People's Party (United States)

1305:

instead with material generated by the Populists themselves. Goodwyn determines that the farmers' cooperatives gave rise to a Populist culture, and their efforts to free farmers from lien merchants revealed to them the political structure of the economy, which propelled them into politics. The Populists sought diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge, formed highly centralized organizations, launched large-scale incorporated businesses, and pressed for an array of state-centered reforms. Hundreds of thousands of women committed to Populism, seeking a more modern life, education, and employment in schools and offices. A large section of the labor movement looked to Populism for answers, forging a political coalition with farmers that gave impetus to the regulatory state. Progress, however, was also menacing and inhumane, Postel notes. White Populists embraced social-Darwinist notions of racial improvement, Chinese exclusion and separate-but-equal.

1194:, two days after the election. Knowing they had just retaken control of the state legislature, the Democrats were confident they could not be overcome. They attacked and overcame the Fusionists; mobs roamed the black neighborhoods, shooting, killing, burning buildings, and making a special target of the black newspaper. There were no further insurgencies in any Southern states involving a successful black coalition at the state level. By 1900, the gains of the populist-Republican coalition were reversed, and the Democrats ushered in disfranchisement: practically all blacks lost their vote, and the Populist-Republican alliance fell apart. 1566: 836:(bimetallism), opposition to the power of railroads, and clashes with large landowners over water rights. In the South and the Great Plains, Populists had a broad appeal among farmers, but relatively little support in cities and towns. Businessmen and, to a lesser extent, skilled craftsmen were appalled by the perceived radicalism of Populist proposals. Even in rural areas, many voters resisted casting aside their long-standing partisan allegiances. Turner concludes that Populism appealed most strongly to economically distressed farmers who were isolated from urban centers. 1158:

did poorly in the industrial heartland. His strength was largely based on the traditional Democratic vote, but he lost many German Catholics and members of the middle class. Historians believe his defeat was partly attributable to the tactics Bryan used; he had aggressively "run" for president, while traditional candidates would use "front porch campaigns." The united opposition of nearly all business leaders and most religious leaders also hurt his candidacy, as did his poor showing among Catholic groups who were alienated by Bryan's emphasis on Protestant moral values.

768:, Workingmen Party, and dozens of other minor parties. Delivering the final speech of the convention, Ignatius L. Donnelly, stated, "We meet in the midst of a nation brought to the verge of moral, political, and material ruin. ... We seek to restore the government of the republic to the hands of the 'plain people' with whom it originated. Our doors are open to all points of the compass. ... The interests of rural and urban labor are the same; their enemies are identical." Following Donnelly's speech, delegates agreed to establish the People's Party and hold a 621:, which left economic power in the hands of a mercantile elite that furnished goods on credit. The movement became increasingly popular throughout Texas in the mid-1880s, and membership in the organization grew from 10,000 in 1884 to 50,000 at the end of 1885. At the same time, the Farmer's Alliance became increasingly politicized, with members attacking the "money trust" as the source and beneficiary of both the crop lien system and deflation. In the hopes of cementing an alliance with labor groups, the Farmer's Alliance supported the 1003:

appeal, whereas a platform based on free silver would resonate with a wide array of groups. The mid-roaders believed that free silver did not represent serious economic reform, and continued to call for government ownership of railroads, major changes to the financial system, and resistance to the influence of large corporations. One Texas Populist wrote that free silver would "leave undisturbed all the conditions which give rise to the undue concentration of wealth. The so-called silver party may prove a veritable

1095: 522:. After the war, the Eastern financial establishment strongly favored a return to the gold standard for both ideological reasons (they believed that money must be backed by gold which, they argued, had intrinsic value) and economic gain (a return to the gold standard would make their government bonds more valuable). Successive presidential administrations favored "hard money" policies that retired the greenbacks, thereby shrinking the amount of currency in circulation. Financial interests also won passage of the 1167: 1314:

Democratic Party and Socialist Party, but had a smaller impact on California's Republican Party. In 1990, historian William F. Holmes wrote, "an earlier generation of historians viewed Populism as the initiator of twentieth-century liberalism as manifested in Progressivism, but over the past two decades we have learned that fundamental differences separated the two movements." Most of the leading progressives (except Bryan) fiercely opposed Populism. Theodore Roosevelt, Norris, La Follette,

682: 1023:

blacks in the low country, and poor whites in the mountain districts. They took control of the state legislature in both 1894 and 1896, and the governorship in 1896. Restrictive rules on voting were repealed. In 1895 the legislature rewarded its black allies with patronage, naming 300 black magistrates in eastern districts, as well as deputy sheriffs and city policemen. They also received some federal patronage from the coalition congressman, and state patronage from the governor.

1652: 1843: 1767: 1616: 1150:. When the convention's presidential ballot began, it was still unclear whether Bryan would be nominated for president and whether Bryan would accept the nomination if offered. Mid-roaders put forward their own candidate, obscure newspaper editor S. F. Norton, but Norton was unable to win the support of many delegates. After a long and contentious series of roll call votes, Bryan won the Populist presidential nomination, taking 1042 votes to Norton's 321 votes. 6089: 1251:

unions. Progressivism, on the other hand, was a later movement. It emerged after the 1890s from the urban business and professional communities. Most of its activists had opposed populism. It was elitist, and emphasized education and expertise. Its goals were to enhance efficiency, reduce waste, and enlarge the opportunities for upward social mobility. However, some former Populists changed their emphasis after 1900 and supported progressive reforms.

1106:, mid-roaders, fusionists, and free silver Democrats all maneuvered to put their favored candidates in the best position to win. Mid-roaders sought to ensure that the Populists would hold their national convention before that of the Democratic Party, thereby ensuring that they could not be accused of dividing "reform" forces. Defying those hopes, Taubeneck arranged for the 1896 Populist National Convention to take place one week after the 61: 1666: 785: 1683: 1697: 1466: 1798: 1580: 1531: 729: 1874: 1280:

the drought that ruined so many Kansas farmers, but also pointed to financial manipulations, deflation in prices caused by the gold standard, high interest rates, mortgage foreclosures, and high railroad rates. Corruption accounted for such outrages and Populists presented popular control of government as the solution, a point that later students of republicanism emphasized. In the 1930s,

1264:. Clanton (1991) stresses that Populism was "the last significant expression of an old radical tradition that derived from Enlightenment sources that had been filtered through a political tradition that bore the distinct imprint of Jeffersonian, Jacksonian, and Lincolnian democracy." This tradition emphasized human rights over the cash nexus of the Gilded Age's dominant ideology. 1860: 1480: 1517: 491: 868:. But the Populists lacked compelling campaign planks that appealed specifically to urban laborers, and were largely unable to mobilize support in urban areas. Corporate leaders had largely been successful in preventing labor from organizing politically and economically, and union membership did not rival that of the Farmer's Alliance. Some unions, including the fledgling 2191: 2176: 2154: 2139: 2117: 2102: 2080: 2065: 2043: 2028: 2006: 1991: 640:'s veto of a Texas seed bill in early 1887 outraged many farmers, encouraging the growth of a northern Farmer's Alliance in states like Kansas and Nebraska. That same year, a prolonged drought began in the West, contributing to the bankruptcy of many farmers. In 1887, the Farmer's Alliance merged with the Louisiana Farmers Union and expanded into the South and the 1154:

win in conjunction with the Great Plains, the Far West, and the South. Watson, ostensibly Bryan's running mate, campaigned on a platform of "Straight Populism" and frequently attacked Sewall as an agent for "the banks and railroads." He delivered several speeches in Texas and the Midwest before returning to his home in Georgia for the remainder of the election.

1784: 1301:

from about 70% in the early 1830s to about 33% in the 1890s. Reichley argues that, while the Populist Party was founded in reaction to economic hardship, by the mid-1890s it was "reacting not simply against the money power but against the whole world of cities and alien customs and loose living they felt was challenging the agrarian way of life."

661:; the convention met with the goal of forming a confederation of the major farm and labor organizations. Though a full merger was not achieved, the Farmer's Alliance and the Knights of Labor jointly endorsed the St. Louis Platform, which included many of the long-standing demands of the Farmer's Alliance. The Platform added a call for Macune's " 599: 1829: 1753: 1602: 993:

were a massive defeat for the Democratic Party throughout the country, and a mixed result for the Populists. Populists performed poorly in the West and Midwest, where Republicans dominated, but won elections in Alabama and other states. In the aftermath, some party leaders, particularly those outside

698:, Farmer's Alliance-backed candidates won dozens of races for the U.S. House of Representatives and gained majorities in several state legislatures. Many of these individuals were elected in coalition with Democrats; in Nebraska, the Farmer's Alliance forged an alliance with newly elected Congressman 458:

of the early 20th century. Most of the Progressives, such as Theodore Roosevelt, Robert La Follette, and Woodrow Wilson, were bitter enemies of the Populists. In American political rhetoric, "populist" was originally associated with the Populist Party and related to left-wing movements, but beginning

1022:

In 1894–1896, the Populist wave of agrarian unrest swept through the cotton and tobacco regions of the South. The most dramatic impact was in North Carolina, where the poor white farmers who comprised the Populist party formed a working coalition with the Republican Party, then largely controlled by

442:

After the 1896 presidential election, the Populist Party suffered a nationwide collapse. The party nominated presidential candidates in the three presidential elections after 1896, but none came close to matching Weaver's performance in 1892. Former Populists became inactive or joined other parties.

