Religion in the Middle East

1746: 2768: 2741:" was formed under the umbrella of the Ministry of Public Security, by Dr. Mordehcai Zaken, head of the Minorities Affairs Desk, to address and promote the concerns of Christian leaders and representative in their interactions with the State. Israel represents the religious Holy Land for Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Baha'is. All religions are present in Israel and lay personal claim to the land. Due to the significant Israeli/Palestinian conflict, tensions are high in the religious community. The majority of displaced and Palestinians are Muslim and the majority of current Israeli citizens are Jewish so establishing the state borders is highly influenced by religion. 2945:, religious headscarf, in schools and public places has been a huge source of contention. Now, it is a matter of civil rights in courts. The case of Sahin 2004 was one that exemplified the tension between religious secularism, civil rights and the government's power in Turkey. The case revolved around a student at university being allowed to wear the Hijab in class. Religious education is also a topic of debate in Turkey. Before 1980, private religious education was banned and then it was changed to be required. As it is currently being reevaluated, the question is whether religious education should be banned again, optional or if it should be obligatory and plural. 1224: 2653:) where a Shia cleric (faqih) is the ruler, though there are also competitive elections of candidates approved by another clerical body. This is a mix of republicanism and religion where that would use religion to rule for elective and democratic institutions; it was to be a blend of liberalism and religious injunctions (abs). Islam would be protected under this Islamic Republic and unelected positions like the Supreme Leader and the Guardian Council would have unlimited power over the nation. With the nuclear program developing in Iran and much conflict after September 11, 2001, Iran and the 1423: 7258: 1298: 617: 2620:, founded by Hassan al-Banna in Egypt. Many countries have now developed their branches. Many are violent and most Arab governments actively try to restrain the group by arresting and killing members. Currently, as the new government of Egypt is trying to establish itself, many are concerned that a member of the Muslim Brotherhood will again step in and claim leadership. For the current candidates for the presidency, more than one is likely to be affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood. 1827: 2387:

Now, however, it is considered one of the smallest religions with only 190,000 followers worldwide. There is a supreme deity called Ahura Mazda; lord of wisdom, symbolised as light of sun and fire. There is a dualistic principal of Spenta Mainyu; creative mind or goodness and Angra Mainyu; destructive mind or evil, this is known in Middle Persian as Ahriman. It is ultimately up to the individual to decide which the two paths they choose to follow. Zoroastrians follow the

903: 2613:

between the Muslims and Copts of Egypt as Copts argue for more representation in government and less legal and administrative discrimination. With this greater freedom of press, the Coptic issue has just begun to break into public awareness, but also due to a minority within both religious communities having extremist views, the media may also be exacerbating the sectarian tension by only publicizing examples of prejudice.

545: 1595: 7052: 497: 7062: 449: 257: 593: 425: 401: 377: 281: 641: 569: 305: 521: 2748:. Each of the three main religions is incredibly attached to this city and claim it as their own. Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether Palestinian Territories or Israel will encompass this region. Maps produced within the territories represent Jerusalem differently. Palestinian maps draw Jerusalem as divided and Israeli maps show it as a part of Israeli territory. 473: 353: 329: 2682: 1056: 835:, with Twelvers being the largest and most influential group, making up perhaps 95 percent of Shias. Twelver Shia have their largest populations in the Middle East in Iran (75%), Iraq (45%), Bahrain (35-40%), Azerbaijan (75%), Kuwait (15%), Yemen (30%), Syria (12.5%) Lebanon (20%), Saudi Arabia (8%), Oman (6%), UAE (5%), Turkey (12.5%), Qatar (5%). 2941:), with 6% having no religion. Originally a militarily secularized government, under the president Erdogan, religious freedom for Muslims has become much more accessible in Turkey. There has been a growing religious resurgence in Turkey and more and more citizens find significance in their religious identities. The previous laws disallowing the 2914:

Sunni Islamists, though, present a larger threat to the government because of their large Saudi Arabian population. These Sunni groups often dissent through violence targeted at government, Western or non-Muslims that threat the Muslim nation, Shiites, and sometimes generally directed against moral corruption.

2913:

is allegedly 100% Muslim. It is illegal to practice any other religion than Islam in Saudi Arabia. There is still tension, however, between the Sunnis and the Shias. Shiite Islamist revolution has never been a huge threat to the Saudi Arabian government, though, because it is such a small population.

227:

A major source of conflict in the Muslim Middle East is the divisive nature between the two main sects of Islam: Sunni and Shi'a. Although these two sects agree on the fundamentals of Islam and the teachings of the Quran, they are in conflict about who would lead the Muslim community after Muhammad's

2483:

as their religion. Buddhist adherents make up just over 0.3% of the total population of the Middle East. Many of these Buddhists are workers who have migrated from other parts of Asia to the Middle East in the last 20 years, many from countries and regions that have large Buddhist populations, such

2386:

is found in central Iran. Today, there are estimated to be under 20,000 Zoroastrians in Iran. It is one of the oldest monotheistic religions as it was founded 3500 years ago. It was also one of the most powerful religions in the world for about 1000 years, during the Persian pre-Islamic dynasties.

2014:

has noteworthy representation in Iran, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Palestine, Israel, and Turkey. Its international headquarters are located on the northern slope of Mount Carmel at Haifa, Israel. Founded in Iran in 1863, the Baháʼí Faith has an estimated 7 to 8 million followers across the world.

1925:

Samaritanism has a shared history and many shared customs with Judaism, and the main difference is the position of Mount Gerizim in their belief system. In their views not Jerusalem, but Mount Gerizim is regarded as the utmost sacred place chosen by God, where Joshua's alter was and where stones of

2612:

consists of Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim) 80–90%, Coptic Christians 10–20% and other Christians 1%. As Egypt has modernized with new forms of media and the Egyptian press was liberalized in the 2000s, Coptic Christianity has become a main topic of religious controversy. There is a degree of tension

2444:

in 2013. The group complained of mistreatment of atheists by society and government. A Pew survey found 63% of Egyptian Muslims favored the death penalty for those who leave the religion of Islam. The Egyptian penal code punishes "contempt of heavenly religions", and as of 2013 Egyptians had been

2901:

is represented by Christian Members, according to the law in Lebanon since the end of the war until today. This is the foundation of uniqueness of Lebanon and the source of much of its conflicts; and while changes have been made to attempt to make parliamentary representation more even, many are

1921:

Samaritanism is a closely affiliated religion with Judaism, practiced by the ethnoreligious Samaritan community. Samaritans are neither Palestinian or Israeli, however their ethnic roots are connected to the latter, but lived amongst former. In the past, the group used to be present in Egypt and

2432:

notes that although Saudi Arabia punishes unbelief with death, 5% of those surveyed identified themselves as atheists. Devji states there is "a new movement of atheists in countries such as Saudi Arabia ... which takes the form of secret societies", meeting "in internet chat rooms and unnamed

1279:

Christians now make up 5% of the population, down from 20% in the early 20th century. The number of Middle Eastern Christians is dropping in some regions in the Middle East due to such factors as extensive emigration. Besides, political turmoil has been and continues to be a major contributor

1912:

the number of Druze people worldwide is around one million, with about 45% to 50% live in Syria, 35% to 40% live in Lebanon, and less than 10% live in Israel, with recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora. Representation ranges from 100,000 in Israel to 700,000 in Syria.

1922:

Syria as well, but their community had almost collapsed by the late 19th century. Their population mainly reside in the area of Mount Gerizim, near the city of Nablus. Today the Samaritan community has grown to about 850 persons from as few as 150 in the early 20th century.

6312: 4958:

The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from

2424:

Some countries (Iraq, Tunisia) surveyed had 0% of respondents identifying as atheists. Other countries indicated low percentages (Palestinian Territories 1% and Turkey 2%). a lower percentage compared to other places like in Europe, Africa, Latin America, or South Asia.

2421:(religious edicts), gives lower (if less reliable) numbers, stating that there are 866 atheists in Egypt – "roughly 0.001% of the population"—325 in Morocco, and 32 in Yemen (defined as not only unbelievers, but secularists and "Muslims who convert to other religions"). 1990:

are noted as the most recent of these before the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh. Baháʼís regard the major religions as fundamentally unified in purpose, though varied in social practices and interpretations. The Baháʼí Faith stresses the unity of all people, explicitly rejecting

1791:

where they make up the majority of Israel's Jewish population and roughly a third of total world Jews. While they no longer live among a Muslim majority, they continue to follow many customs with strong Muslim and Middle Eastern influences making them distinct from

2140:, and took the title of Bab However throughout his ministry his titles and claims underwent much evolution as the Báb progressively outlined his teachings. The Bab's claims led to public unrest and ultimately the execution of the Bab by the Iranian government. 4483: 5840:

The Yezidi religious textual tradition, from oral to written : categories, transmission, scripturalisation, and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts: with samples of oral and written religious texts and with audio and video samples on

6276: 6246: 6193: 191:

is the most widely followed religion in the Middle East. About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East, and about 85 percent of people in the Middle East are Muslim. Islam is a monotheistic religion, teaching belief in one God

3949: 4566:

The Copts, who were 7 percent of the population in the nineteenth century, still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20 percent of total state capital, 45 percent of government employment

2925:

is represented by 70% Islam (Sunni), 12% Alawite, 5% Druze, and other Islamic sects, 10% Christian (various sects), and there is some Jewish representation (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo).

1378:, and according to scholar Lois Farag "The Copts still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20% of total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salarie". 1727:. Middle Eastern Christians are relatively wealthy, well educated, and politically moderate, as they have today an active role in various social, economical, sporting and political aspects in the Middle East. 4941:

Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.

1327:, is cited by the official census as consisting of 6–11 million people in past decade, although Coptic sources cite the figure as being closer to 15–20 million. Copts reside in mainly Egypt, but also in 854:, as the successor of the Prophet and as the rightful rulers of the Muslim community. Abu Bakr was appointed caliph by senior Muslims, while Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousine and son-in-law of Muhammad. 6284: 6254: 6201: 232:

was a significant schism between the two sects. Throughout the years, other differences have arisen between practices, beliefs and culture. Many conflicts between the two communities have occurred.

1406:

group numbering some 1.1–1.2 million across the Middle East. They occasionally avoid an Arabic identity in favour of their pre-Arab identity. Under the terms of an informal agreement, known as the

3953: 4513:

In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.

2104:; and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth. 5065:

Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.

3158:

Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.

2668:

is represented by 97% Islam (Shiite 60%–65%, Sunni 32%–37%), and 3% Christian or other. Because of this large majority of Shia over Sunni Muslim, there is much tension between the two groups.

1668:. Today the biggest Middle Eastern Greek community resides in Cyprus numbering around 793,000 (2008). Cypriot Greeks constitute the only Christian majority state in the Middle East, although 3053:

The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific

1362:

types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims. Historically; many Copts were

1745: 1022:

Alawites have historically kept their beliefs secret from outsiders and non-initiated Alawites. At the core of Alawite belief is a divine triad, comprising three aspects of the one God.

2067:

as his successor, bringing to a close the line of human gurus and establishing the scripture as the 11th and last eternally living guru, a religious spiritual/life guide for Sikhs.

1929:

Samaritans are mainly Arabic-speakers, however they use a separate script deriving from Hebrew-Canaanite for their biblical and historical scripts. Their holy script is called the

7349: 5296: 4121:

The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.

1041:. Alawites also live in Syria's major cities, and are estimated at 12 percent of the country's population (2.6 million, out of a total population of 22 million). 7321: 7272: 4416: 70:. Muslims constitute 18% of the total Israeli population, ~45% of the lebanese population (estimates vary) and 25% of the total Cypriot population, or approximately 2% if 6487:

Elsasser, Sebastian (12 February 2010). "Press Liberalization, the New Media, and the 'Coptic Question': Muslim-Coptic Relations in Egypt in a Changing Media Landscape".

