353:
370:
333:
1078:
The dative-locative may denote not only an indirect object, but also local and temporal expressions, both static and dynamic. The accusative ending may be replaced by the unmarked nominative, especially if the noun is not definite and specific; in such cases, stems ending in unstable /n/ lose it. The
328:
The temporal delimitation of Middle Mongol causes some problems as shown in definitions ranging from the 13th until the early 15th or until the late 16th century. This discrepancy arises from the lack of documents written in the
Mongolian language from between the early 15th and late 16th centuries.
5046:
Except for the marked translations from de
Rachewiltz and Cleaves, all information in the following discussion up to but not including the comparison with modern Mongolian were taken from Poppe 1965. Poppe also argues for a "passive of necessity and possibility", but part of his examples can be
441:
The term "Middle Mongol" is problematic insofar as there is no body of texts that is commonly called "Old Mongol". While a revision of this terminology for the early period of
Mongolian has been attempted, the lack of a thorough and linguistically-based periodization of Mongolian up to now has
423:
argues that it is unlikely that the stele was erected at the place where it was found in the year of the event it describes, suggesting that it is more likely to have been erected about a quarter of a century later, when Yisüngge had gained more substantial political power. If so, the earliest
699:
In transliteration, /ø/ and /y/ are commonly indicated as <ö> and <ü>, respectively; /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ and /ʃ/ are written <c> (or <č>), <j> and <sh> (or <š>); /j/ is denoted by <y>; /ŋ/ is spelt <ng>; and /ɢ/ may be expressed by <gh> (or
2813:
In §131, Belgütei is negatively affected by an unknown actor. In §112, the addressee is the passive subject. While it is possible for the speech content to be passive subject, it is far less frequent. In §178, the referent of the subject is directly affected, but syntactically, the affected
329:
It is not clear whether these two delimitations constitute conscious decisions about the classification of e.g. a small text from 1453 with less than 120 words or whether the vaster definition is just intended to fill up the time gap for which little proper evidence is available.
695:
There appears to have been a positionally determined allophonic variation ~, ~, with the postvelar allophones occurring in back-vowel contexts. Both have been claimed to occur before /i/ (depending on its origin from Proto-Mongolic */i/ or */ɯ/), which would make them phonemic.
2092:
There are a number of participles. They may be used attributively or as standalone heads of nominal phrases, and several may also be combined with a copula to form complex verbal forms, or simply be used predicatively without a copula. They are listed in the following table.
1722:. There are two present and two past forms, with a modal distinction between a marked and unmarked form within each pair, and a pluperfect. The usual suffixes are displayed in the table below. As above, more innovative variants are introduced with the sign >.
712:, where /a/, /o/ and /u/ alternate with /e/, /ø/ and /y/; in the rest of this article, morphemes are represented only by their back-vocalic allomorph. The vowel /i/ is neutral with respect to vowel harmony. Certain stems end in an 'unstable /n/' (here marked
920:
The case endings have different allomorphs depending on whether the stem ends in a vowel, the consonant /n/ or another consonant. There is also some chronological variation between earlier and later texts, as marked with the sign > in the table.
3788:(as do many of the units); the decimals, apart from 'ten', share the same historical root with the corresponding units, but the exact derivational relation is not regular and transparent. The most common and archaic forms are as follows:
279:. The term "Middle Mongol" is somewhat misleading, as what would generally by language naming rules be termed "Old Mongolian" in this terminology is actually Proto-Mongolic. The existence of another ("old") Mongol clan federation in
1086:
possessive suffix (meaning 'his own', 'my own' and so on) can be placed after a noun declined for any case. Its shape varies depending on phonological factors and the genitive ending of vowel stems is also changed in front of it:
352:
4973:
in several morphemes. In modern
Mongolian, the latter variant occurs after the unaspirated stops, /s/ and /r/; Poppe (1955: 277) and Rybatzki (2003) do not explain how and whether the Middle Mongol alternation is
4813:
tends to be realised as /d/ after vowels, semivowels, nasals and the lateral, whereas /t/ tends to be found after obstruents; in some scripts and areas, however, no such allomorphy is expressed (Poppe 1955:
5065:
Cleaves 1982: 87. "wives and sons" might also have been a general term for ‘family’. De
Rachewiltz 2004: 82, 591 simply translates "of my people and my wife here" in accordance with his interpretation of
442:
constituted a problem for any such attempts. The related term "Preclassical
Mongolian" is applied to Middle Mongol documents in Mongolian script, since these show some distinct linguistic peculiarities.
419:
is considered to be its first surviving monument. It is a sports report written in
Mongolian writing that was already fairly conventionalized then and most often dated between 1224 and 1225. However,
3555:'my' etc.) are often placed as enclitics after the head instead. Number agreement between attributes and the nouns they modify is observed optionally. There is also gender agreement (for the suffix
4852:, and then only in some scripts. Rybatzki (2003: 69) therefore suspects that these spellings might be instances of archaising orthography with no counterparts in the contemporary spoken language.
1718:
The finite indicative verbal suffixes express different shades of temporal, aspectual and modal meaning, and the ones with a past meaning also agree with the subject in semantic/biological
3559:
and some verbal forms), but no case agreement; instead, only the head receives the case marker. There are no conjunctions. Long sequences of converbs preceding the finite verb are common.
4882:
These are actually the demonstrative pronouns 'this', 'that' and 'the same', used in place of personal pronouns because the nominative forms of the original ones had been lost.
3551:
after the verb rather than before it. In noun phrases, modifiers are normally placed in front of heads (i.e. adjectives and possessors precede nouns), but possessive pronouns (
434:, a document that must originally have been written in Mongolian script in 1252, but which only survives in an edited version as a textbook for learning Mongolian from the
3133:(as in §188 and §31). In contrast to the passive suffix, the causative suffix does not attach to a phrase, but to single verbs (as long as they denote different actions):
2822:
in other contexts). In §163, it is not the referent of the subject noun phrase, but people related to it that are directly affected to the distress of the subject.
3354:'She had her daughter-in-law perform the rites pertaining to a daughter in law, ordered that the ceremonial wine be drunk and the horse fiddle be played, and ...'
5468:
3125:
that is, however, less notable. Subjects of intransitive verbs of clauses that are causativized get accusative marking (as in §79), while former subjects of
2074:
wish or concern referring to a possible action by the first or second person ('Let him not do X!', 'You/he should not do X', 'But suppose he does X!').
5322:
de
Rachewiltz, Igor (1999): Some reflections on so-called Written Mongolian. In: Helmut Eimer, Michael Hahn, Maria Schetelich and Peter Wyzlic (eds.):
716:), which is obligatorily or optionally dropped in front of various suffixes. The consonants /g/ and /k/ are elided in front of vowel-initial suffixes.
5088:
is related to the position of
Genghis, not of Jamuqa. This interpretation is in full agreement with de Rachewiltz 2004: 129: 'when Jamuqa was brought
369:
5156:
5552:
4270:
2. Duwa Soqor, having a single eye in the middle of (his) forehead, was capable of peering at a place (at a distance) of three journeys.
