172:
392:, a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period. Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil.
190:
into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes despite maintaining grammatical and structural continuity with the previous form of the language. In phonological terms, the most important
337:
loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts. Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs, and phonology.
345:, into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the
823:
191:
shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar
352:
Middle Tamil is attested in many inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature. These include the religious poems and songs of the
828:
799:
762:
737:
440:
341:
The forms of writing in Tamil have developed through years. The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and
576:
559:
542:
385:
220:
to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as
365:
700:
Kuiper, F. B. J. (1958), "Two problems of old Tamil phonology I. The old Tamil āytam (with an appendix by K. Zvelebil)",
202:
In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb
71:
76:
81:
505:
Rajam, V. S. (1985). "The
Duration of an Action-Real or Aspectual? The Evolution of the Present Tense in Tamil".
342:
818:
754:
746:
66:
717:
522:
389:
217:
115:
259:
languages. Both languages share multiple common innovations dating to this period. For example,
795:
758:
733:
171:
709:
514:
196:
353:
330:
86:
58:
420:
346:
183:
132:
125:
48:
326:
morphology are derivable from a form of speech corresponding to early Middle Tamil.
812:
721:
377:
44:
17:
357:
216:), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an
411:
252:
373:
369:
713:
381:
323:
311:
293:
260:
256:
187:
157:
145:
273:
265:
236:
222:
204:
361:
334:
349:
which was used to write
Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu.
564:(1st ed.). Cochin, Kerala: Cochin government press. p. 35-37.
192:
751:
Early Tamil
Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D
547:(1st ed.). Cochin, Kerala: Cochin government press. p. 1-37.
526:
234:). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker –
581:(1st ed.). Cochin, Kerala: Cochin government press. p. 2.
518:
263:
lacks the first and second person plural pronouns with the ending
186:
that existed from the 8th to the 15th century. The development of
170:
728:
Lehmann, Thomas (1998), "Old Tamil", in
Steever, Sanford (ed.),
441:"Malayalam's unique stop consonants and their link to Old Tamil"
372:, and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th-century
27:
Form of the Tamil language used from the 8th to the 15th century
757:
vol. 62, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press,
47:
between 9th and 13th centuries and transforms into the
792:
Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature
248:) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.
399:திருவாசகத்துக்கு உருகார் ஒரு வாசகத்திற்கும் உருகார்
155:
143:
138:
122:
108:
55:
39:
34:
639:
615:
603:
591:
480:
452:
450:
409:translating to 'He whose heart is not melted by
403:tiruvācakattukku urukār ǒru vācakattiṛkum urukār
397:
251:Early Middle Tamil is the ancestor of both the
51:form of the Tamil language by the 16th century
271:. It is in the Early Middle Tamil stage that
8:
786:(Translated from Tamil by E.Sa. Viswanathan)
662:
651:
243:
229:
211:
31:
627:
388:, an early treatise on love poetics, and
674:
507:Journal of the American Oriental Society
281:
824:Languages attested from the 8th century
456:
431:
492:
468:
732:, London: Routledge, pp. 75–99,
578:The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology
561:The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology
544:The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology
7:
419:'. The Thiruvasagam was composed by
439:Malli, Karthik (24 December 2019).
829:8th-century establishments in Asia
25:
771:Meenakshisundaran, T.P. (1965),
415:cannot be melted by any other
1:
782:A History of Tamil Literature
784:, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi
316:ñaṅṅaḷ, nām, niṅṅaḷ, nammaḷ
773:A History of Tamil Language
306:nānkaḷ, nām, nīnkaḷ, eṅkaḷ
274:
266:
237:
223:
205:
845:
714:10.1163/000000058790082452
395:There is a famous saying
175:Tanjavur Tamil Inscription
780:Varadarajan, Mu. (1988),
575:Ayyar, Ramaswami (1936).
558:Ayyar, Ramaswami (1936).
541:Ayyar, Ramaswami (1936).
366:Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam
322:Indeed, most features of
244:
230:
212:
790:Zvelebil, Kamil (1992),
384:known as Periyapurāṇam.
775:, Poona: Deccan College
755:Harvard Oriental Series
730:The Dravidian Languages
329:From the period of the
686:Macdonell 1994, p. 219
640:Meenakshisundaran 1965
616:Meenakshisundaran 1965
604:Meenakshisundaran 1965
592:Meenakshisundaran 1965
481:Meenakshisundaran 1965
407:
347:Pallava Grantha script
176:
333:onwards, a number of
298:yām, nām, nīr, nīyir
174:
18:Middle Tamil language
747:Mahadevan, Iravatham
702:Indo-Iranian Journal
380:and the story of 63
386:Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ
356:poets, such as the
182:is the form of the
665:, pp. 155–157
630:, pp. 208–213
618:, pp. 145–146
606:, pp. 153–154
594:, pp. 173–174
495:, pp. 213–215
483:, pp. 132–133
443:. The News Minute.