4675: 1629:. In 2010 they numbered 1.1 million in Syria, 350,000 in Lebanon, 250–300,000 in Jordan, 150,000 in Israel and Palestine and smaller numbers in Turkey (18,000) and Iraq. 1812:

and various other minorities (4.1%). There are few other countries in the Middle East with significant Jewish populations, but the communities are small and scattered.

5951:

The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths: to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?

3125: 2638:

is made up of 98% Islam (Shi'a 89%, Sunni 9%) and 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baháʼí. There was much religious oppression and executions of members of the

4764: 2956:

is represented by a majority of Islam (including Sunni and Shiite), small numbers of native Jewish communities, Baháʼí, Christian, and Hindu. Followers of the Zaydi

2114:

worldwide, has a small presence in the Middle East too, mainly in the U.A.E, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Iran. Most of them are Punjabi-speaking Indian expatriates.

1926:

Law emerged. Additionally, because of the many similarities, debates emerged regarding the question of Samaritanism being a Jewish sect or an independent religion.

1952: 1948: 7115: 5494: 3563: 5426:

BROWN, A (April 1981). "204 ppW. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi, The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (1978)".

7277: 1132:

halls rather than mosques; worship ceremonies that feature wine, music and dancing, and where both women and men participate; non-observance of the five daily

2623:

The Brotherhood is however unpopular among the majority of Egyptians on account of its fundamentalist views, its clampdown on tourism and its desire to impose

1975: 6460: 4741: 4392: 58:

Today, Islam is the region's dominant religion, being adhered to by at least 90% of the population in every Middle Eastern country except for Jewish-majority

5614:"The Evolving Claims and Titles of Sayyid 'Ali Muhammad Shirazi, the Bab (1819-1850 CE). | Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā'ī Studies" 4235: 2650: 3882: 2156: 7304: 4894: 2333:. Published estimates of the Yazidi population vary greatly; from 300,000 worldwide to 700,000 in Northern Iraq alone, according to a recent estimate by 2786:

representing the mosaic of the Middle East, and contributing heavily in the Media, Politics, Entertainment, Banking... sectors in Lebanon and the World.

2767: 6544:

Collins-Kreiner, Y; Mansfeld, Kliot (11 August 2006). "The Reflection of a Political Conflict in Mapping: The Case of Israel's borders and Frontiers".

6077: 5914:

Foltz, Richard (2017-06-01). "The "Original" Kurdish Religion? Kurdish Nationalism and the False Conflation of the Yezidi and Zoroastrian Traditions".

4468:

Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22

2973: 2830: 5206: 6966: 2771: 4869: 4775: 2886: 2826: 1479:

has declined to somewhere between 500,000 and 800,000 (from 0.8 to 1.4 million before 2003 US invasion) or 6% of the population of 23 million.

4201: 1865:. They make up 5.5% of Lebanon's population, 3% of Syria and 1.6% of Israel. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in 7098: 6385: 6052: 6020: 5983: 5848: 5718: 5648: 5589: 5554: 5470: 5336: 5008: 4268: 3702: 3661: 3637: 3592: 3539: 1554:, and other countries of the area. Some other sources claim that the Armenians number around half a million, with their largest community in 6525:

Rad, Anahita Motazed (2 May 2011). "The Relation Between Religion and Government in Iran After the Islamic Revolution (1979)". p. 261.

5079:

Maud Huynh, Gloria Films, & France Télévisions (Producers), & Menanteau, J. (Director). (2018). Samaritan. Beliane. Retrieved from

3709:

Shias constitute seventy-five percent of the population of the Gulf. Of this, ninety-five percent of Iranians and sixty of Iraqis are Shias.

1119:

among ethnic Turks and Kurds, and make up between 10 and 15% of Turkey's population, the largest branches of Islam there after the majority

7430: 7230: 6941: 6691: 6620:

Hegghammer, Thomas (15 December 2009). "Jihad, Yes, But Not Revolution: Explaining the Extraversion of Islamist Violence in Saudi Arabia".

2858: 1253: 3584: 2479:

in the Middle East for over 1000 years, it has recently experienced a revival with an estimated 900,000 people (perhaps more) who profess

2151:

religion which professes that there is one incorporeal, unknown, and incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of

1711:

and Arab converts exist in small numbers. There are currently several million Christian foreign workers in the Gulf area, mostly from the

4716: 7435: 2033: 757: 212:

of God in a long chain of prophets, from Adam on down to John the Baptist, Jesus, and finally Muhammad. The majority of the Muslims are

6344: 4811: 3981: 7344: 7299: 6986: 3261: 2978: 1800:

in the Middle East is mostly practiced in Israel. Israel's population is 75.3% Jewish, with the remainder made up of Muslims (20.6%),

1011:

of Turkey. Alawites form the dominant religious group on the Syrian coast and towns near the coast which is also inhabited by Sunnis,

5306: 4382:"In 2008, father Morkos Aziz the prominent priest in Cairo declared that the number of Copts (inside Egypt) exceeds 16 million." 1661: 7316: 7017: 5768: 5402: 5369: 5247: 5189: 5126: 5058: 4980: 4934: 4652: 4625: 4559: 4534: 4149:

Christian communities and individuals have played a vital role in the Middle East, the cradle of Christianity as of other religions.

4142: 4114: 3781: 3754: 3237: 3151: 3060: 3032: 2721: 2334: 1223: 6277:"WIN-Gallup International 'Religiosity and Atheism Index' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century" 6247:"WIN-Gallup International 'Religiosity and Atheism Index' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century" 6194:"WIN-Gallup International 'Religiosity and Atheism Index' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century" 3900: 2737:

is represented by the following religious make-up: Judaism 77%, Islam 16%, Christian 2%, Druze 2% (2003). As of 2013, the Israeli "

2004: 1280:

pressing indigenous Near Eastern Christians of various ethnicities towards seeking security and stability outside their homelands.

4338: 7339: 5170:

edited by Menachem Mor and Friedrich V. Reiterer, Berlin/New York:Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., 2010 e-ISBN 978-3-11-021283-9

2874: 2822: 2699: 4987:

Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.

2642:. Religious minorities are now beginning to hold a larger presence and significance in Iran and are being acknowledged as such. 1971: 7331: 7311: 5508: 4008: 2558: 1909: 1218: 787: 3102: 2110:, the fifth-largest organized religion in the world after Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, having over 25 million 1960: 999:

population and are a significant minority in Turkey and northern Lebanon. There is also a population living in the village of

7027: 6224: 3209: 2428:

According to unbelievers in the Arab world, their numbers are growing but they suffer from persecution. Author and historian

1475:, leading to many fleeing to the west or congregating in areas in the north of Iraq and Syria. In Iraq numbers of indigenous 4274: 3076: 7359: 6776: 5526: 4779: 2738: 2445:

arrested and/or imprisoned for activities such as setting up a Facebook page calling for atheism, writing a book entitled

2400: 1634: 1411: 1257: 4642: 4444: 4075: 7392: 7022: 5752: 2870: 1515: 1227: 820: 812: 1422: 6981: 6886: 2854: 2850: 2463: 3855: 4315: 3408: 7294: 7282: 5301: 4737: 2703: 2692: 7382: 7287: 7091: 6991: 5677: 4909: 4856: 2834: 2162:

While Bábism was violently opposed by both clerical and government establishments, it led to the founding of the

1638: 162: 1967: 7377: 6936: 6901: 6856: 6708: 6684: 5673: 3829: 2910: 2862: 2842: 2838: 2437: 2414: 2315: 1426: 158: 6401: 6125: 3173: 35:. The Abrahamic tradition itself and the three best-known Abrahamic religions originate from the Middle East: 1959:

in the 19th century, it initially developed in Iran and parts of the Middle East, where it has faced ongoing

77:

There are a number of minority religions present in the Middle East, belonging to the Abrahamic tradition or

6826: 6821: 6716: 5748: 2818: 2783: 2775: 2541: 1297: 1234: 1026: 961:

during the 9th century, and fully established as a religion, For this reason, Alawites are sometimes called

7257: 1956: 1649:

number about 1 million in Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon, with the great majority being in Syria.

7409: 7387: 6946: 6921: 6836: 6816: 6766: 6736: 6726: 2878: 2806: 2227: 1894: 1842: 1646: 1367: 1351: 1316: 1242: 1238: 950: 166: 3506: 2472:

as their religion. Buddhist adherents make up just over 0.3% of the total population of the Middle East.

7032: 6911: 6906: 6786: 5221: 4696: 3317: 2882: 2846: 2802: 1626: 1012: 5973: 4055:"Excerpts from Baba Rexheb's The Mysticism of Islam & Bektashism – The Bektashi Order of Dervishes" 2639: 2163: 2011: 1942: 1809: 86: 2169:

According to one scholar there are currently no more than a few thousand adherents of the Babi Faith.

1826: 7402: 7397: 7242: 7084: 6976: 6926: 6881: 6861: 6851: 6751: 6461:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online" 4393:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online" 2585: 2251: 1930: 1660:, have declined since the Arab conquests and recently severely reduced in Turkey, as a result of the 1523: 1171: 934: 622: 78: 4873: 4227: 3721: 2902:

still urging for reform and change. Some would like the confessionalist government to be abolished.

7006: 6951: 6866: 6846: 6731: 6721: 6677: 4796: 4721: 4701: 4162: 3129: 2814: 2810: 2790: 2365: 2147:, beginning a new religious system with its own unique laws, teachings, and practices. Babism is a 1551: 1527: 1359: 28: 7061: 5797:. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019. p. 1. 3039:

The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

2869:

faith. Lebanon has a confessional political system in which, regardless of political parties, the

7187: 6996: 6931: 6896: 6831: 6811: 6801: 6761: 6746: 6741: 6637: 6599: 6561: 6504: 5681: 5488: 4504: 4193: 3557: 2934: 2756: 2734: 2649:

replaced an old-world monarchy with a theocracy based on the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (

2646: 2617: 2300: 1621:

has 400 native Christian citizens, in addition to 450,000 Christian foreign residents in Kuwait.

1547: 1539: 1531: 1375: 1249:

is characterized by its diverse beliefs and traditions compared to other parts of the old world.

502: 209: 130: 114: 3694: 3688: 2326: 2321:

is based on the belief of one God who created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven

824: 4594: 4484:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean" 2998: 1889:

as integral parts of their identity, with Arabic being their primary language. Developing from

1260:

have made significant contributions to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of

7037: 6956: 6916: 6891: 6871: 6806: 6781: 6771: 6756: 6381: 6058: 6048: 6016: 5979: 5954: 5931: 5877: 5854: 5844: 5774: 5764: 5714: 5644: 5595: 5585: 5560: 5550: 5520: 5476: 5466: 5443: 5408: 5398: 5375: 5365: 5342: 5332: 5271: 5253: 5243: 5185: 5122: 5054: 5004: 4976: 4930: 4888: 4648: 4621: 4555: 4530: 4352: 4264: 4185: 4138: 4110: 3777: 3750: 3698: 3657: 3651: 3633: 3588: 3545: 3535: 3233: 3227: 3205: 3147: 3056: 3028: 2961: 2953: 2922: 2609: 2357: 2292: 2272: 2239: 2137: 2072: 2063: 2058: 1598: 1583: 1543: 1519: 1472: 1432: 1178: 1112: 873: 82: 52: 6012: 3199: 7148: 6876: 6841: 6796: 6791: 6700: 6629: 6591: 6553: 6526: 6496: 6373: 6008: 6000: 5923: 5756: 5736: 5706: 5689: 5669: 5435: 4496: 4177: 3364: 3295: 2798: 2665: 2654: 2635: 2476: 2345: 2341: 2296: 2284: 2243: 2097: 2042: 1105: 229: 4835: 3922: 3482: 3342: 2744:

One of the main difficulties in establishing peace between the two countries is because of

7175: 4369: 3433: 2759:

is represented by 92% Muslim (Sunni), 6% Christian (mostly Greek Orthodox), and 2% other.

