of cross-border crime. The general task of assessing these risks has been laid out in Frontex founding regulation, according to which the agency shall "carry out risk analyses

423:

In 2001, during the first phase of CEAS, a Temporary Protection Directive, was also adopted. In the event of a mass influx of displaced persons from non-EU countries, this directive gives the European Union authority to provide immediate and temporary protection. This temporary protection is separate

170:

annually directs its efforts to develop an effective European migration policy. One of the main principles of migration policy is the principle of solidarity, which is expressed in respect for natural human rights, in the coordination of political and social forces in solving the migration issue. The

910:

In the jargon of European institutions, asylum shopping is the practice of refugees wanting to choose a country other than that prescribed by the regulations to apply for political asylum, to choose the one which will offer the best reception conditions, or to lodge an application in another country

628:

accounted for 35% of their numbers of the first quarter of 2016. However, according to critics, the decline in migration occurred due to the fact that people in anticipation of a new EU-Turkey agreement, massively emigrated to Greece before its adoption in order to avoid migration problems after the

497:

on 19 January 2022, which will promote greater convergence of the different member states asylum and reception practices and ensure that high EU-standards are the guide. The agency effectively replaced the European Asylum Support Office (EASO), which had been investigated by the European Anti-Fraud

770:

Human rights have increasingly collided recently with security measures, while the EU has struggled to reconcile both. The position of national states in relation to migrants who violate public order and impose their own way of life has been becoming tougher, resulting in an inevitable side effect

469:

The Commission proposed a Crisis and Force Majeure Regulation on 23 September 2020. The Justice and Home Affairs Council of 28 September 2023 failed to reach agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament. However, the Spanish presidency expressed confidence that a negotiating

307:

Key to the Asylum Procedure Regulation that is currently being negotiated with the European Parliament is the institution of a new border procedure. The border procedure can be applied when an individual applies for asylum at an external border crossing point, is apprehended in connection with an

2763:

Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of [Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for

2703:

Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection and for the

1575:

passed the Aliens Act in April 2001, Italy passed the Bossi-Fini Act of July 2002, and France passed multiple different acts (such as the French Law of 24 July 2006 on immigration and integration and the French Law of 20 November 2007 on the control of immigration, integration and asylum). These

718:

its border control through a 3 billion deal with Turkey. In 2017, the EU migration policy was tightened. At the summit held in Brussels on October 19, 2017, it was indicated that the approach of the EU Member States and institutions to ensure full control over the borders should be consolidated.

387:

Key to the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation is the institution of a new solidarity mechanism between the member states. Solidarity can take the form of relocation of migrants, financial contributions, deployment of personnel or measures focusing on capacity building. Solidarity will be

281:

Since 1999, refugees entering Europe have been subject to the laws in place in accordance with the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). These laws were established to prohibit European Union Member States from sending individuals back to where they came from at risk of persecution, and to offer

123:

1396:

and Slovakia, voted against the compulsory admission of refugees assigned according to relocation quotas. Later, under pressure from EU neighbors, authorities nevertheless agreed to comply with EU requirements. The Czech Republic were supposed to accept 2000 asylum seekers but only accepted 12.

2751:

Regulation (EU) No 603/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State

232:

have criticised the deal in an open letter stating that it would create a "cruel system". More than 200 academics belonging to 66 predominantly European universities have called the pact "inhumane" and demanded that the European Parliament and the Council to reconsider how they view the pact.

525:

The agency may purchase its own flagged vehicles. The Member States where this equipment is registered (bigger equipment such as patrol vessels, air crafts, etc.) are obliged to put it at the Agency's disposal whenever needed. This enables the Agency to rapidly deploy the necessary technical

526:

equipment in border operations. A rapid reserve pool of border guards and a technical equipment pool is at the disposal of the agency, intending to remove the shortages of staff and equipment for the Agency's operations. The Agency is able to launch joint operations, including the use of

369:

The original Dublin Regulation was adopted on 27 January 2003, as part of the first phase of CEAS. As it replaced the Dublin Convention of 1990, which was agreed outside of the structures of the European Union, this regulation was actually referred to as the Dublin II Regulation.

