597:
129:
53:
97:
721:: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg und Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I)
68:
136:
104:
871:: 12 vols. so far, Bayerische Benediktiner-Akademie München / Abt-Herwegen-Institut Maria Laach (ed.), St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1970seqq., vol. XI: 'Norddeutschland: Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1984), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 429–446, here p. 441.
1069:
Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche
Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg),
1050:
Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche
Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg),
1029:
Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche
Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg),
1015:
Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche
Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg),
955:
The Lords of
Sorthum are recorded in 1329 for the last time. Cf. Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern
941:
Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche
Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg),
774:
Bernd Ulrich Hucker, however, holds that the convent was only founded by 1231/32. Cf. Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche
Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the
658:
Even after the move the convent asserted most of its feudal possessions and privileges in the Midlum parish. In 1331 the commoner
Gerhard de Merne (= Marren, SĂĽder- and Nordermarren near Midlum) usurped the tithe from Esigstedt, protested by the convent, the enfranchised beneficiary, and only left
639:
of the Land of
Wursten the demesne expansion of the convent was successfully hindered. Soon the Midlum parish and its peasant population became integral parts of the Land of Wursten. The convent declined and blamed this to its location among the "perverse and bad people , striving for criminal and
623:
After the victory the Land of
Wursten occupied the Midlum parish. The unsettled geest strips within Midlum's municipal boundary then adopted the new name Wursten Heath (Wurster Heide) since. However, the convent and the nuns were treated with great care not to deliver Prince-Archbishop Gebhard any
973:
at latest in 1289. Cf. Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Die landgemeindliche Entwicklung in Landwürden, Kirchspiel Lehe und Kirchspiel Midlum im Mittelalter“ (first presented in 1972 as a lecture at a conference of the historical work study association of the northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at
534:
which today forms a locality of Midlum. All over the parish of Midlum, e.g. in Sorthum, Northum, WenckebĂĽttel and Esigstedt, the convent acquired the overlordship to farmlands from those lords who held it before, in order to round off its demesne. The convent cleared the latter two villages from
485:
customs without formal incorporation. The convent started the typical Cistercian practice to build up a large autark integrated production (Eigenwirtschaft). Unlike unsettled and undeveloped areas where Cistercians usually founded new monasteries the farmlands donated to the convent were held by
659:
again to the nuns after the pastors of the Wursten parishes had intervened. In 1399 the convent concluded with the consuls of the Land of Wursten that they guaranteed safe-conduct through the Midlum parish for the pilgrims on their way to the Altenwalde Holy Cross Chapel.
834:: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehem. HerzogtĂĽmer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. HerzogtĂĽmer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und FrĂĽhgeschichte' (1995;
477:
confirmed and thus recognised the foundation of the convent. Midlum's St. Pancras Church, which existed before, was integrated into the convent. No remains of cloister or conventual outbuildings remain, and there are only few documentary references to them.
662:
With the final subjection of the Land of Wursten in 1524, long been claimed by the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, it became part of that imperial estate. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the
589:. Thus the demesne expansion posed a massive threat for the material survival of the Wursten Frisians as free peasants. Without fuel, timber or fertiliser they could not help it but would sooner or later have to
651:(ruling from 1273 to 1306) hindering the convent's demesne and manorial expansion could be nothing else but an unallowed aim. This finally led to the relocation of the convent out of Wursten Frisian control to
608:
In the same time knightly families from the geest aimed at subjecting the Wursten Frisians to their feudal overlordship in order to gain more from unpaid feudal labour and by compelling
563:
991:, ed. on behalf of the Stader Verein fĂĽr Geschichte und AltertĂĽmer with support by the Bremian Knighthood, Hanover: Hahn'sche Buchhandlung, 1905, deeds no. 4, 5, 10 and 11.
867:
The baptismal font from the monastic period dating from the late thirteenth or fourteenth century is preserved. Cf. Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in:
620:. The defeated knights hat to withdraw deep into the Bederkesa Bailiwick and exposed the boundary adjacent to the Land of Wursten, among others the Midlum parish.