2554: 2353: 2311: 2166:, whose followers consider the religion founded by the Báb as a predecessor to their own. 2101: 1882: 1764: 1740: 1696: 1622: 1495: 1491: 1476: 1444: 1440: 1396: 1392: 1312: 1308: 1138:

prayers and prostrations (they only bow twice in the presence of their spiritual leader),

981: 976:), although the term has come to be used as a pejorative in the modern era. Another name, 966: 725: 71: 5024: 4328:"estimates ranged from 6 to 11 million; 6% (official estimate) to 20% (Church estimate)" 3386: 1831: 1775:, Morocco, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Syria, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iran, Uzbekistan, the 4297: 1586:

during and after World War I drastically reduced the once sizeable Armenian population.

701:. According to Sunni traditions, Muhammad left no successor and the participants of the 17: 6168: 2547: 2383: 2377: 2349: 2304: 1886: 1870: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1642: 1594: 1436: 1403: 1320: 1301: 1201: 885: 770: 146: 5439: 5166:

Reinhard Pummer, "Samaritanism – A Jewish Sect or an Independent Form of Yahwism?" in

4911:

Assessing Druze identity and strategies for preserving Druze heritage in North America

3531:

Muhammad in history, thought, and culture : an encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

3025:

An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation

7424: 7055: 6641: 6603: 6565: 6508: 6147: 5744: 5693: 4508: 4197: 3690:

The Persian Gulf and South Asia: prospects and problems of inter-regional cooperation

2468:

It is estimated that in the Middle East around 900,000 people, perhaps more, profess

2219: 1890: 1874: 1866: 1793: 1768: 1700: 1499: 1407: 1164: 1095: 1059: 1004: 996: 6367: 5638: 5080: 4578: 4054: 1562:

is disputed having a wide range of estimations. More Armenian communities reside in

1482:

Currently, the largest community of Syriac Christians in the Middle East resides in

902: 7215: 5665: 2574: 2429: 2039: 1898: 1784: 1760: 1749: 1704: 1610: 1371: 1033:

are the region's principal cities. They are also concentrated in the plains around

914: 881: 550: 40: 3455: 134: 5142: 4258: 3578: 1873:(literally the "Mountain of the Druze"). Although the Druze faith developed from 7107: 7065: 5793: 5760: 4417:"Egypt's Coptic Bishop Morcos: We need to build 4,000 churches in next 10 years" 4163:"The collapse of the Palestinian-Arab middle class in 1948: The case of Qatamon" 2529: 2000: 1933:, that is believed to be the unaltered version of the Jewish script, the Torah. 1712: 1708: 1665: 1494:

and largely Arabic-speaking Christians (original speakers of the almost extinct

1487: 1363: 1246: 1159: 1126:

Some of the differences that mark Alevis from mainstream Muslims are the use of

1120: 957:

by most other sects of Shia Islam. The sect is believed to have been founded by

842:

between Shi'as and Sunnis happened after the death of Muhammad. Members of the '

698: 694: 689: 213: 32: 2214:

worldwide and in the Middle East, they are found in Iraq and Iran. They revere

7194: 6633: 6595: 6557: 6500: 6438: 6062: 5927: 4953: 4857:

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/don-belt/pope-to-arab-christians-k_b_203943.html

4500: 4359:, declared that the number of Copts in Egypt is more than 12 million" (Arabic) 4181: 4083: 3982:"Turkey's Alevis, a Muslim Minority, Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence" 3856:"Turbulent history colors Syria's ruling Alawite Muslims' fight to keep power" 2898: 2441: 2410: 2409:

are a small minority in the Middle East with only 2% of those surveyed in the

2405:

According to a 2012 WIN-Gallup International 'Religiosity and Atheism Index',

2308: 2207: 2203: 2148: 2144: 2133: 2129: 2054: 2046: 1849:, with between 800,000 and a million adherents. They are primarily located in 1801: 1657: 1630: 1154: 1150:(considering true pilgrimage to be internal one). Alevis have some links with 1075: 1071: 958: 799: 775: 217: 154: 150: 122: 102: 5958: 5935: 5881: 5858: 5599: 5564: 5480: 5447: 5346: 4644:

Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications ...

4469: 4189: 3549: 3534:. Coeli Fitzpatrick, Adam Hani Walker. Santa Barbara, California. p. 3. 1672:

was founded with a Christian majority in the first half of the 20th century.

1283:

Presently, the only Christian majority country in the Middle East is Cyprus.

7202: 6377: 5778: 5412: 5379: 5257: 3273: 2745: 2570: 2525: 2521: 2501: 2276: 2247: 2211: 2189: 2152: 2132:

in the middle of the 19th century. The religion developed in the context of

1724: 1720: 1676: 1602: 1511: 1468: 1399: 1387: 1370:. According to the scholar Andrea Rugh Copts tend to belong to the educated 863: 832: 828: 221: 142: 138: 118: 110: 106: 2123: 1190: 1055: 224:. However, Ahmadis are considered by the majority of Muslims as heretical. 149:. While contemporary Middle Eastern religious practices are overwhelmingly 94: 5710: 5613: 5579: 5544: 4581:

Programme on Governance in the Arab Region : Elections : Lebanon

4260:

Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

4030: 3529: 5808:

Thaler, Kai (9 March 2007). "Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention".

5297:"Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2010" 3412: 2497: 2480: 2469: 2318: 2263: 2178: 2089: 2085: 1987: 1780: 1776: 1684: 1264:, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the 1063: 1016: 906: 897: 877: 847: 779: 753: 745: 706: 205: 126: 4973:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

4107:

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

2337:, 500,000-700,000 Yazidis reside in Iraq today. Yazidis of Iraq live in 2007:

that ensures the prosperity of all nations, races, creeds, and classes.

7170: 7123: 2794: 2779: 2581: 2489: 2406: 2361: 2330: 2268: 2195: 2107: 2029: 1878: 1850: 1797: 1736: 1669: 1625:, and those who tend to identify as Arabs, are mostly adherents of the 1614: 1563: 1265: 1151: 1140: 1115:. There are between 8–12 million Alevi and they are found primarily in 1050: 910: 761: 749: 702: 454: 262: 98: 63: 36: 6530: 6042: 2793:

is the most unique in the Middle East, and a mix of religions make up

1410:, between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the 846:' who later on became representatives of the Shi'ita branch preferred 7237: 7225: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7128: 6582:

Makhzoumi, Fouad (25 March 2010). "Lebanon's Crisis in Sovereignty".

6078:"Iraqi Yazidis: Hazy population numbers and a history of persecution" 5700: 5092: 4356: 2897:

Governor has to be always Christian as well. In addition, 50% of the

2624: 2517: 2509: 2388: 2338: 2288: 2081: 1996: 1992: 1979: 1970:, religion is revealed in an orderly and progressive way by a single 1862: 1858: 1846: 1835: 1788: 1653: 1618: 1579: 1571: 1559: 1535: 1464: 1452: 1355: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1269: 1197: 1185: 1128: 1116: 1030: 1000: 954: 942: 839: 765: 737: 721: 710: 598: 430: 406: 382: 286: 201: 67: 59: 44: 6102: 3774:

Regional Surveys of the World: The Middle East and North Africa 2003

2512:. A small number of engineers, company directors, and managers from 1978:, who are the founders of major world religions throughout history; 1656:, who had once inhabited large parts of the western Middle East and 953:

of the Twelver school. However, they are generally considered to be

6669: 5896: 4618:

Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics, fourth edition

2194:

Mandaeism, sometimes also known as Sabianism (after the mysterious

47:

in the 6th century BCE and the 1st century CE, respectively, while

7247: 7220: 7210: 7133: 2942: 2938: 2866: 2589: 2566: 2562: 2513: 2505: 2493: 2485: 2418: 2199: 2111: 2077: 1983: 1854: 1825: 1821: 1805: 1744: 1716: 1593: 1567: 1483: 1460: 1421: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1296: 1292: 1261: 1222: 1133: 1091: 1079: 1054: 1008: 938: 901: 843: 816: 783: 741: 740:

rulings are derived from these basic sources, in conjunction with

717: 646: 574: 526: 310: 197: 193: 188: 183: 90: 48: 6044:

Yezidis in Syria : identity building among a double minority

3229:

Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others

2202:, a name historically claimed by several religious groups), is a 1307:

The largest Christian group in the Middle East is the originally

1196:"source of emulation". Some practices of the Alevis are based on 7182: 7143: 7138: 3126:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Cyprus

2957: 2894: 2890: 2593: 2322: 2291:, in more recent times, they've also established communities in 2280: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2215: 2050: 1902: 1772: 1756: 1575: 1555: 1456: 1448: 1273: 1146: 1109: 1087: 1083: 1038: 1034: 937:

sect of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, primarily centered in

869: 823:, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: 733: 729: 478: 358: 334: 7080: 6673: 6402:"Hindu temples of Gulf countries: more exist than you imagined" 3507:"Middle East :: United Arab Emirates — The World Factbook" 1759:

resided across the Middle East. They are colloquially known as

1574:

and to lesser degree in other Middle Eastern countries such as

1510:

In the Middle Eastern states, there is a sizeable community of

7076: 6150:(2011). "Zoroastrians in Iran: What Future in the Homeland?". 5581:

Gate of the heart : understanding the writings of the Báb

5546:

Gate of the heart : understanding the writings of the Báb

2675: 2616:

Another current religious tension in Egypt is the role of the

1101: 946: 851: 5463:

Religion, war, and ethics: a sourcebook of textual traditions

5331:(3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 5182:

The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Origin of the Samaritan Sect

3747:

Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union

1518:

number around 350,000–400,000 and are mostly concentrated in

2561:. Many of them are Hindu. Many came due to the migration of 6047:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Incorporated. 5975:

Yezidism—its Background, Observances, and Textual Tradition

3776:. London, England: Europa Publications. 2003. p. 149. 2960:

are called Zaydi Shi'a and make up about 35% of Muslims in

1947:

The Baháʼí Faith is a relatively new religion teaching the

1558:

with 200,000 – 300,000 members. The number of Armenians in

1094:

and local traditions, whose adherents follow the mystical (

872:

are called Zaydi Shi'a and make up about 30% of Muslims in

5823:

Deutsch, Nathanial (6 October 2007). "Save the Gnostics".

5207:"The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Bahá'ís of Iran" 4812:"Assyrians community thrives again in southeastern Turkey" 1755:

For over 2,000 years of their history, a large portion of

4552:

The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture

3883:"Syrians flee their homes amid fears of ethnic cleansing" 2136:, where a merchant declared himself to be the prophesied 4927:

The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East

1439:

heritages number roughly 2 to 3 million. The indigenous

1237:

in the region in the 1st century AD, and was one of the

697:

is the largest branch of Islam in most countries in the

5737:"Part I: Beginnings – Introduction: The Mandaean World" 1245:

of the mid-to-late 7th century AD. Christianity in the

4736:

Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (12 June 2008).

2550:

before Zoroastrianism became the dominant religion.

