792:"If in "Sanskrit" we include the Vedic language and all dialects of the Old Indian period, then it is true to say that all the Prakrits are derived from Sanskrit. If on the other hand " Sanskrit " is used more strictly of the Panini-Patanjali language or "Classical Sanskrit," then it is untrue to say that any Prakrit is derived from Sanskrit, except that S'auraseni, the Midland Prakrit, is derived from the Old Indian dialect". Introduction to Prakrit, by Alfred C Woolner. Baptist Mission Press 1917
763:"...the MIA languages are not younger than ('classical') Sanskrit. And a number of their morphophonological and lexical features betray the fact that they are not direct descendants of Rigvedic Sanskrit, the main basis of 'Classical' Sanskrit; rather they descend from dialects which, despite many similarities, were different from Rigvedic and in some regards even more archaic." (
528:
The innovation is based on
Sanskrit atmanepadi (fruit of the action accrues to the doer) and parasmaipadi verbs (fruit of the action accrues to some other than the doer). For example, पका दे (pakā de) 'give cook' has the result of the action (cooked food) going to someone else, and पका ले (pakā le)
513:. For example, भाग जा (bhāg jā) 'go run' means run away, पका ले (pakā le) 'take cook' means to cook for oneself, and पका दे (pakā de) 'give cook' means to cook for someone. The second verb restricts the meaning of the main verb or adds a shade of meaning to it. Subsequently, the second verb was
195:, which literally means 'constructed' or 'refined'). Modern scholars such as Michael C. Shapiro follow this classification by including all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from
227:
are commonly assigned to three major groups: Old Indo-Aryan languages, Middle Indo-Aryan languages and Early Modern and Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The classification reflects stages in linguistic development, rather than being strictly chronological.
430:
Note that not all of these changes happened in all MIA languages. Archaisms persisted in northwestern
Ashokan prakrits like the retention of all 3 OIA sibilants, for example, retentions that would remain in the later Dardic languages.
628:
and the language of the texts came to be called Gāndhārī. These are largely
Buddhist texts which parallel the Pāli Canon, but include Mahāyāna texts as well. The language is distinct from other MI dialects.
231:
The Middle Indo-Aryan languages are younger than the Old Indo-Aryan languages but were contemporaneous with the use of
Classical Sanskrit, an Old Indo-Aryan language used for literary purposes.
783:"The most archaic Old Indo-Aryan is found in Hindu sacred texts called the Vedas, which date to approximately 1500 BCE". Encyclopædia Britannica - Indo-Aryan languages. General characteristics.
548:
Pali is the best attested of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages because of the extensive writings of early
Buddhists. These include canonical texts, canonical developments such as
2687:
144:
The Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) stage is thought to have spanned more than a millennium between 600 BCE and 1000 CE, and is often divided into three major subdivisions.
2702:
2697:
851:
234:
According to Thomas
Oberlies, a number of morphophonological and lexical features of Middle Indo-Aryan languages show that they are not direct continuations of
810:
South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah
Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203
405:
OIA clusters either became geminates through assimilation (deletion if the output would violate phonotactics) or were split by vowel epenthesis.
2692:
671:
770:
748:
721:
844:
2377:
1250:
408:
Initially, intervocalic aspirated stops spirantised. Later, all other intervocalic stops were deleted, weakened, or voiced.
2682:
2029:
1067:
837:
2000:
1820:
1666:
986:
2563:
2677:
2672:
2531:
2097:
577:
1534:
253:
2536:
2237:
2211:
1650:
2432:
1196:
494:
317:
58:
2640:
2509:
1785:
1579:
1406:
934:
238:. Instead they descend from other dialects similar to, but in some ways more archaic than Vedic Sanskrit.