2232:
are used as modifiers of the finite verb and their subject is normally the same as that of the finite verb. The following types occur:
5821:
5084:Ōsaki 2006: 216. The translation adapts elements from Cleaves 1982: 136, but follows the Mongolian translation below in assuming that
4717:
4684:
2733:‘If I think evil I shall be subject to letting out my blood like this’ or ‘Now if I think evil ..., let my blood be shed like this!’
430:
1777:
form (used to state something that can be deduced from available evidence) or as expressing certainty ('of course', 'obviously').
5461:
190:
4347:
4239:
337:
5781:
5431:
5281:
2838:
737:
733:
5816:
5454:
3992:
forms for 'first' and 'second', although the less common regular ones are attested in composite numerals. The suffix
5149:
The
Mongolian manuscripts on birch bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
3970:, lit. 'twenty six'. Multiples of hundred, thousand and ten thousand are also expressed by juxtaposition, e.g. 500
5441:
3988:, but the shape of the stem often deviates from that of the cardinal, as seen in the table below, and there are
492:
for Proto-Mongolic cannot be reconstructed from internal evidence that used to be based solely on word-initial
200:
3974:, lit. 'five hundred'; in these cases, the second component may also optionally stand in the plural, e.g. 500
3547:
The usual word order is SOV, but there are deviations. A pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person may be placed as an
5767:
5701:
5295:
744:. Middle Mongol rather freely allows for predicate–object, which is due to language contact. There are nine
164:
99:
5774:
5599:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4639:
725:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
457:
1844:
Stresses the fact that a past action or state has been witnessed or is otherwise known beyond any doubt.
4322:
8. If she is not (yet) given to a man, let us request (her) for you, my younger brother Dobun Mergen!”,
5677:
3051:
nor the suffixing of passive suffixes to phrases are possible, so the modern translation of §200 runs:
2372:
The voice morphology can be viewed as part of word formation. The following suffixes may be mentioned:
5545:
3962:
Both teens and sums of other tens and a unit are formed by juxtaposing the ten and the unit, e.g. 15
3371:
416:
5119:
de Rachewiltz 2004: 109, 667. He points out that Kököčü most likely held considerable social status.
5047:
refuted and part are rhetorical questions that do not fit the category (although they are peculiar).
243:, it diversified into several Mongolic languages after the collapse of the empire. In comparison to
5604:
5403:
5366:
2501:
2124:
May also be used predicatively as a future tense. Also used as a general action noun (infinitive).
1927:
396:
120:
60:
5758:
5567:
5508:
5477:
5312:
4429:
4342:
3044:
2961:
2429:
1719:
1698:
761:
420:
408:
345:
313:
268:
244:
225:
124:
78:
5266:
Based on Cleaves, Francis Woodman. 1982. The Secret History of the Mongols. Vol. I (translation)
4298:
5. seeing a band of people journeying, coming (and) about to approach down the Tüŋgelig stream,
425:
4586:
See Rachewiltz 1999 for a critical review of the terminology used in periodizations of Mongolic
4314:
7. at the front part of one black cart, it turns out that (there is) one maiden (who) is good.
3511:
indicative present-tense forms, futuritive participle and modal converb, as well as dubitative
3356:'making the daughters in law perform the rites of a daughter in law, making one to present the
438:, thus reflecting the pronunciation of Middle Mongol from the second half of the 14th century.
5682:
5562:
5513:
5257:
Based on Street, John C. 2013. Street's text of the Secret History of the Mongols. Version 24.
5152:
4713:
4680:
4421:
3424:
3130:
2965:
2509:
2505:
1083:
1034:
228:
2302:'if he does X', 'when he did X' (the subject may be different from that of the finite verb).
1965:
There are a number of forms expressing wishes and commands, as shown in the following table.
5745:
5629:
5617:
5583:
5557:
4705:
4672:
4475:
4413:
4402:"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions"
2806:{Naiman (tribal name)-DAT} people {homestead-one's own} woman {son-one's own} pillage-PAST I
1958:
1774:
1147:
745:
497:
412:
317:
291:
116:
1183:
283:
during the 12th century is historical, but there is no language material from this period.
5731:
5658:
5652:
5572:
5528:
5503:
5435:
5279:
Atwood, Christopher (2007): The date of the "Secret history of the Mongols" reconsidered.
4493:
4456:
3981:
3748:
3126:
2819:
2493:
2466:
2178:
1061:
964:
363:
332:
309:
301:
287:
128:
70:
5393:
Poppe, Nicholas (1965): The passive constructions in the language of the Secret history.
1946:
in the narrative form). There are also some attestations of the finite use of a form in
5797:
5738:
5687:
5669:
5647:
5622:
5612:
5523:
5518:
5376:
2809:‘I have been spoiled by the Naiman in respect of my people and folk and wives and sons’
2500:
or in the other Mongolic languages. While it might also have fulfilled the function to
264:
109:
4496:(2015). "Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot".
304:
into the "Para-Mongolic" family, meaning it is related to the Mongolic languages as a
180:
17:
5810:
5359:
5353:
5343:
4461:"Koreanic loanwords in Khitan and their importance in the decipherment of the latter"
4433:
4279:
2489:
1474:
1414:
1012:
990:
942:
709:
404:
389:
297:
276:
252:
232:
157:
5317:
Tractata Altaica – Denis Sinor, sexagenario optime de rebus altaicis merito dedicata
5538:
5533:
1386:
435:
400:
305:
272:
248:
236:
4460:
4306:
6. saying: “In (the midst of) those people who are about to approach, journeying,
4295:
5. Tüŋgelig qoroqan huruu niken bölög irgen newüjü, oroju ayisuquyi qaraju üjejü,
4891:
In addition, the comitative of the 3rd person singular is formed with the ending
2818:
is marked with the reflexive-possessive suffix (that on its own can resemble the
3713:
3363:
2815:
986:
3039:'Jamuqa, being seized by his companions and forced to come (unto Genghis Khan)'
344:. The rows with large characters represent Mongolian phonetic transcription in
5724:
4417:
3989:
3672:
3615:
1888:
1155:
753:
749:
373:
5428:
4425:
4267:
2. Duwa Soqor, maŋlay dumda qaqca nidütü, qurban neürid qajara qaraqu bülee.
3390:
is common to modern Mongolic languages, it is not attested in Middle Mongol.
5110:
The argument and the four examples below are taken from Ōsaki 2006: 245–247.
4479:
4275:
3. Niken üdür Duwa Soqor Dobun Mergen deülüebeen Burqan Qaldun deere qarba.
3731:
3122:
2410:
1797:
1151:
861:
The stem-final consonant is elided; likewise the entire stem-final sequence
769:
765:
451:
173:
141:
3230:{horse-one's own} Kököčü {keeper of geldings-DAT-one's own} seize-CAUS-PAST
2080:
A polite request can also be expressed by a future passive participle form
768:
precede their modificatum and agree with it in number. The pronouns have a
294:
was a Mongolic language and close, but not identical, to Middle Mongolian.
5315:(1976): Some Remarks on the Stele of Yisüngge. In: Walter Heissig et al.:
4709:
4676:
1804:
perfective tense, expressing the notion of 'having just done' something).