628:
peasants in 1234, who refused to accept feudal overlordship too, but whom Gebhard had excommunicated and against whom he induced and fought a papally confirmed
163:
818:
797:
742:
734:
726:
858:), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol II, pp. 105–157, here p. 41.
52:
128:
876:
855:
847:
839:
331:
96:
596:
452:
433:
1089:
311:
830:
Adolf Hofmeister, „Der Kampf um das Erbe der Stader Grafen zwischen den Welfen und der Bremer Kirche (1144–1236)“, in:
581:, previously also commonly used by the free Frisian peasants from the mostly treeless Land of Wursten in order to gain
341:
641:
386:
319:
232:
43:
17:
554:, the convent started to include it into its demesnes. In the valley cuts of the geest between HolĂźel and
67:
646:
495:
914:
Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE
895:
Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE
684:
676:
590:
290:
490:
402:
300:
217:
680:
472:
421:
374:
222:
688:
613:
501:
444:
406:
366:
671:
by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the
524:
872:
851:
843:
835:
814:
793:
738:
730:
722:
536:
448:
205:
672:
467:
410:
664:
505:
281:
640:
unallowed aims", as recorded in a convent deed. For them and Bremen's Prince-Archbishop
717:
Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in:
696:
668:
617:
398:
908:
889:
508:(smallholders who need additional work) and (most of) their fields into the convent's
1083:
609:
559:
460:
586:
425:
378:
210:
409:
and endowed them to it. The Diepholz Lords then owned the Hollburg Castle between
616:(1256–1258) the Wursten Frisians repelled a knightly invasion to subject them to
551:
512:. This transformation posed an immediate hardship for the feudal tenants on the
761:
Nicola Borger-Keweloh, „Das Kloster Neuenwalde – wie es zur Gründung kam“, in:
546:
Land of Wursten there is a narrow swampy strip of wasteland called the Wursten
529:
775:
northern Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in:
692:
652:
482:
307:
286:
178:
165:
629:
625:
573:
The convent's demesne expansion meant the exclusive usage of geest forests,
415:
555:
429:
39:
675:
Crown. In 1807 occupied by the Napoleon, his ephemeric client-state the
601:
520:
509:
440:
382:
198:
956:
Lower Saxon Landschaftsverbände held at Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in:
636:
695:
and the Ducal territory, including Flögeln, became part of the new
970:
595:
578:
543:
513:
491:
cleared its feudal farmlands from the unfree peasants tilling them
912:
893:
842:), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;
624:
pretext. The Wursten Frisians remembered the ordeal of the free
582:
574:
567:
456:
683:
annexed it year after. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the
542:
Along the low side of the WesermĂĽnde Geest ridge towards the
550:. While the Wursten Frisians claimed the Sietland as their
23:
Ortsteil of Wurster NordseekĂĽste in Lower Saxony, Germany
632:, all after few Stedingers had slain an itinerant monk.
354:
757:
755:
753:
751:
504:) transforming them into dependent agrarian workers or
459:) over the nunnery, later passed on to the Knights of
385:. Since 1 January 2015 it is part of the municipality
713:
711:
455:. However, the Diepholz family adopted the advocacy (
350:
340:
330:
318:
297:
280:
272:
264:
259:
251:
243:
238:
228:
216:
204:
194:
28:
813:, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 29.
792:, Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2010, p. 27.
1074:, vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 22.
1065:
1063:
1061:
1055:, vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 21.
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1034:, vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 14.
1020:, vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 19.
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
978:, vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 21.
960:, vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 21.
946:, vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 20.
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
779:, vol. 72 (1972), pp. 1—22, here p. 16.
486:feudal tenants and sparsed in and around Midlum.
405:, owning estates in and near Midlum, founded the
16:For other populated places of the same name, see
373:) is a village and a former municipality in the
745:, vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 373.
562:in order to lay out stewponds for the fish as
432:peasants under only loose overlordship of the
832:Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser
719:Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser
397:Originally Midlum was considered part of the
8:
892:(section: State Of Medieval Structure), on:
519:On outlying estates the convent founded its
593:themselves to feudal lords from the geest.