1304:

Goodwyn (1976) and Postel (2007) reject the notion that the Populists were traditionalistic and anti-modern. Rather, they argue, the Populists aggressively sought self-consciously progressive goals. Goodwyn criticizes Hofstadter's reliance on secondary sources to characterize the Populists, working

1279:

The most influential Turner student of Populism was John D. Hicks, who emphasized economic pragmatism over ideals, presenting Populism as interest group politics, with have-nots demanding their fair share of America's wealth which was being leeched off by nonproductive speculators. Hicks emphasized

1274:

The Farmers' Alliance and the Populist demand for government ownership of the railroad is a phase of the same effort of the pioneer farmer, on his latest frontier. The proposals have taken increasing proportions in each region of Western Advance. Taken as a whole, Populism is a manifestation of the

1259:

Since the 1890s, historians have vigorously debated the nature of Populism. Some historians see the populists as forward-looking liberal reformers, others as reactionaries trying to recapture an idyllic and utopian past. For some, they were radicals out to restructure American life, and for others,

1250:

According to Gene Clanton's study of Kansas, populism and progressivism had a few similarities but different bases of support. Both opposed trusts. Populism emerged earlier and came out of the farm community. It was radically egalitarian in favor. It was weak in the towns and cities except in labor

1031:

Due to the prevailing racist attitudes of the late 19th century, any political alliance of Southern blacks and Southern whites was difficult to construct, but shared economic concerns allowed some transracial coalition building. After 1886, black farmers started organizing local agricultural groups

1002:

The Populists became increasingly polarized between moderate "fusionists" like Taubeneck and radical "mid-roaders" (named for their desire to take a middle road between Democrats and Republicans) like Tom Watson. Fusionists believed the perceived radicalism of the Omaha Platform limited the party's

957:

Party membership grew in several states; historian Lawrence Goodwyn estimates that in the mid-1890s the party had "a following of anywhere from 25 to 45 percent of the electorate in twenty-odd states." Partly due to the growing popularity of the Populist movement, the Democratic Congress included a

1181:

with the Democrats proved disastrous to the party. In the Midwest, the Populist Party essentially merged into the Democratic Party before the end of the 1890s. In the South, the National Alliance with the Democrats sapped the Populists' ability to remain independent. Tennessee's Populist Party was

1157:

Ultimately, McKinley won a decisive majority of the electoral vote and became the first presidential candidate to win a majority of the popular vote since the 1876 presidential election. Bryan swept the old Populist strongholds in the West and South, and added the silverite states in the West, but

1153:

Despite his earlier proclamation, Bryan accepted the Populist nomination. Facing a massive financial and organizational disadvantage, Bryan embarked on a campaign that took him across the country. He largely ignored major cities and the Northeast, instead focusing on the Midwest, which he hoped to

1300:

were vehement enemies of Populism, though Bryan cooperated with them and accepted the Populist nomination in 1896. Reichley (1992) sees the Populist Party primarily as a reaction to the decline of the political hegemony of white Protestant farmers; the share of farmers in the workforce had fallen

1146:

Despite a telegram from Bryan indicating that he would not accept the Populist nomination if the party did not also nominate Sewall, the convention chose Tom Watson as the party's vice presidential nominee. The convention also reaffirmed the major planks of the 1892 platform and added support for

1145:

When the Populist convention met, fusionists proposed that the Populists nominate the Democratic ticket, while mid-roaders organized to defeat fusionist efforts. As Sewall was objectionable to many within the party, the mid-roaders successfully moved a motion to nominate the vice president first.

1313:

Populist voters remained active in the electorate long after 1896, but historians continue to debate which party, if any, absorbed the largest share of them. In a case study of California Populists, historian Michael Magliari found that Populist voters influenced reform movements in California's

1189:

In North Carolina, the state Democratic Party orchestrated a propaganda campaign in newspapers across the state, and created a brutal and violent white supremacy election campaign to defeat the North Carolina Populists and GOP, the Fusionist revolt in North Carolina collapsed in 1898, and white

1405:

movement. The original generic definition of the term, which has held consistently since the emergence of its post-Populist Party genericness, describes a populist as "a believer in the rights, wisdom, or virtues of the common people." In the 21st century, the term once again began to be used.

1291:

portrayed the Populist movement as an irrational response of backward-looking farmers to the challenges of modernity. Though Hofstadter wrote that the Populists were the "first modern political movement of practical importance in the United States to insist that the federal government had some

1084:

Some Populists believed that Jews made up a class of international financiers whose policies had ruined small family farms, they asserted, owned the banks and promoted the gold standard, the chief sources of their impoverishment. Agrarian radicalism posited the city as antithetical to American

1007:

if we are not careful." In an attempt to get the party to repudiate the Omaha Platform in favor of free silver, Taubeneck called a party convention in December 1894. Rather than repudiating the Omaha Platform, the convention expanded it to include a call for the municipal ownership of public

1292:

responsibility for the common weal", he criticized the movement as anti-Semitic, conspiracy-minded, nativist, and grievance-based. According to Hofstadter, the antithesis of anti-modern Populism was the modernizing nature of Progressivism. Hofstadter noted that leading progressives like

998:

declared that the party should abandon the Omaha Platform and "unite the reform forces of the nation" behind bimetallism. Meanwhile, leading Democrats increasingly distanced themselves from Cleveland's gold standard policies in the aftermath of their performance in the 1894 elections.

713:; Farmer's Alliance leaders also agreed to hold another convention in early 1892 to discuss the possibility of establishing a third party if Democrats failed to adopt their policy goals. Among those who favored the establishment of a third party were Farmer's Alliance president 1186:). By 1900 the People's Party of Tennessee was a shadow of what it once was. A similar pattern repeated throughout the South, where the Populist Party had previously sought alliances with the Republican Party against the dominant state Democrats, including in Watson's Georgia. 359:

laid out the Populist platform: collective bargaining, federal regulation of railroad rates, an expansionary monetary policy, and a Sub-Treasury Plan that required the establishment of federally controlled warehouses to aid farmers. Other Populist-endorsed measures included

1400:

In the United States, the term "populist" originally referred to the Populist Party and related left-wing movements of the late 19th century that wanted to curtail the power of the corporate and financial establishment. Later the term "populist" began to apply to any

915:. The Populists performed strongly in the West, but many party leaders were disappointed by the results in parts of the South and the entire Great Lakes Region. Weaver failed to win more than 5% of the vote in any state east of the Mississippi River and north of the 6554: 6148: 792:

The initial front-runner for the Populist Party's presidential nomination was Leonidas Polk, who had served as the chairman of the convention in St. Louis, but he died of an illness weeks before the Populist convention. The party instead turned to former

665:," under which the federal government would establish warehouses in agricultural counties; farmers would be allowed to store their crops in these warehouses and borrow up to 80 percent of the value of their crops. The movement began to expand into the 945:, which provided for a minor reduction in tariff rates. The Populists denounced the Cleveland administration's continued adherence to the gold standard, and they angrily attacked the administration's decision to purchase gold from a syndicate led by 1130:. McKinley initially sought to downplay the gold standard in favor of campaigning on higher tariff rates, but he agreed to fully endorse the gold standard at the insistence of Republican donors and party leaders. Meeting later in the year, the 1114:

urged readers to nominate convention delegates who would "support the Omaha Platform in its entirety." As most of the party's high-ranking officeholders were fusionists, the mid-roaders faced difficulty in uniting around a candidate.

693:

The Farmer's Alliance had initially sought to work within the two-party system, but by 1891 many party leaders had become convinced of the need for a third party that could challenge the conservatism of both major parties. In the

6141: 633:, a series of resolutions that called for, among other things, collective bargaining, federal regulation of railroad rates, an expansionary monetary policy, and a national banking system administered by the federal government. 1216:, and disbanded afterward. The prosperity of the first decade of the 1900s helped ensure that the party continued to fade away. Populist activists retired from politics, joined a major party, or followed Debs into the 6134: 847:

One of the Populist Party's central goals was to create a coalition between farmers in the South and West and urban laborers in the Midwest and Northeast. In the latter regions, the Populists received the support of

5555: 982:. Silverites were also strong in Nebraska, where Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan continued to enjoy the support of many Nebraska Populists. A coalition of Democrats and Populists elected Populist 965:

The Populists faced challenges from both the established major parties and the "Silverites," who generally disregarded the Omaha Platform in favor of bimetallism. These Silverites, who formed groups like the

1318:

and Wilson all strongly opposed Populism. It is debated whether any Populist ideas made their way into the Democratic Party during the New Deal era. The New Deal farm programs were designed by experts (like

1039:

Some southern Populists, including Watson, openly spoke of the need for poor blacks and poor whites to set aside their racial differences in the name of shared economic interests. The Populists followed the

311:

political party in the United States in the late 19th century. The Populist Party emerged in the early 1890s as an important force in the Southern and Western United States, but declined rapidly after the

6101: 5311: 1242:

wrote, "As I write, a convention of the Populist Party has just taken place. Eight delegates attended the meeting, which was held in a parlor." This may record the last gasp of the party organization.

706:

was elected governor on the Democratic ticket. As most leading Democrats refused to endorse the Sub-Treasury, many leaders of the Farmer's Alliance remained dissatisfied with both major parties.

1033: 533:

Angered by these developments, some farmers and other groups began calling for the government to permanently adopt fiat currency. These advocates of "soft money" were influenced by economist

3626: 1205: 545:. Despite fierce partisan rivalries, the two major parties were both closely allied with business interests and supported largely similar economic policies, including the gold standard. The 5390: 6092: 2875: 822: 369: 530:. The deflation caused by these policies affected farmers especially strongly, since deflation made it more difficult to pay debts and led to lower prices for agricultural products. 6574: 1182:

demoralized by a diminishing membership, and puzzled and split by the dilemma of whether to fight the state-level enemy (the Democrats) or the national foe (the Republicans and

832:

The Populists appealed most strongly to voters in the South, the Great Plains, and the Rocky Mountains. In the Rocky Mountains, Populist voters were motivated by support for

419:, the Populists became increasingly polarized between "fusionists," who wanted to nominate a joint presidential ticket with the Democratic Party, and "mid-roaders," such as 5275:: Electronic Edition. Populist Party (N.C.). State Executive Committee. Reformated and reprinted by the University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 6157: 4696: 415:. Over the next four years, the party continued to run state and federal candidates, building up powerful organizations in several Southern and Western states. Before the 6610: 872:, refused to endorse any political party. Populists were also largely unable to win the support of farmers in the Northeast and the more developed parts of the Midwest. 6430: 5942: 376:. These measures were collectively designed to curb the influence of monopolistic corporate and financial interests and empower small businesses, farmers and laborers. 6635: 6097: 1147: 769: 617:

in 1877, and the organization quickly spread to surrounding counties. The Farmers' Alliance promoted collective economic action by farmers in order to cope with the

6620: 542: 503: 4932: 911:. He was the first third-party candidate since the Civil War to win electoral votes, while Field was the first Southern candidate to win electoral votes since the 6605: 5409: 2870: 2773: 2764: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2579: 1044:

in actively including women in their affairs. But regardless of these appeals, racism did not evade the People's Party. Prominent Populist Party leaders such as

6615: 5383: 4165:. Bryan and Sewall received an additional 6,286,469 (45.1%) and 149 electoral votes. Bryan's best showing was Mississippi, where he received 91.0% of the vote. 5590: 2794: 2785: 2350: 6630: 5782: 580:, but the Greenback Party was unable to build a durable base of support, and it collapsed in the 1880s. Many former Greenback Party supporters joined the 6595: 5867: 5792: 4682: 276: 2911: 2677: 2668: 2516: 6248: 5812: 2507: 2471: 1715: 581: 5256: 6473: 6446: 6419: 6392: 6378: 6364: 6350: 6336: 6332: 6305: 6291: 6264: 6237: 6223: 6209: 6027: 5852: 5787: 5635: 5376: 2740: 2615: 2570: 2564: 2534: 2525: 2489: 2480: 2417: 1822: 1746: 1645: 1628: 1592: 1559: 1508: 1459: 1103: 912: 577: 538: 416: 380: 313: 5246: 6521: 6457: 6166:

This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election

5957: 5947: 5640: 5580: 3851: 2946: 626: 6531: 5917: 5575: 5201: 2842: 2606: 2597: 1379: 1375: 979: 39: 35: 1275:

old pioneer ideals of the native American, with the added element of increasing readiness to utilize the national government to effect its ends.