680:(and later exposed) concerted effort of the authorities and the media to cover up the events, their extent and the ethnicity of the perpetrators, seriously undermined public trust in reporting on ethnically sensitive topics in Germany and entire EU by the mainstream media. 666:

resisting any forms of linguistic or cultural integration into the host society and attempting to replace the national law and its enforcement with some informal own legal norms enforced through militias. Such sentiments have arisen not only due to existence of areas like

402:

The Eurodac Regulation establishes a database in which fingerprints can be collected, transmitted, and compared. It is central to the operation of the Dublin Regulation, which determines which member state is responsible for the handling of an asylum application.

183:. Despite the fact that migration policy is internally determined, it also serves as an international regulator because it is related to crossing state borders. Accordingly, events at the international level directly affect the development of this type of policy. 194:, proposed a series of reforms to the existing system through a comprehensive approach anchored on three mainstays: 1) Efficient asylum and return procedures, 2) Solidarity and fair share of responsibility, and 3) Strengthened partnerships with third countries. 1555:

sought asylum in Europe in large numbers. In the 2010s, millions fled to Europe from wars in Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq. More than 34,000 migrants and refugees have died trying to get to Europe since 1993, most often due to capsizing while trying to cross the

683:

As an obvious consequence, some politicians attempt to capitalize on these fears, or even reinforce them, by voicing opposition against reception of migrants, under the justification that the public security and protection of the state and its citizens against

2496:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1356 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 introducing the screening of third-country nationals at the external borders and amending Regulations (EC) No 767/2008, (EU) 2017/2226, (EU) 2018/1240 and (EU) 2019/817" 282:

international protection to those who were granted refugee status through the course of the law. The latter, however, is still left up to EU Member States the discretion to establish procedures for obtaining and withdrawing international protection.

737:

Moreover, the conclusions of the European Council have indicated its readiness to respond and suppress any attempts to illegally cross the borders of EU Member States, e.g. through expulsion of asylum applicants into neighbouring countries such as

1377:. Starting from 2015, many European countries unilaterally were closing their borders imprisoning people on the EU countries borders for additional investigations on their further moving intentions, thereby damaging the solidarity of the 2475:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1352 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 amending Regulations (EU) 2019/816 and (EU) 2019/818 for the purpose of introducing the screening of third-country nationals at the external borders" 937:. The regulation allows to apply for refugee status only from the country in which migrants enter first. At the same time, if there is a desire to change the country, migrants will have to return to their original point of arrival. 1747:

Thirdly, in accordance with the obligation taken by all EU countries to return to compliance with the Schengen rules and establish strict border controls, additional resources were allocated to specialized services, including the

851:

353 million in spending to build a 60 kilometres (37 mi) barrier. The EU sent additional supporting officers and patrol cars to Lithuania, and 12 EU governments stated their support for a physical barrier along the border.

1853: 2454:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1351 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on asylum and migration management, amending Regulations (EU) 2021/1147 and (EU) 2021/1060 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 604/2013" 727: 5943: 2538:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1359 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 addressing situations of crisis and force majeure in the field of migration and asylum and amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1147" 3524: 5948: 5363: 762:

raised just four years earlier identical claims of alleged discrimination, this time by an EU member state, namely the Czech Republic, in order to abuse the Canadian asylum system, eventually causing an

94:

in June 2008, the legislative instruments of the first phase were reformed. The adoption of the recast directives and regulations was completed by 2013. The second phase also saw the institution of a

2858:

Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 of 26 October 2004 establishing a European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union

2433:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1350 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 establishing a Union Resettlement and Humanitarian Admission Framework, and amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1147" 1405:

like those that occurred in France and Germany. By accepting migrants, we would create fertile ground for barbaric attacks". In fact, Western Europe endured the period of the deadliest attacks: the

2391:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1348 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 establishing a common procedure for international protection in the Union and repealing Directive 2013/32/EU" 4302: 5953: 4762: 388:

mandatory for member states, but the form of solidarity is at the discretion of the member states themselves. Per relocation, member states can instead make a financial contribution of €20.000.