177:
801:978-90-04-09365-2
794:, Leiden: Brill,
764:978-0-674-01227-1
739:978-0-415-10023-6
382:shaivite devotees
320:
319:
279:first appears:
169:
168:
16:(Redirected from
836:
804:
785:
776:
767:
742:
724:
687:
684:
678:
672:
666:
663:Varadarajan 1988
660:
654:
652:Varadarajan 1988
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
582:
572:
566:
565:
555:
549:
548:
538:
532:
530:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
459:, pp. 75–76
454:
445:
444:
436:
288:Plural Pronouns
282:
277:
269:
247:
246:
240:
233:
232:
226:
215:
214:
208:
148:
128:
61:
32:
21:
844:
843:
839:
838:
837:
835:
834:
833:
809:
808:
807:
802:
789:
779:
770:
765:
745:
740:
727:
699:
695:
690:
685:
681:
673:
669:
661:
657:
650:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
574:
573:
569:
557:
556:
552:
540:
539:
535:
504:
503:
499:
491:
487:
479:
475:
467:
463:
455:
448:
438:
437:
433:
429:
400:
331:Pallava dynasty
144:
129:
124:
118:
111:
104:
87:Tamil languages
62:
59:Language family
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
842:
840:
832:
831:
826:
821:
819:Tamil language
811:
810:
806:
805:
800:
787:
777:
768:
763:
743:
738:
725:
708:(3): 191–224,
696:
694:
691:
689:
688:
679:
667:
655:
644:
632:
628:Mahadevan 2003
620:
608:
596:
584:
567:
550:
533:
531:at pp. 284–285
519:10.2307/601707
513:(2): 277–291.
497:
485:
473:
461:
446:
430:
428:
425:
421:Manikkavasagar
374:Tamil Ramayana
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
300:
299:
296:
290:
289:
286:
184:Tamil language
167:
166:
161:
153:
152:
149:
141:
140:
139:Language codes
136:
135:
133:Tamil alphabet
130:
126:Writing system
123:
120:
119:
114:
112:
109:
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
65:
63:
56:
53:
52:
43:Develops into
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
841:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
803:
797:
793:
788:
783:
778:
774:
769:
766:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
735:
731:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
697:
692:
683:
680:
677:, p. 227
676:
675:Zvelebil 1992
671:
668:
664:
659:
656:
653:
648:
645:
642:, p. 119
641:
636:
633:
629:
624:
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
588:
585:
580:
579:
571:
568:
563:
562:
554:
551:
546:
545:
537:
534:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
498:
494:
489:
486:
482:
477:
474:
471:, p. 194
470:
465:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
442:
435:
432:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:
406:
404:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
339:
336:
332:
327:
325:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
303:Middle Tamil
302:
301:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:
284:
283:
280:
278:
276:
270:
268:
262:
258:
254:
249:
241:
239:
227:
225:
219:
218:aspect marker
209:
207:
200:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
173:
165:
162:
160:
159:
154:
150:
147:
142:
137:
134:
131:
127:
121:
117:
113:
107:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:Tamil–Kannada
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
45:Old Malayalam
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
791:
781:
772:
750:
729:
705:
701:
682:
670:
658:
647:
635:
623:
611:
599:
587:
577:
570:
560:
553:
543:
536:
510:
506:
500:
488:
476:
464:
457:Lehmann 1998
434:
416:
412:Thiruvasagam
410:
408:
402:
398:
394:
376:composed by
351:
340:
328:
321:
272:
264:
253:Modern Tamil
250:
235:
221:
203:
201:
180:Middle Tamil
179:
178:
163:
156:
92:Middle Tamil
91:
82:Tamil–Kodagu
49:Modern Tamil
35:Middle Tamil
29:
493:Kuiper 1958
469:Kuiper 1958
370:Vaishnavism
813:Categories
693:References
360:verses on
343:Vaṭṭeḻuttu
110:Early form
722:161402102
324:Malayalam
312:Malayalam
294:Old Tamil
285:Language
261:Old Tamil
257:Malayalam
188:Old Tamil
158:Glottolog
146:ISO 639-3
116:Old Tamil
67:Dravidian
749:(2003),
362:Shaivism
335:Sanskrit
72:Southern
417:vasagam
358:Tēvāram
195:into a
193:plosive
798:
761:
736:
720:
527:601707
525:
390:Naṉṉūl
378:Kamban
354:Bhakti
197:rhotic
718:S2CID
523:JSTOR
427:Notes
245:கின்ற
238:kiṉṟa
796:ISBN
759:ISBN
734:ISBN
364:and
255:and
213:கில்
199:.
164:None
710:doi
515:doi
511:105
368:on
275:kaḷ
267:kaḷ
206:kil
40:Era
815::
753:,
716:,
704:,
521:.
509:.
449:^
423:.
231:ன்
712::
706:2
529:.
517::
405:)
401:(
242:(
228:(
224:ṉ
210:(
151:–
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