5540: 5400: 2704: 2695: 2543: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2426: 1492: 324:

of the party continued to operate into the first decade of the 20th century, but never matched the popularity of the party in the early 1890s.

1260:

they were economically hard-pressed agrarians seeking government relief. Much recent scholarship emphasizes Populism's debt to early American

1052:, and there appears to have been some support for this viewpoint in the party's rank-and-file membership. After 1900 Watson himself became an 556:

proved difficult in the rest of the country. The United States was deeply polarized by the sectional politics of the post-Civil War era; most

5620: 4761: 4325: 4020: 3376: 2686: 1865: 928: 817:, which proposed the implementation of the Sub-Treasury and other longtime Farmer's Alliance goals. The platform also called for a graduated 673:, while Macune led the establishment of the National Reform Press Association, a network of newspapers sympathetic to the Farmer's Alliance. 431:, a prominent bimetallist, the Populists also nominated Bryan but rejected the Democratic vice-presidential nominee in favor of party leader 3268: 5932: 5712: 1383: 1098:

In 1896, the 36-year-old William Jennings Bryan was the chosen candidate resulting from the fusion of the Democrats and the People's Party.

3846:

Andrea Meryl Kirshenbaum, "'The Vampire That Hovers Over North Carolina': Gender, White Supremacy, and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898,"

1496: 844:, also participated in the convention, making her the first American woman to vote for a presidential candidate at a national convention. 6526: 5872: 5857: 5525: 5505: 5480: 5330: 2272: 1131: 1119: 1107: 424: 776:. Journalists covering the fledgling party began referring to it as the "Populist Party," and that term quickly became widely popular. 6569: 6559: 6506: 6501: 5992: 5827: 5822: 5797: 5772: 5600: 5515: 4616: 4584: 4563: 4432: 1729: 1261: 1072:

were influential in California's Populist Party organization, and some Populists embraced the anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that the

455: 454:. Scholars also continue to debate the magnitude of influence the Populists exerted on later organizations and movements, such as the 464: 6022: 5882: 5847: 5464: 4922: 4903: 4852: 4833: 4812: 4793: 4711: 4668: 4540: 4521: 4469: 4409: 4386: 4367: 4348: 4306: 4287: 4268: 4249: 4097: 4072: 3699: 3592: 2449: 2292: 5192: 6496: 5997: 5907: 5877: 5842: 5615: 5520: 5433: 5426: 2850: 1708: 1228: 1224: 1198: 876: 826: 561: 546: 190: 3906:

For a summary or how historians approach the topic see Worth Robert Miller, "A Centennial Historiography of American Populism."

1208:

to Republican McKinley in a backlash against the state Democratic party), but the weakened party nominated a separate ticket of

6564: 2638: 2322: 1191: 1069: 549:'s 1868 platform endorsed the continued use of greenbacks, but the party embraced hard money policies after the 1868 election. 396: 241: 5344: 994:

the South, became convinced of the need to fuse with Democrats and adopt bimetallism as the party's key issue. Party chairman

6536: 5862: 5777: 5485: 5360: 4161:

The Populists nominated Bryan, the Democratic nominee, but nominated Watson for Vice President instead of Democratic nominee

2440: 2312: 1202: 5262: 1565: 6107: 5837: 5832: 5535: 2397: 2255: 2214: 2162: 2125: 2088: 2051: 2014: 1977: 1946: 1270:

and a succession of western historians depicted the Populists as responding to the closure of the frontier. Turner wrote:

990: 802: 765: 695: 177: 4483: 959: 942: 5952: 5625: 4929: 3610:

Despite insurgencies at home — the Populist Party, for example, swept through Georgia and North Carolina in the 1890s...

3419: 1542: 1284:

stressed the southern base, seeing the possibility of a black-and-white coalition of poor against the overbearing rich.

869: 352: 344: 213: 6052: 6032: 6012: 5692: 5459: 5444: 2825: 2801: 2654: 2586: 2496: 2406: 2282: 2238: 1017: 938: 553: 348: 347:, along with the conservatism of both major parties, encouraged Farmers' Alliance leaders to establish a full-fledged 4203:"Eli C. D. Shortridge - North Dakota Governors Online Exhibit - Exhibits - State Historical Society of North Dakota" 3924: 2338:

Approximately forty-five members of the party served in the U.S. Congress between 1891 and 1902. These included six

6316: 6002: 5972: 5707: 5570: 4603:

Kuzminski, Adrian. Fixing the System: A History of Populism, Ancient & Modern. New York: Continuum Books, 2008.

3038: 2620: 2557: 2422: 2224: 1217: 794: 666: 534: 495: 412: 281: 203: 4609:

Up from the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmers' Alliance, Populism, and Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870-1915

3593:"America holds onto an undemocratic assumption from its founding: that some people deserve more power than others" 391:

won 8.5% of the popular vote and carried four Western states, becoming the first third party since the end of the

6067: 6017: 5892: 5762: 5702: 5545: 5495: 4891: 572:, which called for the continued use of paper money as well as the restoration of bimetallism. Greenback nominee 271: 6625: 6057: 2682: 2302: 1348: 1267: 1138:

galvanized the party behind free silver. For vice president, the party nominated conservative shipping magnate

974:, became particularly strong in Western mining states like Nevada and Colorado. In Colorado, Populists elected 408: 31: 6126: 5212: 5136: 5081: 5023: 4965: 6360: 5987: 5530: 5500: 5278: 5250: 5162: 5107: 5052: 4994: 2889: 2745: 2539: 1094: 971: 519: 6511: 5802: 4462:

Greenbackers, Knights of Labor, and Populists: Farmer-Labor Insurgency in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South

6297: 5660: 5650: 5605: 5595: 5490: 2724: 2339: 2276: 1571: 1352: 699: 565: 557: 428: 317: 5319: 1331:(1995) argues that Populism reflected a rhetorical style that manifested itself in spokesmen like Father 6438: 6260: 6219: 5927: 5912: 5757: 5752: 5630: 5338: 2736: 2709: 2593: 1356: 1166: 373: 4896:

The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age: 1865–1896

1386:

founded in 1984, took on similar names. These parties were not directly related to the Populist Party.

916: 681: 662: 443:

Other than Debs and Bryan, few politicians associated with the Populists retained national prominence.

5565: 5048: 4721:

Ostler, Jeffrey (1992). "Why the Populist Party Was Strong in Kansas and Nebraska but Weak in Iowa".

2883: 2751: 2691: 2476: 2242: 1848: 1772: 1688: 1621: 1213: 1135: 722: 610: 603: 593: 485: 420: 328: 141: 5354: 1064:

Historians continue to debate the degree to which the Populists were bigoted against foreigners and

6516: 6047: 5767: 5747: 5665: 5655: 5645: 5610: 5510: 5299: 5291: 5132: 3424: 2715: 2296: 1315: 753: 523: 451: 404: 167: 5368: 6541: 6411: 6205: 5887: 5742: 4879: 4738: 4688: 4643: 4593:

Knoles, George Harmon. "Populism and Socialism, with Special Reference to the Election of 1892,"

4498: 3597: 3273: 2971: 2865: 2790: 2781: 2700: 2326: 2286: 2266: 2218: 1402: 1293: 1288: 975: 757: 686: 670: 650: 507: 460: 392: 261: 256: 4687:

Miller, Worth Robert. "Farmers and Third-Party Politics in Late Nineteenth Century America," in

4202: 709:

In December 1890, a Farmer's Alliance convention re-stated the organization's platform with the

4533:

Populism and Imperialism: Politics, Culture, and Foreign Policy in the American West, 1890-1900

1651: 6600: 6442: 6062: 5585: 5550: 5019: 4918: 4899: 4848: 4829: 4808: 4789: 4757: 4707: 4664: 4612: 4580: 4559: 4536: 4517: 4465: 4428: 4405: 4382: 4363: 4344: 4321: 4302: 4283: 4264: 4245: 4093: 4068: 4016: 3884:

Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Politics, New York and London: Mitchell Kennerley, 1913, p. 275.

3695: 3689: 3429: 3372: 2963: 2664: 2629: 2602: 2575: 2530: 2346: 2228: 1368: 1073: 1041: 884: 865: 853: 761: 749: 172: 151: 6465: 6403: 6301: 6037: 5967: 5962: 5937: 5697: 5560: 5325: 4871: 4730: 4635: 4065:

Where Did the Party Go? William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy

3621: 2959: 2955: 2838: 2673: 2485: 2467: 2413: 2386: 2316: 2259: 2232: 1834: 1758: 1722: 1607: 1341:

Where Did the Party Go? William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy

1332: 1320: 1281: 1178: 1171: 1123: 1053: 995: 983: 954: 880: 841: 718: 714: 703: 637: 630: 622: 618: 436: 432: 89: 3949: 6388: 6374: 6356: 6283: 6233: 6229: 6215: 6193: 6112: 5977: 5902: 5897: 5817: 5807: 5737: 5334: 4990: 4936: 4480:

Arkansas's Gilded Age: The Rise, Decline, and Legacy of Populism and Working-Class Protest

2832: 2817: 2521: 2431: 1502: 1471: 1364: 1360: 1239: 1127: 1049: 837: 798: 773: 733: 614: 573: 569: 481: 384: 336: 146: 84: 4626:

Magliari, Michael (1995). "What Happened to the Populist Vote? A California Case Study".

4552: 4152:

The ticket won 5 states; its best showing was Nevada where it received 66.8% of the vote.

950: 933:

Shortly after Cleveland took office, the country fell into a deep recession known as the

657:

Macune and other Farmer's Alliance leaders helped organize a December 1889 convention in

423:, who favored the continuation of the Populists as an independent third party. After the 6469: 6370: 6342: 6324: 6287: 6256: 6042: 4961: 4657: 4511: 4421: 4337: 4299:

Radicalism in the Mountain West, 1890-1920: Socialists, Populists, Miners, and Wobblies

4009: 2760: 2730: 2377: 2363: 1789: 1657: 1522: 1407: 1336: 1297: 1209: 861: 857: 814: 810: 806: 741: 645: 568:

identified with the Democratic Party. In the 1870s, advocates of soft money formed the

400: 388: 446:

Historians see the Populists as a reaction to the power of corporate interests in the

60: 17: 6589: 6415: 6384: 5349:. Anecdotal account of rise and fall of Farmers Alliance and Populist Party in Texas. 5077: 4823: 4783: 4162: 3588: 2975: 2512: 2458: 2368: 2359: 2306: 2249: 1324: 1139: 1045: 934: 710: 511: 356: 246: 4398: 1682: 1201:, many Populist voters supported Bryan again (though Marion Butler's home county of 784: 6201: 5982: 5732: 4574: 4441:

Hicks, John D. "The Sub-Treasury: A Forgotten Plan for the Relief of Agriculture".

4216: 2372: 1671: 1465: 1411: 1374:

Long after the dissolution of the Populist Party, other third parties, including a

1126:, a long-time Republican leader who was best known for leading the passage of 1890 1004: 967: 946: 908: 883:, a strong supporter of the gold standard, defeated incumbent Republican President 745: 641: 76: 30:

This article is about the 19th century political party. For the party in Utah, see

5272: 5227: 5218: 2944:

Mansbridge, Jane; Macedo, Stephen (2019-10-13). "Populism and Democratic Theory".