124:

mandatory for member states, but the form of solidarity is at the discretion of the member states themselves. Per relocation, member states can instead make a financial contribution of €20.000.

3450: 3412: 3354: 5631: 1740:

children in Turkish schools. In exchange, European leaders agreed to pay compensation of €3 billion to Turkey in 2016–2017, expedite the abolition of visas for Turkish citizens entering the

5358: 2740:

Council Regulation (EC) No 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000 concerning the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention

3292: 676: 5836: 4871: 3324: 568:, which promotes the efficient management of migration flows and the implementation, strengthening and development of a common approach to asylum and immigration in the European Union. 406:

Eurodac was established under EU law by Council Regulation 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000. As part of the second phase of CEAS, a recast Eurodac Regulation was adopted on 16 June 2013.

105:. In September 2020, these reforms were made part of newly proposed Pact on Migration and Asylum. As of September 2023, the legislative instruments were in various stages of adoption. 780: 637: 109: 5670: 5518: 4668: 2603: 758:

asylum based on the "safe country of origin" doctrine, as they face discrimination in their home countries. Credibility of such claims has, however, been highly doubtful, as the

1506: 87:, which was an intergovernmental treaty agreed in 1990 outside of the structure of the European Union. By 2005, all legislative instruments of the first phase had been adopted. 5348: 3703:

Van Ginkel, Bibi; Boutin, Bérénice; Chauzal, Grégory; Dorsey, Jessica; Jegerings, Marjolein; Paulussen, Christophe; Pohl, Johanna; Reed, Alastair; Zavagli, Sofia (2016-04-01).

319:

The original Reception Conditions Directive was adopted on 27 January 2003. A recast version of the directive was adopted on 26 June 2013, as part of the second phase of CEAS.

4427: 4422: 4417: 3681: 5199: 5023: 3949: 3383: 2704:

content of the protection granted and amending Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003 concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents

293:

The original Asylum Procedures Directive was adopted on 1 December 2005. A recast version of the directive was adopted on 26 June 2013, as part of the second phase of CEAS.

675:(their number rose from four attacks in 2014 to seventeen in 2015, while the number of people killed increased from four to 150), but also to some other events such as the 561: 148: 2679: 2349:"Directive (EU) 2024/1346 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection" 5570: 5529: 662:

at the expense of the local ones, but also the fear of a parallel society emerging along the indigenous one, in the form of turning entire neighborhoods into so-called

3936: 2412:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1349 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 establishing a return border procedure, and amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1148" 376:

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Dublin III Regulation is to be replaced by the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR). The Justice and Home Affairs

4866: 4372: 141: 1603:, which would be responsible for assisting Member States in the management of asylum applications. doctrine, as they face discrimination in their home countries. 3231: 3194: 3072:"The Shrinking Space for Solidarity with Migrants and Refugees: How the EU and Member States Target and Criminalize Defenders of the Rights of People on the Move" 933:

has significantly reduced extent of this phenomenon. According to the Regulation, migrants are not able to choose the state from which they decided to apply for

706:

Therefore, the EU's actions gradually shifted during the crisis towards surveillance and securitization, and the first step in this direction was terminating the

4432: 2968: 4928: 2920: 1541: 896:

The European Union has agreed aid packages with a number of countries in return for externalization or cooperation in preventing illegal immigration to the EU.

133: 4292: 2327: 4157: 2795:

Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL addressing situations of crisis and force majeure in the field of migration and asylum

5312: 4781: 4620: 4615: 4610: 3896:

Horning, Amber; V Jordenö, Sara; Savoie, Nicole (June 2020). "Double-edged risk: unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) in Sweden and their search for safety".