148:
5442:Éva Csáki (2006) "Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages"
5371:
Shōgaito Masahiro sensei tainin kinen ronshū – Yūrajia shogengo no kenkyū
4319:
8. Güüne ese ögtegsen böesü, Dobun Mergen deüdeen cimada quyuya!” keejü,
3548:
3427:(as well as indefinite pronouns and concessive constructions, see above)
3399:
3344:{daughter-in-law-one's own} {to daughter-in-law-CVB-IMPERF} present_ötög-
1154:. They mostly take the same case suffixes as the nouns, but display some
752:
being unmarked. The verbal suffixes can be divided into finite suffixes,
356:
341:
280:
240:
208:
196:
48:
5717:
5365:Ōsaki, Noriko (2006): “Genchō hishi” no gengo ni mirareru judōbun. In:
4262:
1. ... The sons of Toroqoljin were two: Duwa Soqor (and) Dobun Mergen.
3769:
2497:
2229:
1935:
757:
741:
454:
204:
3527:
Identity with nominal parts of speech is negated by means of the word
3036:
Jamuqa {companion-DAT-one's own} seize-CVB-IMPERF come-PASS-CVB-IMPERF
5710:
5446:
2969:
2826:
2005:
Same as above, but more innovative and found only in Arabic sources.
1950:
with plural subjects, whose singular may have been, again, a form in
729:
385:
381:
377:
4401:
3370:
Next to these morphemes, Middle Mongol also had suffixes to express
2322:'until he does X'. It also sometimes expresses simultaneous action.
27:
Language spoken in Central Asia during the time of the Mongol Empire
3246:
3115:
Jamuha {friend-DAT-one's own} seize-PASS-CVB-IMPERF come-CVB-IMPERF
1197:
5438:
information on Classical Mongolian, including an online dictionary
5171:
Cleaves 1982: 116. The plural reading is perhaps more likely here.
3480:
There are three preposed negative particles used with verb forms:
3357:
2678:
2031:
3rd person, rarely 2nd person ('He shall do X.', 'Let him do X!')
461:
368:
359:
351:
331:
5400:
Rybatzki, Volker (2003): Middle Mongol. In: Janhunen 2003: 47–82.
3145:
1179:
1169:
348:, with the right-hand smaller characters representing the glosses
2958:
5450:
5338:
Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul
3276:
3083:
3019:
2933:
2929:
2877:
2713:
2633:
2629:
2607:
2588:
2540:
1992:
1st person singular, sometimes plural ('I or we want to do X')
1193:
1174:
2726:
bad think-CVB-COND this like {blood-one's own} {come out-PASS-
395:
Middle Mongol survived in a number of scripts, namely notably
4259:
1. ...Toroqoljinu köün Duwa Soqor, Dobun Mergen qoyar bülee.
3205:
3071:
2992:
2918:
2746:
2308:, it has concessive function 'even if / although he does X'.
1188:
3265:
3221:
2789:
2618:
1701:
are formed by combining the interrogatives and the particle
5424:
and bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages
5406:, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005):
3313:
3257:
3217:
3164:
3156:
3106:
3091:
3027:
3008:
2885:
2548:
2508:, it usually seems to mark actions which either affect the
275:
united a number of tribes under his command and formed the
4390:
For further reading on this matter, see de Rachewiltz 1999
4311:
7. niken qarautay tergenü öljigede niken ökin sayin buyu.
809:
vowel stems denoting non-lineal kinship terms and deities
760:
suffixes. Some of the finite suffixes inflect for subject
207:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3309:
3261:
3160:
3102:
3087:
3023:
3004:
2881:
2674:
2563:
2559:
2544:
255:
and verbal systems and a slightly different case system.
5324:
Studia Tibetica et Mongolica – Festschrift Manfred Taube
1934:
is attested only in late Arabic sources (originally the
308:, rather than as a direct descendant of Proto-Mongolic.
4330:
9. sent his younger brother Dobun Mergen to see (her).
2147:
Rarely used predicatively with a meaning 'has done X'.
5340:. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
5092:
by his companions' (cursive marking by de Rachewiltz).
4290:
4. Duwa Soqor, peering from on top of Burhan Haldun,
3776:, although some are also attested without the final
3756:
On the formation of verbs from other verbs, see the
2953:‘By whom shall the office of shield be done for me?’
312:
has also identified several possible loanwords from
5757:
5700:
5668:
5640:
5592:
5493:
5484:
5373:. Tōkyō: Yūrajia gengo no kenkyū kankōkai: 175–253.
5362:(2003b): Para-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 391–402.
5300:
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 13, No. 3/4
2512:directly or indirectly affect it in a harmful way.
171:
155:
139:
134:
106:
92:
67:
55:
44:
34:
468:. The main difference to older approaches is that
424:surviving Mongolian monument would be an edict of
5356:(2003a): Proto-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 1–29.
5326:. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tibetica: 235–246.
4303:6. ügülerün: ”Tede newüjü ayisuqun irgenü dotora
4278:3. One day, Duwa Soqor went up on (the mountain)
3341:berined-iyen berile’üljü ötökle’üljü qu’urda’ulju
3233:'He gave his horse to his equerry Kököčü to hold'
875:other consonant stems (and occasionally stems in
4468:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
3943:There are also simple numerals for one hundred (
2163:May also be used predicatively as a past tense.
1079:comitative may also be used as an instrumental.
785:The plural suffixes are distributed as follows:
3567:Some of the common suffixes are the following:
3539:, 'other', thus literally 'X is other than Y'.
2803:naimana irge orqoban eme kö’üben da’uliqdaba bi
1942:, on which see below, combined with the copula
428:of 1240 and the oldest surviving text arguably
4878:
4876:
4870:A summary of the table in Rybatzki (2003: 71).
2575:‘Belgütei, having been chopped in that manner’
2492:construction that is peculiar to it and maybe
5462:
5381:Introduction to Mongolian comparative studies
5010:Rybatzki (2003: 73-74), Poppe (1955: 252-260)
4700:Janhunen, Juha (2003). Janhunen, Juha (ed.).
4667:Janhunen, Juha (2003). Janhunen, Juha (ed.).
4406:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
4287:4. Duwa Soqor, Burqan Qaldun deerece qaraju,
2964:to which the passive subject is suffixed are
8:
5197:
5195:
2650:son-PL my khan-PL become-PAST say-PASS-PRS I
2481:Expressing an action affecting the subject.
316:into Khitan. He also identified the extinct
4786:Rybatzki (2003: 66), Poppe (1955: 175-184).
3173:Temüjin-ACC {mount a horse-CAUS-CVB-IMPERF}
2723:ma’ui setki’esü ene metü čisuban qarqaqdasu
2572:Belgütei so chop-PASS-CVB-IMPERF be-CVB-PRF
2057:2nd person plural, polite ('Please do X!')
5490:
5469:
5455:
5447:
5298:(1950): The Sino-Mongolian edict of 1453.
4800:Rybatzki (2003: 69), Poppe (1955: 185-208)
2897:‘Ögödei Khan being befallen by an illness’
2653:‘I am told that my sons have become khans’
1158:and stem allomorphy, as summarised below:
31:
4217:There are also suffixes for collectives (
3227:mori-yan Kököčü aqtači-da'an bari’ulju’ui
2894:Ögödei Khan illness reach-PASS-CVB-IMPERF
2496:as well, but is not present in the other
496:and the then rather incomplete data from
5151:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 103.