2909:

The income tax provision was struck down by the Supreme Court in the 1895 case of

728: 5233: 4751: 6346: 6328: 5417: 2503: 1223:

In 1904, the party was reorganized, and Watson was its nominee for president in

1183: 1077: 849: 833: 552:

Though soft money forces were able to win some support in the West, launching a

527: 361: 305: 231: 226: 221: 5249:, digitized copies of the Populist Party's newspaper in Washington State, from 4454:

The Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers' Alliance and the People's Party

1859: 818: 515: 447: 435:. In the 1896 election, Bryan swept the South and West but lost to Republican 365: 340: 332: 321: 5281:

courtesy University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

3433: 2967: 1177:

The Populist movement never recovered from the failure of 1896, and national

740:

The February 1892 Farmer's Alliance convention was attended by supporters of

6007: 4379:

For the People: American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s

3921:

Oklahoma Populism: A History of the People's Party in the Oklahoma Territory

1702: 1516: 1190:

Democrats returned to power. The gravity of the crisis was underscored by a

658: 490: 5353: 5308:

a project of the Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved August 24, 2006.

4677:

Miller, Worth Robert. "A Centennial Historiography of American Populism."

3893:

Gene Clanton, "Populism, Progressivism, and Equality: The Kansas Paradigm"

1828: 1752: 1601: 1032:

along the lines the Farmer's Alliance advocated, and in 1888 the national

3039:"Historians Have Long Thought Populism Was a Good Thing. Are They Wrong?" 2390: 1803: 1585: 1536: 1395: 978:

as governor, but the party divided over the Waite's refusal to break the

888: 450:, but they debate the degree to which the Populists were anti-modern and 308: 236: 5305: 4785:

The Populist Response to Industrial America: Midwestern Populist Thought

4775: 4280:

Revolt of the Tar Heels: The North Carolina Populist Movement, 1890-1901

3960:

Martin Ridge, "Populism Revolt: John D. Hicks and The Populist Revolt,"

3817:

Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896

459:

in the 1950s it began to take on a more generic meaning, describing any

4883: 4753:"Man Over Money": the Southern Populist Critique of American Capitalism 4647: 4598: 4502: 4174:

The ticket's best result was Texas, where it received 5.0% of the vote.

1879: 1783: 598: 4742: 4400:

The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America

4941:

Woodward, C. Vann. "Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics,"

2354: 904: 900: 892: 4946: 4875: 4639: 4446: 3982: 407:, the party largely failed to win the vote of urban laborers in the 5259:. Archived at Missouri State University. Retrieved August 24, 2006. 4734: 4261:

Populism and Politics: William Alfred Peffer and the People's Party

3977:(1938); Woodward, "Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics," 5315: 2381: 1170:

People's Party campaign poster from 1904 touting the candidacy of

1165: 1093: 896: 783: 727: 680: 597: 489: 4090:

Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism

1345:

Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism

1085:

values, asserting that Jews were the essence of urban corruption.

526:, which barred the coinage of silver, thereby ending a policy of 3919:

See Worth Robert Miller, "The Republican Tradition," in Miller,

1485: 1065: 937:. In response, Cleveland and his Democratic allies repealed the 748:, as well as current and former members of the Greenback Party, 502:

Ideologically, the Populist Party originated in the debate over

331:, an agrarian movement that promoted economic action during the 6130: 5372: 4242:

In the Lion's Mouth: Black Populism in the New South, 1886-1900

949:. Millions fell into unemployment and poverty, and groups like 5234:

Populist Party timeline and texts; edited by Professor Edwards

4192:

The ticket's best result was Georgia, where it received 12.6%.

4183:

The ticket's best result was Georgia, where it received 17.3%.

2811:

Roderick Dhu Sutherland, Nebraska's 5th congressional district

2778:

Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district

2769:

William F. Strowd, North Carolina's 4th congressional district

2647:

Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district

510:. In order to fund that war, the U.S. government had left the 316:

in which most of its natural constituency was absorbed by the

5224:, official party pamphlet for North Carolina election of 1898 4825:

The One-gallused Rebellion: Agrarianism in Alabama, 1865-1896

4489:

Holmes, William F. (1990). "Populism: In Search of Context".

3269:"How Can Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Both Be 'Populist'?" 1134:

nominated William Jennings Bryan for president after Bryan's

1048:

at least partially demonstrated a dedication to the cause of

829:, and public ownership of railroads and communication lines. 4770:

Peterson, James. "The Trade Unions and the Populist Party,"

3713: 3711: 2847:

William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district

2808:

William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district

1904: 1355:'s liberalism was different from the New Deal liberalism of 654:, which became the national paper of the Farmer's Alliance. 629:. That same year, a Farmer's Alliance convention issued the 5228:

Populist, republican and Democratic cartoons, 189s election

2814:

William Laury Greene, Nebraska's 6th congressional district

2661:

Albert Taylor Goodwyn, Alabama's 5th congressional district

958:

provision to re-implement a federal income tax in the 1894

6158:

Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets

3627:

The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894-1901

3070: 3068: 2757:

Harry Skinner, North Carolina's 1st congressional district

6093:

State and local political parties (without national body)

5337:. The Populist Party in North Carolina. A project of the 5301:

Farmers, the Populist Party, and Mississippi (1870-1900)

5215:. important policy statement by leading Populist senator 5207:

Peffer, William A. "The Mission of the Populist Party,"

3674: 3672: 3460: 3458: 1406:

Politicians as diverse as independent left-wing Senator

4693:

The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America

685:

People's Party candidate nominating convention held at

4318:

American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism 1865-1900

3371:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 337. 1110:. Mid-roaders mobilized to defeat the fusionists; the 4862:

Turner, James (1980). "Understanding the Populists".

4456:

Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1931.

4339:

Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890-1900

4127: 702:, while in Tennessee, local Farmer's Alliance leader 343:. The success of Farmers' Alliance candidates in the 4845:

Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain

4704:

The Tolerant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism

2279:, 1897–1901 (coalition of Republicans and Populists) 541:, both of whom advocated for fiat money issued by a 6487: 6456: 6429: 6402: 6315: 6274: 6247: 6192: 6171: 5725: 5685: 5678: 5473: 5452: 5443: 5416: 5273:

People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898

5220:

People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898

255: 212: 196: 186: 160: 134: 116: 98: 75: 67: 47: 6555:Third-party performances in presidential elections 4656: 4551: 4420: 4397: 4336: 4011:Democratic Promise: the Populist Moment in America 4008: 2721:Jerry Simpson, Kansas's 7th congressional district 399:. Despite the support of labor organizers such as 5263:Buttons, tokens and ribbons of the Populist Party 4445:, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Dec., 1928), pp. 355–373. 3802: 3800: 3798: 2611:William Baker, Kansas' 6th congressional district 2554:Jerry Simpson, Kansas' 7th congressional district 2551:William Baker, Kansas' 6th congressional district 1714:Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1627:Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1591:Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 372:, a shorter workweek, and the establishment of a 4995:"Does the Republican Party Need Reorganization?" 4576:A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan 3779: 3777: 3502: 3500: 3058: 3056: 801:of Iowa, nominating him on a ticket with former 797:General and 1880 Greenback presidential nominee 584:, but it also failed to win widespread support. 4774:vol. 8, no. 2 (Spring 1944), pp. 143–160. 4597:vol. 12, no. 3 (Sept. 1943), pp. 295–304. 3490: 3488: 2329:, 1897–1901 (fusion of Democrats and Populists) 2289:, 1887–1895 (fusion of Democrats and Populists) 2269:, 1899–1901 (fusion of Democrats and Populists) 2262:, 1895–1899 (fusion of Democrats and Populists) 1076:sought to control the United States. Historian 840:, a prominent women's rights advocate from the 5410:List of political parties in the United States 4116:, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1983 3864:Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872-1901 2871:List of political parties in the United States 2548:John Davis, Kansas' 5th congressional district 732:1892 People's Party campaign poster promoting 6142: 5384: 4706:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. 4659:American Populism: A Social History 1877-1898 2820:, North Carolina's 4th congressional district 2299:1893–1895 (fusion of Democrats and Populists) 887:. Weaver won over one million votes, carried 602:Charles W. Macune, one of the leaders of the 8: 4360:The Climax of Populism: The Election of 1896 1296:, Robert La Follette Sr., George Norris and 1012:Populist-Republican fusion in North Carolina 339:, an earlier third party that had advocated 5161:Peffer, Senator William A. (January 1898). 4945:Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1938), pp. 14–33 3691:The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 3262: 3260: 2774:North Carolina's 5th congressional district 2765:North Carolina's 3rd congressional district 2643:North Carolina's 6th congressional district 2634:North Carolina's 4th congressional district 2625:North Carolina's 1st congressional district 2580:North Carolina's 7th congressional district 2396:The following were Populist members of the 463:movement regardless of its position on the 6189: 6149: 6135: 6127: 5722: 5682: 5449: 5391: 5377: 5369: 5293:The Populist Movement in the United States 4847:(2nd ed.). Cornell University Press. 1505:nominee for President of the United States 576:won over three percent of the vote in the 59: 44: 4114:Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary 2795:South Dakota's 2nd congressional district 2786:South Dakota's 1st congressional district 1231:, after which the party disbanded again. 923:Between presidential elections, 1893–1895 6611:Political parties disestablished in 1908 3032: 3030: 2912:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 1908: 1426: 809:of Virginia. The convention agreed to a 314:1896 United States presidential election 6636:Left-wing populism in the United States 5269:, Fall 1998. Retrieved August 26, 2006. 5197:Omaha Morning World-Herald, 5 July 1892 3995:The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. 3694:. U. of California Press. p. 170. 2960:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042843 2947:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2927: 2902: 2853:, Nebraska's 6th congressional district 2754:, Nebraska's 6th congressional district 2748:, Nebraska's 5th congressional district 2733:, Nebraska's 3rd congressional district 2678:California's 7th congressional district 2669:California's 6th congressional district 2517:California's 6th congressional district 1418:Electoral history and elected officials 1323:) who had nothing to do with Populism. 852:officials like Knights of Labor leader 627:Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886 6621:Political parties in the United States 5541:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 5401:political parties in the United States 5304:. By Kenneth G. McCarty. Published by 4756:. University of North Carolina Press. 4516:. University of North Carolina Press. 4381:. University of North Carolina Press. 3981:Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1938), pp. 14–33 2508:Minnesota's 7th congressional district 2472:Minnesota's 5th congressional district 1716:Minnesota's 2nd congressional district 825:, a shorter workweek, restrictions on 327:The Populist Party's roots lay in the 6606:Political parties established in 1887 4898:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3420:"Egad! He Moved His Feet When He Ran" 2741:Nebraska's 4th congressional district 2718:, Kansas's 6th congressional district 2712:, Kansas's 5th congressional district 2616:Nebraska's 6th congressional district 2571:Nebraska's 6th congressional district 2565:Nebraska's 5th congressional district 2535:Colorado's 2nd congressional district 2526:Colorado's 1st congressional district 2490:Nebraska's 3rd congressional district 2481:Nebraska's 2nd congressional district 2418:Georgia's 10th congressional district 1629:Georgia's 10th congressional district 1593:Nebraska's 1st congressional district 1192:major race riot in Wilmington in 1898 929:Second presidency of Grover Cleveland 7: 6616:Progressive Era in the United States 5053:"Problems Before the Western Farmer" 4443:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3506:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 215–218, 221–222 3452:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 186–187, 199–200 2843:Montana's 1st congressional district 2835:, Idaho's 1st congressional district 2607:Alabama's 7th congressional district 2598:Alabama's 5th congressional district 1410:of Vermont and Republican President 980:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 903:, and received electoral votes from 498:was an early advocate of fiat money. 40:People's Party (United States, 2017) 36:People's Party (United States, 1971) 5526:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 5211:(Dec 1993) v. 157 #445 pp 665–679; 5163:"The Passing of the People's Party" 5024:"The Mission of the Populist Party" 4513:Marion Butler and American Populism 4282:. University Press of Mississippi. 4244:. University Press of Mississippi. 2705:Kansas's 3rd congressional district 2696:Kansas's 2nd congressional district 2544:Kansas's 3rd congressional district 2463:Kansas's 7th congressional district 2454:Kansas's 6th congressional district 2445:Kansas's 5th congressional district 2436:Kansas's 4th congressional district 2427:Kansas's 3rd congressional district 1132:1896 Democratic National Convention 1120:1896 Republican National Convention 1108:1896 Democratic National Convention 425:1896 Democratic National Convention 6631:Defunct agrarian political parties 6570:Progressivism in the United States 6560:Labor history of the United States 6502:Social Democratic Party of America 6098:Presidential nominating convention 5108:"Dominant Forces in Southern Life" 4843:Stock, Catherine McNicol (2017) . 2687:Idaho's 1st congressional district 1730:Minnesota House of Representatives 770:presidential nominating convention 736:for President of the United States 27:Left-wing populist political party 25: 5247:The People's Advocate (1892-1900) 5137:"Dominant Forces in Western Life" 4966:"Organized Labor in the Campaign" 4044:Magliari (1995), pp. 394, 411–412 3946:The Frontier in American History, 3037:Zeitz, Joshua (14 January 2018). 1497:Iowa's 6th congressional district 6497:Socialist Labor Party of America 6088: 6087: 5346:The Decline of the Cotton Farmer 5320:Nebraska Department of Education 5241:Party publications and materials 4943:The Journal of Southern History, 4822:Rogers, William Warren (2001) . 4362:. University Press of Kentucky. 4301:. University Press of Colorado. 4263:. University Press of Kentucky. 4132:Oxford English Dictionary Online 4067:. University of Missouri Press. 3979:The Journal of Southern History, 3369:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains 3267:Kazin, Michael (22 March 2016). 3254:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 167–168, 171 3209:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 147–148, 159 3164:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 107–110, 113 2190: 2189: 2175: 2174: 2153: 2152: 2138: 2137: 2116: 2115: 2101: 2100: 2079: 2078: 2064: 2063: 2042: 2041: 2027: 2026: 2005: 2004: 1990: 1989: 1872: 1858: 1841: 1827: 1796: 1782: 1765: 1751: 1709:Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota 1695: 1681: 1664: 1650: 1614: 1600: 1578: 1564: 1529: 1515: 1478: 1464: 1378:founded in 1971, and a separate 827:immigration to the United States 560:remained firmly attached to the 320:wing of the Democratic Party. A 6565:Liberalism in the United States 5236:, secondary and primary sources 4917:. Pickle Partner's Publishing. 4864:The Journal of American History 4828:. University of Alabama Press. 4611:. University of Georgia Press. 4464:. University of Georgia Press. 4259:Argersinger, Peter H. (2015) . 3357:Turner (1980), pp. 358, 364–367 1287:In the 1950s, scholars such as 1070:American Protective Association 1068:. Members of the anti-Catholic 6596:People's Party (United States) 6575:Socialism in the United States 5361:New International Encyclopedia 5312:The Populist Party in Nebraska 4655:McMath, Robert C. Jr. (1993). 4535:. University Press of Kansas. 4419:Hackney, Sheldon, ed. (1971). 2886:(1853–1916), Populist advocate 609:A group of farmers formed the 178:United Labor Party of New York 1: 6108:Politics of the United States 5202:40 original Populist cartoons 5106:Trent, W. P. (January 1897). 4423:Populism: the Critical Issues 4377:Formisano, Ronald P. (2008). 3137:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 57–59, 63 2876:Political interpretations of 2398:U.S. House of Representatives 1493:U.S. House of Representatives 1414:have been labeled populists. 1090:Presidential election of 1896 953:organized protest marches in 465:left–right political spectrum 5798:Democratic-Republican (1844) 5626:South Carolina Workers Party 5341:. Retrieved August 24, 2006. 5082:"Are the Farmers Populists?" 4788:. Harvard University Press. 4723:Western Historical Quarterly 4482:(U of Missouri Press, 2018) 3806:Reichley (2000), pp. 144–146 3744:Reichley (2000), pp. 139–141 3348:Holmes (1990), pp. 35–38, 46 3128:Reichley (2000), pp. 134–135 3062:Reichley (2000), pp. 133–134 1543:Attorney General of Virginia 1309:Influence on later movements 870:American Federation of Labor 122:; 115 years ago 104:; 132 years ago 5265:. Reprinted from Issue 19, 4913:Woodward, C. Vann (2016) . 4807:. Oxford University Press. 4404:. Oxford University Press. 4358:Durden, Robert F. (2015) . 4128:"Oxford English Dictionary" 4015:. Oxford University Press. 