101:

Between May and July 2016, the European Commission proposed legislation for a third phase of the Common European Asylum System. This came in the wake of the

3636: 2040: 5831: 5447: 4844: 1567:

Ostensibly to fight against fraud, most European states have engaged in more restrictive policies in the 2000s. For example, the United Kingdom passed the

1545: 341:

The original Qualification Directive was adopted on 29 April 2004. A recast directive was adopted on 13 December 2011 as part of the second phase of CEAS.

296:

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Asylum Procedures Directive is to be replaced by a Asylum Procedure Regulation (APR). The Justice and Home Affairs

5641: 5353: 5327: 5226: 4724: 2668:

Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection

437:

Following an unprecedented migrant influx, EASO in 2015 proposed a relocation programme that was agreed upon to support the ‘frontline’ Member States of

4333: 2644: 571:

According to the text of the international instrument, the objectives of the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund are listed in Article 3. These are:

5963: 4923: 4817: 3434: 3404: 2306: 1421:(32 killed), while at the same time, the terrorist threat level in Poland was in 2015 zero, on its scale which has four levels plus the "zero level". 3346: 3102: 2572: 5680: 5602: 4437: 1528:

on the elimination of internal border controls of signatory states and their subsequent incorporation into the EU legislative framework by the 1997

945: 5852: 5707: 5621: 2844: 2108: 860: 784: 688:

must be given precedecence, but also due to economic, social, cultural and religious risk posed by uncontrolled migration. In some EU countries,

3284: 202:

The New Pact on Migration and Asylum, commonly known as the EU Migration Pact or the EU Asylum and Migration Pact, is a set of new rules in the

5499: 5231: 5144: 4988: 4953: 4822: 4754: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4579: 4412: 555: 3314: 2058: 344:

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Qualification Directive is to be replaced by a Qualification Regulation. The Justice and Home Affairs

5925: 5896: 5781: 5675: 5478: 4827: 4749: 4719: 4570: 3582: 3484: 2980: 1551:

Refugee applications in EU countries have usually reflected conflicts occurring in other parts of the world. In the 1990s, refugees from the

137: 32: 856: 794: 788: 206:

designed for members to more evenly share the cost and efforts of hosting migrants and to place limits on the numbers of migrants entering.

5821: 5776: 5690: 5238: 4918: 4832: 4812: 4729: 4489: 4269: 3704: 2186: 5933: 5891: 5636: 5336: 5209: 5105: 4407: 4365: 2235: 3761: 1432:

accepted the maximum number of migrants among all EU countries with an average of 41-46 immigrants per 1000 population. Meanwhile, the

5801: 5541: 5536: 5273: 4790: 4744: 4714: 4655: 4547: 4454: 4399: 5938: 5826: 5553: 5504: 5253: 5167: 5139: 4901: 4597: 4494: 923: 409:

As part of the third phase of CEAS, another recast of the Eurodac Regulation was proposed by the European Commission on 4 May 2016.

72: 3375: 3048: 1914: 843:

of migrants, waged by Belarus against the EU. The three governments declared a state of emergency and announced their decisions to

820:, started promoting tours to Belarus by increasing the number of connections from the Middle East and giving those who bought them 3181: 1721:

Firstly, the EU has provided financial and expert support, to countries that have accepted the main migration flow, in particular

5546: 5302: 5243: 5162: 5049: 4993: 4837: 4525: 4090: 1831: 1753: 953: 891:

The EU has made 'cash for migrants' deals with Turkey, Libya, Tunisia, Mauritania, Morocco, Albania, Egypt, and Lebanon (in red).