4245:
4005:
3790:
3569:
3482:
3404:
2374:
2234:
2095:
1967:
1724:
1375:
1160:
1089:
923:
787:
562:
502:
415:and a few western scripts. Usually, the
4371:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 2.
4359:
4282:with his younger brother Dobun Mergen.
4221:, 'X number together'), distributives (
3285:hawk-INSTR seize-CAUS-PERF-PTCP duck-PL
201:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5309:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
4961:
4959:
4935:Poppe (1955: 264), Rybatzki (2003: 76)
4577:de Rachewiltz 2004: xxix–xxxiv, xl–lix
4498:Journal of Sino-Western Communications
4225:'X number each'), and multiplicatives
1373:Other pronouns and related forms are:
271:, which would to set at the time when
267:, the ancestor language of the modern
259:Definition and historical predecessors
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4327:9. Dobun Mergen deüyüen üjere ileba.
4237:The following is an excerpt from the
4003:are attested with the same function.
3121:Next to the passive, there is also a
1800:tense. According to some, however, a
916:Case endings and the reflexive suffix
708:The vowels participate in front-back
7:
5410:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4824:
4822:
4820:
3780:. The decimals from 20 to 50 end in
2647:ke’üt minu qat bolju’u ke’ekdemüi bi
825:only in texts of eastern provenance
812:only in texts of eastern provenance
458:/p,m,tʰ,t,s,n,l,r,t͡ʃʰ,t͡ʃ,j,kʰ,k,h/
5319:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz: 487–508.
3784:, while those from 60 to 90 end in
3386:. While the plurative/distributive
2968:. Passive suffixes get suffixed to
2044:1st person plural ('Let us do X!')
728:that makes nearly exclusive use of
362:with Middle Mongol inscriptions in
320:as another Para-Mongolic language.
4836:and the standalone reflexive stem
3288:'the ducks ... caught by his hawk'
736:if the subject is a noun and also
25:
5383:. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society.
5331:The Secret history of the Mongols
5307:The Secret history of the Mongols
5305:Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1982):
3033:Jamuqa nökötte'en bariju irekdejü
2950:shield who-DAT become-PASS-PRES I
431:The Secret History of the Mongols
5147:Chiodo, Elisabetta (2000–2009).
4965:There is an alternation between
4617:Svantesson et al. 2005: 111, 118
3374:and cooperative meaning, namely
3176:'they had Temüjin mount a horse'
2304:When combined with the particle
1755:The usual present-future tense.
3282:qarčiqai-bar bari’uluqsan noqut
3047:, neither the passivization of
2957:In both of these examples, the
2841:never -dur) or the nominative:
2825:The agent may be marked by the
2569:belgütei teyin čabčiqdaju bö’et
1152:inclusive-exclusive distinction
286:According to Vovin (2019), the
239:'s home region of Northeastern
3112:Jamuha nöhöddöö barigdaž ireed
2018:2nd person singular ('Do X!')
1773:Described either as a present
388:with Middle Mongol legends in
1:
4840:occur in free variation with
4240:Secret History of the Mongols
3772:. Almost all numerals end in
338:Secret History of the Mongols
247:, it is known to have had no
5395:Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 36
5388:Grammar of Written Mongolian
5329:de Rachewiltz, Igor (2004):
5282:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
2891:Ögödei qahan ebetčin gürtejü
2461:Meaning 'to do X together'.
2348:'in consequence of doing X'
1714:Finite indicative verb forms
5292:. Ulaanbaatar: Bolor sudar.
2361:'as soon as he had done X'
5838:
5408:The Phonology of Mongolian
5390:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
4367:Janhunen, Juha A. (2012).
4348:Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi
3129:get marked with dative or
2972:, not verbal stems, e.g.:
263:Middle Mongol is close to
5822:Extinct languages of Asia
5791:
5386:Poppe, Nicholas (1964 ):
4418:10.1163/25898833-12340008
4400:Vovin, Alexander (2019).
3984:are formed by the suffix
3719:
3660:
3574:
3362:, making one to play the
3300:daughter-in-law-one's own
2488:Middle Mongol exhibits a
2202:
2191:
2177:
2162:
2151:
2138:
2123:
2112:
1886:
1875:
1872:
1843:
1828:
1795:
1784:
1781:
1759:
1746:
1743:
1732:
1364:
1352:
1345:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1306:
1299:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1255:
1240:
1208:
1203:
1166:
187:
39:
5415:INSTR:instrumental case
5296:Cleaves, Francis Woodman
5288:Bira, Š. et al. (2004):
3595:person who deals with X
2284:'(after) having done X'
738:object–predicate–subject
734:subject–object–predicate
5137:de Rachewiltz 2004: 110
5056:de Rachewiltz 2004: 101
4480:10.1556/062.2017.70.2.4
4446:Janhunen 2003b: 391–394
2947:qalqa kene boldaquyu bi
100:Proto-Mongolic language
5348:The Mongolic languages
5219:Rybatzki (2003: 64-65)
5210:Rybatzki (2003: 78-79)
5201:Rybatzki (2003: 79-80)
5028:Rybatzki (2003: 77-78)
5019:Rybatzki (2003: 76-77)
4917:Rybatzki (2003: 74-76)
4908:Rybatzki (2003: 72-73)
4741:Rybatzki (2003: 63-64)
4702:The Mongolic Languages
4669:The Mongolic Languages
4635:Note that while Poppe
3966:, lit. 'ten five'; 26
3768:The numeral system is
3457:potential, 'possibly'
3398:There are a number of
1891:(past perfect) tense.
1415:proximal demonstrative
726:agglutinating language
480:(sometimes as before
450:Middle Mongol had the
392:
366:
349:
300:(2006) classified the
189:This article contains
18:Middle Mongol language
5128:de Rachewiltz 2004: 6
4944:Poppe (1955: 266-267)
4710:10.4324/9780203987919
4677:10.4324/9780203987919
3170:Temüjin-i morila’ulju
2837:, but in contrast to
2745:Naiman (tribal name)-
372:
355:
340:published in 1908 by
336:Initial pages of the
335:
5553:Peripheral Mongolian
5404:Svantesson, Jan-Olof
5350:. London: Routledge.
5290:Mongolyn nuuc tovčoo
5180:Гarudi 2002: 336–339
4926:Janhunen (2003a: 24)
3996:and the Turkic loan
3955:) and ten thousand (
3521:other deontic forms
1610:interrogative what?