63:
2310:
2123:
1609:
1574:
1569:
1401:
914:
2598:
2573:
2442:
2412:
2269:
2049:
2039:
1849:
1428:
860:
266:
224:
207:
126:
118:
114:
68:
2645:
2452:
2173:
2158:
2090:
2064:
2054:
1979:
1696:
1486:
1413:
1396:
1141:
971:
697:
Facts About the World's
Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present
300:
180:
176:
130:
2457:
2370:
2335:
2107:
1625:
1363:
1053:
981:
976:
667:
663:
514:
305:
434:
The following morphological changes distinguish typical MIA languages from their OIA ancestors:
2494:
2480:
346:
The following phonological changes distinguish typical MIA languages from their OIA ancestors:
326:
203:
2650:
2464:
2133:
2102:
2080:
2044:
1886:
1844:
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883:
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738:
717:
709:
611:
573:
498:
2568:
2558:
2504:
2437:
2340:
2315:
2305:
2284:
2279:
2254:
2193:
2085:
2059:
2022:
2017:
1971:
1917:
1870:
1829:
1780:
1725:
1686:
1635:
1554:
1524:
1471:
1461:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1295:
1245:
1201:
1113:
919:
868:
801:
Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26). The Indo-Aryan
Languages. Routledge. p. 163-220.
510:
285:
153:
138:
134:
2613:
2447:
2402:
2289:
2259:
2216:
2168:
2128:
2034:
1984:
1955:
1933:
1865:
1775:
1735:
1701:
1645:
1640:
1599:
1584:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1418:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1290:
1211:
1136:
1092:
1048:
1043:
1028:
1023:
966:
929:
924:
823:
569:
295:
247:
184:
53:
2623:
2365:
2274:
2206:
2201:
2183:
2163:
1950:
1943:
1912:
1806:
1754:
1594:
1589:
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1519:
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1466:
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1123:
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522:
235:
122:
92:
17:
2666:
2608:
2264:
2178:
2153:
1938:
1280:
1181:
289:
259:
486:
New verbal forms based on the present stem coexisted with fossilized forms from OIA.
2603:
1371:
589:
149:
187:
Prakrits. The term
Prakrit is also often applied to Middle Indo-Aryan languages (
1681:
1496:
1002:
621:
556:. Early Pāli texts, such as the Sutta-nipāta contain many "Magadhisms" (such as
553:
391:
Long vowels become short in overweight and later pre/post-tonic heavy syllables.
211:
157:
113:, which are a stage of Middle Indic) are a historical group of languages of the
580:
to preserve, edit, and publish texts in Pāli, as well as English translations.
1790:
1759:
1730:
549:
518:
411:
Dentals (and sometimes retroflexes) are palatalised if directly preceding /j/.
2580:
2489:
2469:
1161:
1156:
888:
659:
617:
165:
86:
594:
Known from a few inscriptions, most importantly the pillars and edicts of
2618:
2360:
1711:
1176:
1171:
1151:
909:
625:
334:
196:
552:, and a thriving commentarial tradition associated with figures such as
459:
The dative was eliminated and the genitive took on its former functions.
2552:
2423:
1896:
1630:
1146:
829:
172:
110:
1891:
1740:
1715:
1275:
1267:
1191:
1082:
1007:
699:, eds. Jane Garry and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates.
595:
415:
1706:
1604:
599:
506:
502:
462:
Many different case-endings could be used for one verbal paradigm.
2407:
1720:
543:
388:
which were long in open syllables and short in closed syllables.
161:
27:
Historical group of Indo-Aryan languages from 600 BCE to 1000 CE
833:
2499:
638:
489:
Active endings replaced passive endings for the passive voice.
312:
662:
Prakrit of the 3rd century BCE. It was ancestral to the
171:
The middle stage is represented by the various literary
620:
script have been discovered in the area centred on the
394:
The three sibilants of OIA are reduced to one, either
206:
of the 6th century CE and later that preceded early
2589:
2545:
2522:
2478:
2421:
2395:
2386:
2353:
2328:
2298:
2247:
2236:
2229:
2192:
2146:
2116:
2073:
2010:
1999:
1964:
1926:
1905:
1879:
1858:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1799:
1768:
1674:
1665:
1618:
1510:
1427:
1362:
1355:
1308:
1266:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1122:
1101:
1075:
1066:
1016:
995:
959:
943:
897:
876:
867:
85:
52:
42:
32:
529:'take cook' to the one who is doing the cooking.