494: 484: 5886: 5791: 5771: 5509: 4734: 4709: 4697: 2943: 764: 1626:. A decision was made to strengthen the EU's presence in the world. This decision was reinforced by the Action Plan to Combat 5901: 5816: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5695: 5685: 5663: 5563: 5377: 5268: 5263: 5204: 5121: 4963: 4358: 3146: 2157: 1868: 1596: 418: 95: 3263: 2715: 1414: 1338:

Neither the readmission system under the Dublin Regulation nor the temporary relocation mechanism for refugees according to

2778: 5978: 5911: 5881: 5744: 5717: 5558: 5285: 5219: 5172: 5072: 4861: 4854: 4390: 2301: 1757: 1537: 576: 454: 377: 345: 323: 322:

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Reception Condition Directive is to be recast again. The Justice and Home Affairs

297: 113: 80: 5739: 5626: 5585: 5297: 5077: 4562: 3809: 3795: 1612: 629:

agreement formal entry into force. In such case, new agreement would be irrelevant to the declining number of migrants.

513: 490: 102: 3215: 1502: 816:. Later, Belarusian authorities and state-controlled tourist enterprises, together with some airlines operating in the 5906: 5811: 5658: 5590: 5248: 4552: 4507: 3975: 1736:

and illegal transportation of people to Europe. Meanwhile, the EU gave the right to legal employment and education of

1406: 872: 715: 685: 67:

The European Union gained authority to legislate in the area of migration and asylum with the entry into force of the

4051:"The relational dimension of externalizing border control: selective visa policies in migration and border diplomacy" 844: 4238:

DARVAS, Zsolt; WOLFF, Guntram; CHIACCHIO, Francesco; EFSTATHIOU, Konstantinos; GONÇALVES RAPOSO, Ines (April 2018).

5616: 5452: 5214: 5018: 4323: 2302:"Outsourcing Responsibility: The EU's New Pact on Migration and Asylum | German Marshall Fund of the United States" 1711: 593: 588:

Increase solidarity between member countries with a proportional distribution to their exposure at migration flows.

163: 3878: 3497: 5871: 5493: 5307: 5010: 4958: 4767: 4673: 4605: 140:. The current legal bases for the EU's creation of a harmonised legislative framework on asylum are found in the 4295:[Rafał Gaweł given political asylum in Norway. The first such case since the Polish People's Republic]. 592:

In addition to providing funding for projects, the programme funds the activities and future development of the

6023: 5524: 5062: 5057: 4849: 4462: 1938: 1822:, who had been sentenced to two years' imprisonment for alleged financial fraud, was given political asylum in 3121: 582:

To promote the integration of third country nationals and to finance the relocation of unaccepted non-members.

316:

The Receptions Conditions Directive (RCD) ensures equal standards of reception conditions throughout the EU.

83:(CEAS) were proposed. Central to these instruments was adoption of the Dublin II Regulation, a recast of the 6018: 5987: 5766: 5653: 4239: 4114: 1858: 1687: 957: 527: 3922: 2214: 5876: 5722: 5611: 5580: 5514: 5457: 4888: 4467: 3825:"Protective or Counter-Productive? Labour Market Institutions and the Effect of Immigration on EU Natives" 3615:

Applications per capita 2023, By European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) Data Analysis and Research Sector

1863: 1686:

will receive substantial financial assistance due to acceptance of a strong migration flow, as well as an

1418: 1410: 707: 5992: 5597: 5417: 4983: 4539: 3732: 3546: 3151: 3098: 2794: 2762: 2702: 2667: 1848: 1600: 1457: 538:

provides the new Agency with almost real time satellite surveillance capabilities alongside the current

531: 225: 2880: 2868: 2857: 2750: 2739: 1976: 1965: 1880: 1497:

Number of asylum applications 1998–2019. The surge in 2015–16 was driven largely by people fleeing the

877:

The externalization of asylum procedures is a type of migration policy pursued by the countries of the

366:

The Dublin Regulation determines which member state is responsible for handling an asylum application.