3962:Reviews in American History 3828:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 285–286 3792:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 279–280 3783:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 274–278 3771:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 259–262 3762:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 256–259 3753:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 254–256 3726:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 251–252 3717:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 247–248 3648:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 118–120 3639:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 121–122 3578:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 241–242 3569:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 249–250 3560:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 234–235 3551:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 233–234 3542:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 230–231 3533:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 238–239 3524:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 227–229 3473:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 207–208 3409:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 200–201 3391:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 174–179 3312:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 172–173 3294:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 169–172 3227:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 163–165 3200:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 143–144 3182:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 127–128 3173:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 116–117 2826:57th United States Congress 2802:56th United States Congress 2655:55th United States Congress 2587:54th United States Congress 2497:53rd United States Congress 2407:52nd United States Congress 2235:of Democrats and Populists) 1148:initiatives and referendums 1054:outspoken white supremacist 1027:Women and African Americans 1018:Fusionism in North Carolina 939:Sherman Silver Purchase Act 823:direct election of Senators 788:1892 electoral vote results 717:, Georgia newspaper editor 370:direct election of Senators 6652: 5556:National Progressive Party 5481:African People's Socialist 5020:Peffer, Senator William A. 4915:Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel 4595:Pacific Historical Review, 4396:Goodwyn, Lawrence (1978). 4007:Goodwyn, Lawrence (1976). 3975:Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel 3944:Frederick Jackson Turner, 3666:Turner (1980), pp. 355–356 3494:Brands (2010), pp. 485–486 3367:Wishart, David J. (2004). 3321:Brands (2010), pp. 439–440 3119:Brands (2010), pp. 433–434 3015:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 12, 24 2997:Brands (2010), pp. 432–433 2878:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 2423:Benjamin Hutchinson Clover 1442:Vice presidential nominee 1393: 1390:Populism as a generic term 1335:in the 1930s and Governor 1104:1896 presidential election 1015: 926: 877:1892 presidential election 591: 578:1880 presidential election 479: 417:1896 presidential election 381:1892 presidential election 204:Socialist Party of America 29: 6550: 6164: 6080: 6008:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 5407: 5279:Populist materials online 5209:The North American Review 5167:The North American Review 5086:The North American Review 5057:The North American Review 5028:The North American Review 4999:The North American Review 4970:The North American Review 4628:Pacific Historical Review 4335:Clanton, O. Gene (1991). 4297:Berman, David R. (2007). 3155:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 91–92 3110:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 46–49 3101:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 35–41 3092:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 32–34 3083:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 24–26 3074:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 18–19 3024:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 13–14 3006:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 16–17 2988:Goodwyn (1978), pp. 10–12 1922: 1920:House of Representatives 1919: 1914: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1060:Conspiratorial tendencies 721:, and former Congressman 383:, the Populist ticket of 272:Politics of United States 267: 58: 34:. For later parties, see 5601:Socialism and Liberation 5296:by Anna Rochester, 1943. 5195:People's Party Platform, 4991:Dolph, Senator Joseph N. 4803:Postel, Charles (2007). 4782:Pollack, Norman (1976). 4278:Beeby, James M. (2008). 3964:13 (March 1985): 142–54. 3400:Holmes (1990), pp. 38–39 3339:Holmes (1990), pp. 30–31 2727:, Kansas Member-at-large 2560:, Kansas Member-at-large 1268:Frederick Jackson Turner 960:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act 943:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act 587: 518:paper currency known as 506:in the aftermath of the 6522:Socialist Workers Party 5878:National States' Rights 5733:American (Know Nothing) 5581:Progressive Labor Party 5306:Mississippi History Now 5251:The Labor Press Project 4702:Nugent, Walter (2013). 4607:Lester, Connie (2006). 4573:Kazin, Michael (2006). 4554:The Populist Persuasion 4550:Kazin, Michael (1995). 4531:Jessen, Nathan (2017). 4510:Hunt, James L. (2003). 3897:(1977) 51#3 pp.559-581. 3688:Hasia R. Diner (2004). 3678:Reichley (2000), p. 142 3464:Reichley (2000), p. 138 3245:Kazin (1995), pp. 27–29 2890:Leonard M. Landsborough 2746:Roderick Dhu Sutherland 2540:Thomas Jefferson Hudson 1329:The Populist Persuasion 972:Silver Republican Party 856:and railroad organizer 476:Third party antecedents 257:Political position 6298:William Jennings Bryan 5606:Serve America Movement 5596:Renew America Movement 5355:"Populist Party" 5257:Populist Cartoon Index 4772:Science & Society, 4750:Palmer, Bruce (1980). 4460:Hild, Matthew (2007). 4316:Brands, H. W. (2010). 4217:"Eli C. D. Shortridge" 3735:Goodwyn (1978), p. 257 3482:Goodwyn (1978), p. 233 3218:Goodwyn (1978), p. 151 2725:Jeremiah Dunham Botkin 2563:William A. McKeighan, 2340:United States Senators 2277:Daniel Lindsay Russell 1733:(1887–1889; 1897–1899) 1726:(1875–1879; 1891–1895) 1572:William Jennings Bryan 1500:(1879–1881; 1885–1889) 1382:founded in 2017 and a 1353:William Jennings Bryan 1174: 1102:In the lead-up to the 1099: 789: 737: 700:William Jennings Bryan 690: 606: 499: 439:by a decisive margin. 429:William Jennings Bryan 18:Midroad-Populist Party 6439:Robert M. La Follette 6361:George R. Kirkpatrick 6261:Charles E. Cunningham 6220:Barzillai J. Chambers 6013:Traditionalist Worker 5693:Democratic-Republican 5631:Social Democrats, USA 5621:Socialist Alternative 5339:John Locke Foundation 4954:Contemporary accounts 4343:. Twayne Publishers. 4240:Ali, Omar H. (2010). 4088:Taylor, Jeff (2013). 4063:Taylor, Jeff (2006). 3935:Clanton (1991), p. xv 3875:Brands (2010), p. 529 3303:Brands (2010), p. 440 3236:Brands (2010), p. 439 3191:Brands (2010), p. 438 3146:Goodwyn (1978), p. 90 2892:, California Populist 2737:William Ledyard Stark 2710:William Davis Vincent 2594:Albert Taylor Goodwyn 1433:Presidential nominee 1394:Further information: 1357:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1238:, published in 1913, 1236:A Preface to Politics 1169: 1097: 879:, Democratic nominee 787: 731: 684: 601: 592:Further information: 493: 480:Further information: 374:postal savings system 32:People's Party (Utah) 5868:National Renaissance 5793:Constitutional Union 5141:The Atlantic Monthly 5133:Turner, Frederick J. 5112:The Atlantic Monthly 4491:Agricultural History 4053:Holmes (1990), p. 58 3993:Richard Hofstadter, 3895:Agricultural History 3850:4#3 (1998) pp. 6–30 3657:Hunt (2003), pp. 3–7 3515:Holmes (1990), p. 50 3330:Holmes (1990), p. 37 2884:Annie Le Porte Diggs 2752:William Laury Greene 2692:Mason Summers Peters 2477:William A. McKeighan 2243:Lorenzo D. Lewelling 1689:Ignatius L. Donnelly 1677:Financier, publicist 1423:Presidential tickets 1255:Debate by historians 1214:Ignatius L. Donnelly 1136:Cross of Gold speech 860:, as well as author 723:Ignatius L. Donnelly 421:Mary Elizabeth Lease 296:, also known as the 6517:Communist Party USA 6068:Youth International 6018:Unconditional Union 5923:Populist (People's) 5833:Independence (2007) 5828:Independence (1906) 5788:Constitution (1952) 5763:American Vegetarian 5703:National Republican 5546:Legal Marijuana Now 5496:American Solidarity 5318:, a project of the 5316:Nebraskastudies.org 5314:. Published by the 5267:Buttons and Ballots 4805:The Populist Vision 4681:1993 16(1): 54–69. 4092:. Lexington Books. 3591:(August 14, 2019). 3425:The Washington Post 2772:Charles H. Martin, 2716:Nelson B. McCormick 2334:Members of Congress 2297:Eli C.D. Shortridge 1911: 1448:Previous positions 1439:Previous positions 1316:William Allen White 754:Anti-Monopoly Party 524:Coinage Act of 1873 405:Terence V. Powderly 168:Anti-Monopoly Party 6542:New Alliance Party 6512:Farmer–Labor Party 6507:Independence Party 6458:Progressive (1948) 6431:Progressive (1924) 6412:Theodore Roosevelt 5948:Progressive (1948) 5943:Progressive (1924) 5938:Progressive (1912) 5873:National Socialist 5853:Liberal Republican 5823:Human Rights Party 5783:Communist Workers' 5636:Socialist Equality 5333:2006-08-19 at the 5080:(September 1896). 4935:2010-01-21 at the 4689:Charles W. Calhoun 4219:. 7 December 2010. 3973:C. Vann Woodward, 3910:1993 16(1): 54–69. 3598:The New York Times 3274:The New York Times 2866:Left-wing populism 2791:Freeman T. Knowles 2782:John Edward Kelley 2701:Edwin Reed Ridgely 2614:Omer Madison Kem, 2569:Omer Madison Kem, 2287:Sylvester Pennoyer 2267:William A. Poynter 2219:Davis Hanson Waite 1910:Seats in Congress 1909: 1403:anti-establishment 1294:Theodore Roosevelt 1289:Richard Hofstadter 1175: 1100: 1036:was established. 976:Davis Hanson Waite 790: 766:United Labor Party 758:Labor Reform Party 738: 691: 687:Columbus, Nebraska 671:Great Lakes region 651:National Economist 607: 539:Alexander Campbell 508:American Civil War 500: 461:anti-establishment 393:American Civil War 6583: 6582: 6490:left-wing parties 6483: 6482: 6443:Burton K. Wheeler 6124: 6123: 6076: 6075: 5993:Social Democratic 5988:Silver Republican 5958:Radical Democracy 5953:Proletarian Party 5721: 5720: 5674: 5673: 5641:Socialist Workers 5531:Freedom Socialist 5501:Christian Liberty 5286:Secondary sources 5230:, primary sources 5204:, primary sources 5022:(December 1893). 4763:978-0-8078-1427-7 4427:. Little, Brown. 4327:978-0-385-52333-2 4233:Secondary sources 4022:978-0-19-501996-4 3848:Southern Cultures 3815:R. Hal Williams, 3630:(1951). pp 97–136 3378:978-0-8032-4787-1 2665:Charles A. Barlow 2639:Charles H. Martin 2630:William F. Strowd 2603:Milford W. Howard 2576:Alonzo C. Shuford 2558:William A. Harris 2531:John Calhoun Bell 2351:William A. Harris 2347:William A. Peffer 2229:Frank Steunenberg 2205: 2204: 2198: 2197: 1900:Seats in Congress 1897: 1896: 1369:Lyndon B. Johnson 1339:in the 1960s. In 1074:Rothschild family 1042:Prohibition Party 885:Benjamin Harrison 866:Nationalist Clubs 854:Terrence Powderly 762:Union Labor Party 750:Prohibition Party 663:Sub-Treasury Plan 611:Farmers' Alliance 604:Farmers' Alliance 594:Farmers' Alliance 588:Farmer's Alliance 582:Union Labor Party 486:Farmers' movement 335:, as well as the 329:Farmers' Alliance 290: 289: 277:Political parties 197:Succeeded by 173:Nationalist Clubs 152:Union Labor Party 142:Farmers' Alliance 16:(Redirected from 6643: 6466:Henry A. Wallace 6302:Thomas E. Watson 6190: 6186:running mate(s)) 6184:(candidate(s) / 6151: 6144: 6137: 6128: 6091: 6090: 6003:Socialist (1901) 5723: 5683: 5661:Working Families 5616:Socialist Action 5611:Socialist (1973) 5561:Progressive Dane 5491:American Freedom 5450: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5370: 5365: 5357: 5213:full text online 5181: 5179: 5178: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5051:(January 1895). 5049:Lewelling, L. D. 5042: 5040: 5039: 5013: 5011: 5010: 4993:(January 1893). 