1475:distal demonstrative
1023:-('a)ca > -('a)sa
1018:-('a)ca > -('a)sa
732:. The word order is
724:Middle Mongol is an
399:(decrees during the
5782:Classical Mongolian
5313:de Rachewiltz, Igor
5239:Rybatzki (2003: 70)
5037:Rybatzki (2003: 65)
5001:Rybatzki (2003: 76)
4983:Rybatzki (2003: 74)
4953:Rybatzki (2003: 75)
4861:Rybatzki (2003: 68)
4768:Rybatzki (2003: 64)
4759:Rybatzki (2003: 67)
4732:Rybatzki (2003: 64)
4550:e.g. Γarudi 2002: 7
4381:Janhunen 2003a: 2–3
4247:
4196:in Arabic sources)
4175:in Arabic sources)
4140:in Arabic sources)
3792:
3585:moderative, '-ish'
3571:
3484:
3406:
3308:to daughter-in-law-
3204:keeper of geldings-
2839:Classical Mongolian
2764:homestead-one's own
2376:
2335:'in order to do X'
2236:
2097:
1969:
1726:
1699:Indefinite pronouns
1566:interrogative who?
1377:
1163:
1091:
1028:-(n)(a)ca > -asa
925:
899:stems in a vowel +
789:
565:
505:
472:is identified with
235:. Originating from
63:by the 17th century
61:Classical Mongolian
5817:Mongolic languages
5478:Mongolic languages
5434:2009-04-24 at the
4750:Poppe 1955: 24-172
4559:de Rachewiltz 1976
4343:Praise of Mahakala
4246:
3986:-Du'ar > -Da'ar
3791:
3570:
3483:
3405:
2375:
2357:-gsa-'ar(-gsa-bar)
2271:'(while) doing X'
2235:
2096:
1968:
1733:Name of the form:
1730:Temporal meaning:
1725:
1376:
1162:Personal pronouns
1161:
1129:-yu-'an > -yaan
1090:
924:
865:in earlier texts.
788:
776:Nominal morphology
563:
503:
421:Igor de Rachewiltz
393:
367:
350:
346:Chinese characters
314:Koreanic languages
269:Mongolic languages
125:Chinese characters
5804:
5803:
5798:extinct languages
5696:
5695:
5500:Buryat–Mongolian
5248:Poppe (1953: 247)
5189:Rybatzki 2003: 65
5158:978-3-447-04246-8
4992:Poppe (1955: 261)
4895:rather than just
4828:The instrumental
4777:Rybatzki 2003: 78
4608:Rybatzki 2003: 57
4541:Rybatzki 2003: 58
4514:Rybatzki 2003: 57
4334:
4333:
4215:
4214:
3947:), one thousand (
3941:
3940:
3754:
3753:
3525:
3524:
3478:
3477:
3470:after consonants
3131:instrumental case
2485:
2484:
2385:after consonants
2365:
2364:
2222:
2221:
2078:
2077:
1973:Name of the form
1924:
1923:
1709:Verbal morphology
1696:
1695:
1371:
1370:
1148:personal pronouns
1139:
1138:
1100:after consonants
1076:
1075:
913:
912:
693:
692:
561:
560:
470:⟨γ⟩
417:Stele of Yisüngge
215:
214:
197:rendering support
193:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
5829:
5491:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5448:
5367:Arakawa Shintarō
5333:. Brill: Leiden.
5267:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5220:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5190:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5101:Bira et al. 2004
5099:
5093:
5082:
5076:
5075:Cleaves 1982: 46
5073:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4963:
4954:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4832:, the reflexive
4826:
4815:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4494:Vovin, Alexander
4490:
4484:
4483:
4465:
4457:Vovin, Alexander
4453:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4248:
4006:
3982:Ordinal numerals
3793:
3720:Denominal verbs
3575:Denominal nouns
3572:
3485:
3407:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3326:
3315:
3311:
3278:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3248:
3223:
3219:
3207:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3147:
3127:transitive verbs
3108:
3104:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3073:
3045:modern Mongolian
3029:
3025:
3021:
3010:
3006:
2994:
2935:
2931:
2920:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2791:
2748:
2729:
2719:
2715:
2680:
2676:
2635:
2631:
2620:
2609:
2590:
2565:
2561:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2377:
2245:meaning and use
2237:
2098:
1979:meaning and use
1970:
1775:inferential mood
1739:Meaning and use
1727:
1378:
1355:
1331:
1309:
1287:
1265:
1248:
1243:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1134:-u-'an > -aan
1092:
934:consonant stems
926:
790:
566:
506:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
413:Mongolian script
407:(dictionaries),
318:Tuyuhun language
292:Rouran Khaganate
245:Modern Mongolian
222:Middle Mongolian
183:
167:
151:
144:
117:Mongolian script
112:
73:
40:Middle Mongolian
32:
21:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5787:
5753:
5692:
5664:
5636:
5588:
5486:
5480:
5475:
5436:Wayback Machine
5429:Lingua Mongolia
5422:
5417:
5377:Poppe, Nicholas
5336:Γarudi (2002):
5276:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4827:
4818:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4634:
4630:
4626:e.g. Poppe 1955
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4339:
4235:
4173:> naimandaar
3766:
3760:section above.
3661:Deverbal nouns
3627:belonging to X
3565:
3545:
3396:
3368:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3269:
3250:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3210:
3198:
3190:
3188:horse-one's own
3182:
3178:
3168:
3149:
3138:
3119:
3110:
3095:
3076:
3064:
3056:
3041:
3031:
3012:
2997:
2985:
2977:
2955:
2945:
2937:
2922:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2820:accusative case
2811:
2801:
2793:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2706:
2704:blood-one's own
2698:
2690:
2682:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2637:
2622:
2611:
2600:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2552:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2487:
2370:
2227:
2090:
1963:
1926:In addition, a
1798:perfective past
1716:
1711:
1394:plural oblique
1353:
1329:
1325:
1307:
1285:
1281:
1263:
1246:
1241:
1209:
1205:
1144:
1067:-lu'a > -laa
1050:-i'ar > -aar
918:
905:The stem-final
783:
778:
722:
706:
704:Morphophonology
469:
466:/i,e,y,ø,a,u,o/
448:
426:Töregene Khatun
364:Phags-pa script
326:
310:Alexander Vovin
302:Khitan language
288:Rouran language
261:
195:Without proper
179:
163:
160:
147:
140:
129:Arabic alphabet
127:
123:
119:
113:
108:
102:
95:
88:
74:
71:Language family
69:
59:Developed into
51:, China, Russia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5835:
5833:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5809:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5768:Proto-Mongolic
5763:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5714:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5497:
5495:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5421:
5420:External links
5418:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5374:
5369:et al. (ed.):
5363:
5360:Janhunen, Juha
5357:
5354:Janhunen, Juha
5351:
5346:(ed.) (2003):
5344:Janhunen, Juha
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5310:
5303:
5293:
5286:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5259:
5250:
5241:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5164:
5157:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5094:
5077:
5068:
5058:
5049:
5039:
5030:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4919:
4910:
4901:
4884:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4816:
4802:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4761:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4718:
4704:. p. 64.
4692:
4685:
4671:. p. 63.
4659:
4648:explains it as
4628:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4485:
4448:
4439:
4412:(1): 162–197.