2702:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1256:

in the Middle East. Scholars and intellectuals agree

786:(theology) as well as the textualist school known as 6338: 6336: 6334: 4076:"Alevitisme: De vijf zuilen? (met NL ondertiteling)" 3944: 3942: 2937:

is represented by 92% Muslim (with 88% Sunni and 4%

2833:, and Christian churches non-native to Lebanon like 2440:

reported a clandestine atheist group of over 100 in

2417:, the branch of the Egyptian government that issues 2003:. At the heart of Baháʼí teachings is the goal of a 1471:

persecution over the last few centuries such as the

1029:

along the Mediterranean coast of Syria. Latakia and

7370: 7330: 7265: 7114: 7005: 6965: 6707: 5214:

War Crimes, Genocide, & Crimes Against Humanity

4445:"New Egyptian Constitution Holds Promise for Copts" 3830:"Syria's Alawites, a secretive and persecuted sect" 3675:

Ninety-five percent of Iran's Muslims are Shi'ites.

3077:"Which Religions Are Practiced In The Middle East?" 6188: 6186: 5509:"Religion Statistics – Top 10 Organized Religions" 5051:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics 4595:"With Arab revolts, region's Christians mull fate" 4482: 4035:Harvard Divinity School Religious Literacy Project 3365:"Middle East :: Lebanon — The World Factbook" 3296:"Middle East :: Bahrain — The World Factbook" 3144:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics 1486:, numbering 877,000–1,139,000. These are a mix of 5702:From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes 5584:. : Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 1. 5081:https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/Samaritan 4717:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012" 4439: 4437: 3409:"IMEU: Links: 2.6 - Are all Palestinians Muslim?" 3343:"Middle East :: Kuwait — The World Factbook" 2303:after fleeing persecution from the Sunnis during 2092:unity and equality of all humankind; engaging in 1542:, although well-established communities exist in 1366:, and in 1961 Coptic Christians owned 51% of the 768:, the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of 6076:Henne, Peter; Hackett, Conrad (12 August 2014). 5461:Gregory M. Reichberg; Henrik Syse, eds. (2014). 4341:. United Copts of Great Britain. 29 October 2008 3434:"Middle East :: Qatar — The World Factbook" 2546:A form of ancient Vedic hinduism was present in 2413:identifying themselves as "committed atheists". 2070:The core beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the 1783:, and Yemen. Since the 1950s because of growing 5515:. Archived from the original on April 21, 2005. 5238:Hatcher, William S.; J. Douglas Martin (1984). 4298:"Rome 'crisis' talks on Middle East Christians" 3881:McDonald-Gibson, Charlotte (18 February 2012). 3580:Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism 3387:"Middle East :: Oman — The World Factbook" 2865:), while the rest 5% of Lebanon belongs to the 1605:with his family (three generations), circa 1893 153:, most of the region's ancient traditions were 6283:. 6 August 2012. pp. 15–6. Archived from 5741:The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People 5538: 5536: 5240:The Bahá'í faith: the emerging global religion 3975: 3973: 3971: 2433:physical locations, like the mystics of old". 2210:religion. There are between 60,000 and 70,000 995:. Today, Alawites represent 11 percent of the 876:. Zaidis emerged in the eighth century out of 7092: 6685: 6313:"Conversions From Islam in Europe and Beyond" 6306: 6304: 6302: 2557:, of different religions, reside and work in 991:), is believed to be a mistransliteration of 8: 6615: 6613: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 5874:Ancient rites and old religions in Kurdistan 5664:De Blois, François (1960–2007). "Ṣābiʾ". In 5184:. Harvard University Press. pp. 18–19. 4527:Christians in Egypt: Strategies and Survival 4372:. العربية.نت الصفحة الرئيسية. 28 August 2008 4109:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. XLVIII. 3509:. Central Intelligence Agency, United States 3436:. Central Intelligence Agency, United States 3389:. Central Intelligence Agency, United States 3367:. Central Intelligence Agency, United States 3345:. Central Intelligence Agency, United States 3298:. Central Intelligence Agency, United States 2045:, developed from the spiritual teachings of 31:have been predominant throughout all of the 6577: 6575: 6482: 6480: 6200:. 6 August 2012. p. 17. Archived from 3901:"It's Time to Engage Iran, Russia on Syria" 3617:God's rule: the politics of world religions 7099: 7085: 7077: 6692: 6678: 6670: 6653: 6651: 5897:"Yezidism and Proto-Indo-Iranian Religion" 5643:. Internet Archive. Cassell. p. 246. 5493:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5364:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. 4929:. Michigan University Press. p. 114. 4495:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. 4489:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3749:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 3562:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3226:Mohammad Hassan Khalil (31 January 2013). 1108:, and a descendant—the 13th century Alevi 234: 6622:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 6225:"Egypt's atheists number 866 – precisely" 6163: 6161: 4914:(MA thesis). University of South Florida. 4470:http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/connect.2013.22 4228:"Pope to Arab Christians: Keep the Faith" 2722:Learn how and when to remove this message 2314:that has roots in a western branch of an 1025:Alawites have traditionally lived in the 6520: 6518: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6005:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 4859:Pope to Arab Christians: Keep the Faith. 4697:"International Religious Freedom Report" 3232:. Oxford University Press. p. 297. 3168: 3166: 2766: 2698:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2275:-speaking religious group indigenous to 2143:The Bábí movement signaled a break with 1908:According to scholar Colbert C. Held of 1358:index, and a stronger representation in 6660:Islam, Europe and Emerging Legal Issues 6041:Maisel, Sebastian (27 September 2018). 5327:Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). 5003:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 259. 4597:. English.alarabiya.net. 3 October 2011 4135:Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East 3630:What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam 3262:Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online 2990: 1350:In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher 6584:Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 6223:Kingsley, Patrick (12 December 2014). 6013:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254 5686:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5549:. : Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 5518: 5486: 5075: 5073: 4893:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4886: 4776:Catholic Near East Welfare Association 4579:United Nations Development Programme: 3555: 3103:"The Muslim Population in Israel 2022" 2881:, and the Speaker of the Parliament a 2325:Beings. The leader of these Angels is 2128:Babism or the Bab Faith originated in 2061:(1666–1708), named the Sikh scripture 1893:teachings, Druze incorporates Jewish, 888:who they recognize as the fifth Imam. 3768: 3766: 3477: 3475: 3204:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 45. 1498:language) who ethnically identify as 7: 7231:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 6343:Keddie, Patrick (18 November 2013). 5205:Affolter, Friedrich (January 2005). 4810:DHA, Daily Sabah with (2019-01-10). 4765:"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017" 4744:from the original on 26 October 2017 4263:. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. 4238:from the original on 18 October 2017 4207:from the original on 18 October 2017 2893:General has to be Christian and the 2859:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 2532:have also moved to the Middle East. 2391:which is their primary sacred text. 1319:Christian population. This Egyptian 949:(Ali ibn Abi Talib), considered the 27:For approximately a millennium, the 5242:. San Francisco: Harper & Row. 4676:"Jew, Christian In Bahrain Chamber" 4481:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). 2057:who succeeded him. The tenth guru, 2034:Indians in the United Arab Emirates 1007:. They are often confused with the 985: 970: 5397:. Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media. 5143:"Mount Gerizim and the Samaritans" 4738:"Christen in der islamischen Welt" 4277:from the original on 10 March 2021 3980:KINGSLEY, PATRICK (22 July 2017). 3693:. South Asian Publishers. p. 2979:Religions of the ancient Near East 1675:Smaller Christian groups include; 25: 6372:(1 ed.). London: Routledge. 5999:Allison, Christine (2017-01-25), 5735:Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). 4296:Willey, David (10 October 2010). 3927:www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au 3812: 3796: 3632:, Oxford University Press, 2002. 2580:Hindu temples have been built in 2569:expatriates and employees to the 2100:'); striving for justice for the 2019:Non-Abrahamic monotheistic faiths 1869:and in the south of Syria around 1779:, Kurdistan, Afghanistan, India, 1617:has 1,000 Christian citizens and 169:, and various Iranian religions. 7256: 7060: 7051: 7050: 6311:DEVJI, FAISAL (15 August 2017). 5694:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0952 5329:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3726:United States Institute of Peace 3650:Walter Martin (1 October 2003). 3456:"Syria Religions – Demographics" 2885:, and the Deputy Prime Minister 2680: 2449:, and "defamation of religion". 2316:Iranic pre-Zoroastrian religion. 1949:essential worth of all religions 1830:The complex hosting the tomb of 1633:converts number around 400,000. 639: 615: 591: 567: 543: 519: 495: 471: 447: 423: 399: 375: 351: 327: 303: 279: 255: 6253:. 6 August 2012. Archived from 5972:Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (1995). 5121:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 5–6. 4620:. Westview Press. p. 120. 2772:Saint George Maronite Cathedral 2559:Arab states of the Persian Gulf 2049:(1469–1539), the faith's first 1910:University of Nebraska, Lincoln 1599:Married Eastern Orthodox priest 1219:Christianity in the Middle East 724:(especially those collected in 709:as the next-in-line (the first 7018:British Indian Ocean Territory 5001:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places 4082:. 12 July 2013. Archived from 2271:(Yezidi, Ezidi or Ezdi) are a 1861:, with smaller communities in 1841:The Druze faith is one of the 1763:. They include descendants of 1414:must be a Maronite Christian. 