242:
and object relations..."a certain kind of rapprochement of the two traditions" in which object relations had certainly the greater part to play, (despite the
Lacanian grumble that 'crossing one with the other in varying quantities...is no substitute for Lacan's "return to Freud"'). As a result, it is
174:
For Eric Rayner, 'what characterises the
British Independents' – 'there are about 130 paid up members now; some are explicitly close to the Kleinians, others incline to the Contemporary Freudians' – is that 'most owe ideas to both sides; and probably all follow approaches from their forebears in the
256:
of the benefits of 'draw on several theoretical models, reflecting the pluralism in the field today', as well as of the way 'the therapist's personality places a personal stamp on the therapy conducted' – thereby strengthening the
Independent Group's awareness that the therapist, 'to encompass the
127:
was arguably 'for many years the most prominent member of the
Independent Group in the British Psycho-Analytical Society, and as such in complete opposition to both classical analysis and Kleinian theory...but he consistently denied that he was its leader'. Certainly, among the Independents, 'the
251:
Because of their theoretical open-mindedness, 'one of the criticisms levelled at the independent psychoanalysts in the
British Society is that they are said to be "woolly minded"'. Alternatively, because 'Independents do not offer a general explanatory scheme...they have been called "terminally
175:
original
British Society, not to mention other theorists as well...The Independents have many differences of opinion about theory and technique, but they share a basic attitude in common. This is to evaluate and respect ideas for their use and truth value – no matter from whence they come'.
110:
From that beginning, 'the buffer group of
Independents, notably Donald Winnicott, began to make original contributions of their own and to mark a distinctive character for the group'. Alongside the Kleinians the "Middle Group" represented 'the other division of psychoanalysts who use
218:
Gradually, however, their influence entered the mainstream. 'British object relations theory influenced North
American psychoanalysis over the last thirty years' of the twentieth century to an ever-increasing degree, beginning with figures like
235:, and others) who predate and foreshadow the Kohut and the Kernberg groups' were a major influence upon them, (openly acknowledged or not), so that for example arguably 'Kohut offers essentially the same program... Winnicott and Balint'.
183:
The influence of the
British object relations school has been widespread and increasing in the psychoanalytic world. Initially, it might prove more attractive to the analytic maverick. Thus for example
46:
perspective, which argued that the primary motivation of the child is object-seeking rather than drive gratification'. The 'Independent group...is strongly associated with the concept of
634:
62:, 'the British Psycho-Analytical Society divided into several sets of followers – eventually three sets in one'. On the one side, were the followers of
128:
four
British psychoanalysts who by their writing and teaching have had the biggest influence on psychoanalysis...are Ronald Fairbairn, Michael Balint,
639:
257:
diversity of clinical phenomena that will be encountered...cannot afford to be too monogamously wedded to one particular theory'.
116:
39:
243:
at least arguable that 'Object relations theory...has become the organising set of ideas in modern psychoanalysis worldwide'.
413:
208:
Lacan: 'Winnicott glimpsed the transitional object. That is what Lacan sums up, condenses, justifies and constructs with
253:
59:
70:, and 'in between, as a kind of buffer zone, were the British group who came to be known as "Independents" –
112:
189:
168:
197:
83:
47:
265:
152:
144:
539:
164:
75:
231:. 'The English object-relations people (D. W. Winnicott, W. R. D. Fairbairn, Michael Balint,
201:
200:, introduced by D. W. Winnicott, which is a key-point for the explanation of the genesis of
148:
87:
79:
132:, and Donald Winnicott....Related ideas have been developed and applied by such writers as
137:
124:
99:
239:
156:
95:
628:
232:
228:
220:
209:
193:
188:
for his part considered that 'Fairbairn is one of the best heuristic bridges between
133:
94:, who moved away from the Kleinian group'. Subsequently, 'some new refugees, notably
91:
63:
50:
as well as with a seemingly pragmatic, anti-theoretical attitude to psychoanalysis'.
160:
71:
204:'; and his followers argued that the Middle Group's object relations led directly
417:
224:
129:
185:
67:
360:
John Hunter Padel, "Freudianism: Later Developments", in Richard L. Gregory,
17:
544:
Understanding dissidence and controversy in the history of psychoanalysis
238:
Thereafter the late twentieth century saw a 'remarkable confluence of...
120:
143:'Contemporary publications for the Independent Group include those of
538:
Jill Savage Scharff, "The British Object Relations Theorists" in
612:
The British School of Psychoanalysis: the Independent Tradition
414:"Eric Rayner, "The British Independents: A Brief History"
252:
open-minded"'. There is, however, growing recognition in
38:
represents one of the three distinct sub-schools of the
473:
Jacques-Alain Miller, "Microscopia" in Jacques Lacan,
115:', and for some 'has formed the central core of the
401:The Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy
159:'. Others known through their writings include '
619:The Independent Mind in British Psychoanalysis
8:
297:Winnicott and the Psychoanalytic Tradition
501:Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession
375:A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
275:
284:Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
42:, and 'developed what is known as the
27:Formative British psychoanalysis group
179:Influence of the British independents
119:...interprets in terms of either the
7:
488:Attachment theory and psychoanalysis
449:What Do You Say After You Say Hello?