252:

Regulation (EU) 2024/1350 (regulation establishing a resettlement and humanitarian admission framework)

3781: 3405:"EU border agency Frontex vows additional support for Lithuania amid migrant crisis | DW | 11.07.2021" 453:

A permanent Union Resettlement Framework Regulation is being negotiated. The Justice and Home Affairs

112:(AMMR), as part of the third phase of the Common European Asylum System. The Justice and Home Affairs 17: 6013: 5796: 5462: 5402: 5392: 5258: 5194: 5082: 4625: 4477: 1587:. This included a proposed revision of the "reception" directive and another proposal to improve the 801: 798: 689: 668: 650:

As a result of the crisis, fears have been increasing among the EU population, including the fear of

535: 1485: 175:

about the current state of affairs, in particular the statistics of the number of legal and illegal

5958: 5786: 5727: 5646: 5437: 5422: 4933: 4913: 4807: 4678: 2014: 1843: 1619: 1568: 1525: 813: 565: 458: 381: 349: 327: 301: 210: 191: 187: 117: 91: 68: 1966:

Articles 67(2) and 78, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

1763:

In addition, on September 22, 2015, member states of the European Union decided to grant national

5806: 5407: 5186: 5100: 4512: 4328: 4031: 3860: 3852: 1885: 1521: 1378: 209:

The deal was announced on 20 December 2023, after all-night talks between representatives of the

2618: 1678:

through their territory; strict entry control will be introduced at the external borders of the

612:

and internally displaced persons by the beginning of 2015. At the same time as a results of new

3604:

Key figures on international protection in EU+ countries 2023, European Union Agency for Asylum

2998:"Humanitarians at sea: Selective emulation across migrant rescue NGOs in the Mediterranean sea" 1532:, the EU set the objective of introducing "appropriate measures" with respect to asylum in the 855:

Similar actions, though on a smaller scale, were organised by Turkey against Greece during the

608:, almost 22% of the country's population (with estimated of 4 million people) turned out to be 498:

Office (OLAF) due to alleged misconduct and breaches of data protection amongst other charges.

290:

The Asylum Procedures Directive (APD) establishes a common international protection procedure.

4739: 4072: 4023: 3844: 3517:"Double-edged risk: unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) in Sweden and their search for safety" 3442: 3223: 3029: 2976: 2806: 2249: 1815: 1800: 1588: 1557: 1402: 1382: 1346: 930: 840: 755: 720: 655: 361: 229: 84: 5734: 5412: 4896: 4663: 4062: 4035: 4013: 3905: 3836: 3763:

Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship, age and sex - annual aggregated data

3712: 3319: 3019: 3009: 2921:"Fact Check: Did the EU-Turkey Deal Bring Down the Number of Migrants and of Border Deaths?" 2626: 2083: 1715: 1533: 1529: 1498: 1385:, which determines the procedure for considering applications for international protection. 829: 805: 711: 373:

As part of the second phase of CEAS, the Dublin III Regulation was adopted on 26 June 2013.

4186: 3583:"EU court rejects 'open-door' policy and upholds right of member states to deport refugees" 3569: 3147:"Veranstaltung mit frau Dr. Phil. Karin Waringo vom Romaverband Chachipe E. V., Luxembourg" 3071: 2558: 1718:, adopted on February 18, March 7 and 18, 2016, which can be grouped in three major areas: 1670:. Thus, it was assumed that: the participating countries will forever stop the passage of 1576:

measures have reduced the number of asylum seekers that are awarded the status of Refugee.

5442: 4297: 2261: 1889: 1772: 1707: 1699: 1671: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1635: 926: 905: 821: 701: 617: 176: 159: 48: 44: 3705:"The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, Threats & Policies" 3614: 4293:"Rafał Gaweł otrzymał azyl polityczny w Norwegii. Pierwszy taki przypadek od czasów PRL" 267:

Regulation (EU) 2024/1359 (regulation addressing situations of crisis and force majeure)

5427: 4381: 4115:"The situation of refugees and migrants under the EU-Turkey Agreement of 18 March 2016" 3502: 2219: 1623: 1433: 1398: 1370: 950: 878: 836: 825: 809: 672: 338:

The Qualification Directive, which refers to who qualifies for the different statuses.