691:
689:
687:
438:The dual number in nominal declensions was lost.
769:harvcol error: no target: CITEREFOberlies2007 (
732:
730:
670:languages. One major source of sample is from
845:
8:
737:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26).
572:until well into the second millennium. The
2688:Languages attested from the 6th century BC
2392:
2244:
2233:
2007:
1834:
1825:
1671:
1359:
1235:
1228:
1072:
873:
852:
838:
830:
250:(regional dialects of the 3rd century BCE)
695:Shapiro, Michael C. (2001), "Hindi", in:
764:
465:The middle voice eventually disappeared.
191:literally means 'natural' as opposed to
683:
493:A Middle Indo-Aryan innovation are the
414:Most final consonants delete except in
2703:10th-century disestablishments in Asia
710:"Chapter Six: Prākrits and Apabhraṃśa"
672:Thonigala Rock Inscriptions, Anamaduwa
624:in what was known in ancient times as
564:; or masculine nominative singular in
148:The early stage is represented by the
29:
2698:Languages extinct in the 10th century
202:The late stage is represented by the
199:by social and geographic differences.
125:) and the predecessors of the modern
7:
712:. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George.
441:Consonantal stems were thematicised.
269:(language of the oldest Jain sutras)
350:The replacement of vocalic liquids
25:
826:entry in the Encyclopædia Iranica
568:). Pāli continued to be a living
452:declensions were merged into one
2555:(unknown further classification)
525:distinctions for the main verb.
517:further into what is known as a
274:Middle phase (200 BCE to 700 CE)
282:Ardhamagadhi (later Jain canon)
262:(a Buddhist canonical language)
256:(a Buddhist canonical language)
109:, sometimes conflated with the
475:became used for genitives and
117:. They are the descendants of
1:
2693:6th-century BC establishments
426:instead, which was preserved.
242:Early phase (3rd century BCE)
103:Middle Indo-Aryan languages
2719:
743:. Routledge. p. 163.
636:
609:
587:
541:
2632:
495:serial verb constructions
54:Linguistic classification
37:
2433:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
740:The Indo-Aryan Languages
714:The Indo-Aryan Languages
521:, mainly used to convey
380:became the monophthongs
318:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
576:was founded in 1881 by
497:that have evolved into
342:General characteristics
121:(OIA; attested through
2641:Indo-Iranian languages
107:Middle Indic languages
18:Middle Indic languages
2311:Maharashtrian Konkani
716:. Routledge. p. 209.
708:Bubenik, Vit (2007).
598:found in what is now
2683:Indo-Aryan languages
2599:Andaman Creole Hindi
2030:Bishnupriya Manipuri
1850:Caribbean Hindustani
861:Indo-Aryan languages
337:(Magadhi Apabhraṃśa)
225:Indo-Aryan languages
127:Indo-Aryan languages
2646:Nuristani languages
2378:Mitanni superstrate
987:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
372:The OIA diphthongs
210:languages (such as
177:Shauraseni language
2678:Languages of India
2673:Medieval languages
2532:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2413:Early Ardhamagadhi
533:Attested languages
505:languages such as
499:complex predicates
483:for instrumentals.