74:is excluded from this figure. 1: 6366:Bouquet, A. C. (2024-02-21). 5916:Journal of Persianate Studies 5440:10.1016/s0048-721x(81)80022-x 4908:Radwan, Chad K. (June 2009). 4355:and Bishop Morkos, bishop of 3619:, p. 146, Jacob Neusner, 2003 2739:Government - Christians Forum 2401:Irreligion in the Middle East 2102:benefit and prosperity of all 1787:, most of these Jews fled to 1258:Christians in the Middle East 909:celebrating at a festival in 760:developed by the traditional 6345:"Egypt's embattled atheists" 5753:American Academy of Religion 5168:Samaritans: Past and Present 5147:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 4925:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). 3722:"Religious Politics in Iraq" 3656:. Baker Books. p. 421. 3411:. 2014-04-13. Archived from 2999:"Middle East (region, Asia)" 2475:Although Buddhism has had a 1516:Armenians in the Middle East 1228:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 880:Islam. They are named after 220:. Smaller sects include the 7431:Religion in the Middle East 6007:, Oxford University Press, 5761:10.1093/0195153855.003.0001 3583:. Scarecrow Press. p. 3528:Fitzpatrick, Coeli (2014). 3023:MacQueen, Benjamin (2013). 2855:Armenian Evangelical Church 2851:Assyrian Church of the East 2553:Millions of members of the 2464:Buddhism in the Middle East 2329:, who is symbolized with a 1877:, Druze do not identify as 1645:, comprise almost 600,000. 1335:, with tiny communities in 1252:Christian communities have 1157:(such as importance of the 758:principles of jurisprudence 7452: 7436:Culture of the Middle East 5949:Omarkhali, Khanna (2011). 5838:Omarkhali, Khanna (2017). 5699:Van Bladel, Kevin (2017). 5360:Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2005). 5053:. Routledge. p. 109. 4999:Brockman, Norbert (2011). 4449:National Catholic Register 4226:Belt, Don (15 June 2009). 4137:. Routledge. p. 173. 3687:Bhabani Sen Gupta (1987). 3318:"Iraqi Culture – Religion" 3146:. Routledge. p. 109. 3055:. Routledge. p. 552. 2539: 2461: 2398: 2375: 2261: 2187: 2176: 2121: 2027: 1940: 1819: 1734: 1385: 1290: 1216: 1048: 895: 861: 819:. Although there are many 797: 774:(faith) and comprises the 730:binding juristic consensus 687: 181: 79:other religious categories 7254: 7046: 6634:10.1080/13530190903338938 6596:10.1080/00396331003764298 6558:10.1080/00263200500521230 6501:10.1080/00263200903432308 5928:10.1163/18747167-12341309 5525:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5180:Purvis, James D. (1968). 5117:Pummer, Reinhard (1987). 5093:"The Samaritanian Update" 5049:C. Held, Colbert (2008). 4975:. Routledge. p. 33. 4971:J. Stewart, Dona (2008). 4794:Information sourced from 4616:C. Held, Colbert (2006). 4554:. Routledge. p. 83. 4501:10.1017/S0010417514000425 4182:10.1080/00263200701568352 3653:Kingdom of the Cults, The 3577:Guidère, Mathieu (2012). 3142:C. Held, Colbert (2008). 2835:Armenian Apostolic Church 921:Alawis, also rendered as 734:traditional jurisprudence 6767:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5220:: 75–117. Archived from 4529:. Springer. p. 30. 4525:Rugh, Andrea B. (2016). 4316:"Coptic Orthodox Church" 4133:Curtis, Michael (2017). 4105:Jenkins, Philip (2020). 3607:Tabataba'i (1979), p. 76 3051:Takacs, Sarolta (2015). 2974:Middle Eastern mythology 2911:Religion in Saudi Arabia 2887:Greek Orthodox Christian 2843:Chaldean Catholic Church 2839:Armenian Catholic Church 2573:-rich states around the 2415:Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah 1427:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 1412:president of the country 1241:of the region until the 732:, form the basis of all 18:Middle Eastern religions 7028:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6378:10.4324/9781003478614-3 5843:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 5749:Oxford University Press 5637:Barrett, David (2001). 5302:Encyclopædia Britannica 5276:Encyclopædia Britannica 5029:Encyclopædia Britannica 4550:Farag, Lois M. (2013). 4257:Pacini, Andrea (1998). 3745:Stephen W. Day (2012). 3487:interaktif.konda.com.tr 2877:, the Prime Minister a 2776:Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque 2542:Hinduism in Arab states 1953:the unity of all people 1027:An-Nusayriyah Mountains 868:Followers of the Zaydi 788:traditionalist theology 66:and Christian-majority 55:in the 7th century CE. 7226:North Syria Federation 6546:Middle Eastern Studies 6489:Middle Eastern Studies 5578:Saiedi, Nader (2008). 5543:Saiedi, Nader (2008). 5305:. 2010. Archived from 4956:. Harvard University. 4170:Middle Eastern Studies 4161:Radai, Itamar (2008). 4011:. Encyclopedia Iranica 2787: 1843:major religious groups 1838: 1752: 1606: 1590:Other Christian groups 1429: 1352:educational attainment 1304: 1230: 1183:), but do not follow 1067: 945:named Alawites revere 918: 811:is the second-largest 196:) and is based on the 62:, religiously diverse 6658:Durham, Cole (2012). 5711:10.1163/9789004339460 5618:hurqalya.ucmerced.edu 5393:Teece, Geoff (2005). 4584:Retrieved 2018-11-18. 4421:english.alarabiya.net 3274:"Religion: Religions" 2958:Islamic jurisprudence 2847:Roman Catholic Church 2797:, represented by 54% 2770: 2657:are at a crossroads. 1976:Manifestations of God 1963:since its inception. 1829: 1748: 1627:Greek Orthodox Church 1597: 1425: 1418:Syriacs and Assyrians 1300: 1226: 1058: 1049:Further information: 905: 896:Further information: 870:Islamic jurisprudence 862:Further information: 798:Further information: 7243:United Arab Emirates 6942:United Arab Emirates 6465:english.ahram.org.eg 5895:Kaczorowski, Karol. 5097:The Samaritan Update 4763:Roberson, Ronald G. 4641:Nichol, Jim (2011). 4397:english.ahram.org.eg 3198:Ori Stendel (1996). 2691:factual accuracy is 2586:United Arab Emirates 2382:In the Middle East, 2335:U.S State Department 2252:ethnoreligious group 2157:Manifestation of God 1931:Samaritan Pentateuch 1687:and others, such as 1435:of various non-Arab 1354:, relatively higher 742:analogical reasoning 736:within Sunni Islam. 623:United Arab Emirates 85:. These include the 6969:limited recognition 6439:"World's Religions" 6152:Middle East Journal 6082:Pew Research Center 5978:. E. Mellen Press. 5309:on 20 November 2016 4797:Annuario Pontificio 4722:US State Department 4702:US State Department 3201:The Arabs in Israel 3130:Pew Research Center 3027:. SAGE. p. 5. 2791:Religion in Lebanon 2627:law on the nation. 2366:Nineveh governorate 2084:in the name of the 2005:unified world order 1463:have suffered both 1311:-speaking, but now 1254:played a vital role 1070:Alevism is a small 754:juristic discretion 236: 173:Abrahamic religions 29:Abrahamic religions 7350:Metropolitan areas 6317:The New York Times 3986:The New York Times 3460:www.indexmundi.com 3194:See, for example: 2935:Religion in Turkey 2875:Maronite Christian 2788: 2757:Religion in Jordan 2735:Religion in Israel 2647:Islamic Revolution 2618:Muslim Brotherhood 1839: 1753: 1607: 1459:and north eastern 1430: 1376:upper-middle class 1305: 1231: 1068: 919: 884:, the grandson of 249:Muslim Population 246:Muslim Percentage 235: 7418: 7417: 7074: 7073: 7011:other territories 6701:Religion in Asia 6387:978-1-003-47861-4 6287:on 25 August 2012 6257:on 25 August 2012 6204:on 25 August 2012 6171:. FindTheBest.com 6054:978-1-4985-4980-6 6022:978-0-19-934037-8 5985:978-0-7734-9004-8 5850:978-3-447-10856-0 5755:. pp. 1–20. 5751:on behalf of the 5720:978-90-04-33943-9 5705:. Leiden: Brill. 5650:978-0-304-35592-1 5640:The new believers 5591:978-1-4356-5634-5 5556:978-1-4356-5634-5 5513:www.adherents.com 5472:978-0-521-45038-6 5465:. New York City. 5338:978-1-4422-3601-1 5010:978-1-59884-654-6 4451:. 31 January 2014 4353:Pope Shenouda III 4270:978-0-19-829388-0 3836:. 2 February 2012 3704:978-81-7003-077-5 3663:978-0-7642-2821-6 3638:978-0-19-515713-0 3594:978-0-8108-7965-2 3541:978-1-61069-177-2 3176:. FindTheBest.com 2954:Religion in Yemen 2923:Religion in Syria 2778:, Beirut. 41% in 2732: 2731: 2724: 2610:Religion in Egypt 2358:Tel Kaif district 2242:, and especially 2198:mentioned in the 2073:Guru Granth Sahib 2064:Guru Granth Sahib 1966:According to the 1955:. Established by 1664:, which followed 1662:Greco-Turkish War 1639:Eastern Catholics 1635:Melkite Catholics 1584:Armenian genocide 1473:Assyrian genocide 1433:Syriac Christians 1113:Haji Bektash Veli 852:Ali ibn Abi Talib 681: 680: 243:Total Population 163:Egyptian religion 159:Semitic religions 83:Iranian religions 16:(Redirected from 7443: 7305:Modern conflicts 7260: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7078: 7064: 7054: 7053: 7023:Christmas Island 6709:Sovereign states 6694: 6687: 6680: 6671: 6664: 6663: 6655: 6646: 6645: 6617: 6608: 6607: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6522: 6513: 6512: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6435: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6340: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6319:. New York Times 6308: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6169:"Zoroastrianism" 6165: 6156: 6155: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6126:"Zoroastrianism" 6122: 6109: 6108: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6029: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5872:Turgut, Lokman. 5869: 5863: 5862: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5697: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5516: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5484: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5211: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4954:"Druze in Syria" 4950: 4944: 4943: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4872:. Archived from 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4778:. Archived from 4769: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4591: 4585: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4366: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3988:. New York Times 3977: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3952:. Archived from 3946: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3903:. al-monitor.com 3897: 3891: 3890: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3826: 3820: 3810: 3804: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3647: 3641: 3628:Esposito, John. 