4392:
4383:
4374:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4234:
4231:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4009:
3968:qorin jirqo'an
3939:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3765:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3639:
3638:
3637:female animal
3635:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:Word formation
3561:
3544:
3541:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3491:negated forms
3489:
3476:
3475:
3474:interrogative
3472:
3465:after vowels,
3459:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3395:
3392:
3329:
3318:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3270:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3211:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3155:mount a horse-
3150:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3096:
3077:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3013:
2998:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2938:
2923:
2912:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2794:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2638:
2623:
2612:
2601:
2593:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2553:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2089:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1360:ede, tede, müt
1356:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1336:ene, tere, mün
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
939:
938:
935:
932:
929:
917:
914:
911:
910:
903:
897:
891:
890:
888:
873:
867:
866:
859:
845:
839:
838:
836:
833:
827:
826:
823:
820:
814:
813:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
794:
782:
779:
777:
774:
721:
718:
705:
702:
691:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
676:
675:
673:
671:
668:
666:
662:
661:
659:
657:
654:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
586:
582:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
559:
558:
555:
553:
550:
546:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
532:
529:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
512:
509:
447:
444:
376:of the Mongol
325:
322:
265:Proto-Mongolic
260:
257:
231:spoken in the
229:koiné language
213:
212:
199:, you may see
185:
184:
177:
169:
168:
161:
156:
153:
152:
145:
137:
136:
135:Language codes
132:
131:
114:
110:Writing system
107:
104:
103:
98:
96:
93:
90:
89:
87:
86:
77:
75:
68:
65:
64:
57:
53:
52:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5834:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5775:Middle Mongol
5772:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5702:Para-Mongolic
5699:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:Eastern Yugur
5598:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5260:
5254:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5062:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5043:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4721:
4719:9780203987919
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4686:9780203987919
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4649:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4523:Poppe 1964: 1
4520:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4504:(2): 157–166.
4503:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4474:(2): 207–15.
4473:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4360:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:Burhan Haldun
4277:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:located in X
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3327:
3323:present_ötög-
3321:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2781:
2780:son-one's own
2778:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2734:
2731:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:reciprocative
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:after vowels
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:imperfective
2262:
2261:
2258:'by doing X'
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:imperfective
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2084:(see below).
2083:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:-Dkun (-gtun)
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:desiderative
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:confirmative
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:after vowels
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
988:
985:
984:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
954:
953:-un, -in, -ai
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
936:
933:
930:
928:
927:
922:
915:
908:
904:
902:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:
841:
840:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
792:
791:
786:
780:
775:
773:
772:distinction.
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
710:vowel harmony
703:
701:
697:
689:
686:
684:
681:
678:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
593:
590:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
573:
570:
568:
567:
556:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
508:
507:
501:
499:
463:
456:
453:
445:
443:
439:
437:
433:
432:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
390:Uighur script
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
361:
358:
354:
347:
343:
339:
334:
330:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Juha Janhunen
295:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
277:Khamag Mongol
274:
270:
266:
258:
256:
254:
253:vowel harmony
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Mongol Empire
230:
227:
223:
219:
218:Middle Mongol
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
192:
186:
182:
178:
176:
175:
170:
166:
162:
159:
158:Linguist List
154:
150:
146:
143:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
105:
101:
97:
91:
85:
84:Middle Mongol
82:
81:
80:
76:
72:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
35:Middle Mongol
33:
30:
19:
5793:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5657:
5485:Contemporary
5423:
5414:
5407:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5370:
5347:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5306:
5299:
5289:
5280:
5262:
5253:
5244:
5215:
5206:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5148:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5071:
5061:
5052:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4966:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4866:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4810:
4805:
4782:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4701:
4695:
4668:
4662:
4647:
4636:
4631:
4622:
4613:
4604:
4596:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4532:Cleaves 1950
4528:
4519:
4510:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4471:
4467:
4451:
4442:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4254:Translation
4238:
4236:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4172:
4169:*naimandu'ar
4168:
4163:
4153:
4148:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4031:
4027:
4022:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:harban tabun
3963:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3921:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3743:
3739:
3726:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3667:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3632:
3622:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3566:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3479:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3447:contrastive
3442:
3432:
3419:bar, bae, ci
3418:
3402:particles:
3397:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3340:
3333:
3331:qu’urda’ulju
3330:
3322:
3319:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3297:berined-iyen
3296:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3255:
3253:bari’uluqsan
3252:
3244:
3242:qarčiqai-bar
3241:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3215:
3213:bari’ulju’ui
3212:
3203:
3201:aqtači-da'an
3200:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3154:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3100:
3097:
3081:
3078:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3017:
3014:
3002:
2999:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2966:intransitive
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2927:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2744:
2741:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2627:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2557:
2554:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2456:
2451:
2448:cooperative
2439:
2434:
2420:
2415:
2401:
2396:
2371:
2356:
2343:
2340:preparative
2330:
2317:
2314:terminative
2305:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2289:conditional
2279:
2266:
2253:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2198:
2183:
2171:
2158:
2142:
2132:
2119:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2052:
2049:benedictive
2039:
2036:voluntative
2026:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1882:
1876:resultative
1866:
1862:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1822:
1812:
1801:
1791:
1785:terminative
1767:
1766:
1763:
1750:
1717:
1702:
1697:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1317:
1312:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1273:
1268:
1256:
1251:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1145:
1133:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:instrumental
1027:
1022:
1017:
1005:
1000:
995:
979:
974:
969:
957:
952:
947:
931:vowel stems
919:
906:
900:
894:
884:
880:
876:
870:
862:
856:
852:
848:
842:
835:vowel stems
830:
817:
804:
784:
764:and gender.
723:
713:
707:
700:<γ>).
698:
694:
449:
440:
436:Ming dynasty
429:
401:Yuan dynasty
394:
327:
306:sister group
296:
285:
273:Genghis Khan
262:
251:, different
237:Genghis Khan
221:
217:
216:
188:
172:
83:
29:
5605:Shirongolic
5546:Sart Kalmyk
4599:2005: 98–99
4595:Svantesson
4568:Atwood 2007
4233:Sample text
4229:'X times'.
3976:tabun ja'ut
3972:tabun ja'un
3714:action noun
3685:instrument
3348:play_qu'ur-
3334:play_qu'ur-
3320:ötökle’üljü
3305:berile’üljü
3152:morila’ulju
2816:noun phrase
2785:da’uliqdaba
2728:voluntative
2718:voluntative
2353:abtemporal
2276:perfective
2152:perfective
2088:Participles
2062:dubitative
2023:concessive
2010:imperative
1911:ambivalent
1873:pluperfect
1859:ambivalent
1819:ambivalent
1669:ö'er (öber)
1604:keji'e,keli
1434:ede(-er/ci)
1150:exhibit an
1105:basic form
996:-Du(r), -Da
909:is elided.
754:participles
740:if it is a
564:Consonants
488:), so that
249:long vowels
203:instead of
5811:Categories
5759:Historical
5397:: 365–377.
5302:: 431–454.
5274:References
4974:different.
4243:, §§ 4-6.
4138:jirghudaar
4134:jirqotu'ar
4011:Cardinals
3990:suppletive
3749:inchoative
3673:agent noun
3616:diminutive
3507:ül(ü), üle
3372:reciprocal
3208:-one's own
3074:-one's own
2995:-one's own
2991:companion-
2988:nökötte'en
2709:qarqaqdasu
2625:ke’ekdemüi
2536:čabčiqdaju
2502:foreground
2066:-'uja('a)i
1889:pluperfect
1879:masculine
1832:masculine
1796:The usual
1788:masculine
1760:deductive
1747:narrative
1665:reflexive
1156:suppletion
1062:comitative
965:accusative
958:-(n)u('ai)
796:Used with
766:Adjectives
750:nominative
679:Semivowel
635:Fricative
374:Gold dinar
94:Early form
5796:indicate
5678:Qoqmončaq
5584:Khamnigan
5509:Mongolian
5285:37: 1–48.