4984: 4982: 4981: 4928: 4909: 4887: 4858: 4839: 4818: 4799: 4767: 4746: 4717: 4674: 4662: 4651: 4622: 4590: 4569: 4557: 4546: 4527: 4506: 4475: 4438: 4426: 4415: 4403: 4392: 4373: 4354: 4342: 4331: 4312: 4293: 4274: 4255: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4014: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3622:Helen G. Edmonds 3619: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3495: 3492: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3264: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3063: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3034: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2915: 2907: 2839:Caldwell Edwards 2674:Curtis H. Castle 2486:Omer Madison Kem 2468:Kittel Halvorson 2414:Thomas E. Watson 2387:William V. Allen 2317:John P. Buchanan 2260:Silas A. Holcomb 2193: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1966: 1954: 1912: 1905: 1886: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1862: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1835:Thomas E. Watson 1831: 1810: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1759:Thomas E. Watson 1755: 1734: 1723:Minnesota Senate 1701: 1699: 1698: 1685: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1654: 1633: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1608:Thomas E. Watson 1604: 1597: 1584: 1582: 1581: 1568: 1550:1,026,595 (8.5%) 1547: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1519: 1512: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1468: 1427: 1333:Charles Coughlin 1321:Henry A. Wallace 1282:C. Vann Woodward 1172:Thomas E. Watson 1124:William McKinley 1112:Southern Mercury 1034:Colored Alliance 996:Herman Taubeneck 984:William V. Allen 955:Washington, D.C. 917:Mason–Dixon line 881:Grover Cleveland 842:Dakota Territory 719:Thomas E. Watson 715:Leonidas L. Polk 704:John P. Buchanan 638:Grover Cleveland 631:Cleburne Demands 623:Knights of Labor 619:crop-lien system 562:Republican Party 547:Democratic Party 437:William McKinley 433:Thomas E. Watson 191:Democratic Party 187:Merged into 161:Preceded by 130: 128: 123: 112: 110: 105: 90:Thomas E. Watson 63: 45: 21: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6626:Radical parties 6586: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6546: 6489: 6479: 6452: 6425: 6398: 6389:James H. Maurer 6375:Seymour Stedman 6357:Allan L. Benson 6311: 6284:James B. Weaver 6270: 6243: 6234:Absolom M. West 6230:Benjamin Butler 6216:James B. Weaver 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6125: 6120: 6117: 6113:Politics portal 6072: 5998:Socialist Labor 5978:Red Guard Party 5928:Personal Choice 5863:National (1917) 5758:American (1969) 5753:American (1924) 5738:Americans Elect 5717: 5679:Defunct parties 5670: 5469: 5439: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5352: 5335:Wayback Machine 5327:Fusion Politics 5189: 5184: 5176: 5174: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4962:Gompers, Samuel 4960: 4956: 4951: 4937:Wayback Machine 4925: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4876:10.2307/1890413 4861: 4855: 4842: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4802: 4796: 4781: 4764: 4749: 4720: 4714: 4701: 4671: 4654: 4640:10.2307/3641007 4625: 4619: 4606: 4587: 4572: 4566: 4558:. Basic Books. 4549: 4543: 4530: 4524: 4509: 4488: 4478:Hild, Matthew. 4472: 4459: 4452:Hicks, John D. 4435: 4418: 4412: 4395: 4389: 4376: 4370: 4357: 4351: 4334: 4328: 4315: 4309: 4296: 4290: 4277: 4271: 4258: 4252: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3988: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3948:(1920) p. 148; 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3862:Eric Anderson, 3861: 3857: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3620: 3616: 3603: 3601: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2851:William Neville 2833:Thomas L. Glenn 2818:John W. Atwater 2650: 2522:Lafayette Pence 2432:John Grant Otis 2336: 2211: 2206: 2186: 2183: 2171: 2168: 2149: 2146: 2134: 2131: 2112: 2109: 2097: 2094: 2075: 2072: 2060: 2057: 2038: 2035: 2023: 2020: 2001: 1998: 1986: 1983: 1967: 1964: 1955: 1952: 1937: 1929: 1916: 1902: 1890: 1884: 1873: 1871: 1866:Samuel Williams 1863: 1853: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1814: 1808: 1797: 1795: 1787: 1777: 1766: 1764: 1756: 1738: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1696: 1694: 1686: 1676: 1665: 1663: 1655: 1637: 1631: 1626: 1615: 1613: 1605: 1595: 1590: 1579: 1577: 1569: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1530: 1528: 1520: 1506: 1503:Greenback Party 1501: 1499: 1490: 1479: 1477: 1472:James B. Weaver 1469: 1425: 1420: 1398: 1392: 1365:John F. Kennedy 1361:Harry S. Truman 1311: 1257: 1248: 1240:Walter Lippmann 1218:Socialist Party 1164: 1128:McKinley Tariff 1092: 1062: 1050:white supremacy 1029: 1020: 1014: 986:to the Senate. 941:and passed the 931: 925: 838:Linda Slaughter 799:James B. Weaver 782: 774:Omaha, Nebraska 689:, July 15, 1890 679: 615:Lampasas, Texas 596: 590: 574:James B. Weaver 570:Greenback Party 504:monetary policy 488: 482:Greenback Party 478: 473: 397:electoral votes 385:James B. Weaver 337:Greenback Party 286: 251: 208: 182: 156: 147:Greenback Party 126: 124: 121: 108: 106: 103: 94: 85:James B. Weaver 54: 53: 51: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6649: 6647: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6588: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6537:Citizens Party 6534: 6532:People's Party 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6493: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6470:Glen H. Taylor 6462: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6435: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6382: 6371:Eugene V. Debs 6368: 6354: 6343:Eugene V. Debs 6340: 6325:Eugene V. Debs 6321: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6295: 6288:James G. Field 6280: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6257:Alson Streeter 6253: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6227: 6213: 6206:Samuel F. Cary 6198: 6196: 6187: 6178:one percent of 6169: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6053:Young Patriots 6050: 6045: 6043:White Panthers 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918:People's Party 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Liberty (1840) 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5813:Gold Democrats 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5713:National Union 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5350: 5342: 5323: 5309: 5297: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5260: 5254: 5238: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5216: 5205: 5199: 5188: 5187:External links 5185: 5183: 5182: 5157: 5156: 5147:(474): 433–443 5135:(April 1897). 5128: 5127: 5102: 5101: 5092:(478): 266–276 5078:Stahl, John M. 5073: 5072: 5044: 5043: 5034:(445): 665–679 5015: 5014: 4986: 4985: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4939: 4930:online edition 4923: 4910: 4904: 4892:White, Richard 4888: 4870:(2): 354–373. 4859: 4853: 4840: 4834: 4819: 4813: 4800: 4794: 4779: 4768: 4762: 4747: 4735:10.2307/970302 4729:(4): 451–474. 4718: 4712: 4699: 4697:online edition 4685: 4683:online edition 4679:Kansas History 4675: 4669: 4652: 4634:(3): 389–412. 4623: 4618:978-0820327624 4617: 4604: 4601: 4591: 4586:978-0375411359 4585: 4570: 4565:978-0465037933 4564: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4507: 4486: 4476: 4470: 4457: 4450: 4439: 4434:978-0316336901 4433: 4416: 4410: 4393: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4332: 4326: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4288: 4275: 4269: 4256: 4250: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4208: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4154: 4145: 4119: 4105: 4098: 4080: 4073: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4021: 3999: 3986: 3966: 3953: 3950:online edition 3937: 3928: 3925:online edition 3912: 3908:Kansas History 3899: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3855: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3808: 3794: 3785: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3707: 3700: 3680: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3614: 3589:Bouie, Jamelle 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3454: 3445: 3428:. 2008-07-05. 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3377: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2936: 2934:Goodwyn (1978) 2926: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2836: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2798: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761:John E. Fowler 2758: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2731:Samuel Maxwell 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2600: 2583: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2493: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2384: 2378:Henry Heitfeld 2375: 2366: 2364:North Carolina 2357: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2320: 2310: 2300: 2290: 2280: 2273:North Carolina 2270: 2263: 2253: 2246: 2236: 2222: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1869: 1856: 1851: 1838: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1813:114,070 (0.8%) 1811: 1806: 1793: 1790:Thomas Tibbles 1780: 1775: 1762: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1728:Member of the 1721:Member of the 1705: 1692: 1679: 1674: 1661: 1658:Wharton Barker 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1636:222,583 (1.6%) 1634: 1624: 1611: 1598: 1588: 1575: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1539: 1526: 1523:James G. Field 1513: 1491:Member of the 1488: 1475: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1408:Bernie Sanders 1391: 1388: 1384:Populist Party 1380:People's Party 1376:People's Party 1337:George Wallace 1310: 1307: 1298:Woodrow Wilson 1277: 1276: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1210:Wharton Barker 1163: 1160: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1061: 1058: 1028: 1025: 1016:Main article: 1013: 1010: 991:1894 elections 924: 921: 862:Edward Bellamy 858:Eugene V. Debs 815:Omaha Platform 811:party platform 807:James G. Field 781: 778: 742:Edward Bellamy 725:of Minnesota. 696:1890 elections 678: 675: 646:Charles Macune 589: 586: 535:Edward Kellogg 496:Edward Kellogg 477: 474: 472: 469: 401:Eugene V. Debs 389:James G. Field 364:, a graduated 353:1892 elections 345:1890 elections 300:or simply the 298:Populist Party 294:People's Party 288: 287: 285: 284: 279: 274: 268: 265: 264: 259: 253: 252: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 218: 216: 210: 209: 207: 206: 200: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 170: 164: 162: 158: 157: 155: 154: 149: 144: 138: 136: 135:Merger of 132: 131: 118: 114: 113: 100: 96: 95: 93: 92: 87: 81: 79: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 56: 55: 52:Populist Party 50:People's Party 49: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6648: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:Liberty Party 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6488:Other notable 6486: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6417: 6416:Hiram Johnson 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385:Norman Thomas 6383: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6145: 6140: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048:White Patriot 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:Patriot Party 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5768:Black Panther 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748:American Nazi 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726:Third parties 5724: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686:Major parties 5684: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5666:Workers World 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5656:Working Class 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Transhumanist 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5536:Forward Party 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5521:Freedom Party 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445:Third parties 5442: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5418:Major parties 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4964:(July 1892). 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4924:9781787202566 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4905:9780190619060 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4854:9781501714054 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4835:9780817311063 4831: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4814:9780199758463 4810: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4795:9780674690516 4791: 4787: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4713:9780226054117 4709: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4670:9780374522643 4666: 4663:. Macmillan. 4661: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4542:9780700624645 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4523:9780807862506 4519: 4515: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4484:online review 4481: 4477: 4473: 4471:9780820328973 4467: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4413: 4411:9780199736096 4407: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4388:9780807831724 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4369:9780813162652 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4350:9780805797442 4346: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320:. Doubleday. 