2660:
2659:
2651:Iranian languages
2518:
2517:
2438:Dramatic Prakrits
2349:
2348:
2324:
2323:
2225:
2224:
2142:
2141:
2098:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
1995:
1994:
1815:
1814:
1661:
1660:
1651:list of languages
1351:
1350:
1304:
1303:
1220:
1219:
1062:
1061:
824:Gāndhārī Language
750:978-1-135-79711-9
722:978-1-135-79711-9
612:Gandhari language
578:T. W. Rhys Davids
574:Pali Text Society
418:junctions. Final
313:Sinhalese Prakrit
286:Dramatic Prakrits
208:Modern Indo-Aryan
175:, especially the
156:(c. 250 BCE) and
115:Indo-Aryan family
99:
98:
74:Middle Indo-Aryan
33:Middle Indo-Aryan
16:(Redirected from
2710:
2537:Proto-Indo-Aryan
2393:
2316:Canarese Konkani
2245:
2234:
2008:
1835:
1826:
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1360:
1236:
1229:
1073:
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854:
847:
840:
831:
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808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
774:
761:
755:
754:
734:
725:
706:
700:
693:
501:in modern north
248:Ashokan Prakrits
154:Edicts of Ashoka
95:
30:
21:
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2713:
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2709:
2708:
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2661:
2656:
2655:
2628:
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2541:
2524:
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2417:
2403:Ashokan Prakrit
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2345:
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2239:
2221:
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1291:Pahari-Pothwari
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1197:Pahari Kinnauri
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1097:
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1024:Indus Kohistani
1017:Hazara Division
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991:
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570:second language
546:
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515:grammaticalised
344:
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91:
44:
28:
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22:
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818:External links
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785:
776:
756:
749:
726:
701:
682:
681:
679:
676:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
616:Many texts in
610:Main article:
607:
604:
588:Main article:
585:
582:
542:Main article:
539:
536:
534:
531:
523:lexical aspect
491:
490:
487:
484:
466:
463:
460:
457:
442:
439:
428:
427:
412:
409:
406:
403:
392:
389:
370:
343:
340:
339:
338:
330:
323:
322:
321:
315:
310:
309:
308:
303:
298:
283:
280:
275:
272:
271:
270:
263:
257:
251:
243:
240:
236:Vedic Sanskrit
220:
217:
216:
215:
200:
169:
133:(Hindi-Urdu),
123:Vedic Sanskrit
119:Old Indo-Aryan
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
56:
50:
49:
48:Northern India
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2715:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Haflong Hindi
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:Chinali–Lahul
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2511:
2510:Khasa Prakrit
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
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1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
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1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Chhattisgarhi
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Rathwi Bareli
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
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1541:
1538:
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1533:
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1528:
1526:
1523:
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1518:
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1435:
1434:
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1426:
1420:
1417:
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1403:
1400:
1398:
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1394:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
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1361:
1358:
1354:
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1336:
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1230:
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1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Mahasu Pahari
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
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1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
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1078:
1074:
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1055:
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1040:
1037:
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1032:
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1027:
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1019:
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1004:
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988:
985:
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968:
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962:
958:
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902:
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896:
890:
887:
885:
882:
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879:
875:
872:
870:
866:
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855:
850:
848:
843:
841:
836:
835:
832:
825:
822:
821:
817:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
772:
766:
765:Oberlies 2007
760:
757:
752:
746:
742:
741:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
702:
698:
692:
690:
688:
684:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
632:
630:
627:
623:
619:
613:
605:
603:
601:
597:
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
545:
537:
532:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
488:
485:
482:
478:
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467:
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461:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
437:
436:
435:
432:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:(Magadhi) or
397:
393:
390:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:
341:
336:
333:
332:
328:
324:
320:(later texts)
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
290:Maurya period
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
273:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
241:
239:
237:
232:
229:
226:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:, and by the
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:
145:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
94:
90:
88:
84:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:Indo-European
57:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2604:Bombay Hindi
2546:Unclassified
2443:Ardhamagadhi
2387:
2270:Berar Deccan
2124:Chittagonian
2117:Chittagonian
1610:Vaagri Booli
1575:Pauri Bareli
1570:Palya Bareli
1535:Dhodia–Kukna
1225:Northwestern
915:Kundal Shahi
806:
797:
788:
779:
759:
739:
713:
704:
696:
656:Helu Prakrit
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:
615:
593:
590:Jain Prakrit
584:Ardhamāgadhī
565:
561:
557:
547:
527:
492:
480:
476:
472:
468:
453:
449:
445:
433:
429:
423:
419:
402:(elsewhere).