4814:196-197).
4434:198833565
4426:2589-8825
4369:Mongolian
4210:qoridu'ar
4194:yisüde'er
4190:yisüdu'ar
4154:dolodu'ar
4060:qoyadu'ar
4048:feminine
4032:niketü'er
4014:Ordinals
3825:feminine
3732:factitive
3656:having X
3488:particle
3437:emphatic
3410:Particle
3394:Particles
3141:Temüjin-i
3123:causative
2925:boldaquyu
2712:come out-
2670:setki’esü
2416:-'a, -'ul
2411:causative
2267:-ju (-ji)
2195:singular
2192:agentive
2155:singular
2116:singular
1984:optative
1936:converbal
1896:feminine
1849:feminine
1809:feminine
1802:near past
1406:quantity
1264:inclusive
1247:exclusive
1125:genitive
1084:reflexive
887:as well)
847:stems in
770:clusivity
758:converbal
574:Alveolar
464:phonemes
452:consonant
446:Phonology
397:ʼPhags-pa
174:Glottolog
142:ISO 639-3
121:ʼPhags-pa
5683:Tangwang
5609:Baoanic
5593:Southern
5568:Khorchin
5487:Mongolic
5432:Archived
5379:(1955):
4459:(2017).
4337:See also
4128:jirwa'an
4124:jirqo'an
3888:jirwa'an
3884:jirqo'an
3799:decimal
3764:Numerals
3646:, fem. -
3549:enclitic
3501:default
3423:marks a
3400:enclitic
3185:mori-yan
3144:Temüjin-
3079:barigdaž
3067:nöhöddöö
3015:irekdejü
2788:pillage-
2523:Belgütei
2520:belgütei
2498:dialects
2421:-ka, -ga
2393:passive
2230:Converbs
2225:Converbs
2179:habitual
2072:negative
1988:-su('ai)
1928:durative
1751:‑m(u(i))
1744:present
1630:> yaa
1618:> yaa
1383:nom.sg.
1330:singular
1286:singular
1210:singular
1142:Pronouns
1055:-(n)i'ar
1013:ablative
991:locative
948:-yin, -n
943:genitive
937:n-stems
822:unclear
730:suffixes
651:Lateral
577:Palatal
514:Neutral
460:and the
455:phonemes
357:Yuan era
342:Ye Dehui
281:Mongolia
241:Mongolia
226:Mongolic
209:Help:IPA
181:midd1351
79:Mongolic
49:Mongolia
5794:Italics
5746:Tuyuhun
5630:Monguor
5618:Kangjia
5563:Chakhar
5529:Darkhad
5514:Khalkha
5494:Central
4149:dolo'an
4091:dötu'er
4076:qutu'ar
4028:teri'ün
3994:-tu/-ta
3902:dolo'an
3770:decimal
3710:, etc.
3650:, pl. -
3535:), pl.
3070:friend-
2970:phrases
2928:become-
2873:gürtejü
2868:illness
2865:ebetčin
2777:kö’üben
2761:orqoban
2742:naimana
2701:čisuban
2617:become-
2614:bolju’u
2510:subject
2506:patient
2490:passive
2297:(-basu)
2242:suffix
2207:plural
2168:plural
2129:plural
2113:future
2105:Suffix
2082:-qda-qu
1976:suffix
1959:Deontic
1938:suffix
1930:suffix
1736:Suffix
1534:'same'
1400:manner
1391:plural
1387:oblique
1326:person
1282:person
1230:na(ma)-
1206:person
793:Suffix
742:pronoun
720:Grammar
665:Liquid
601:Fortis
571:Labial
504:Vowels
498:Monguor
409:Chinese
290:of the
205:Unicode
5732:Khitan
5659:Rouran
5653:Moghol
5558:Baarin
5539:Torgut
5534:Kalmyk
5524:Alasha
5504:Buryat
5155:
4716:
4683:
4637:writes
4597:et al.
4432:
4424:
4192:(>
4164:naiman
4136:(>
4086:dörben
4071:qurban
4056:nökö'e
3953:mingan
3949:minqan
3916:naiman
3856:dörben
3842:qurban
3812:harban
3543:Syntax
3388:-čaγa-
3314:IMPERF
3293:(§189)
3256:seize-
3216:seize-
3196:Kököčü
3193:Kököčü
3181:(§188)
3165:IMPERF
3107:IMPERF
3092:IMPERF
3082:seize-
3062:Jamuha
3059:Jamuha
3055:(§200)
3028:IMPERF
3009:IMPERF
3003:seize-
3000:bariju
2983:Jamuqa
2980:Jamuqa
2976:(§200)
2909:shield
2902:(§111)
2886:IMPERF
2876:reach-
2852:Ögödei
2849:Ögödei
2845:(§272)
2827:dative
2756:people
2738:(§163)
2673:think-
2658:(§178)
2580:(§112)
2549:IMPERF
2516:(§131)
2494:Buryat
2467:middle
2388:Notes
2327:final
2250:modal
2143:-'a(i)
2120:-ku(i)
2108:Notes
2027:-Dukai
1919:‑Ja'ai
1915:-Ju'ui
1904:-Ji'ai
1900:-Ji'i,
1867:‑la'ai
1863:-lu'ai
1720:gender
1703:-ba(r)
1655:yambar
1514:teyimü
1499:teden-
1397:place
1354:plural
1308:plural
1274:bidan-
1242:plural
1196:&
1182:&
987:dative
818:-nu'ud
781:Number
762:number
748:, the
618:Lenis
585:Nasal
580:Velar
511:Front
405:Arabic
386:Arghun
382:Persia
378:ilkhan
324:Corpus
224:was a
5739:Tuoba
5718:Serbi
5688:Wutun
5670:mixed
5648:Dagur
5641:other
5623:Santa
5613:Bonan
5573:Ordos
5519:Oirat
5066:§162.