4319: 4314: 4310: 4308:9781607320067 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4289:9781604733242 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4270:9780813162003 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4251:9781604737806 4247: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4163:Arthur Sewall 4158: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4099:9780739186749 4095: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4074:9780826216618 4070: 4066: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4035:Postel (2007) 4032: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3837:Lester (2007) 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701:9780520227736 3697: 3693: 3692: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2641:(1848–1931), 2640: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2621:Harry Skinner 2619: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2513:Marion Cannon 2511: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2459:Jerry Simpson 2457: 2455: 2451: 2450:William Baker 2448: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369:James H. Kyle 2367: 2365: 2361: 2360:Marion Butler 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307:Andrew E. Lee 2304: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2250:John W. Leedy 2247: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231:, 1897–1901 ( 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2188: 2181: 2173: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2077: 2070: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2040: 2033: 2025: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2003: 1996: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1889:28,862 (0.2%) 1888: 1883: 1881: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1737:50,989 (0.4%) 1736: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:Michael Kazin 1322: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1262:republicanism 1254: 1252: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:swung heavily 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1173: 1168: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1140:Arthur Sewall 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Marion Butler 1043: 1037: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1000: 997: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 963: 961: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935:Panic of 1893 930: 922: 920: 918: 914: 913:1872 election 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 813:known as the 812: 808: 805:army officer 804: 800: 796: 786: 780:1892 election 779: 777: 775: 772:on July 4 in 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 735: 730: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:Ocala Demands 707: 705: 701: 697: 688: 683: 676: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 652: 648:launched the 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 605: 600: 595: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 564:, while most 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 512:gold standard 509: 505: 497: 492: 487: 483: 475: 470: 468: 466: 462: 457: 453: 449: 444: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 357:Ocala Demands 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 310: 307: 303: 299: 295: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 266: 263: 260: 258: 254: 248: 247:Progressivism 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 232:Cooperativism 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 217: 215: 211: 205: 202: 201: 199: 195: 192: 189: 185: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 163: 159: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 137: 133: 119: 115: 101: 97: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 80: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6275: 6202:Peter Cooper 6182:popular vote 6180:the national 6176:won at least 6174:tickets that 6172:Presidential 6033:Union (1936) 6028:Union (1861) 6023:Union (1850) 5922: 5888:New Alliance 5848:Labor (1996) 5843:Labor (1919) 5803:Farmer–Labor 5743:Anti-Masonic 5516:Constitution 5432: 5425: 5359: 5345: 5326: 5300: 5292: 5285: 5284: 5266: 5240: 5239: 5219: 5208: 5194: 5175:. Retrieved 5173:(494): 12–24 5170: 5166: 5149:. Retrieved 5144: 5140: 5120:. Retrieved 5118:(471): 42–53 5115: 5111: 5094:. Retrieved 5089: 5085: 5065:. Retrieved 5063:(458): 16–21 5060: 5056: 5036:. Retrieved 5031: 5027: 5007:. Retrieved 5005:(434): 54–61 5002: 4998: 4978:. Retrieved 4976:(428): 91–97 4973: 4969: 4942: 4914: 4895: 4867: 4863: 4844: 4824: 4804: 4784: 4771: 4752: 4726: 4722: 4703: 4692: 4678: 4658: 4631: 4627: 4608: 4594: 4575: 4553: 4532: 4512: 4497:(4): 26–58. 4494: 4490: 4479: 4461: 4453: 4442: 4422: 4399: 4378: 4359: 4338: 4317: 4298: 4279: 4260: 4241: 4228:Bibliography 4211: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4157: 4148: 4136:. Retrieved 4131: 4122: 4113: 4108: 4089: 4083: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4010: 4002: 3994: 3989: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3961: 3956: 3945: 3940: 3931: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3894: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3863: 3858: 3847: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3816: 3811: 3788: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3690: 3683: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3625: 3617: 3609: 3602:. Retrieved 3596: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3478: 3469: 3448: 3437:. Retrieved 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3278:. Retrieved 3272: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3043:. Retrieved 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2954:(1): 59–77. 2951: 2945: 2939: 2930: 2910: 2905: 2877: 2824: 2823: 2800: 2799: 2653: 2652: 2585: 2584: 2495: 2494: 2405: 2404: 2395: 2373:South Dakota 2337: 2303:South Dakota 2293:North Dakota 2199: 1970: 1958: 1864: 1833: 1788: 1757: 1687: 1672:Pennsylvania 1656: 1606: 1570: 1521: 1470: 1412:Donald Trump 1399: 1373: 1351:argues that 1344: 1340: 1328: 1312: 1303: 1286: 1278: 1266: 1258: 1249: 1235: 1233: 1222: 1196: 1188: 1176: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1117: 1111: 1101: 1063: 1038: 1030: 1021: 1005:Trojan Horse 1001: 988: 968:Silver Party 964: 951:Coxey's Army 947:J. P. Morgan 932: 909:North Dakota 874: 846: 831: 791: 746:Henry George 739: 734:James Weaver 708: 692: 656: 649: 642:Great Plains 635: 608: 551: 543:central bank 532: 501: 456:progressives 445: 441: 378: 326: 322:rump faction 301: 297: 293: 291: 68:Abbreviation 6347:Emil Seidel 6329:Ben Hanford 6249:Union Labor 6063:Young Lords 5883:Natural Law 5586:Prohibition 5465:Libertarian 3280:26 November 3045:17 November 2504:Haldor Boen 2327:John Rogers 2319:, 1891–1893 2309:, 1897–1901 2252:, 1897–1899 2245:, 1893–1895 2221:, 1893–1895 1936:Seats after 1928:Seats after 1854:(see above) 1778:(see above) 1719:(1863–1869) 1712:(1860–1863) 1632:(1891–1893) 1596:(1891–1895) 1546:(1877–1882) 1445:Home state 1436:Home state 1349:Jeff Taylor 1343:(2006) and 1184:Wall Street 1078:Hasia Diner 1008:utilities. 834:free silver 803:Confederate 644:. In 1889, 566:Southerners 558:Northerners 554:third party 528:bimetallism 514:by issuing 362:bimetallism 351:before the 349:third party 227:Bimetallism 222:Agrarianism 6590:Categories 6404:Bull Moose 6038:U.S. Labor 5973:Red Guards 5968:Readjuster 5963:Raza Unida 5908:Opposition 5773:Boston Tea 5698:Federalist 5434:Republican 5427:Democratic 5177:2006-10-09 5151:2006-10-09 5122:2006-10-09 5096:2006-10-09 5067:2006-10-09 5038:2006-10-09 5009:2006-10-09 4980:2006-10-09 3439:2018-09-10 3041:. Politico 2922:References 2683:James Gunn 2441:John Davis 2323:Washington 2265:Nebraska: 1809:Journalist 1122:nominated 927:See also: 819:income tax 636:President 520:Greenbacks 494:Economist 448:Gilded Age 427:nominated 366:income tax 341:fiat money 333:Gilded Age 242:Radicalism 6317:Socialist 6194:Greenback 5903:Nullifier 5898:New Union 5893:New Party 5818:Greenback 5808:Free Soil 5566:Marijuana 5511:Communist 5399:National 4579:. Knopf. 3604:20 August 3434:0190-8286 2976:210355727 2968:1550-3585 2313:Tennessee 2209:Governors 1938:election 1930:election 1703:Minnesota 677:Formation 667:Northeast 659:St. Louis 413:Northeast 304:, was an 302:Populists 282:Elections 262:Left-wing 117:Dissolved 71:Populists 6601:Populism 6276:Populist 5933:Populist 5778:Citizens 5576:People's 5506:Citizens 5486:Alliance 5331:Archived 4947:in JSTOR 4933:Archived 4894:(2017). 4776:In JSTOR 4599:In JSTOR 4447:in JSTOR 4138:16 March 3983:in JSTOR 2860:See also 2391:Nebraska 2256:Nebraska 2248:Kansas: 2215:Colorado 2058:22 / 357 1984:11 / 356 1915:Election 1804:Nebraska 1586:Nebraska 1537:Virginia 1396:Populism 1347:(2013), 1162:Collapse 970:and the 889:Colorado 669:and the 452:nativist 411:and the 309:populist 306:agrarian 237:Populism 214:Ideology 6058:Workers 5838:Justice 5551:Liberal 5474:Smaller 5364:. 1905. 4884:1890413 4695:(1995) 4648:3641007 4503:3743349 3923:(1987) 2169:0 / 357 2132:5 / 357 2095:6 / 357 2021:9 / 357 1953:8 / 356 1923:Senate 1880:Indiana 1849:Georgia 1773:Georgia 1622:Georgia 1203:Sampson 875:In the 625:in the 471:Origins 409:Midwest 395:to win 379:In the 125: ( 107: ( 99:Founded 5983:Silver 5591:Reform 5571:Pirate 5453:Larger 4921: 4902: 4882: 4851: 4832: 4811: 4792: 4760: 4743:970302 4741: 4710: 4691:, ed. 4667: 4646: 4615: 4583: 4562: 4539: 4520: 4501: 4468: 4431: 4408: 4385: 4366: 4347: 4324: 4305: 4286: 4267: 4248: 4134:. 1989 4096: 4071: 4019: 3997:(1955) 3866:(1981) 3852:online 3819:(2010) 3698: 3432: 3375: 2974: 2966: 2355:Kansas 2283:Oregon 2239:Kansas 2233:fusion 2200: 2184:0 / 90 2147:4 / 90 2110:4 / 90 2073:5 / 90 2036:4 / 88 1999:3 / 88 1965:1 / 88 1877: 1846: 1801: 1770: 1700: 1669: 1638:27 EV 1619: 1583: 1552:22 EV 1534: 1483: 1454:Notes 1451:Votes 1246:Legacy 1179:fusion 1080:says: 905:Oregon 901:Nevada 899:, and 893:Kansas 355:. The 77:Leader 5651:Unity 5460:Green 5222:96 p. 5193:From 4880:JSTOR 4739:JSTOR 4644:JSTOR 4499:JSTOR 2972:S2CID 2897:Notes 2389:from 2382:Idaho 2371:from 2353:from 2225:Idaho 1917:year 1891:0 EV 1885:Judge 1815:0 EV 1739:0 EV 1495:from 1430:Year 897:Idaho 850:union 795:Union 318:Bryan 6474:1948 6447:1924 6420:1912 6393:1932 6379:1920 6365:1916 6351:1912 6337:1908 6335:and 6333:1904 6306:1896 6292:1892 6265:1888 6238:1884 6224:1880 6210:1876 6102:List 5708:Whig 4919:ISBN 4900:ISBN 4849:ISBN 4830:ISBN 4809:ISBN 4790:ISBN 4758:ISBN 4708:ISBN 4665:ISBN 4613:ISBN 4581:ISBN 4560:ISBN 4537:ISBN 4518:ISBN 4466:ISBN 4429:ISBN 4406:ISBN 4383:ISBN 4364:ISBN 4345:ISBN 4322:ISBN 4303:ISBN 4284:ISBN 4265:ISBN 4246:ISBN 4140:2018 4094:ISBN 4069:ISBN 4017:ISBN 3696:ISBN 3606:2019 3430:ISSN 3373:ISBN 3282:2018 3047:2018 2964:ISSN 2349:and 2163:1902 2126:1900 2089:1898 2052:1896 2015:1894 1978:1892 1947:1890 1941:+/– 1933:+/– 1823:1908 1747:1904 1646:1900 1560:1896 1509:1880 1486:Iowa 1460:1892 1367:and 1229:1908 1227:and 1225:1904 1212:and 1199:1900 1118:The 1066:Jews 989:The 907:and 744:and 537:and 516:fiat 484:and 403:and 387:and 292:The 127:1909 120:1909 109:1892 102:1892 38:and 5171:166 5090:163 5061:160 5032:157 5003:156 4974:155 4872:doi 4731:doi 4636:doi 2956:doi 2380:of 2362:of 2105:16 2068:13 1971:New 1959:New 1327:'s 1234:In 1197:In 864:'s 613:in 6592:: 5358:. 5169:. 5165:. 5145:79 5143:. 5139:. 5116:79 5114:. 5110:. 5088:. 5084:. 5059:. 5055:. 5030:. 5026:. 5001:. 4997:. 4972:. 4968:. 4878:. 4868:67 4866:. 4737:. 4727:23 4725:. 4642:. 4632:64 4630:. 4495:64 4493:. 4130:. 3797:^ 3776:^ 3710:^ 3671:^ 3624:, 3608:. 3595:. 3499:^ 3487:^ 3457:^ 3422:. 3271:. 3259:^ 3067:^ 3055:^ 3029:^ 2970:. 2962:. 2952:15 2950:. 2841:, 2793:, 2784:, 2763:, 2739:, 2703:, 2694:, 2685:, 2676:, 2667:, 2632:, 2623:, 2605:, 2596:, 2578:, 2542:, 2533:, 2524:, 2515:, 2506:, 2488:, 2479:, 2470:, 2461:, 2452:, 2443:, 2434:, 2425:, 2416:, 2400:: 2342:: 2325:: 2315:: 2305:: 2295:: 2285:: 2275:: 2258:: 2241:: 2227:: 2217:: 2194:2 2179:5 2157:1 2142:1 2120:1 2083:1 2046:1 2031:2 2009:1 1994:3 1371:. 1363:, 1359:, 1220:. 1142:. 1056:. 962:. 919:. 895:, 891:, 821:, 764:, 760:, 756:, 752:, 467:. 368:, 6476:) 6472:( 6468:/ 6449:) 6445:( 6441:/ 6422:) 6418:( 6414:/ 6395:) 6391:( 6387:/ 6381:) 6377:( 6373:/ 6367:) 6363:( 6359:/ 6353:) 6349:( 6345:/ 6339:) 6331:( 6327:/ 6308:) 6304:( 6300:/ 6294:) 6290:( 6286:/ 6267:) 6263:( 6259:/ 6240:) 6236:( 6232:/ 6226:) 6222:( 6218:/ 6212:) 6208:( 6204:/ 6150:e 6143:t 6136:v 6104:) 6100:( 5392:e 5385:t 5378:v 5322:. 5253:. 5180:. 5154:. 5125:. 5099:. 5070:. 5041:. 5012:. 4983:. 4927:. 4908:. 4886:. 4874:: 4857:. 4838:. 4817:. 4798:. 4778:. 4766:. 4745:. 4733:: 4716:. 4673:. 4650:. 4638:: 4621:. 4589:. 4568:. 4545:. 4526:. 4505:. 4474:. 4449:. 4437:. 4414:. 4391:. 4372:. 4353:. 4330:. 4311:. 4292:. 4273:. 4254:. 4205:. 4142:. 4102:. 4077:. 4025:. 3704:. 3442:. 3381:. 3284:. 3049:. 2978:. 2958:: 1511:) 1507:( 129:) 111:) 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.