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3553: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3139: 3133: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2995: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704:reliably sourced 2684: 2683: 2676: 2666:Religion in Iraq 2655:Islamic Republic 2636:Religion in Iran 2307:. They follow a 2244:John the Baptist 2098:selfless service 1968:Baháʼí teachings 1881:. They maintain 1455:, north western 1451:, south eastern 1360:white collar job 1243:Muslim conquests 1200:elements of the 1177:, commemorating 1106:the Twelve Imams 987: 972: 764:. In matters of 720:, together with 645: 643: 642: 621: 619: 618: 597: 595: 594: 573: 571: 570: 549: 547: 546: 525: 523: 522: 501: 499: 498: 477: 475: 474: 453: 451: 450: 429: 427: 426: 405: 403: 402: 381: 379: 378: 357: 355: 354: 333: 331: 330: 309: 307: 306: 285: 283: 282: 261: 259: 258: 237: 230:Battle of Siffin 157:, including the 21: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7366: 7326: 7261: 7252: 7177:Northern Cyprus 7149:Iraqi Kurdistan 7110: 7105: 7075: 7070: 7042: 7010: 7001: 6982:Northern Cyprus 6968: 6961: 6703: 6698: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6656: 6649: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6581: 6580: 6573: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6524: 6523: 6516: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6192: 6191: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6112: 6101:Salloum, Saad. 6100: 6099: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6055: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6025: 6023: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5851: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5810:Yale Daily News 5807: 5806: 5802: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5771: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5698: 5682:Heinrichs, W.P. 5663: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5620: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5592: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5557: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5485: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5405: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5372: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5339: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5312: 5310: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5250: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5061: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5011: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4870:"Archived copy" 4868: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4836:"2008 estimate" 4834: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4344: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4271: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3979: 3978: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3887:The Independent 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3815:Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs 3811: 3807: 3799:Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs 3795: 3791: 3784: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3554: 3542: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2970: 2951: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2815:Alawite/Nusayri 2765: 2754: 2728: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2697: 2689:This article's 2685: 2681: 2674: 2663: 2651:Velayat-e Faqih 2633: 2607: 2602: 2555:Indian diaspora 2544: 2538: 2466: 2460: 2455: 2453:Other religions 2403: 2397: 2380: 2374: 2344:, districts of 2312:ethnic religion 2277:Kurdish regions 2266: 2260: 2192: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2126: 2120: 2053:, and the nine 2043:Indian religion 2036: 2028:Main articles: 2026: 2021: 1945: 1939: 1919: 1883:Arabic language 1824: 1818: 1765:Babylonian Jews 1743: 1741:History of Jews 1733: 1647:Syrian Orthodox 1623:Arab Christians 1592: 1508: 1496:Western Aramaic 1441:Eastern Aramaic 1420: 1390: 1384: 1317:Coptic Orthodox 1295: 1289: 1239:major religions 1221: 1215: 1100:) teachings of 1053: 1047: 913:, Syria during 900: 894: 886:Husayn ibn ʻAlī 866: 860: 802: 796: 726:Kutub al-Sittah 692: 686: 640: 638: 616: 614: 592: 590: 568: 566: 544: 542: 520: 518: 496: 494: 472: 470: 448: 446: 424: 422: 400: 398: 376: 374: 352: 350: 328: 326: 304: 302: 280: 278: 256: 254: 186: 180: 175: 72:Northern Cyprus 43:emerged in the 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7449: 7447: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7423: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7322:Water conflict 7319: 7317:Water politics 7314: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7280: 7275: 7273:Climate change 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7058: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6666: 6665: 6647: 6628:(3): 395–416. 6609: 6571: 6552:(3): 381–408. 6536: 6514: 6495:(1): 131–150. 6476: 6452: 6415: 6393: 6386: 6358: 6330: 6298: 6268: 6238: 6227:. The Guardian 6215: 6182: 6157: 6139: 6110: 6104:ÊZIDÎS IN IRAQ 6093: 6068: 6053: 6033: 6021: 5991: 5984: 5964: 5941: 5906: 5887: 5864: 5849: 5830: 5825:New York Times 5815: 5800: 5784: 5769: 5727: 5719: 5678:van Donzel, E. 5674:Bosworth, C.E. 5656: 5649: 5629: 5605: 5590: 5570: 5555: 5532: 5500: 5471: 5453: 5418: 5403: 5385: 5370: 5352: 5337: 5319: 5288: 5263: 5248: 5230: 5227:on 2012-07-22. 5197: 5190: 5172: 5159: 5134: 5127: 5119:The Samaritans 5109: 5084: 5069: 5059: 5041: 5016: 5009: 4991: 4981: 4963: 4945: 4935: 4917: 4900: 4861: 4849: 4827: 4802: 4755: 4728: 4708: 4688: 4667: 4653: 4633: 4626: 4608: 4586: 4571: 4560: 4542: 4535: 4517: 4473: 4461: 4433: 4408: 4384: 4361: 4330: 4307: 4288: 4269: 4249: 4218: 4176:(6): 961–982. 4153: 4143: 4125: 4115: 4097: 4067: 4046: 4022: 3999: 3967: 3956:on 17 May 2015 3938: 3914: 3892: 3873: 3847: 3821: 3805: 3789: 3782: 3762: 3755: 3737: 3713: 3703: 3679: 3662: 3642: 3621: 3609: 3600: 3593: 3569: 3540: 3520: 3498: 3471: 3447: 3425: 3400: 3378: 3356: 3334: 3324:. January 2018 3322:Cultural Atlas 3309: 3287: 3265: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3238: 3223: 3210: 3187: 3162: 3152: 3134: 3118: 3107:www.cbs.gov.il 3094: 3068: 3061: 3043: 3033: 3015: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2950: 2947: 2931: 2928: 2919: 2916: 2907: 2904: 2883:Shi'ite Muslim 2827:Greek Orthodox 2764: 2761: 2753: 2750: 2730: 2729: 2688: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2662: 2659: 2632: 2629: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2548:ancient Persia 2540:Main article: 2537: 2534: 2462:Main article: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2399:Main article: 2396: 2393: 2384:Zoroastrianism 2378:Zoroastrianism 2376:Main article: 2373: 2372:Zoroastrianism 2370: 2356:in Duhok, and 2319:Their religion 2262:Main article: 2259: 2256: 2188:Main article: 2185: 2182: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2122:Main article: 2119: 2116: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 1941:Main article: 1938: 1935: 1918: 1915: 1871:Jabal al-Druze 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1732: 1729: 1681:Messianic Jews 1591: 1588: 1507: 1504: 1437:ethnoreligious 1419: 1416: 1404:ethnoreligious 1383: 1380: 1368:Egyptian banks 1321:ethnoreligious 1302:Hanging Church 1288: 1285: 1214: 1211: 1046: 1043: 893: 890: 859: 856: 795: 792: 750:public welfare 688:Main article: 685: 682: 679: 678: 675: 670: 665: 659: 658: 655: 652: 649: 635: 634: 631: 628: 625: 611: 610: 607: 604: 601: 587: 586: 583: 580: 577: 563: 562: 559: 556: 553: 539: 538: 535: 532: 529: 515: 514: 511: 508: 505: 491: 490: 487: 484: 481: 467: 466: 463: 460: 457: 443: 442: 439: 436: 433: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 395: 394: 391: 388: 385: 371: 370: 367: 364: 361: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 323: 322: 319: 316: 313: 299: 298: 295: 292: 289: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 216:, followed by 182:Main article: 179: 176: 174: 171: 167:Greek religion 147:Zoroastrianism 81:, such as the 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7448: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7340:Ethnic groups 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7097: 7095: 7090: 7088: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6992:South Ossetia 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6661: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6362: 6359: 6346: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6226: 6219: 6216: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6148:Richard Foltz 6143: 6140: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6107:. p. 23. 6106: 6105: 6097: 6094: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6037: 6034: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 6001:"The Yazidis" 5995: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5968: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5922:(1): 87–106. 5921: 5917: 5910: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5811: 5804: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5770:9780195153859 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5670:Bianquis, Th. 5667: 5660: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5633: 5630: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5404:1-58340-469-4 5400: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5371:0-7910-8098-6 5367: 5363: 5356: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5320: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5277: 5273: 5272:"Bahai Faith" 5267: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5249:0-06-065441-4 5245: 5241: 5234: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5191:9780674435117 5187: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5130: 5128:9789004078918 5124: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5060:9780429962004 5056: 5052: 5045: 5042: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4982:9781135980795 4978: 4974: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4936:9780030525964 4932: 4928: 4921: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4876:on 2013-03-04 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4785:on 2018-10-24 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4656: 4654:9781437929331 4650: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4627:0-8133-4170-1 4623: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561:9781134666843 4557: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4536:9781137566133 4532: 4528: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4250: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4144:9781351510721 4140: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4116:9781538124185 4112: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4086:on 2015-05-17 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3862:. 9 July 2012 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3783:1-85743-132-4 3779: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3756:9781107022157 3752: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3415:on 2014-04-13 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3241: 3239:9780199945412 3235: 3231: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3153:9780429962004 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3083:. 