4893:-'ari
4655:/p~b/
4646:, he
4464:(PDF)
4430:S2CID
4354:Notes
4251:Text
4219:-'ula
4205:qorin
4184:yisün
4114:tu'ar
4101:tabun
4050:jirin
4043:qoyar
4023:niken
3957:tümen
3945:ja'un
3936:yeren
3930:yisün
3922:nayan
3908:dalan
3894:jiran
3876:tabin
3870:tabun
3862:döcin
3848:qucin
3834:qorin
3827:jirin
3820:qoyar
3806:niken
3796:unit
3758:Voice
3633:-kcin
3581:-btur
3537:busud
3517:bu(u)
3425:topic
3384:-lča-
3380:-lda-
3376:-ldu-
3364:qu'ur
3275:duck-
3272:noqut
3247:INSTR
3245:hawk-
3238:(§31)
3137:(§79)
3101:come-
3098:ireed
3018:come-
2962:stems
2906:qalqa
2857:qahan
2772:woman
2662:ma’ui
2606:khan-
2584:ke’üt
2555:bö’et
2539:chop-
2528:teyin
2457:-ulca
2440:-uldu
2368:Voice
2318:-tala
2293:-'asu
2216:‑gcid
2211:-gcin
2172:-gsad
2159:-gsan
2001:-'asa
1961:forms
1917:>
1883:-Ju'u
1865:>
1853:-li'i
1840:‑la'a
1838:>
1836:-lu'a
1782:past
1768:(-yi)
1674:ö'er-
1650:yekin
1638:ya'ud
1599:kedüi
1526:tedüi
1509:teyin
1504:tende
1454:eyimü
1439:eden-
1409:time
1403:kind
1301:cima-
1235:nada-
1225:nama-
1198:INSTR
1119:-i'an
1006:-(n)a
980:-(n)i
799:Note
746:cases
522:High
517:Back
462:vowel
360:paiza
5725:Duan
5711:Awar
5153:ISBN
5090:here
4969:and
4897:-'ar
4850:ö'er
4848:and
4846:-'an
4842:-'ar
4838:öber
4834:-ban
4830:-bar
4809:The
4714:ISBN
4681:ISBN
4653:and
4651:/pʰ/
4642:and
4422:ISSN
4227:'-ta
4223:'-aD
3959:).
3934:90:
3920:80:
3906:70:
3892:60:
3874:50:
3860:40:
3846:30:
3832:20:
3810:10:
3727:cila
3700:lang
3694:, -(
3611:-kan
3553:minu
3533:busi
3529:busu
3413:Use
3382:and
3359:ötög
3266:PTCP
3262:PERF
3258:CAUS
3222:PAST
3218:CAUS
3157:CAUS
3084:PASS
3020:PASS
2959:verb
2934:PRES
2930:PASS
2917:who-
2914:kene
2878:PASS
2860:Khan
2833:and
2790:PAST
2753:irge
2714:PASS
2696:like
2693:metü
2688:this
2679:COND
2630:PASS
2628:say-
2619:PAST
2595:minu
2587:son-
2541:PASS
2504:the
2477:-ura
2452:-lca
2435:-ldu
2397:-gda
2344:-run
2306:-ber
2280:-'ad
2199:-gci
2184:-dag
2133:-kun
1932:-nam
1887:The
1823:-bai
1679:ö'ed
1645:qa'a
1626:ya'u
1614:ya'u
1578:ken-
1517:(pl.
1494:tede
1480:tere
1466:edüi
1457:(pl.
1449:eyin
1444:ende
1347:ima-
1318:tan-
1296:cin-
1269:bida
1257:man-
1220:min-
1146:The
1113:-ban
1109:-'an
1044:-bar
1040:-'ar
863:-sun
805:-nar
756:and
627:d͡ʒ
610:t͡ʃ
549:Low
536:Mid
484:and
476:and
5086:ir-
4706:doi
4673:doi
4644:/b/
4640:/p/
4476:doi
4414:doi
4201:20
4106:tab
3998:-ci
3928:9:
3914:8:
3900:7:
3882:6:
3868:5:
3854:4:
3840:3:
3818:2:
3804:1:
3786:-an
3782:-in
3742:, -
3706:, -
3702:, -
3692:dal
3668:aci
3652:tan
3648:tai
3623:-ki
3601:-du
3591:-ci
3557:-tu
3497:ese
3463:yuu
3350:c i
3346:c i
3336:c i
3325:c i
3310:CVB
3206:DAT
3161:CVB
3146:ACC
3103:CVB
3088:CVB
3072:DAT
3049:ir-
3043:In
3024:CVB
3005:CVB
2993:DAT
2919:DAT
2882:CVB
2835:-da
2769:eme
2747:DAT
2685:ene
2675:CVB
2665:bad
2634:PRS
2603:qat
2564:PRF
2560:CVB
2558:be-
2545:CVB
2472:-ra
2402:-da
2331:-ra
2040:-ya
1813:-bi
1792:-ba
1764:-yu
1592:ker
1583:ked
1548:müt
1543:mün
1538:mün
1485:teü
1425:e'ü
1420:ene
1366:an-
1342:in-
1324:3rd
1280:2nd
1204:1st
1194:ABL
1189:DAT
1184:COM
1180:ACC
1175:GEN
1170:NOM
970:-yi
871:-ud
494:/h/
490:*pʰ
486:/y/
482:/u/
478:/ɡ/
474:/h/
403:),
380:of
220:or
191:IPA
165:xng
149:xng
56:Era
5813::
5224:^
5194:^
4958:^
4875:^
4844:,
4819:^
4791:^
4712:.
4679:.
4500:.
4472:70
4470:.
4466:.
4428:.
4420:.
4408:.
4404:.
4180:9
4160:8
4145:7
4126:,
4120:6
4097:5
4082:4
4067:3
4062:)
4052:)
4039:2
4034:)
4019:1
3978:.
3886:,
3829:)
3778:-n
3774:-n
3744:si
3740:ra
3696:ku
3681:ur
3666:-'
3644:tu
3468:uu
3453:je
3443:lu
3433:gü
3378:~
3277:PL
2940:bi
2831:-a
2796:bi
2640:bi
2608:PL
2598:my
2589:PL
2531:so
2254:-n
2213:,
2070:A
2014:-∅
1954:.
1952:-n
1948:-d
1944:a-
1940:-n
1705:.
1570:ke
1521:)
1519:-n
1461:)
1459:-n
1362:)
1338:)
1313:ta
1291:ci
1252:ba
1215:bi
1115:)
1082:A
1046:)
1001:-a
975:-i
907:-y
901:-y
895:-n
885:-r
883:,
881:-l
879:,
877:-n
857:-r
855:,
853:-l
851:,
849:-n
843:-d
831:-s
687:j
682:w
670:r
656:l
646:h
643:ʃ
640:s
630:g
624:d
621:b
613:k
607:t
604:p
596:ŋ
591:n
588:m
557:a
552:e
544:o
539:ø
531:u
528:i
525:y
500:.
411:,
384:,
5470:e
5463:t
5456:v
5161:.
4971:c
4967:j
4899:.
4811:D
4722:.
4708::
4689:.
4675::
4657:.
4502:7
4482:.
4478::
4436:.
4416::
4410:1
4188:*
4171:(
4132:*
4112:)
4110:u
4108:(
4058:(
4046:(
4030:(
4000:n
3951:/
3823:(
3738:-
3725:-
3708:m
3704:l
3698:)
3690:-
3679:-
3642:-
3531:(
3366:'
3312:-
3264:-
3260:-
3220:-
3163:-
3159:-
3105:-
3090:-
3086:-
3026:-
3022:-
3007:-
2943:I
2932:-
2884:-
2880:-
2829:(
2799:I
2730:}
2716:-
2677:-
2643:I
2632:-
2562:-
2547:-
2543:-
1632:n
1628:n
1620:n
1616:n
1572:n
1489:-
1487:n
1429:-
1427:n
1358:(
1334:(
1111:(
1042:(
989:-
714:n
211:.
20:)
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