399:
395:
385:
381:
377:
373:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
325:Late phase:
279:Niya Prakrit
267:Ardhamagadhi
233:
230:
222:
192:
188:
150:Ardhamagadhi
143:
106:
102:
100:
73:
64:Indo-Iranian
45:distribution
38:Middle Indic
2592:and creoles
2574:Lahul Lohar
2453:Maharashtri
2050:Mal Paharia
2040:Kharia Thar
1682:Braj Bhasha
622:Khyber Pass
554:Buddhaghosa
456:declension.
301:Maharashtri
212:Braj Bhasha
204:Apabhraṃśas
181:Maharashtri
158:Jain Agamas
2667:Categories
2495:Apabhraṃśa
2481:Apabhraṃśa
2458:Shauraseni
2174:Bodo Parja
2159:Sambalpuri
2091:Goalpariya
2065:Tanchangya
2055:Noakhailla
1980:Bote-Darai
1791:Fiji Hindi
1760:Sadhukkadi
1731:Judeo-Urdu
1697:Hindustani
1487:Shekhawati
1429:Rajasthani
1414:Saurashtra
1142:Bhadarwahi
972:Gawar-Bati
678:References
660:Sri Lankan
550:Abhidhamma
519:light verb
329:(700–1500)
327:Apabhraṃśa
306:Shauraseni
166:Tripitakas
131:Hindustani
129:, such as
69:Indo-Aryan
43:Geographic
2581:Sheikhgal
2525:languages
2490:Abahattha
2470:Paishachi
2371:Classical
2336:Maldivian
2108:Surjapuri
2074:Kamarupic
1976:Kuswaric
1838:Bhojpuric
1626:Khandeshi
1162:Chambeali
1157:Bilaspuri
1054:Mankiyali
982:Shumashti
977:Nangalami
889:Kishtwari
664:Sinhalese
618:Kharoṣṭhi
87:Glottolog
2637:See also
2619:Nefamese
2614:Nagamese
2505:Kamarupi
2465:Gāndhārī
2422:Middle (
2361:Sanskrit
2299:Konkanic
2248:Marathic
2238:Marathi–
2230:Southern
2134:Rohingya
2103:Rangpuri
2081:Assamese
2045:Kurmukar
2023:dialects
2003:Kamarupa
1887:Maithili
1880:Maithili
1845:Bhojpuri
1750:Kannauji
1712:Hinglish
1692:Haryanvi
1457:Dhundari
1407:Wadiyara
1389:Jandavra
1377:Gujarati
1364:Gujarati
1286:Khetrani
1251:dialects
1207:Sirmauri
1187:Jaunsari
1177:Mandeali
1172:Pangwali
1152:Bhateali
1109:Garhwali
1068:Northern
1034:Chilisso
910:Brokskat
884:Kashmiri
877:Kashmiri
658:) was a
626:Gandhara
606:Gāndhārī
335:Abahatta
254:Gandhari
197:Sanskrit
193:saṃskṛta
179:and the
173:Prakrits
111:Prakrits
93:midd1350
2590:Pidgins
2569:Chinali
2559:Bazigar
2553:Badeshi
2448:Magadhi
2424:Prakrit
2341:Sinhala
2329:Insular
2306:Konkani
2285:Katkari
2280:Phudagi
2260:Varhadi
2255:Marathi
2240:Konkani
2212:Bhunjia
2086:Kamrupi
2060:Sylheti
2018:Bengali
2011:Bengali
1972:Kumhali
1939:Kochila
1927:Tharuic
1918:Kurmali
1906:Sadanic
1897:Bajjika
1871:Khortha
1821:Eastern
1781:Bagheli
1769:Eastern
1726:Deccani
1702:Kauravi