22 May 2019 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3062:9781317455721 3058: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3034:9781446289761 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2723: 2715: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2447:Where is God? 2443: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2250:are a closed 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2183: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:Mount Lebanon 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:European Jews 1790: 1786: 1785:anti-semitism 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:Mountain Jews 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:Jewish people 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408:National Pact 1405: 1402:are a native 1401: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323:community of 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233:Christianity 1229: 1225: 1220: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1060:Kartal Cemevi 1057: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:Golan Heights 1002: 998: 994: 990: 983: 979: 975: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 891: 889: 887: 883: 882:Zayd ibn ʻAlī 879: 875: 871: 865: 857: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 821:Shia subsects 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 793: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772: 767: 763: 762:legal schools 759: 755: 751: 747: 746:consideration 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 703:Saqifah event 700: 696: 691: 683: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 656: 653: 650: 648: 637: 636: 632: 629: 626: 624: 613: 612: 608: 605: 602: 600: 589: 588: 584: 581: 578: 576: 565: 564: 560: 557: 554: 552: 541: 540: 536: 533: 530: 528: 517: 516: 512: 509: 506: 504: 493: 492: 488: 485: 482: 480: 469: 468: 464: 461: 458: 456: 445: 444: 440: 437: 434: 432: 421: 420: 416: 413: 410: 408: 397: 396: 392: 389: 386: 384: 373: 372: 368: 365: 362: 360: 349: 348: 344: 341: 338: 336: 325: 324: 320: 317: 314: 312: 301: 300: 296: 293: 290: 288: 277: 276: 272: 269: 266: 264: 253: 252: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 233: 231: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 210:final prophet 207: 204:believe that 203: 199: 195: 190: 185: 177: 172: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 56: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 7354: 7332:Demographics 7312:Human rights 7216:Saudi Arabia 7201: 7195: 7188: 7176: 7007:Dependencies 6937:Turkmenistan 6902:Saudi Arabia 6659: 6625: 6621: 6587: 6583: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6492: 6488: 6468:. Retrieved 6464: 6455: 6443:. Retrieved 6441:. InfoPlease 6408:December 20, 6406:. Retrieved 6396: 6368: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6347:. Al Jazeera 6321:. Retrieved 6316: 6289:. Retrieved 6285:the original 6280: 6271: 6259:. Retrieved 6255:the original 6250: 6241: 6229:. Retrieved 6218: 6206:. Retrieved 6202:the original 6197: 6173:. Retrieved 6151: 6142: 6130:. Retrieved 6103: 6096: 6085:. Retrieved 6081: 6071: 6043: 6036: 6026:, retrieved 6004: 5994: 5974: 5967: 5950: 5944: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5900: 5890: 5873: 5867: 5839: 5833: 5824: 5818: 5809: 5803: 5792: 5787: 5740: 5730: 5701: 5685: 5659: 5639: 5632: 5621:. Retrieved 5617: 5608: 5580: 5573: 5545: 5512: 5503: 5462: 5456: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5394: 5388: 5361: 5355: 5328: 5322: 5311:. Retrieved 5307:the original 5300: 5291: 5279:. Retrieved 5275: 5266: 5239: 5233: 5222:the original 5217: 5213: 5200: 5181: 5175: 5167: 5162: 5150:. Retrieved 5146: 5137: 5118: 5112: 5100:. Retrieved 5096: 5087: 5064: 5050: 5044: 5032:. Retrieved 5028: 5019: 5000: 4994: 4986: 4972: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4940: 4926: 4920: 4910: 4903: 4878:. Retrieved 4874:the original 4864: 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4830: 4819:. Retrieved 4815: 4805: 4800:2017 edition 4795: 4787:. Retrieved 4780:the original 4771: 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4731: 4720: 4711: 4700: 4691: 4679:. Retrieved 4670: 4658:. Retrieved 4643: 4636: 4617: 4611: 4599:. Retrieved 4589: 4580: 4574: 4565: 4551: 4545: 4526: 4520: 4512: 4492: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4453:. Retrieved 4448: 4425:. Retrieved 4423:. March 2017 4420: 4411: 4400:. Retrieved 4396: 4387: 4374:. Retrieved 4364: 4343:. Retrieved 4333: 4320:. Retrieved 4310: 4301: 4291: 4279:. Retrieved 4259: 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4231: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4173: 4169: 4156: 4148: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4106: 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4084:the original 4079: 4070: 4058:. Retrieved 4049: 4038:. Retrieved 4034: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 4002: 3990:. Retrieved 3985: 3958:. Retrieved 3954:the original 3930:. Retrieved 3926: 3923:"The Alevis" 3917: 3905:. Retrieved 3895: 3886: 3876: 3864:. Retrieved 3859: 3850: 3838:. Retrieved 3833: 3824: 3814: 3808: 3798: 3792: 3773: 3746: 3740: 3729:. Retrieved 3725: 3716: 3708: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3667:. Retrieved 3652: 3645: 3629: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3579: 3572: 3530: 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3501: 3490:. Retrieved 3486: 3463:. Retrieved 3459: 3450: 3438:. Retrieved 3428: 3417:. Retrieved 3413:the original 3403: 3391:. Retrieved 3381: 3369:. Retrieved 3359: 3347:. Retrieved 3337: 3326:. Retrieved 3321: 3312: 3300:. Retrieved 3290: 3278:. Retrieved 3268: 3257: 3243:. Retrieved 3228: 3215:. Retrieved 3200: 3190: 3178:. Retrieved 3157: 3143: 3137: 3121: 3110:. Retrieved 3106: 3097: 3085:. Retrieved 3080: 3071: 3052: 3046: 3038: 3024: 3018: 3006:. Retrieved 3002: 2993: 2952: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2906:Saudi Arabia 2889:. Also, the 2879:Sunni Muslim 2789: 2755: 2743: 2733: 2718: 2709: 2690: 2664: 2644: 2640:Baháʼí Faith 2634: 2622: 2615: 2608: 2579: 2575:Persian Gulf 2552: 2545: 2474: 2467: 2446: 2435: 2430:Faisal Devji 2427: 2423: 2404: 2381: 2327:Tawûsê Melek 2309:monotheistic 2267: 2208:monotheistic 2193: 2168: 2164:Baháʼí Faith 2161: 2149:monotheistic 2142: 2127: 2106: 2093: 2071: 2069: 2062: 2059:Gobind Singh 2040:monotheistic 2037: 2012:Baháʼí Faith 2009: 1965: 1946: 1943:Baháʼí Faith 1937:Baháʼí Faith 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917:Samaritanism 1907: 1840: 1832:Nabi Shu'ayb 1771:from modern 1761:Mizrahi Jews 1754: 1750:Western Wall 1674: 1651: 1611:Persian Gulf 1608: 1509: 1481: 1431: 1391: 1349: 1306: 1282: 1278: 1251: 1232: 1213:Christianity 1206: 1202: 1191: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1172:Mourning of 1166: 1158: 1145: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1096: 1082:, following 1069: 1024: 1021: 992: 988: 977: 973: 962: 930: 926: 922: 920: 915:World War II 867: 837: 808: 804: 803: 769: 756:, using the 715: 693: 677:382,425,728 672: 667: 662: 551:Saudi Arabia 315:109,546,720 226: 187: 155:polytheistic 151:monotheistic 123:Samaritanism 87:Baháʼí Faith 76: 57: 41:Christianity 26: 7378:Archaeology 7108:Middle East 7066:Asia portal 6967:States with 6887:Philippines 6827:South Korea 6822:North Korea 6717:Afghanistan 6590:(2): 5–12. 6404:. catchnews 5794:Ginza Rabba 5666:Bearman, P. 4816:Daily Sabah 4322:27 February 4007:Radtke, B. 3950:"BEKTĀŠĪYA" 3866:25 December 3840:25 December 2530:South Korea 2305:Ottoman era 2153:theophanies 2086:one creator 2038:Sikhism, a 2001:nationalism 1961:persecution 1957:Baháʼu'lláh 1905:elements. 1899:Neoplatonic 1897:, Gnostic, 1713:Philippines 1666:World War I 1652:The ethnic 1488:Neo-Aramaic 1364:accountants 1247:Middle East 1160:Ahl al-Bayt 1121:Sunni Islam 974:Nuṣayrīyyah 943:eponymously 805:Shīʿa Islam 782:schools of 699:Middle East 695:Sunni Islam 690:Sunni Islam 668:419,425,728 663:Middle East 657:28,655,046 651:28,915,284 609:74,196,991 603:80,810,525 585:15,907,434 579:18,284,407 561:31,000,000 555:33,413,660 411:10,261,300 369:38,159,560 363:39,339,753 345:80,234,070 339:81,871,500 321:98,592,048 228:death. The 131:Ali-Ilahism 115:Manichaiesm 51:emerged in 33:Middle East 7425:Categories 7360:Irreligion 6947:Uzbekistan 6922:Tajikistan 6837:Kyrgyzstan 6817:Kazakhstan 6737:Bangladesh 6727:Azerbaijan 6662:. Ashgate. 6531:10603/2020 6470:2019-04-24 6281:WINGIA.com 6251:WINGIA.com 6198:WINGIA.com 6087:2022-07-08 6063:1048943968 6028:2022-07-08 5623:2022-05-17 5434:(2): 202. 5313:2017-06-04 4880:2013-04-09 4821:2020-05-20 4789:2019-05-19 4601:22 October 4455:2019-04-24 4427:2018-11-12 4402:2018-11-12 4351:"In 2008, 4281:21 October 4242:21 January 4040:2017-07-31 3932:2017-07-27 3860:China Post 3813:Friedman, 3797:Friedman, 3731:2024-01-30 3513:25 January 3492:2023-05-14 3465:2018-10-15 3440:25 January 3419:2023-05-14 3393:25 January 3349:25 January 3328:2018-10-15 3302:25 January 3211:1898723249 3112:2023-12-28 3081:WorldAtlas 3003:Britannica 2985:References 2899:Parliament 2873:is always 2863:Protestant 2811:Isma'ilite 2784:Christians 2442:Alexandria 2438:Al Jazeera 2436:In Egypt, 2411:Arab world 2395:Irreligion 2145:Shia Islam 2134:Shia Islam 2082:meditation 2076:, include 2055:Sikh gurus 2047:Guru Nanak 1891:Isma'ilite 1875:Isma'ilism 1802:Christians 1735:See also: 1709:Circassian 1658:Asia Minor 1643:Greek Rite 1637:, who are 1631:Protestant 1395:-speaking 1386:See also: 1315:-speaking 1291:See also: 1235:originated 1217:See also: 1189:towards a 1155:Shia Islam 1144:, and the 1013:Christians 989:Anṣāriyyah 959:Ibn Nusayr 931:Nusạyriyya 800:Shia Islam 705:appointed 633:7,593,983 627:9,992,083 537:1,734,232 531:2,561,643 513:4,446,309 507:4,780,978 489:4,007,101 483:4,664,844 465:3,515,955 459:6,093,509 441:3,297,402 435:4,420,110 417:9,645,622 393:1,580,730 387:8,930,680 273:1,109,187 267:1,505,003 103:Gnosticism 7393:Etiquette 7278:Democracy 7203:West Bank 7189:Palestine 7116:Countries 7033:Hong Kong 6987:Palestine 6912:Sri Lanka 6907:Singapore 6787:Indonesia 6642:144377193 6604:153822060 6566:144442519 6509:144030096 6351:15 August 6323:15 August 6291:15 August 6261:15 August 6231:15 August 6208:15 August 5959:999248462 5936:1874-7094 5882:879288867 5859:994778968 5600:236160694 5565:236160694 5489:cite book 5481:869064902 5448:0048-721X 5347:881607325 4842:7 January 4838:. cia.gov 4509:145603557 4376:27 August 4345:27 August 4211:15 August 4198:143649224 4190:0026-3206 4031:"Alevism" 3558:cite book 3550:857754274 2871:President 2819:Christian 2746:Jerusalem 2700:talk page 2600:Countries 2526:Singapore 2522:Hong Kong 2502:Sri Lanka 2342:Mountains 2248:Mandaeans 2212:Mandaeans 2190:Mandaeism 2184:Mandaeism 2155:, called 2138:12th imam 1895:Christian 1725:Indonesia 1721:Sri Lanka 1677:Georgians 1603:Jerusalem 1540:Palestine 1512:Armenians 1506:Armenians 1492:Assyrians 1490:speaking 1477:Assyrians 1469:religious 1445:Assyrians 1443:speaking 1400:Maronites 1388:Maronites 1382:Maronites 1076:heterodox 1072:syncretic 935:syncretic 927:Alawīyyah 864:Zaidiyyah 503:Palestine 222:Ahmadiyya 143:Shabakism 139:Sabianism 135:Yazdânism 119:Yarsanism 111:Mandaeism 107:Rastafari 7355:Religion 7345:Genetics 7300:Timeline 7056:Category 6977:Abkhazia 6927:Thailand 6882:Pakistan 6862:Mongolia 6857:Maldives 6852:Malaysia 6752:Cambodia 6369:Hinduism 6154:: 73–84. 