635:Mental health in the United Kingdom
123:or the pre-Oedipal relationship'.
102:, became prominent Independents'.
25:
557:Further Learning from the Patient
362:The Oxford Companion to the Mind
117:British Psychoanalytical Society
40:British Psychoanalytical Society
36:Middle Group of British analysts
196:paid tribute to 'the notion of
192:and psychoanalysis'. Similarly
377:(London 1995) p. 197 and p. 80
1:
503:(London 1988) p. 5 and p. 136
171:, Roger Kennedy, Rob Hale'.
254:psychodynamic psychotherapy
58:In the wake of the wartime
656:
570:The Analyst's Preconscious
399:S. De Schill/S. Lebowici,
640:Neopsychoanalytic schools
310:Introducing Melanie Klein
308:Richard Appignanesi ed.,
113:"object-relations" theory
60:Controversial Discussions
66:, on the other those of
438:Raynor, "Brief History"
312:(Cambridge 2006) p. 120
190:transactional analysis
477:(London 1990) p. xxxi
464:(London 1996) p. 250
451:(London 1975) p. 134
364:(Oxford 1987) p. 272
299:(London 2007) p. 144
572:(London 1996) p. 25
568:Victoria Hamilton,
559:(London 1997) p. 14
462:Ecrits: A Selection
420:on 17 November 2010
286:(London 2010) p. 12
198:transitional object
84:Ella Freeman Sharpe
48:countertransference
44:British independent
555:Patrick Casement,
540:Martin S. Bergmann
266:Good enough parent
145:Christopher Bollas
373:Charles Rycroft,
295:Lesley Caldwell,
282:Glen C. Gabbard,
165:Neville Symington
86:, and eventually
76:Marjorie Brierley
16:(Redirected from
647:
610:Gregorio Kohon,
599:
592:
586:
579:
573:
566:
560:
553:
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536:
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523:
517:
510:
504:
497:
491:
490:(2001) Chapter 8
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416:. Archived from
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345:
339:
332:
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149:Patrick Casement
88:Donald Winnicott
80:Ronald Fairbairn
21:
655:
654:
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625:
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607:
605:Further reading
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593:
589:
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537:
533:
524:
520:
511:
507:
499:Janet Malcolm,
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494:
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481:
472:
468:
460:Jacques Lacan,
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263:
249:
181:
138:Charles Rycroft
125:D. W. Winnicott
108:
100:Michael Foulkes
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
653:
651:
643:
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623:
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615:
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603:
601:
600:
587:
574:
561:
548:
531:
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516:p. xxviii–xxix
505:
492:
486:Peter Fonagy,
479:
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453:
440:
431:
405:
392:
379:
366:
353:
340:
327:
314:
301:
288:
274:
272:
269:
262:
259:
248:
245:
240:ego psychology
180:
177:
169:Gregorio Kohon
157:Harold Stewart
107:
104:
96:Michael Balint
55:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
652:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
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621:(London 1990)
620:
616:
614:(London 1986)
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609:
608:
604:
597:
591:
588:
584:
583:Psychotherapy
578:
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558:
552:
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546:(2004) p. 194
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350:
347:Appignanesi,
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331:
328:
324:
321:Appignanesi,
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315:
311:
305:
302:
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292:
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276:
270:
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267:
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255:
246:
244:
241:
236:
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233:Harry Guntrip
230:
229:Otto Kernberg
226:
222:
221:Arnold Modell
216:
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134:Marion Milner
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105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
92:Paula Heimann
89:
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81:
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65:
64:Melanie Klein
61:
53:
51:
49:
45:
41:
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19:
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611:
595:
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582:
577:
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487:
482:
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469:
461:
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448:
447:Eric Berne,
443:
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422:. Retrieved
418:the original
408:
403:(1999) p. 17
400:
395:
387:
382:
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348:
343:
335:
334:Appignanesi
330:
322:
317:
309:
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296:
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264:
250:
237:
217:
211:
205:
182:
173:
161:Nina Coltart
142:
109:
72:Sylvia Payne
57:
43:
35:
31:
29:
18:Middle Group
617:E. Rayner,
225:Heinz Kohut
153:Eric Rayner
130:John Bowlby
106:Development
32:Independent
629:Categories
594:Casement,
527:Television
475:Television
271:References
186:Eric Berne
68:Anna Freud
581:Gabbard,
512:Rycroft,
424:4 January
247:Criticism
202:fetishism
596:Learning
514:Critical
390:p. 272-3
261:See also
525:Miller
386:Padel,
210:object
121:Oedipal
54:Origins
598:p. 168
351:p. 157
338:p. 121
325:p. 121
585:p. ix
349:Klein
336:Klein
323:Klein
194:Lacan
529:xxxi
426:2011
388:Mind
227:and
155:and
136:and
98:and
90:and
82:and
30:The
215:'.
167:...
140:'.
34:or
631::
542:,
223:,
206:to
163:,
151:,
147:,
78:,
74:,
428:.
212:a
20:)
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