1687:Bundeli
1675:Western
1667:Central
1636:Dawoodi
1631:Lambadi
1555:Bhilori
1525:Bhilali
1472:Marwari
1462:Harauti
1402:Parkari
1356:Western
1323:Kholosi
1318:Jadgali
1296:Saraiki
1246:Punjabi
1239:Eastern
1232:Punjabi
1202:Hinduri
1147:Churahi
1124:Western
1114:Kumaoni
1102:Central
1076:Eastern
1003:Kalasha
996:Chitral
951:Pashayi
944:Pashayi
920:Kalkoti
668:Dhivehi
511:Bengali
422:became
296:Magadhi
219:History
189:prākṛta
185:Magadhi
164:of the
152:of the
139:Punjabi
135:Bengali
2523:Proto-
2479:Late (
2388:Middle
2290:Kadodi
2217:Nahari
2194:Halbic
2169:Bhatri
2129:Chakma
2035:Hajong
2001:Gauda–
1985:Danwar
1965:Others
1956:Musasa
1892:Angika
1866:Magahi
1859:Magahi
1830:Bihari
1800:Others
1776:Awadhi
1741:Rekhta
1716:Urdish
1646:Romani
1641:Domari
1619:Others
1600:Vasavi
1585:Pardhi
1565:Magari
1560:Mawchi
1550:Bauria
1540:Dhanki
1530:Chodri
1502:Nimadi
1492:Dhatki
1482:Mewari
1477:Mewati
1452:Gujari
1447:Loarki
1442:Goaria
1419:Vaghri
1343:Sindhi
1338:Memoni
1333:Luwati
1328:Kutchi
1310:Sindhi
1276:Hindko
1268:Lahnda
1212:Sarazi
1192:Kullui
1137:Kangri
1093:Nepali
1083:Doteli
1049:Tirahi
1044:Kalami
1029:Bateri
1008:Khowar
967:Dameli
930:Palula
925:Ushoji
869:Dardic
747:
720:
646:(also
596:Ashoka
503:Indian
473:tubyaṃ
469:mahyaṃ
416:sandhi
265:early
2624:Vedda
2396:Early
2366:Vedic
2275:Varli
2207:Kamar
2202:Halbi
2184:Kupia
2164:Desia
1951:Majhi
1944:Buksa
1934:Tharu
1913:Sadri
1807:Parya
1755:Sansi
1707:Hindi
1605:Wagdi
1595:Kalto
1590:Gamit
1545:Dubli
1520:Bhili
1467:Malvi
1437:Bagri
1397:Kachi
1393:Koli
1258:Sansi
1167:Gaddi
1132:Dogri
1088:Jumli
1039:Gowro
960:Kunar
905:Shina
898:Shina
767::163)
600:Bihar
507:Hindi
454:ī-/ū-
450:ī-/ū-
446:i-/u-
2408:Pāli
2265:Andh
2179:Reli
2154:Odia
2147:Odia
1721:Urdu
1512:Bhil
1281:Inku
935:Sawi
771:help
745:ISBN
718:ISBN
666:and
652:Hela
560:for
558:heke
544:Pali
538:Pāli
509:and
479:and
471:and
448:and
444:The
384:and
376:and
354:and
260:Pali
223:The
183:and
162:Pali
137:and
105:(or
101:The
2500:Elu
2354:Old
1372:Aer
654:or
648:Eḷa
644:Elu
639:Elu
633:Elu
562:eke
366:or
358:by
2669::
1497:Od
729:^
686:^
674:.
650:,
602:.
566:-e
481:te
477:me
378:au
374:ai
362:,
292:)
214:).
141:.
2483:)
2426:)
1714:/
853:e
846:t
839:v
773:)
753:.
724:.
424:ṃ
420:m
400:s
396:ś
386:o
382:e
368:u
364:i
360:a
356:ḷ
352:ṛ
288:(
168:.
20:)
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