221: 203: 180: 56: 40: 4144:

The European Migration Crisis: A Pendulum between the Internal and External Dimensions

726:

Another visible sign of the tightening of EU migration policy was the construction of

6007: 5488: 3516: 1804: 1788: 1741: 1552: 934: 759: 751: 731: 258:

Regulation (EU) 2024/1352 (regulation on consistency amendments related to screening)

3864: 3376:"Poland: Lawmakers approve Belarus border wall amid migrant surge | DW | 29.10.2021" 4975: 2240: 651: 3160: 3014: 2997: 1481: 4213:"European Council Conclusions on Migration, Digital Europe, Security and Defense" 4018: 4001: 3654: 3253: 2820: 2537: 2516: 2495: 2474: 2453: 2432: 2411: 2390: 2369: 2348: 2133: 560:

The Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund is a funding programme managed by the

171:

creation of a migration policy and its functioning is based on the collection of

4906: 4799: 1952: 1792: 1638:

and judicial activities, improved the collection and exchange of information on

1631: 1572: 912: 817: 152: 3485:"EU sends $ 1 billion to Lebanon to stop migrants, shore up crisis-hit country" 2630: 754:

rights organisation, has criticised EU asylum policy that denies Roma from the

5397: 4998: 4067: 4050: 3547:"Sweden welcomes Salvadoran woman wrongly jailed for abortion in asylum first" 3141: 3139: 2893: 2604:"Migration policy: Council reaches agreement on key asylum and migration laws" 1827: 1580: 1561: 1429: 960:

from Greece and Italy to other EU countries according to proportional quotas:

663: 621: 36: 4076: 4027: 3848: 3471: 3446: 3435:"Europe Weighs Border Walls as Migrants Mass in Belarus at Poland's Frontier" 3227: 3216:"Migrants Say Belarusians Took Them to E.U. Border and Supplied Wire Cutters" 3033: 2158:"European Parliament agrees on stricter EU migration rules – DW – 04/10/2024" 671:, but also due to a sharp increase in attacks attributed to jihadists in the 249:

Regulation (EU) 2024/1349 (regulation establishing a return border procedure)

5865: 4945: 4876: 4212: 3840: 3070:

Maccanico, Yasha; Hayes, Ben; Kenny, Samuel; Barat, Frank (September 2018).

1733: 1627: 1583:

acts, between 4 May 2009 and 7 May 2009, 7 MEPS voted on what was called an

4143: 922:

Asylum shopping is practised by 12% of asylum seekers, according to former

4350: 3909: 3810:"Article 63, p. 202, Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union" 2275: 2236:"EU reaches asylum deal that rights groups say will create 'cruel system'" 1854:

List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population

5575: 5432: 5317: 3879:"It's 34,361 and rising: how the List tallies Europe's migrant bodycount" 3796:"Article 2, p. 152, Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union" 3767: 3199: 3155: 2559:"Reforming the Common European Asylum System: Frequently asked questions" 1784: 1768: 1675: 1663: 1445: 1441: 1354: 747: 746:

or Russia, where the system to recognize refugee status is often faulty.

625: 609: 522:, provides a reserve of European border guards and technical equipment. 213:

and EU governments. The new agreement is planned to take effect in 2024.

3812:. Official Journal of the European Communities, C 340, 10 November 1997. 3798:. Official Journal of the European Communities, C 340, 10 November 1997. 3047:

HERSZENHORN, David; BARIGAZZI, Jacopo; DE LA BAUME, MAÏA (19 Apr 2019).