5901:Academia 5779:57385973 5745:New York 5684:(eds.). 5521:cite web 5428:Religion 5413:53839939 5380:57529568 5258:11234084 4889:cite web 4748:20 April 4742:Archived 4681:June 15, 4660:22 March 4275:Archived 4236:Archived 4232:HuffPost 4202:Archived 3245:March 1, 3217:March 4, 2968:See also 2823:Maronite 2774:and the 2712:May 2022 2693:disputed 2567:Nepalese 2536:Hinduism 2498:Thailand 2481:Buddhism 2477:presence 2470:Buddhism 2458:Buddhism 2407:atheists 2264:Yazidism 2258:Yazidism 2179:Ishikism 2173:Ishikism 1988:Muhammad 1974:through 1796:. Today 1781:Pakistan 1777:Caucasus 1693:Turcoman 1685:Russians 1613:states, 1397:Lebanese 1203:Bektashi 1174:Muharram 1078:form of 1064:Istanbul 1017:Ismailis 963:Nusayris 951:1st Imam 923:Alawites 907:Alawites 898:Alawites 892:Alawites 848:Abu Bakr 829:Ismailis 825:Twelvers 780:Maturidi 707:Abu Bakr 297:153,864 291:854,800 240:Country 206:Muhammad 127:Ishikism 7410:Studies 7388:Cuisine 7371:Culture 7295:History 7283:Economy 7266:Society 7171:Lebanon 7124:Bahrain 6952:Vietnam 6867:Myanmar 6847:Lebanon 6777:Georgia 6732:Bahrain 6722:Armenia 6445:9 April 6175:9 April 6132:9 April 5395:Sikhism 5362:Sikhism 5281:9 April 5034:9 April 5025:"Druze" 4725:. 2012. 4705:. 1999. 4647:DIANE. 4090:5 March 4080:YouTube 4060:5 March 4009:"Bāṭen" 3992:27 July 3960:5 March 3834:Reuters 3669:24 June 3483:"TR100" 3371:11 June 3280:9 April 3180:9 April 3174:"Islam" 3132:. 2010. 3008:9 April 2831:Melkite 2817:), 41% 2795:Lebanon 2780:Lebanon 2763:Lebanon 2582:Bahrain 2563:Indians 2490:Vietnam 2362:Bashiqa 2346:Shekhan 2331:peacock 2301:Armenia 2297:Georgia 2273:Kurdish 2269:Yazidis 2204:Gnostic 2196:Sabians 2108:Sikhism 2030:Sikhism 2024:Sikhism 1903:Iranian 1887:culture 1879:Muslims 1851:Lebanon 1845:in the 1816:Druzism 1798:Judaism 1737:Judaism 1731:Judaism 1697:Iranian 1689:Kurdish 1670:Lebanon 1641:of the 1615:Bahrain 1609:In the 1564:Lebanon 1524:Lebanon 1500:Syriacs 1266:Mashriq 1180:Karbala 1165:day of 1152:Twelver 1141:Ramadan 1051:Alevism 1045:Alevism 1003:in the 993:Nusayri 986:انصارية 933:, is a 911:Baniyas 809:Shīʿīsm 776:Ash'ari 455:Lebanon 263:Bahrain 208:is the 202:Muslims 99:Yazidis 91:Druzism 64:Lebanon 37:Judaism 7383:Cinema 7288:Energy 7238:Turkey 7166:Kuwait 7161:Jordan 7156:Israel 7129:Cyprus 6997:Taiwan 6932:Turkey 6897:Russia 6832:Kuwait 6812:Jordan 6802:Israel 6762:Cyprus 6747:Brunei 6742:Bhutan 6640: 6602: 6564: 6507: 6384: 6061: 6051: 6019: 5982: 5957: 5934: 5880: 5857: 5847: 5841:CD-ROM 5777: 5767: 5717: 5647: 5598: 5588: 5563: 5553: 5479: 5469: 5446: 5411: 5401: 5378: 5368: 5345: 5335: 5256: 5246: 5188: 5152:14 May 5125: 5102:15 May 5057: 5007: 4979: 4959:Islam. 4933: 4651: 4624: 4558: 4533: 4507: 4357:Shubra 4267: 4196: 4188: 4141: 4113: 4015:9 July 3907:6 July 3819:: p.67 3817:, 2010 3803:: p.68 3801:, 2010 3780: 3753: 3701: 3660: 3640:. p.40 3636: 3591: 3548: 3538: 3236: 3208: 3150: 3087:17 May 3059: 3031: 2930:Turkey 2799:Muslim 2752:Jordan 2672:Israel 2625:Sharia 2592:, and 2584:, the 2528:, and 2518:Taiwan 2510:Bhutan 2419:fatawa 2389:Avesta 2354:Simele 2339:Sinjar 2293:Russia 2289:Turkey 2124:Bábism 2118:Bábism 2090:divine 1997:sexism 1993:racism 1986:, and 1980:Buddha 1863:Jordan 1859:Israel 1857:, and 1847:Levant 1836:Israel 1810:Baháʼí 1789:Israel 1701:Shabak 1654:Greeks 1619:Kuwait 1582:. The 1580:Israel 1572:Jordan 1560:Turkey 1552:Turkey 1538:, and 1536:Jordan 1528:Cyprus 1514:. The 1465:ethnic 1453:Turkey 1393:Arabic 1372:middle 1356:wealth 1345:Jordan 1341:Cyprus 1337:Israel 1313:Arabic 1309:Coptic 1272:, and 1270:Turkey 1207:tariqa 1186:taqlid 1170:, the 1167:Ashura 1163:, the 1129:cemevi 1117:Turkey 1097:bāṭenī 1031:Tartus 1015:, and 1009:Alevis 1001:Ghajar 997:Syrian 982:Arabic 978:Ansari 971:نصيرية 967:Arabic 955:Ghulat 941:. The 840:schism 833:Zaidis 813:branch 738:Sharia 728:) and 722:hadith 711:caliph 673:91.17% 654:99.1% 644: 620: 599:Turkey 596: 582:87.0% 572: 558:93.0% 548: 534:67.7% 524: 510:93.0% 500: 486:85.9% 476: 452: 438:74.6% 431:Kuwait 428: 414:94.0% 407:Jordan 404: 390:17.7% 383:Israel 380: 366:97.0% 356: 332: 308: 294:18.0% 287:Cyprus 284: 270:73.7% 260: 165:, the 161:, the 145:, and 95:Bábism 68:Cyprus 60:Israel 53:Arabia 45:Levant 7403:Dance 7398:Music 7248:Yemen 7221:Syria 7211:Qatar 7134:Egypt 7038:Macau 6957:Yemen 6917:Syria 6892:Qatar 6872:Nepal 6807:Japan 6782:India 6772:Egypt 6757:China 6638:S2CID 6600:S2CID 6562:S2CID 6505:S2CID 6128:. BBC 5725:p. 5. 5225:(PDF) 5210:(PDF) 4783:(PDF) 4772:CNEWA 4768:(PDF) 4505:S2CID 4318:. BBC 4205:(PDF) 4194:S2CID 4166:(PDF) 3276:. BBC 2962:Yemen 2949:Yemen 2943:Hijab 2939:Alevi 2918:Syria 2867:Druze 2807:Sunni 2803:Shi'a 2605:Egypt 2590:Yemen 2514:Japan 2506:Nepal 2494:Japan 2486:China 2350:Zakho 2285:Syria 2200:Quran 2112:Sikhs 2078:faith 1984:Jesus 1855:Syria 1822:Druze 1806:Druze 1717:India 1705:Azeri 1601:from 1568:Syria 1548:Egypt 1532:Syria 1484:Syria 1461:Syria 1333:Libya 1329:Sudan 1325:Copts 1293:Copts 1287:Copts 1262:Islam 1192:Marja 1135:salat 1110:saint 1092:Sunni 1080:Islam 939:Syria 878:Shi'a 874:Yemen 858:Zaydi 850:over 844:ummah 817:Islam 784:Kalam 766:creed 718:Quran 684:Sunni 647:Yemen 575:Syria 527:Qatar 311:Egypt 218:Shi'a 214:Sunni 198:Quran 194:Allah 189:Islam 184:Islam 178:Islam 49:Islam 7196:Gaza 7183:Oman 7144:Iraq 7139:Iran 6877:Oman 6842:Laos 6797:Iraq 6792:Iran 6447:2012 6410:2016 6382:ISBN 6353:2017 6325:2017 6293:2017 6263:2017 6233:2017 6210:2017 6177:2012 6134:2012 6059:OCLC 6049:ISBN 6017:ISBN 5980:ISBN 5955:OCLC 5932:ISSN 5878:OCLC 5855:OCLC 5845:ISBN 5775:OCLC 5765:ISBN 5715:ISBN 5645:ISBN 5596:OCLC 5586:ISBN 5561:OCLC 5551:ISBN 5527:link 5495:link 5477:OCLC 5467:ISBN 5444:ISSN 5409:OCLC 5399:ISBN 5376:OCLC 5366:ISBN 5343:OCLC 5333:ISBN 5283:2012 5254:OCLC 5244:ISBN 5186:ISBN 5154:2022 5123:ISBN 5104:2022 5055:ISBN 5036:2012 5005:ISBN 4977:ISBN 4931:ISBN 4895:link 4844:2009 4750:2016 4683:2012 4662:2015 4649:ISBN 4622:ISBN 4603:2011 4556:ISBN 4531:ISBN 4378:2010 4347:2010 4324:2011 4283:2016 4265:ISBN 4244:2021 4213:2016 4186:ISSN 4139:ISBN 4111:ISBN 4092:2015 4062:2015 4017:2014 3994:2017 3962:2015 3909:2012 3868:2012 3842:2012 3778:ISBN 3751:ISBN 3699:ISBN 3671:2013 3658:ISBN 3634:ISBN 3589:ISBN 3564:link 3546:OCLC 3536:ISBN 3515:2020 3442:2020 3395:2020 3373:2019 3351:2020 3304:2020 3282:2012 3247:2014 3234:ISBN 3219:2014 3206:ISBN 3182:2012 3148:ISBN 3089:2022 3057:ISBN 3029:ISBN 3010:2012 2895:Bank 2891:Army 2661:Iraq 2645:The 2631:Iran 2594:Oman 2565:and 2508:and 2360:and 2352:and 2323:Holy 2299:and 2287:and 2281:Iraq 2240:Aram 2236:Shem 2232:Noah 2228:Enos 2224:Seth 2220:Abel 2216:Adam 2206:and 2130:Iran 2094:seva 2080:and 2051:guru 2032:and 2010:The 1999:and 1951:and 1901:and 1885:and 1773:Iraq 1767:and 1739:and 1723:and 1578:and 1576:Iraq 1556:Iran 1544:Iraq 1520:Iran 1467:and 1457:Iran 1449:Iraq 1374:and 1343:and 1331:and 1274:Iran 1198:Sufi 1147:Hajj 1088:Sufi 1084:Shia 1039:Homs 1037:and 1035:Hama 838:The 831:and 794:Shia 778:and 771:imān 752:and 716:The 630:76% 606:92% 479:Oman 462:55% 359:Iraq 342:98% 335:Iran 318:90% 39:and 7009:and 6630:doi 6592:doi 6554:doi 6527:hdl 6497:doi 6374:doi 6009:doi 5924:doi 5757:doi 5707:doi 5690:doi 5436:doi 4567:... 4497:doi 4370:"?" 4339:"?" 4302:BBC 4178:doi 3695:158 3585:319 2782:is 2571:oil 2484:as 2364:in 2279:of 1972:God 1447:of 1102:Ali 1062:in 947:Ali 929:or 815:of 807:or 748:of 713:). 7427:: 6650:^ 6636:. 6626:36 6624:. 6612:^ 6598:. 6588:52 6586:. 6574:^ 6560:. 6550:42 6548:. 6517:^ 6503:. 6493:46 6491:. 6479:^ 6463:. 6418:^ 6380:. 6333:^ 6315:. 6301:^ 6279:. 6249:. 6196:. 6185:^ 6160:^ 6113:^ 6080:. 6057:. 6015:, 6003:, 5953:. 5930:. 5920:10 5918:. 5899:. 5876:. 5853:. 5773:. 5763:. 5747:: 5743:. 5739:. 5713:. 5688:. 5680:; 5676:; 5672:; 5668:; 5616:. 5594:. 5559:. 5535:^ 5523:}} 5519:{{ 5511:. 5491:}} 5487:{{ 5475:. 5442:. 5432:11 5430:. 5407:. 5374:. 5341:. 5299:. 5274:. 5252:. 5216:. 5212:. 5145:. 5095:. 5072:^ 5063:. 5027:. 4985:. 4939:. 4891:}} 4887:{{ 4814:. 4774:. 4770:. 4740:. 4719:. 4699:. 4564:. 4511:. 4503:. 4493:56 4491:. 4487:. 4447:. 4436:^ 4419:. 4395:. 4300:. 4273:. 4234:. 4230:. 4200:. 4192:. 4184:. 4174:43 4172:. 4168:. 4147:. 4119:. 4078:. 4033:. 3984:. 3970:^ 3941:^ 3925:. 3885:. 3858:. 3832:. 3765:^ 3724:. 3707:. 3697:. 3673:. 3587:. 3560:}} 3556:{{ 3544:. 3485:. 3474:^ 3458:. 3320:. 3165:^ 3156:. 3128:. 3105:. 3079:. 3037:. 3001:. 2964:. 2861:, 2857:, 2853:, 2849:, 2845:, 2841:, 2837:, 2829:, 2825:, 2813:, 2809:, 2805:, 2596:. 2588:, 2577:. 2524:, 2520:, 2516:, 2504:, 2500:, 2496:, 2492:, 2488:, 2368:. 2348:, 2295:, 2283:, 2254:. 2246:. 2238:, 2234:, 2230:, 2226:, 2222:, 2218:, 2159:. 2096:(' 2088:; 1995:, 1982:, 1853:, 1834:, 1808:, 1804:, 1719:, 1715:, 1707:, 1703:, 1699:, 1695:, 1691:, 1683:, 1679:, 1570:, 1566:, 1550:, 1546:, 1534:, 1530:, 1526:, 1522:, 1502:. 1347:. 1339:, 1276:. 1268:, 1209:. 1123:. 1104:, 1090:, 1086:, 1074:, 1019:. 984:: 969:: 925:, 827:, 790:. 744:, 200:. 137:, 129:, 125:, 121:, 117:, 113:, 109:, 97:, 93:, 89:, 7100:e 7093:t 7086:v 6693:e 6686:t 6679:v 6644:. 6632:: 6606:. 6594:: 6568:. 6556:: 6533:. 6529:: 6511:. 6499:: 6473:. 6449:. 6412:. 6390:. 6376:: 6355:. 6327:. 6295:. 6265:. 6235:. 6212:. 6179:. 6136:. 6090:. 6065:. 6011:: 5988:. 5961:. 5938:. 5926:: 5903:. 5884:. 5861:. 5827:. 5812:. 5781:. 5759:: 5723:. 5709:: 5696:. 5692:: 5653:. 5626:. 5602:. 5567:. 5529:) 5497:) 5483:. 5450:. 5438:: 5415:. 5382:. 5349:. 5316:. 5285:. 5260:. 5218:1 5194:. 5156:. 5131:. 5106:. 5038:. 5013:. 4897:) 4883:. 4846:. 4824:. 4792:. 4752:. 4685:. 4664:. 4630:. 4605:. 4539:. 4499:: 4458:. 4430:. 4405:. 4380:. 4349:. 4326:. 4304:. 4285:. 4246:. 4215:. 4180:: 4094:. 4064:. 4043:. 4019:. 3996:. 3964:. 3935:. 3911:. 3889:. 3870:. 3844:. 3786:. 3759:. 3734:. 3597:. 3566:) 3552:. 3517:. 3495:. 3468:. 3444:. 3422:. 3397:. 3375:. 3353:. 3331:. 3306:. 3284:. 3249:. 3221:. 3184:. 3115:. 3091:. 3065:. 3012:. 2821:( 2801:( 2725:) 2719:( 2714:) 2710:( 2706:. 2696:. 1194:' 1066:. 980:( 965:( 917:. 192:( 141:, 133:, 105:, 101:, 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.