424:ridge, allowing a good view over the lower
401:. In 1219 six members of the family of the
25:
481:It is possible that the convent followed
765:(No. 718, October 2009), p. 2.
447:the Diepholz family made it over to the
911:(section: Foundation Information), on:
811:Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum
790:Neuenwalde: Reformen im ländlichen Raum
707:
349:
317:
279:
258:
250:
237:
193:
158:
88:
79:
61:
49:
691:in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a
339:
329:
296:
271:
263:
247:31.07 km (12.00 sq mi)
242:
227:
215:
203:
7:
989:Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde
917:, retrieved on 15 January 2015.
898:, retrieved on 15 January 2015.
57:Aerial photo with St. Pancras Church
687:, which - after its upgrade to the
618:manorial (seigniorial) jurisdiction
850:), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;
679:annexed the Duchy in 1810, before
14:
134:
127:
102:
95:
66:
51:
420:and Midlum on the brink of the
969:The Lords of Northum moved to
463:who were related by marriage.
453:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
434:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
135:
103:
1:
974:Oldenburg in Oldenburg), in:
558:the convent impounded little
439:Rather than establishing the
428:, then a corporation of free
763:Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt
667:, which was first ruled in
585:, firewood, timber and the
1106:
466:In 1227 Prince-Archbishop
15:
653:Wolde, present Altenwalde
537:which were thus abandoned
159:
89:
80:
62:
50:
37:
150:Show map of Lower Saxony
699:, established in 1823.
642:Gilbert of Brunckhorst
635:Under the rule of the
610:feudal dues and duties
605:
516:in and around Midlum.
276:54/km (140/sq mi)
255:21 m (69 ft)
685:Electorate of Hanover
677:Kingdom of Westphalia
599:
445:proprietary monastery
299: • Summer (
1072:Oldenburger Jahrbuch
1053:Oldenburger Jahrbuch
1032:Oldenburger Jahrbuch
1018:Oldenburger Jahrbuch
976:Oldenburger Jahrbuch
958:Oldenburger Jahrbuch
944:Oldenburger Jahrbuch
869:Germania Benedictina
777:Oldenburger Jahrbuch
387:Wurster NordseekĂĽste
375:district of Cuxhaven
342:Vehicle registration
273: • Density
233:Wurster NordseekĂĽste
179:53.72917°N 8.61556°E
44:Wurster NordseekĂĽste
1090:Cuxhaven (district)
587:fertilising plaggen
175: /
118:Show map of Germany
737:, (vol. III)
689:Kingdom of Hanover
606:
502:Lowland Clearances
265: • Total
244: • Total
83:Location of Midlum
987:Heinrich RĂĽther,
819:978-3-8391-9479-9
798:978-3-8391-9479-9
743:978-3-9801919-9-9
735:978-3-9801919-8-2
729:, (vol. II)
727:978-3-9801919-7-5
449:cathedral chapter
403:Lords of Diepholz
360:
359:
184:53.72917; 8.61556
1097:
1075:
1067:
1056:
1048:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1013:
992:
985:
979:
967:
961:
953:
947:
939:
918:
905:
899:
886:
880:
865:
859:
828:
822:
807:
801:
786:
780:
772:
766:
759:
746:
715:
650:
533:
499:
476:
468:Gebhard of Lippe
422:WesermĂĽnde Geest
419:
304:
190:
189:
187:
186:
185:
180:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
151:
144:
138:
137:
131:
119:
112:
106:
105:
99:
70:
55:
32:
26:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1059:
1049:
1038:
1028:
1024:
1014:
995:
986:
982:
968:
964:
954:
950:
940:
921:
906:
902:
887:
883:
866:
862:
829:
825:
808:
804:
787:
783:
773:
769:
760:
749:
716:
709:
705:
665:Duchy of Bremen
644:
604:river at Midlum
527:
493:
470:
426:Land of Wursten
413:
395:
326:
298:
183:
181:
177:
174:
169:
166:
164:
162:
161:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
142:
139:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
110:
107:
85:
84:
76:
75:
74:
73:
58:
46:
33:
30:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1057:
1036:
1022:
993:
980:
962:
948:
919:
900:
881:
860:
823:
802:
781:
767:
747:
706:
704:
701:
669:personal union
407:Midlum Nunnery
399:Land of Hadeln
394:
391:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
334:
332:Dialling codes
328:
327:
324:
322:
316:
315:
305:
295:
294:
284:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
208:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
157:
156:
141:
140:
133:
132:
126:
125:
124:
123:
109:
108:
101:
100:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
71:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
38:
35:
34:
29:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
984:
981:
977:
972:
966:
963:
959:
952:
949:
945:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
915:
910:
907:June Mecham,
904:
901:
897:
896:
891:
888:June Mecham,
885:
882:
878:
877:3-88096-611-7
874:
870:
864:
861:
857:
856:3-9801919-9-0
853:
849:
848:3-9801919-8-2
845:
841:
840:3-9801919-7-4
837:
833:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
782:
778:
771:
768:
764:
758:
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
714:
712:
708:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
656:
654:
648:
643:
638:
633:
631:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
603:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
531:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
492:
487:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
356:
355:www.midlum.de
353:
345:
343:
335:
333:
323:
321:
313:
309:
306:
302:
292:
288:
285:
283:
275:
267:
254:
246:
234:
231:
224:
221:
219:
212:
209:
207:
200:
197:
188:
160:Coordinates:
130:
98:
69:
54:
45:
41:
36:
27:
19:
1071:
1052:
1031:
1025:
1017:
988:
983:
975:
965:
957:
951:
943:
913:
909:"Neuenwalde"
903:
894:
890:"Neuenwalde"
884:
868:
863:
831:
826:
810:
809:Otto Edert,
805:
789:
788:Otto Edert,
784:
776:
770:
762:
718:
697:Stade Region
661:
657:
634:
622:
607:
572:
547:
541:
518:
489:The convent
488:
480:
465:
438:
396:
379:Lower Saxony
370:
367:N. Low Saxon
362:
361:
320:Postal codes
229:Municipality
211:Lower Saxony
72:Coat of arms
645: [
614:Wursten War
528: [
494: [
471: [
414: [
182: /
703:References
693:real union
673:Hanoverian
591:commendate
566:dishes at
483:Cistercian
260:Population
223:Cuxhaven
170:08°36′56″E
167:53°43′45″N
626:Stedingen
612:. In the
535:peasants
525:Kransburg
461:Bederkesa
443:as their
308:UTC+02:00
287:UTC+01:00
282:Time zone
252:Elevation
1084:Category
556:Nordholz
548:Sietland
218:District
40:Ortsteil
637:consuls
630:crusade
602:Emmelke
564:fasting
552:commons
521:Vorwerk
510:demesne
506:cotters
451:of the
441:nunnery
430:Frisian
393:History
383:Germany
351:Website
199:Germany
195:Country
143:Midlum
111:Midlum
31:Midlum
875:
854:
846:
838:
817:
796:
741:
733:
725:
681:France
579:heaths
544:marshy
457:Vogtei
411:HolĂźel
363:Midlum
18:Midlum
971:Stade
649:]
575:mires
560:becks
532:]
514:geest
500:(cf.
498:]
475:]
418:]
377:, in
371:Millm
336:04741
325:27639
268:1,681
206:State
1070:in:
1051:in:
1030:in:
1016:in:
942:in:
873:ISBN
852:ISBN
844:ISBN
836:ISBN
815:ISBN
794:ISBN
739:ISBN
731:ISBN
723:ISBN
600:The
583:turf
577:and
568:lent
312:CEST
239:Area
530:nds
523:of
416:nds
346:CUX
301:DST
291:CET
42:of
1086::
1060:^
1039:^
996:^
922:^
750:^
710:^
655:.
647:de
570:.
539:.
496:de
473:de
436:.
389:.
381:,
369::
879:.
821:.
800:.
365:(
314:)
310:(
303:)
293:)
289:(
20:.
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