2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2215:"After Years of Wrangling, E.U. Countries Reach Major Deal on Migration" 5341: 3856: 3824: 3717: 3637:"Home Office unlawfully imprisoned asylum seekers, supreme court rules" 2191: 2041:"Home Office unlawfully imprisoned asylum seekers, supreme court rules" 1953:"United Nations General Assembly resolution 429(V) of 14 December 1950" 1749: 1592: 1437: 1393: 1389: 739: 539: 518: 507: 397: 76: 52: 3347:"Latvia and Lithuania act to counter migrants crossing Belarus border" 3024: 1826:

on 30 September 2020 on the grounds of a lack of the possibility of a

1764: 1744:, and resume the stalled negotiations on Turkey's accession to the EU 1548:

by 2004, five years after the Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force.

1480:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

1349:

is a greater number of asylum applications in the border states (like

1339: 255:

Regulation (EU) 2024/1351 (asylum and migration management regulation)

4683: 3254:"Belarus's Lukashenko tells BBC: We may have helped migrants into EU" 1823: 1819: 1780: 1737: 1729: 1722: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1667: 1655: 1622:

proposed a system of measures to improve the migration policy of the

1374: 1358: 1350: 916: 832:

for the migrants, which would have included tents and sleeping bags.

743: 442: 3603: 3285:"Belarus refuses to allow Polish humanitarian aid for migrants – PM" 3116: 3114: 1642:, and forfeited cooperation with non-EU countries to combat illegal 848: 604:

Based on the data published by UNHCR, as a result of hostilities in

4270:"The Mathematical Equations That Could Decide the Fate of Refugees" 4002:"Border Controls in Europe: Policies and Practices Outside the Law" 2234:

Henley, Jon; correspondent, Jon Henley Europe (December 20, 2023).

1989: 3655:"EU to sue Poland, Hungary and Czechs for refusing refugee quotas" 3195:"Belarus dictator threatens to 'flood EU with drugs and migrants'" 3105: 1807:

applications in countries that are members of the European Union.

1776: 1425: 1366: 1362: 992: 944: 847:

on their borders with Belarus, with Poland approving an estimated

659: 605: 438: 217: 3682:"Czech president says bar refugees to prevent "barbaric attacks"" 1771:

in Europe. This principle was developed with the aim of reducing

5322: 3782:"Summaries of EU legislation: The Schengen area and cooperation" 2109:"Dáil accepts controversial EU Migration Pact by 79 votes to 72" 172: 4354: 3472:

Rejection of exiles – The great reversal of the right of asylum

2187:"EU agrees new rules on hosting migrants, seeks to cut numbers" 1977:

Article 18, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

90:

Following the presentation of the Policy Plan on Asylum by the

79:

in October 1999, several legislative instruments instituting a

4091:"European Council Conclusions on migration (18 February 2016)" 3258: 3182:

CeskeNoviny: Canada to announce lifting visas for Czechs today

1796: 1466: 658:) to impose social, moral, legal as well as cultural norms of 1591:. The commission also proposed to revise the regulations for 2276:"Over 200 academics dub new EU border asylum law 'inhumane'" 1990:"Convention and Protocol relating to the status of refugees" 620:

has decreased – during the first quarter of 2017, number of

132:

Migration policy of the European Union has its roots in the

1679: 1647: 835:

Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia have described the crisis as

613: 167: 2845:"EU asylum agency chief resigns amid bullying allegations" 2328:"The Council adopts the EU's pact on migration and asylum" 1401:

commented that: "Our country simply cannot afford to risk

1342:

proved its worth in all countries of the European Union.

654:

through exerting pressure (politically or through acts of

5500:

European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters

4240:"EU funds for migration, asylum and integration policies" 3315:"Belarus dictator weaponizes illegal migrants against EU" 1388:

In the autumn of 2015, the Czech Republic, together with

240:

Directive (EU) 2024/1346 (reception conditions directive)

1599:, partially financed by funds previously granted to the 457: