575:) of the solar cycle around which the Roman year was based. By the sixth century, this solar cycle was completed by balancing Christ's conception and birth against the conception and birth of his cousin, John the Baptist. Such a relationship between Christ and his cousin was amply justified by the imagery of scripture. The Baptist was conceived six months before Christ (Luke 1:76); he was not himself the light, but was to give testimony concerning the light (John 1:8â9). Thus John's conception was celebrated on the eighth kalends of October (24 September: near the autumn equinox) and his birth on the eighth kalends of July (24 June: near the Summer solstice). If Christ's conception and birth took place on the 'growing days', it was fitting that John the Baptist's should take place on the 'lessening days' ('diebus decrescentibus'), for the Baptist himself had proclaimed that 'he must increase; but I must decrease' (John 3:30). By the late sixth century, the Nativity of John the Baptist (24 June) had become an important feast, counterbalancing at midsummer the midwinter feast of Christmas.
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them in great familiarity, praising God for his benefits bestowed on them. These were called bonfires as well of good amity amongst neighbours that, being before at controversy, were there by the labour of others reconciled, and made of bitter enemies, loving friends, as also for the birtue that a great fire hat to purge the infection of the air. On the vigil of St John
Baptist and St Peter and Paul the Apostles, every man's door being shadowed with green birch, long fennel, St John's Wort, Orpin, white lillies and such like, garnished upon with garlands of beautiful flowers, had also lamps of glass, with oil burinin in them all night, some hung branches of iron curiously wrought, containing hundreds of lamps lit at once, which made goodly show.
1994:) in Lithuania, and is also known as Saint Jonas' Festival, Rasos (Dew Holiday), KupolÄ, Midsummer Day and St. John's Day. It is celebrated in the night from 23 June to 24 June and on 24 June. The traditions include singing songs and dancing until the sun sets, telling tales, searching to find the magic fern blossom at midnight, jumping over bonfires, greeting the rising midsummer sun and washing the face with a morning dew, young girls float flower wreaths on the water of river or lake. These are customs brought from pagan culture and beliefs. The latter Christian tradition is based on the reverence of Saint John. Lithuanians with the names Jonas, JonÄ, Janina receive many greetings from their family, relatives and friends.
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display, on outside walls of their workshops, of all their rich things, ornaments and jewels. As many cloths of gold and silk are displayed as would adorn ten kingdoms, and as many gold and silver jewels, rich hangings, painted panels and marvellous carvings, and things pertaining to feats of arms ... Then at around the hour of terce, a solemn procession is made by all the clerics, priests, monks and friars ... with so many relics of saints, that it is a thing of immeasurable devotion ... With them are many companies of secular men ... dressed as angels, sounding musical instruments of many sorts, singing marvellously, and enacting the stories of those saints that each company honours.
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885:. Bulgarian folklore states the beginning of summer starts on Enyovden. It is thought that in the morning of Enyovden, when the sun rises, it "winks' and "plays". Anyone seeing the sunrise will be healthy throughout the year. It is believed that on Enyovden a variety of herbs have the greatest healing power, and that this is especially true at sunrise. Therefore, they have to be picked early in the morning before dawn. Women â sorceresses and enchantresses â go to gather herbs by themselves to cure and make charms. The number of herbs gathered for the winter must be seventy-seven and a half â for all diseases, known and unknown.
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Saint-Jean-Baptiste
Society was the largest secular Franco-Catholic institution in North America. French Canadians in Saskatchewan also celebrated their patron saint's feast day. In Battleford, they seem to have begun to mark the occasion before 1885. It is known definitely that in May 1890 a meeting was held to revive the local Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, inactive since the Batoche uprising. The festivities on June 24 of that year began with a Mass celebrated at an altar on which stood a statue of Saint John the Baptist with a beaver at his feet and a banner bearing the inscription 'Faith â Nation â Unity.'
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2330:(musical rhyming duels), and the inescapable firework displays. Until fire regulations brought about by some serious forest fires discouraged them, bonfires and hot air balloons were lit, around which all these events used to happen. Revellers would try to jump over the bonfire, mostly young men trying to show off to the young women, and older men trying to convince themselves that they are still young. Other typical activities include trying to clime a pau-de-sebo (greased pole) to claim a reward (frequently a cod or ham) and
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3487:, who had served as American Consul in Sweden under Abraham Lincoln, residents of the town have celebrated Midsommar. Celebrations are usually held the weekend before the holiday in Sweden and merge Swedish traditions such as the decorating and raising of the Midsommar pole, folk dancing, and feasting alongside American traditions. Thomas Jr. selected this region for a Swedish colony, in part, because the landscape, flora and fauna are similar to that of Dalarna County, Sweden.
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other, but there are hardly any remnants that appear to support this possibility. People jumped over the fire after they lit it. This practice is mentioned as early as the 16th century, although at that time in connection with a wedding; still, it is called "Midsummer Night fire". The purpose of jumping over the fire is partly to purify, partly because they believed that those whose jump was very successful would get married during the following carnival.
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3190:, gives the following description: "At first, men and women came to church with candles and other lights and prayed all night long. In the process of time, however, men left such devotion and used songs and dances and fell into lechery and gluttony turning the good, holy devotion into sin." The church fathers decided to put a stop to these practices and ordained that people should fast on the evening before, and thus turned waking into fasting.
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1729:) meaning sign or oracle, and was considered a time when unmarried girls would discover their potential mates through a ritual. It is also customary to this day to burn the Mayday wreaths that are used to decorate the doors of the houses for the previous two months, in large communal bonfires, accompanied by music, dancing and jumping over the flames. It takes place on 30 and 31 May.
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1090:("St. John's Eve"). It was an official holiday until 1770, and in accordance with the Danish tradition of celebrating a holiday on the evening before the actual day, it takes place on the evening of 23 June. It is the day where the medieval wise men and women (the doctors of that time) would gather special herbs that they needed for the rest of the year to cure people.
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3342:(St John's of Midwinter, the feast of John the Evangelist). Great agricultural fairs used to be held at this time, along with merriment and dancing. A bonfire was also kept this night. With the advent of non-conformist beliefs on the Welsh socio-political culture, this (among so many other similar festivals) suffered greatly, and its observance finally died out in
1480:" and possessors of the "fern seed", marking a treasure. In the old days, maidens would use special charms and bend over a well, naked, in order to see their future husband's reflection. In another tradition that continues still today, an unmarried woman collects seven different flowers and places them under her pillow to dream of her future husband.
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3464:, commonly called Little Sweden, hosts an annual Midsummer celebration in honor of its 1869 Swedish founding. The festival includes a 5K Run, free swim at the local pool, Kubb tournament, Swedish dancing, craft demonstrations, and food vendors, including the Lindsborg Swedish Folkdancers serving Viking-on-a-Stick. The town is also the home of the
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also frightened away mischievous spirits who avoided it at all costs, thus ensuring a good harvest. So, the bigger the fire, the further the mischievous spirits stayed away. Estonian midsummer traditions are most similar to
Finnish midsummer traditions but also have some similarities with Latvian, Lithuanian and Scandinavian traditions.
2892:) flowers. In some areas, these are arranged in a bunch and hung in doorways. In most others, they are dipped in a vessel with water and left outside exposed to the dew of night until the following morning (o dia de San Xoan â St. John's day), when people (in some areas only women) use the resulting flower water to wash their faces.
3016:) is an activity that attracts families and many others. Greenery placed over houses and barns was supposed to bring good fortune and health to people and livestock; this old tradition of decorating with greens continues, though most people no longer take it seriously. To decorate with greens was called
2903:
at this time of the year, and it smells burnt everywhere. Occasionally, a dummy is placed at the top, representing a witch or the devil. Young and old gather around them and feast mostly on pilchards, potatoes boiled in their skins and maize bread. When it is relatively safe to jump over the bonfire,
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The custom survived longest and in the most complete form in the northwestern part of the linguistic region, where as late as the 1930s they still lit a
Midsummer Night fire. The way of arranging the participants by age and by sex has suggested the possibility that these groups sang by answering each
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leaves (for men) together with modern commercial products and ideas. There are tens and hundreds of different beliefs and traditions all over Latvia on what should be done on that day for good harvest, for predicting the future, for attracting your future spouse etc. People decorate their houses and
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speaks of the
Hungarians' fire worshipping, so far there is no data that could connect it to this day. In the Middle Ages it was primarily an ecclesiastical festivity, but from the 16th century on the sources recall it as a folk custom. The most important episode of the custom is the lighting of the
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celebrate midsummer. As forms of
Neopaganism have widely different origins, observances can vary considerably despite the shared name. Some celebrate in a manner as close as possible to how they believe ancient pagans observed the summer solstice, while others observe the holiday with rituals culled
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the wealthier sort also before their doors near to the said bonfires would set out tables on the vigils furnished with sweet bread and good drink, and on the festival days with meats and drinks plentifully, whereunto they would invite their neighbours and passengers also to sit, and to be merry with
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which has a pungent smell) with them, and run it over the face of other people. Starting in 1963, people have also carried a small plastic hammer which they use to bang their neighbors over the head. The tradition is that St. John was a scalliwag in his youth and the people hit him on the head with
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Many Finns leave the cities for
Midsummer and spend time in the countryside. Nowadays many spend at least a few days there, and some Finns take their whole vacation at a summer cottage. Traditions include bonfires, cookouts, sauna and spending time together with friends or family. Heavy drinking is
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have very strong folkloric roots. One of the best-known Jaanik or midsummer ritual is the lighting of the bonfire and jumping over it. This is seen as a way of guaranteeing prosperity and avoiding bad luck. Likewise, to not light the fire is to invite the destruction of your house by fire. The fire
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When springtime comes ... every
Florentine begins to think of making a fine day of the feast of St John, which falls in mid-summer, and everyone in good time supplies themselves with garments, decorations and jewels. ... Once the eve of St John's day arrives, early in the morning all guilds make a
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The cult of John the
Baptist began to develop in the first half of the fourth century. Augustine is the first witness to a feast of the birth of John the Baptist, which was celebrated on 24 June. This date was reckoned from Luke 1:36, according to which the angel Gabriel said to Mary, 'And behold,
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at
Crimson Dawn park. Crimson Dawn is known in the area for the great stories of mythical creatures and people that live on Casper Mountain. The celebration is attended by many people from the community, and from around the country. A large bonfire is held and all are invited to throw a handful of
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In England, 'Saint John's Tide' is combined with a midsummer celebration. Instead of the date of the summer solstice, they chose 24 June. This may be because of the Baptist's own words, 'He must increase, must decrease' (John 3:30). John was, of course, referring to Jesus. John's day comes at the
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The dangers posed to humans by demons require specific rituals, aimed at identifying witches and putting them to death. A key element of May Day or St John's rituals is the burning of witches or the repelling and burning-out with fire of evil forces, which might deviously conceal themselves among
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Like 8 December, the eve of St. John's Day was a highly popular date for nineteenth-century christenings. According to old midwives, the baptisms of children who had died 'pagans' were acted out: 'On this day, at nightfall, a candle is lit in the praise of St. John. The woman who stands godmother
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The feast of Saint John the Baptist on June 24 was observed in all of Quebec with religious services, patriotic speeches, parades and floats. The movement soon spread to Ontario, the New England states, and even to Chicago and the distant state of Oregon. At the end of the nineteenth century, the
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kindled, and thereat winebibbing, dancing about the said fire, leaping over the same, with burning of sundry herbs and flowers, and setting of brands from the said fire in the fields, and in many other ways all manner of superstitious work carried on â Therefore the Hon. Council of NĂŒrnberg town
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who placed more importance on the festival than going to church. He complained about those who went to church, but did not enter, and instead spent their time lighting bonfires, drinking, dancing, singing and following pagan rituals. Midsummer marks a change in the farming year, specifically the
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Let us speak of the revels which are accustomed to be made on St. John's Eve, of which there are three kinds. On St. John's Eve in certain regions the boys collect bones and certain other rubbish, and burn them, and therefrom a smoke is produced on the air. They also make brands and go about the
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on 23 June NS and 6 July OS. Before the day was named for St John, this was a celebration of a pagan fertility rite involving bathing in water. Since St John the Baptist's birth is celebrated at this time, some elements of Kupala's pagan origins were seen to be roughly synonymous with Christian
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between 10 and 24 June every year. There are many superstitions related to this day, particularly those involving marriage or death. The term SĂąnziene originates in the Latin "Sancta Diana", and superstitions relating to this day are mainly romantic in nature, referring to young girls and their
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since medieval times with festivals sometimes lasting three days from 21 to 24 June. In medieval Florence, midsummer celebrations were "an occasion for dramatic representations of the Baptist's life and death" and "the feast day was marked by processions, banquets, and plays, culminating in a
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In the worship of St John, men waken at even, and maken three manner of fires: one is clean bones and no wood, and is called a bonfire; another is of clean wood and no bones, and is called a wakefire, for men sitteth and wake by it; the third is made of bones and wood, and is called St John's
1962:. In rural areas livestock is also decorated. In modern days small oak branches with leaves are attached to the cars in Latvia during the festivity. JÄĆi has been a strong aspect of Latvian culture throughout history, originating in pre-Christian Latvia as an ancient fertility cult.
416:, which were abroad on St John's Eve, poisoning springs and wells. A Christian interpretation of midsummer fires is that they are "an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was 'a burning and shining light,' and the preparer of the way of Christ." The fires were also believed to repel
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In Sweden, they were mainly found in the southern part of the country. Young people also liked to visit holy springs, where they drank the healing water and amused themselves with games and dancing. These visits were a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River
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coming originally from the month May, or vice versa. Other researchers say the term came from German merchants who raised the maypole in June because the Swedish climate made it impossible to find the necessary greens and flowers in May, and continued to call it a maypole.
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Water: Tradition holds it that the medicinal plants mentioned above are most effective when dipped in water collected from seven different springs. Also, on some beaches, it was traditional for women who wanted to be fertile to bathe in the sea until they were washed by 9
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Many music festivals of all sizes are organized on the Midsummer weekend. It is also common to start summer vacation on Midsummer day. For many families Midsummer is the time when they move to the countryside to their summer cottage by the sea or lake. Midsummer is also a
2345:, a parade of folklore and costumes of the inhabitants from the city's different traditional quarters, with hundreds of singers and dancers and a vast audience applauding their favourite participants. As St. Anthony is the matchmaker saint, it is still the tradition in
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Since 1955, the holiday has always been on a Saturday (between 20 June and 26 June). Previously it was always on 24 June. Many of the celebrations of midsummer take place on Friday, midsummer eve, when many workplaces are closed and shops may close their doors at noon.
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In Sweden, Midsummer day is a Saturday between 20 June and 26 June, but as is usual in Sweden the actual celebration is on the eve, i.e. a Friday between 19 June and 25 June. Midsummer's Eve is a de facto public holiday in Sweden with offices and many shops closed.
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the nights near Midsummer day are short (with twilight even at midnight) or non-existent. This gives a great contrast to the darkness of the winter time. The temperature can vary between 0 °C and +30 °C, with an average of about 20 °C in the South.
2094:, a custom of arranging mock weddings, both between adults and between children, is still kept alive. The wedding was meant to symbolize the blossoming of new life. Such weddings are known to have taken place in the 1800s, but the custom is believed to be older.
1093:
Bonfires on the beach, speeches, picnics and songs are traditional, although they are built in many other places where beaches may not be close by (i.e. on the shores of lakes and other waterways, parks, etc.) Bonfires are lit in order to repel witches and other
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The Astoria Scandinavian Midsummer Festival has been a tradition on the North Coast of Oregon for over forty years. The Festival takes place typically on the 3rd full weekend of June. The festival embodies the rich cultural heritage that was transplanted to the
803:
Midsummer related traditions are particularly important in northern Europe â Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania â but is also very strongly observed in Poland, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Flanders, Ireland, parts of the United Kingdom
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described the celebration of Saint John's Day in Florence as being one in which guilds prepared their workshops with fine displays, and one in which solemn church processions took place, with men dressed in the costumes of Christian saints and angels.
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in the fact that the sun's height in the sky and length of the day "begins to diminish" after the summer solstice and begins to increase after the winter solstice. By the 6th century AD, several churches were dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and a
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According to Eastern Orthodox tradition the eve of the day of the Nativity of John the Baptist is celebrated with festivals in many towns and villages, both in the mainland and in the Greek isles. Traditionally the midsummer's celebration is called
3148:
was the old Kyiv Rus' name for John the Baptist. Up to the present day, the Rus' Midsummer Night (or Ivan's Day) is known as one of the most expressive Kyiv Rus' folk and pagan holidays. Ivan Kupala Day is the day of summer solstice celebrated in
3316:, keeps vigil by the midnight fires three nights in a row (see above) and is visited by her lover; but when her husband returns from battle, she learns he slew that lover on the first night, and she has been entertained by a very physical ghost.
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2150:. Also, an important tradition is looking in the forest for the flower of the fern (as fern does not flower, this means something impossible to find without an interference of magic). Jumping above bonfires used to be a widely spread custom too.
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north of Vienna. Up to 30 ships sail down the river in line as fireworks erupt from the banks and hill tops while bonfires blaze and the vineyards are lit up. Lighted castle ruins also erupt with fireworks during the 90-minute cruise downstream.
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Pranks: At least in Galicia, it was common in rural areas to prank neighbors by taking carts, doors, etc. and left them in visible areas like roads or in the middle of the town. The prank was performed at night and left until the owner find the
1969:, revellers mark the holiday by running naked through the town at three in the morning. The event has taken place since 2000. Runners are rewarded with beer, and police are on hand in case any "puritans" attempt to interfere with the naked run.
330:, and refers to the time around the summer solstice. Astronomically, the solstice falls on 20, 21 or 22 June, but traditionally, in northern Europe, the solstice and midsummer was reckoned as the night of 23â24 June, with summer beginning on
3365:
Midsummer celebrations held throughout the United States are largely derived from the cultures of immigrants who arrived from various European nations since the 19th century. With the rise of earth-centered spirituality, many, including
1336:
carry on usually through the night, they are the largest and most important of the year, and the traditions are almost identical to Finland (read under Finland) and similar to neighbors Latvia, Lithuania and Sweden (read under Sweden).
1878:
where fireworks displays take place during the celebration. In Turin, Saint John's festival has been practiced since medieval times, with people from the surrounding areas coming to dance around the bonfire in the central square.
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were not performed. Despite the cancellation of the plays in 1575, the parade continued; in 1599, however, the Lord Mayor ordered that the parades be banned and the costumes destroyed. The parade was permanently banned in 1675.
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Another tradition on a Swedish Midsummer is to end it with a skinny dip at night. It is not mandatory to be naked, but many will be completely naked accompanied with an old or new partner after a couple of the famous schnapps.
4148:
Varro places the equinoxes and solstices at the midpoints of the seasons ... His dating for the beginnings of the four seasons are as follows: February 7 for spring, May 9 for summer, August 11 for autumn, and November 10 for
1683:"Where experience herefore have shown, that after the old heathen use, on John's day in every year, in the country, as well in towns as villages, money and wood have been gathered by young folk, and there upon the so-called
1944:
celebrated from the night of 23 June through 24 June on a large scale by almost everyone in Latvia and by people of Latvian origin abroad. Celebrations consist of a lot of traditional and mostly pagan elements â eating,
2554:. The girls, for example, would float their flower garlands on the water of rivers and tell their fortunes from their movement. Lads and girls would jump over the flames of bonfires. Nude bathing is likewise practiced.
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developed in the Catholic Church during the 5th century, and at this time they put his name and day on 24 June. The summer solstice was celebrated among most peoples, so the Hungarians may have known it even before the
2087:, the holiday was turned into a flexible day off for municipal workers in 2011 and abolished completely in 2014. Labor unions sued to get the holiday â or a flexible day off â re-introduced, but lost the case in 2016.
3409:
In Santa Clara County, the Swedish American Patriotic League has held a Midsummer celebration at Sveadal for more than 120 years. It includes a parade, decorating and raising a maypole, dancing and other activities.
1332:, Estonians all around the country will gather with their families, or at larger events to celebrate this important day with singing and dancing, as Estonians have done for centuries. The celebrations that accompany
3994:
prays the Credo before the candle for little angel and says: "I baptize you, So-and-So, I baptize you in the name of Almighty God the Father"....If is not baptized, it will cry in its grave every night.'
4818:
Many Danish traditions are based around the Christian calendar, with Christmas, Easter and St. John's Eve (at the end of June) being some of the most important and typically spent together with family.
2313:(makeshift altars), dedicated to the saints, are put up to show each neighbourhood's devotion and pride. These holidays are days of festivities with good food and refreshments. Typical dishes include
1508:: the national flag is hoisted at 6 pm on Midsummer's Eve and flown throughout the night until 9 pm the next evening. This is an exception to the normal rule of flying the flag from 8 am to sunset.
4288:
Belithus tells us that it was a custom to carry lighted torches on Midsummer-eve, as an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was 'a burning and shining light,' and the preparer of the way of Christ.
1949:, drinking beer, baking pÄ«rÄgi, singing Latvian folk songs dedicated to JÄĆi, burning bonfires to keep light all through the night and jumping over it, wearing wreaths of flowers (for women) and
1774:). The whole month of June was once called the Month of St. Ivan until the 19th century. Setting fires is a folklore tradition this night. Girls jumped over it, while boys watched the spectacle.
881:
and the rites and traditions of both holidays are often mixed. A fire-related ritual may also be performed in Bulgaria on that day; it involves barefoot dance on smoldering embers and is called
2760:, which means people of the dance. Parties are organized usually at beaches, where bonfires are lit and a set of firework displays usually take place. On the Mediterranean coast, especially in
374:, a theologian at the University of Paris, in the early twelfth century", but is undoubtedly much older. In England, the earliest reference to this custom occurs in the 13th century AD, in the
67:/Lithe, midsommar, Ivan Kupala Day, Juhannus/Mittumaari (from Swedish midsommar)/KeskikesĂ€ (from Swedish midsommar), Alban Hefin, GĆ”yl Ganol yr Haf, Sankthans, JoninÄs, jaanipĂ€ev, Kresna noÄ
1906:(a large brass preserving pan) at midsummer to frighten away evil spirits survived as a custom on some farms until the 1940s and has been revived as a folk performance in the 21st century.
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In earlier times, small spires wrapped in greens were erected; this probably predates the maypole tradition, which is believed by many to have come from the continent in the Middle Ages.
3536:, region by emigrating Scandinavians. In the Pacific Northwest they found the same bounteous seas and forests as in their native lands and the demand for their skills at managing them.
3193:
Mirk adds that at the time of his writing, "...in worship of St John the Baptist, men stay up at night and make three kinds of fires: one is of clean bones and no wood and is called a "
2814:
Medicinal plants: Traditionally, women collect several species of plants on St. John's eve. These vary from area to area, but mostly include fennel, different species of fern (e.g.
2117:, and into lakes or rivers. The Midsummer day celebration starts at about 8:00 p.m. and lasts all night until sunrise. People celebrate this special day every year and call it
2992:
2908:, a beverage resulting from setting alight Galician grappa mixed with sugar, coffee beans and pieces of fruit, which is prepared while chanting an incantation against evil spirits.
3170:
from the 13th century, Midsummer was celebrated on Midsummer Eve (St. John's Eve, 23 June) and St. Peter's Eve (28 June) with the lighting of bonfires, feasting, and merrymaking.
2349:
to celebrate multiple marriages (200 to 300) and according to tradition, one can declare oneself to someone one fancies in the heat of the festivities by offering the loved one a
3201:, because men stay awake by it all night; and the third is made of both bones and wood and is called, "St. John's fire" (Festial 182)." These traditions largely ended after the
408:
fields with the brands. Thirdly, the wheel which they roll. ... The wheel is rolled to signify that the sun then rises to the highest point of its circle and at once turns back
1621:. It takes place on 24 June, on Midsummer day (St John's Day). In certain French towns, a tall bonfire is built by the inhabitants in order to be lit on St John's Day. In the
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Fire: Bonfires are lit, usually around midnight both on beaches and inland, so much so that one usually cannot tell the smoke from the mist common in this Atlantic corner of
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especially), France, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Ukraine, other parts of Europe, and elsewhere â such as Canada, the United States, Puerto Rico, and also in the
1783:) on the day of St. John (24 June), when the sun follows the highest course, when the nights are the shortest and the days the longest. The practice of venerating
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it is observed by lighting a bonfire. Only one bonfire is lit on the island as one of the two biggest towns hosts the celebration alternately every other year.
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In anticipation of Popular Saints, streets are decorated with balloons and arches made out of brightly coloured paper, people dance in the city's squares, and
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your kinswoman Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son; and this is the sixth month with her,' and 24 June is precisely three months after March 25.
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it is done three times (although it could also be nine or any odd number) for good luck at the cry of "meigas fora" (witches off!).It is also common to drink
932:
celebrations adapted from the European summer solstice, which occurs in the middle of the southern hemisphere's winter. These festivities, introduced by the
316:
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which are a mixture of running, singing, dancing and tomfoolery, mostly by youthful groups. Funfair attractions have also become a mainstay of festivities.
5975:
3406:
has hosted an annual Summer Solstice celebration, typically on the weekend of or the weekend after the actual solstice. It includes a festival and parade.
2317:(Portuguese cabbage and potato soup), sardinhas assadas na brasa (open grilled sardines), boroa (oven baked bread), funfair food (mostly cotton candy and
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3453:) festival on the third Sunday of June. The event, featuring maypole-raising, dancing, and presentation of an authentic Viking ship, dates back to 1911.
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is prominent among them. A stretch of Clark street is sectioned off for three days and there are vendors, live music, and a raising of the maypole.
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1694:
neither can nor ought to forbear to do away with all such unbecoming superstition, paganism, and peril of fire on this coming day of St. John."
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meanings, most notably the parallel of Baptism as cleansing from sins, so the holiday in a Christian-modified form has been accepted into the
2398:(women dressed in a traditional costume with a sensual walking style). Each neighbourhood has its own festival and colors for identification.
1472:
In folk magic, midsummer was a very potent night and the time for many small rituals, mostly for young maidens seeking suitors and fertility.
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3394:, in which a regulation game of baseball is played at 10:30 p.m. local time, through the midnight hour, with no artificial lighting.
1244:("Jaan's Day" or "Midsummer Day" in English or "St. John's Day" for Christians) was celebrated long before the arrival of Christianity in
1110:
where the great witch gathering was thought to be held on this day. Some Danes regard this tradition of burning witches as inappropriate.
4941:
4889:
3346:
by the end of the 19th century. However, since 1977, a folk-dance revival started in Cardiff, and is held now annually on this feast day
7181:
4727:
2628:
5936:
5292:
3418:
7191:
7146:
7036:
4376:
3633:
3576:
in New York since 1941. Swedish Midsummer is also celebrated in other places with large Swedish and Scandinavian populations, such as
4517:
time when the sun is beginning to decrease, and six months later, Christmas, comes at the time when the sun is beginning to increase.
7186:
7176:
6148:
6108:
5887:
5868:
5845:
5481:
5250:
4538:
4509:
4484:
4444:
4412:
4312:
4243:
3986:
3950:
3925:
3847:
3242:
3107:
2974:
2459:
2323:, a fried batter with sugar and cinnamon) and drink (mostly) red wine and ågua-pé (grape juice with a small percentage of alcohol).
2211:
1577:
1200:
848:
In Austria, the Midsummer solstice is celebrated each year with a procession of ships down the Danube River as it flows through the
790:
2512:
flowers. Midsummer fairs are held in many Romanian villages and cities. The oldest and best known midsummer fair in Romania is the
403:, Gloucestershire, who compiled a book of sermons for Christian feast days, recorded how St John's Eve was celebrated in his time:
2364:
St. John's is celebrated in the streets, where many normally frowned-upon things are permitted. People carry a plant of flowering
1049:
as the patron saint of the French-Canadians. In 1925, 24 June became a legal holiday in Quebec and in 1977, it became the secular
940:(1500â1822), are celebrated throughout the country during the month of June. The festival is mainly celebrated on the eves of the
639:, in the English county of Wiltshire, many people gather to observe the sunrise alignment with the stones on the summer solstice.
345:
wrote in the 1st century BC that Romans saw this as the middle of summer. In the city of Rome, it was the festival of the goddess
4753:
2225:
187:
5803:
5270:
7113:
5968:
2807:
2658:(dancer) because it is thought the sun is dancing on this day. Among traditions are that girls watch the sunrise through their
379:
5927:
1829:, after much initial upset in the west of Ireland, has an exemption for the burning of fires outdoors during midsummer night.
41:
7171:
7108:
6646:
5675:
5563:
4838:
4604:
3209:
3085:
2952:
2437:
2189:
1555:
1178:
772:
721:
4967:
4801:
1496:
also associated with the Finnish midsummer, which is one common reason for the increase in the number of accidents, such as
1050:
1288:. The arrival of Christianity, however, did not end pagan beliefs and fertility rituals surrounding this holiday. In 1578,
840:, but in these countries it was, in the 1950s, moved to the Friday and Saturday between 19 June and 26 June, respectively.
7211:
4674:
417:
218:
of the year. The name "midsummer" mainly refers to summer solstice festivals of European origin, especially those in the
6513:
6498:
6101:
3629:
925:
548:
386:, which stated that parish youth would gather on the day to light fires, sing songs and play games. A Christian monk of
239:
3483:. Ever since 51 Swedish immigrants came to Aroostook County, Maine in 1870, supported by a Legislative Act authored by
6209:
4105:
4043:
3613:
1505:
709:
459:
and in the 19th century, "baptisms of children who had died 'pagans' were acted out". In Sweden, young people visited
166:
5105:
4391:
3070:
2937:
2422:
2174:
1540:
1163:
567:) on 25 December, the Roman date of the winter solstice, so the feast of St John was set exactly six months earlier.
353:
and rowed in boats to the temples of Fortuna; "after undisclosed rituals they rowed back, garlanded and inebriated".
1701:
The date also marks the end of harvest for spring vegetables such as asparagus ("Spargelsilvester") or for rhubarb.
230:
in the Northern Hemisphere, it was traditionally reckoned to fall on 23â24 June in much of Europe. These dates were
7141:
7011:
6402:
6240:
5961:
5497:
5343:
3556:, attracts some 3,000â5,000 people annually, which makes it one of the largest celebrations after the ones held in
3081:
2948:
2433:
2381:
2185:
1551:
1174:
1139:("We Love Our Country") with a melody composed by P.E. Lange-MĂŒller that is sung at most bonfires on this evening.
849:
768:
720:("three-Litha" years). In modern times, Litha is celebrated by neopagans who emphasize what they believe to be the
20:
5925:
Traditional Summer Solstice Celebration in Turaida, Latvia â 360° panorama, photos and live sound / Virtual Latvia
5136:
5083:
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3074:
2956:
2941:
2441:
2426:
2193:
2178:
1559:
1544:
1182:
1167:
761:
7156:
7151:
6959:
6181:
6010:
4851:
In recent years, a number of churches have re-established the tradition of holding a service on Saint John's Eve.
3572:, a Midsummer celebration which also honors Swedish heritage and history, has been held annually on the sound in
3469:
3403:
2695:
2263:
1985:
1698:
Bonfires are still a custom in many areas of Germany. People gather to watch the bonfire and celebrate solstice.
1513:
1002:
697:
541:
2529:
2097:
It is also said that, if a girl puts flowers under her pillow that night, she will dream of her future husband.
1402:. Bonfires are very common in Finland, where many people spend their midsummer in the countryside outside towns.
7216:
7206:
7166:
6558:
6482:
6462:
6295:
6280:
5634:, Kegan Paul et al., for the Early English Text Society, p. 182, accessed 15 December 2014 at Internet Archive.
5371:
3645:
3505:
is celebrated annually on or near the Summer Solstice by Gathering at the Village Roadside Park. Traditionally
2254:(Popular Saints celebrations), celebrating the three main saints of June: St. Anthony (13 June), celebrated in
1821:
either on or on the weekend nearest to Midsummer. In rural spots throughout the west, northwest, southwest and
960:
64:
4178:"The Midsummer Solstice As It Was, Or Was Not, Observed in Pagan Germany, Scandinavia and Anglo-Saxon England"
1837:
2113:
regions â midsummer is celebrated on 21 or 22 June. Girls throw wreaths made of flowers and candles into the
7041:
6520:
6412:
6250:
5201:
3549:
3313:
3220:
3155:
2651:
2624:
1071:
996:
593:
581:
4779:
1658:
6825:
6397:
5519:
3589:
3367:
3246:
3202:
2780:
2736:
The traditional midsummer party in Spain is the celebration in honour of Saint John the Baptist (Spanish:
2564:
2472:
2053:
1442:
725:
552:
521:
497:
342:
254:
5011:"Alkon myynti lĂ€hes kaksinkertaistuu juhannuksena â vodka, rosee- ja kuohuviinit suomalaisten suosikkeja"
2384:
keeps traditional "Santos Populares" elements, such as the bonfire, street celebrations, and include the
1344:
1248:, although the day was given its modern name by Christians. The day is still known by its many names as:
7201:
7031:
6987:
6728:
6608:
6553:
6427:
6352:
6342:
6327:
5418:
3484:
3213:
2583:
2045:
1940:(plural of Latvian name JÄnis, which is equivalent to John) or LÄ«go svÄtki (svÄtki = festival). It is a
1355:
683:
560:
501:
370:
says that the "lighting of festive fires upon Saint John's Eve is first recorded as a popular custom by
301:
102:
1647:
222:. In these cultures it is traditionally regarded as the middle of summer, with the season beginning on
5628:
4708:
2500:. DrÄgaica is celebrated by a dance performed by a group of 5â7 young girls of which one is chosen as
439:"so that the threatening calamities of the coming year might be washed away by bathing in the river."
7119:
6573:
6204:
5541:
5399:
3250:
2859:
2816:
2715:
2703:
2573:
1705:
1663:
673:
131:
5903:
5646:
3883:
2230:
7098:
7052:
7046:
7026:
6245:
6124:
5443:
4085:
3754:
3726:
3691:
3684:
3641:
3625:
2765:
2753:
2551:
2291:
2267:
1473:
809:
740:
606:
493:
235:
211:
191:
5219:
2694:(Midsummer Night) used to be celebrated on 21 June, but the celebration was later moved to 1 May,
2326:
Around the day of the festivities, there is also group folk dancing, traditional music, including
7016:
6994:
6618:
6387:
6143:
5057:
4197:
3677:
3577:
3438:
3422:
3238:
3134:
2877:
2640:
2303:
1941:
1754:
1632:
1294:
589:
509:
110:
5405:
4987:
4919:
4531:
Word and Worship Workbook for Year B: For Ministry in Initiation, Preaching, Religious Education
4235:
4229:
3839:
2377:
2299:
130:
Marks the traditional middle of summer, beginning of Meteorological summer, and the nativity of
4649:
3978:
3917:
1437:) are very common and are burned at lakesides and by the sea. Often branches from birch trees (
6935:
6789:
6749:
6189:
6154:
6065:
5984:
5883:
5864:
5841:
5477:
5246:
5159:
5049:
4945:
4893:
4680:
4600:
4594:
4573:
4567:
4534:
4505:
4480:
4440:
4408:
4372:
4308:
4239:
3982:
3946:
3921:
3843:
3637:
3597:
3585:
3480:
3461:
3434:
3391:
3387:
2900:
2646:
2559:
2485:
1946:
1920:
972:
968:
933:
728:
669:
622:
356:
278:
4353:
3437:
area, Midsummer is celebrated in several locations. The historically Swedish neighborhood of
3308:
as the title, and theme, for a pseudo-ballad poem. He invented a legend in which the lady of
2756:. It is common in many areas of the country. In some areas, bonfires are traditionally named
1343:
is usually spent in a summer cottage, where people light bonfires, or at a festival, such as
1120:
On Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day, churches arrange Saint John's worship services and
7021:
6980:
6966:
6613:
6472:
6417:
6407:
6377:
6372:
6214:
6138:
5137:"New Finland District, Juhannus: Celebration of Summer, June 26, 2010, Saskatchewan, Canada"
5041:
4305:
Traditional Musical Cultures in Central-Eastern Europe: Ecclesiastical and Folk Transmission
4266:
4189:
3970:
3909:
3496:
3465:
3446:
3442:
3305:
3293:
3256:
3183:
2868:
2720:
2579:
2569:
2513:
1972:
According to a 2023 survey, JÄĆi is the most celebrated festival in Latvia, outranking even
1784:
1675:
in German of which a word by word translation is "summer sun turning". On 20 June 1653, the
1618:
1509:
1289:
1128:
1046:
1038:
1019:
976:
949:
945:
878:
874:
597:
489:
387:
360:
308:
219:
82:
5919:
3271:
lasts several days and culminates in Mazey Day. This is a revival of the Feast of St John (
1469:â or more accurately after the Biblical John the Baptist (="Johannes Döparen" in Swedish).
1394:
520:, Midsummer is such an important festivity that there have been proposals to celebrate the
319:
throughout Eurasia and the Americas aligned with sunrise or sunset on the summer solstice.
7103:
7081:
7076:
6973:
6860:
6716:
6681:
6543:
6467:
6457:
6392:
6382:
6322:
6199:
6043:
5995:
5931:
5650:
4258:
3749:
3712:
3663:
3533:
3511:(Finnish Oven Baked Pancake) and strawberry shortcake is enjoyed followed by a bonfire or
3309:
3145:
2822:
2795:
2788:
2699:
2395:
2279:
1777:
Most significant among the customs of the summer is lighting the fire of Midsummer Night (
1359:
1024:
941:
937:
628:
505:
485:
207:
177:
106:
5807:
3265:, Cornwall. This week long festival normally starts on the Friday nearest St John's Day.
2052:
to churches and holy springs. For instance, up until 1840, there was a pilgrimage to the
1232:
1023:, the first celebrations of St John's Day in New France took place around 1638. In 1834,
2794:
Midsummer tradition is also especially strong in northern areas of the country, such as
1590:
6722:
6593:
6525:
6442:
6437:
6422:
6332:
6317:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6230:
6165:
5857:
3832:
2670:) are lit, and dancing and singing takes place. It is a tradition for people to become
2620:
2594:
2319:
2091:
1898:
most of the former midsummer customs are largely ignored nowadays. The custom known as
1121:
904:
829:
610:
556:
456:
421:
292:
282:
262:
154:
5943:
4555:
A Dictionary of the Welsh Language: Explained in English; with Numerous Illustrations.
3354:
3208:
Other Midsummer festivities had uneasy relations with the Reformed establishment. The
1303:
break between the completion of spring sowing and the hard work of summer hay-making.
269:
7135:
7088:
6885:
6830:
6676:
6666:
6598:
6069:
6017:
5833:
5768:
4437:
Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year
3971:
3910:
3740:
3553:
3545:
3379:
3167:
3044:
2851:
2770:
2675:
2283:
1928:(a container filled with tar, decorated with oak leaves and attached atop of a pole).
1886:
usually celebrate Midsummer with rites, dances and festivals all around the country.
1488:
1476:
were believed to appear at midsummer night, particularly to finders of the mythical "
1415:
1375:
1363:
1224:
658:
367:
227:
96:
86:
4679:(1st ed.). London; Philadelphia, NJ: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 227.
2810:. What follows is a summary of Galician traditions surrounding St. John's festival:
2079:
county it was re-introduced in the early 20th century, until the 1990s. The city of
7063:
6733:
6671:
6452:
6432:
6357:
6347:
6255:
6235:
6194:
5722:
5061:
4336:
3769:
3281:
3121:
2612:
2604:
2590:
2555:
2541:
2533:
2509:
2146:
2060:(southwest Norway) whose crucifix was said to have healing powers. Today, however,
1598:
1484:
915:
894:
882:
643:
477:
346:
338:
5924:
5679:
5604:
5585:
5317:
5293:"Summer solstice are the most favourite festival for the most of Latvian citizens"
4620:
4011:
3607:
2144:
which means wreaths. In many parts of Poland the Summer solstice is celebrated as
2016:
2002:
1902:
was observed as late as the 1970s â horns or conch shells were blown. Ringing the
1348:
1316:
1240:
1214:
5470:
4805:
2394:) parade to other neighbourhoods in the evening of 28 June. Women are dressed as
7058:
6905:
6691:
6656:
6583:
6548:
6447:
6367:
6260:
6080:
5318:"Midsummer In Norway: How Norwegians Celebrate Midsummer Eve â The Norway Guide"
3573:
3343:
3059:
2926:
2619:, the ancient sun religion of the region which has since been driven out by the
2496:
2490:
2477:
2411:
2314:
2163:
2084:
2021:
1950:
1846:
1822:
1529:
1477:
1152:
1095:
953:
866:
750:
689:
654:
513:
383:
371:
350:
323:
5076:"Ovi Magazine : Finnish midsummer consumed by alcohol by Thanos Kalamidas"
1017:
by the first French colonists. Great fires were lit at night. According to the
861:
7093:
6845:
6784:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6651:
6588:
6578:
6568:
6503:
6362:
6337:
6290:
6052:
4193:
3702:
3569:
3205:, but persisted in rural areas up until the 19th century before petering out.
3187:
2724:
Bonfire at Almadrava beach on Saint John's night. Bonfires are very common in
2508:, with wheat wreath, while the other girls, dressed in white wear a veil with
2114:
2080:
2049:
1966:
1399:
1383:
1029:
1014:
1006:
980:
929:
908:
636:
158:
5045:
4100:
4038:
3973:
Death Is a Festival: Funeral Rites and Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century Brazil
1915:
1320:
on the eve of the Summer Solstice (23 June) with bonfires. On the islands of
1117:
as "a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan."
1033:
took the leadership of an effort to make 24 June the national holiday of the
463:
as "a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan."
60:
6895:
6809:
6696:
6661:
6508:
6285:
6036:
3759:
3720:
3593:
3565:
3253:
in the early 20th century. Bonfires in Cornwall were once common as part of
3179:
2803:
2761:
2679:
2671:
2616:
2547:
2259:
1973:
1883:
1863:
1818:
1793:
1676:
1483:
An important feature of the midsummer in Finland is the white night and the
1299:
1114:
1005:, St. John's Day is observed on the Monday nearest 24 June and commemorates
984:
975:
in most states of the region but also offer people the opportunity to thank
821:
592:, John the Baptist "was understood to be preparing the way for Jesus", with
564:
537:
481:
460:
443:
400:
312:
6769:
6023:
5053:
3706:
3304:
Week. The Eve of St. John has special magical significance and was used by
3000:
Midsummer in Stockholm, raising and dancing around a maypole, 2019 (video).
2134:
2130:
2057:
1841:
People prepare for a Saint John's Day procession and church service in the
1219:
5032:
NÀyhÀ, Simo (18 December 2007). "Heat mortality in Finland in the 2000s".
3468:
historic site, built as an international exposition building for the 1904
2376:
In traditional fisher towns, festivities take place on Saint Peter's Day,
2250:
In Portugal, Midsummer festivities are included in what is known today as
1708:
commemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city since 1968.
1053:. It is still the tradition to light great fires on the night of 24 June.
492:, and the observance of St John's Day begins the evening before, known as
6920:
6915:
6900:
6870:
6754:
6623:
6477:
5908:
5769:"Lindsborg Kansas Convention & Visitor Bureau â Midsummer's Festival"
4392:
Midsummer celebrations in freemasonry (Retrieved Saturday, June 22, 2019)
3581:
3383:
3262:
3234:
2885:
2873:
2843:
2835:
2799:
2776:
2729:
2608:
2517:
2239:
2110:
2076:
1858:
1814:
1497:
1321:
805:
428:
412:
Saint John's Fires, explained the monk of Winchcombe, were to drive away
286:
5914:
4569:
Wiccan Beliefs & Practices: With Rituals for Solitaries & Covens
4201:
4177:
3378:
As the state of Alaska, northernmost state in the nation, straddles the
1862:
fireworks show that the entire city attended." The 15th-century diarist
59:
Feast of Saint John the Baptist, Summer Solstice, St. John's Feast Day,
6910:
6890:
6880:
6794:
6774:
6759:
6686:
6628:
6074:
6030:
5644:
Midsummer â Mobilizing the world to enjoy the magnificence of Midsummer
5075:
3561:
3557:
3359:
3301:
3297:
3292:
Midsummer festivals are celebrated throughout Scotland, notably in the
3194:
3150:
3126:
3005:
2065:
1446:
1325:
1245:
1107:
1099:
1079:
964:
924:
in Brazil, also known as SĂŁo JoĂŁo Festivals because they celebrate the
837:
813:
775: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
547:
In the 4th century AD, the undivided Christian Church made 24 June the
529:
525:
432:
331:
297:
274:
243:
223:
215:
162:
143:
6093:
5937:
Celebrating Kupallie, a pagan midsummer holiday â Belarus photo digest
5743:
1382:) is generally not celebrated. However, on the southernmost island of
873:
On Midsummer day, Bulgarians celebrate Enyovden. On the same day, the
6875:
6865:
6855:
6840:
6835:
6764:
6058:
6004:
4477:
A Vision: The Revised 1937 Edition: The Collected Works of W.B. Yeats
3813:
3601:
3382:, midsummer is a time when most of the state is in daylight or civil
3212:, begun in 1498, was held at every Summer Solstice in years when the
2784:
2659:
2599:
2390:
2346:
2338:
2295:
2287:
2255:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2106:
2090:
In most places, the main event is the burning of a large bonfire. In
2037:
2025:
1933:
1895:
1624:
1042:
1010:
833:
825:
817:
544:. In Denmark and Norway, it may also be referred to as St. Hans Day.
533:
517:
413:
203:
91:
78:
47:
6021:
5953:
5701:
5010:
1958:
or sometimes oak branches and flowers as well as leaves, especially
1328:, old fishing boats may be burned in the large pyres set ablaze. On
5782:
5564:"Las Hierbas y el "Cacho" de San XoĂĄn: Entrevista a Amancio Castro"
4082:
Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy
3233:
Traditional Midsummer bonfires are still lit on some high hills in
2133:) there are many organized events, the most popular event being in
692:
names for the two months roughly corresponding to June and July as
7071:
6925:
6850:
6804:
6603:
6563:
3667:
red soil into the fire in hopes that they get their wish granted.
3417:
3353:
3219:
3125:
2986:
2725:
2719:
2615:
would often take place afterward. The traditions are derived from
2528:
2505:
2471:
2361:
2357:
2275:
2271:
2235:
2229:
2015:
2001:
1955:
1919:
1875:
1871:
1836:
1810:
1657:
1589:
1393:
1228:
1218:
1060:
898:
860:
651:
602:
436:
291:
268:
5542:"El poder 'medicinal y mĂĄgico' del rocĂo de la noche de San Juan"
2306:, and various other locations, mostly associated with fishermen.
1809:
Many towns and cities in Ireland have 'Midsummer Carnivals' with
1441:) are placed on both side of the front door to welcome visitors.
311:
that the summer solstice has been culturally important since the
6930:
6799:
5999:
4231:
The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain
3884:"The Nativity of Saint John the Baptist: The Midsummer Nativity"
3426:
3280:
In England, Midsummer Day (24 June) is traditionally one of the
2662:, to become red as the sun, towards the evening in the heights,
2365:
1959:
1411:
1103:
1098:, with the burnings sending the "witch" away to Bloksbjerg, the
983:
life and feature typical clothing, food, and dances (mainly the
677:
242:. It is usually celebrated with outdoor gatherings that include
6097:
5957:
4984:"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannus, miksi ja milloin?"
4144:
Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History
1223:
Estonians celebrating Midsummer with a bonfire and traditional
650:
is used for the summer solstice, as coined by the 18th century
341:, the traditional date of the summer solstice was 24 June, and
5376:
5348:
4916:"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Koivunoksia ja maitoruokia"
3790:
3053:
2920:
2827:
2405:
2157:
1611:(feast of St John) is traditionally celebrated with bonfires (
1523:
1146:
744:
5498:"Blic Online | SPC i vernici danas obeleĆŸavaju Ivanjdan"
571:
Christ's Incarnation was closely tied to the 'growing days' (
2783:
were developed into elaborate constructions inspired by the
5662:
1124:
also occur, which are an occasion for drinking and eating.
609:, was added to the feast day. Christian priests held three
4653:(republished online by Saskatchewan Gen Web Julia Adamson)
3694:. there is a lake behind the hill) - Lithuanian folk song.
3197:"; another is of clean wood and no bones, and is called a
5880:
Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands
2353:(a flower-pot with a sweet basil plant) and a love poem.
2075:, 24 June, was a public holiday in Norway until 1770. In
596:
stating "He must increase, but I must decrease"; this is
5904:
The Nativity of John the Baptist: The Midsummer Nativity
5643:
3370:, celebrate the summer solstice as a religious holiday.
2481:
dancing during the CricÄu Festival in Romania, June 2013
1870:
Saint John the Baptist is the patron saint of Florence,
1825:, bonfires are lit on hilltops on Saint John's Eve. The
1433:
In the Finnish midsummer celebration, bonfires (Finnish
5653:. Midsummer.mobi (2013-06-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-06.
4403:
Fleteren, Frederick Van; Schnaubelt, Joseph C. (2001).
3425:
and suburban Chicagoland youths celebrate Midsummer on
1650:, which became an international celebration over time.
828:(Canada), the traditional Midsummer day, 24 June, is a
664:
Germanic neopagans call their summer solstice festival
3043:
Further information on the 18th century festival:
2698:. Kresna noÄ used to be connected with the Slavic god
1737:
On 21 June Hungarians celebrate "Saint Ivan's Night" (
157:, reenactments of the life of Saint John the Baptist,
19:"Midsummer Night" redirects here. For other uses, see
5271:"Latvian town to mark summer solstice with naked run"
3825:
3823:
3821:
2568:. A prominent Ivan Kupala night scene is featured in
2546:
Many rites of this holiday are connected with water,
1749:
being derived from the Slavic form of Johannes/John,
4728:"FĂȘte nationale du QuĂ©bec (Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day)"
3636:, which for many years has controversially included
2270:
among others; SĂŁo JoĂŁo (St. John's Day, 24 June) in
1924:
A Latvian man with an oak leaf wreath lighting up a
1366:
is not lowered in the night between these two days.
7004:
6944:
6818:
6742:
6637:
6534:
6491:
6308:
6223:
6180:
6173:
6131:
4726:Fontaine, Myriam; et al. (22 November 2016) .
3680:. ĐĐč ĐœĐ° ĐĐČĐ°ĐœĐ°, ĐŸĐč ĐœĐ° ĐŃпала) - Ukrainian folk song.
1516:district, Saskatchewan, Canada celebrate Juhannus.
1406:The pre-Christian name for the summer solstice was
1358:of Estonia and both 23rd and 24th are holidays and
183:
172:
150:
138:
126:
118:
71:
55:
30:
5856:
5469:
4968:Enjoying Midsummer the Finnish way â thisisFINLAND
4065:Papadopoulos, Costas; Moyes, Holley, eds. (2021).
3831:
2678:on this day, as John is a symbol of character and
2006:Midsummer mock wedding of two children in Norway,
5783:"Astoria Scandinavian Midsummer Festival website"
4942:"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannussalko"
4890:"Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannuskokko"
3838:. Campion College, University of Regina. p.
2380:, which became a municipal holiday in the 1960s.
2121:which means St. John's Night. On that day in big
1617:), and is a Catholic festivity in celebration of
359:says there is no evidence that the pre-Christian
5838:The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles
3903:
3901:
3336:(St John's of Midsummer) to distinguish it from
2654:. Saint John (Sveti Jovan) is known by the name
1457:). Some Swedish-speaking Finns call the holiday
812:(mostly in Brazil, Argentina and Australia). In
4864:"Juhannus, mittumaari, vuotuisjuhlista vehrein"
4284:The Olio, Or, Museum of Entertainment, Volume 7
3654:, which includes a Scandinavian solstice pole.
3604:. The Swedish "language village" (summer camp)
3229:â A Cornish hilltop bonfire on Midsummer's eve.
2020:Traditional Norwegian St. HansbÄl (bonfire) in
1778:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1744:
1738:
569:
448:
392:
5202:"Klidonas Custom of Naxos island - Greeka.com"
5135:interviews by Julia Adamson (27 August 2010).
4006:
4004:
4002:
3977:. University of North Carolina Press. p.
3945:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 244.
2373:the garlic saying "return to the right path".
2290:and many others; St. Peter's day (29 June) in
442:In the 16th century AD, the English historian
6109:
5969:
5915:Midsummer's Festival on Hill of Tara, Ireland
4804:. Government of Denmark. 2018. Archived from
4298:
4296:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
3941:Hanawalt, Barbara; Reyerson, Kathryn (1994).
3886:. The Institute for Christian Formation. 2017
3649:
3605:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3272:
3266:
3254:
3224:
2752:) and takes place in the evening of 23 June,
2631:. The traditions have since been encouraged.
1410:("Ukko's celebration") after the Finnish god
971:, these festivals not only coincide with the
8:
5444:"Sabe como nasceu o martelinho do SĂŁo JoĂŁo?"
5419:"Alho-porro: significado quase desconhecido"
4320:people, for instance in the form of animals.
3830:Lapointe, Richard; Tessier, Lucille (1988).
2603:, involving tethering a horse to a pole and
2586:is also predominantly connected with water.
1684:
1670:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1013:, the celebration of 24 June was brought to
6078:
6056:
6034:
6008:
5245:. Manchester University Press. p. 72.
5243:The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages
5034:International Journal of Circumpolar Health
4430:
4428:
4271:English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century
4067:The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3834:The Francophones of Saskatchewan: a history
3523:was founded in 1900 by Finnish immigrants.
3337:
3331:
3325:
3088:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3020:(to May) and may be the origin of the word
2955:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2440:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2192:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1724:
1718:
1704:Besides many Midsummernight festivals, the
1558:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1487:. Because of Finland's location around the
1445:often celebrate by erecting a midsummer or
1181:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
681:
455:Saint John's Day is also a popular day for
6177:
6116:
6102:
6094:
5976:
5962:
5954:
4978:
4976:
4464:. University of Toronto Press. p. 83.
4131:. Manchester University Press. p. 85.
3964:
3962:
2650:is celebrated on 7 July, according to the
2242:, Saint John's Day is celebrated with the
2044:, which means "John's wake", important in
1790:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
446:, described the celebration of Midsummer:
206:, taking place on or near the date of the
40:
27:
5723:"Midsommarfest | Swedish American Museum"
3616:in Minnesota, also celebrates Midsummer.
3108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2975:Learn how and when to remove this message
2460:Learn how and when to remove this message
2341:, in Avenida da Liberdade, there are the
2212:Learn how and when to remove this message
1990:Midsummer is commonly called John's Day (
1679:town council issued the following order:
1578:Learn how and when to remove this message
1201:Learn how and when to remove this message
1009:'s discovery of Newfoundland in 1497. In
791:Learn how and when to remove this message
524:then, instead of on 6 June. There and in
16:Holiday held close to the summer solstice
5911:â Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar (in Latin)
5665:. Gwylifan.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-06.
5631:Mirk's Festial: a Collection of Homilies
5106:"Summer Solstice â Midsummer in Finland"
4369:Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals
4261:Harleian Mss 2345, edited by J. Kemble,
1646:France also rejoices on 21 June for the
563:. Christians marked the birth of Jesus (
253:
226:. Although the summer solstice falls on
142:Festivals, bonfires, feasting, singing,
5344:"Her tviholder de fortsatt pÄ fridagen"
4778:. Flensborg Avis Online. Archived from
4643:
4641:
4014:. Government of Sweden. 10 January 2018
3916:. University of Chicago Press. p.
3805:
3782:
2488:, the Midsummer celebrations are named
2388:, in which inhabitants of one quarter (
1306:Understandably, some of the rituals of
1082:, the solstitial celebration is called
632:from numerous other unrelated sources.
5920:Midsummer â 'WIANKI' in Krakow, Poland
5744:"Midsummer's Festival â Lindsborg, KS"
5676:"Summer Solstice Celebration: History"
5177:"Fresh asparagus from the MĂŒnsterland"
5175:e.V, Deutsche Zentrale fĂŒr Tourismus.
5164:. George Bell & Sons. p. 619.
5086:from the original on 25 September 2020
4970:. Finland.fi. Retrieved on 2014-06-21.
4835:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark
4754:"Heksene ĂždelĂŠgger vor dyrebare natur"
4286:. Joseph Shackell. 1831. p. 400.
4080:Kelley, David; Milone, Eugene (2005).
3390:is an annual tradition in the city of
2382:PĂłvoa de Varzim's Saint Peter Festival
2083:kept up the tradition. In the city of
7197:Public holidays in the United Kingdom
5520:"O Cacho de San XoĂĄn no Monte Pituco"
5312:
5310:
4776:"Smuk midsommeraften i prĂŠstens have"
4709:"História da Festa Junina e tradiçÔe"
4475:Yeats, William Butler (19 May 2015).
3943:City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe
3765:Christianisation of saints and feasts
3249:). This tradition was revived by the
2775:are also served on this occasion. In
1827:Irish Environmental Protection Agency
1354:Since 1934, 23 June is also national
1113:In Scandinavia, young people visited
1067:Midsummer Eve Bonfire on Skagen Beach
668:, which is part of the reconstructed
7:
6953:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
4752:Jens Kristian Lings (23 June 2010).
4572:. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 104.
4234:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3969:Reis, João José (20 November 2003).
3662:A solstitial celebration is held on
3086:adding citations to reliable sources
2953:adding citations to reliable sources
2438:adding citations to reliable sources
2190:adding citations to reliable sources
1556:adding citations to reliable sources
1179:adding citations to reliable sources
773:adding citations to reliable sources
657:author and prolific literary forger
435:rinsing their hands and arms in the
322:The name 'midsummer' is attested in
5603:Waltner, Alexander (15 June 2019).
5116:from the original on 14 August 2020
4371:. Infobase Publishing. p. 19.
3687:. ĐŃпалŃĐœĐșĐ°) - Belarusian folk song
3472:and features a maypole year-round.
1629:region and in the Southern part of
7037:Left-hand path and right-hand path
4650:"New Finland Homecoming 1888â1988"
4621:"Carla Nayland Article â Trilithi"
3634:Summer Solstice Parade and Pageant
2536:bonfire in Belgorod oblast, Russia
979:for the rain. They also celebrate
926:nativity of Saint John the Baptist
202:is a celebration of the season of
14:
7162:Christian festivals and holy days
4127:O'Neill, William Matthew (1976).
3812:traditionally and more common in
2597:celebrate a solstitial ceremony,
1422:after John the Baptist (Finnish:
613:in churches for the celebration.
496:. These are commemorated by many
6692:Spellwork / Incantation
6164:
5468:Margaret Read MacDonald (1992).
5400:Stort jonsokbryllup i barnehagen
4599:. Good Year Books. p. 192.
4500:McNamara, Beth Branigan (2000).
4335:, Aachen,21 June 1333, noted by
4146:. Routledge. pp. 123, 182.
3733:
3719:
3705:
3058:
2925:
2556:Nights on the Eve of Ivan Kupala
2410:
2162:
1528:
1151:
749:
698:Bosworth and Toller's dictionary
555:; it marks his birth, which the
363:celebrated the summer solstice.
188:Nativity of St. John the Baptist
7114:Witchcraft Research Association
5629:Theodore Erbe (editor) (1905).
3277:) with fireworks and bonfires.
3131:Night on the Eve of Ivan Kupala
760:needs additional citations for
7109:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
6521:Holly King / Oak King
5472:The Folklore of World Holidays
5241:Dean, Trevor (5 August 2000).
4966:Snyder, Russell. (2014-06-16)
4648:Birt, Hazel Lauttamus (1988).
4533:. Paulist Press. p. 790.
4354:"Annual Midsummer Celebration"
3866:in some states of that country
3210:Chester Midsummer Watch Parade
3178:In late 14th-century England,
1792:. Although the Arab historian
1669:The summer solstice is called
1418:, the holiday became known as
1414:. After the celebrations were
580:Professor Ăamonn Ă CarragĂĄin,
390:, in the same century, wrote:
296:Swedes celebrating Midsummer,
1:
5398:Stig Persson (26 June 2009):
5372:"FĂ„r ikke fri sankthansdagen"
3908:Tornabuoni, Lucrezia (2001).
3261:, which is now celebrated at
3138:
3004:Raising and dancing around a
2109:â the Eastern Pomeranian and
2068:or even pre-Christian event.
2007:
1857:) Day has been celebrated in
1637:, this huge bonfire is named
877:church celebrates the day of
832:. So it was formerly also in
7012:List of Wiccan organisations
5161:Teutonic Mythology, Volume 2
4596:The Whole Earth Holiday Book
4460:Ă CarragĂĄin, Ăamonn (2005).
4439:. Quest Books. p. 163.
3676:"Oh at Ivan, oh at Kupala" (
2702:, who was later replaced by
2036:is celebrated on 23 June in
708:("the later Litha") with an
6210:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
5863:. Oxford University Press.
4986:. Finlit.fi. Archived from
4944:. Finlit.fi. Archived from
4918:. Finlit.fi. Archived from
4892:. Finlit.fi. Archived from
4673:MacDermott, Mercia (1998).
4407:. Peter Lang. p. 197.
4405:Augustine: Biblical Exegete
4273:, 2nd ed. 1991. pp.369â370.
4176:Billington, Sandra (2008).
4161:Billington, Sandra (2002).
4106:Online Etymology Dictionary
4044:Online Etymology Dictionary
1719:
635:At the ancient monument of
559:says was six months before
7233:
7182:Public holidays in Finland
6241:Church and School of Wicca
6162:
5748:www.midsummersfestival.com
5110:www.homesofmyrtlebeach.com
4868:Kotimaisten kielten keskus
4435:Hill, Christopher (2003).
4163:The Concept of the Goddess
4069:. Oxford University Press.
3119:
3042:
2713:
2638:
2539:
2226:Festa de SĂŁo JoĂŁo do Porto
2223:
1983:
1913:
1753:, which may correspond to
1212:
1051:National Holiday of Quebec
994:
892:
850:wine-growing Wachau Valley
738:
704:("the earlier Litha") and
620:
480:designated 24 June as the
427:On St John's Day in 1333,
21:Midsummer (disambiguation)
18:
7192:Public holidays in Sweden
7147:International observances
6960:The Meaning of Witchcraft
5991:
5909:De mensibus Anglorum ChXV
5878:LempriĂšre, Raoul (1976).
5273:. Iol.co.za. 20 June 2007
4732:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4529:Birmingham, Mary (1999).
4479:. Scribner. p. 396.
4194:10.1080/00155870701806167
4165:. Routledge. p. 134.
3646:Skandia Folkdance Society
3640:. In St. Edwards Park in
2696:International Workers Day
2064:is largely regarded as a
2040:. The day is also called
1900:Les cĂŽnes d'la Saint Jean
1725:
1003:Newfoundland and Labrador
399:The 13th-century monk of
39:
7187:Swedish flag flying days
7177:Finnish flag flying days
6559:Wiccan views of divinity
6296:Universal Eclectic Wicca
5948:Catholics & Cultures
5855:Hutton, Ronald (2001) .
5840:. Blackwell Publishers.
5408:, retrieved 22 June 2013
5046:10.3402/ijch.v66i5.18313
4707:Various Authors (1999).
4265:, vol. I:361, quoted in
2768:, special foods such as
1137:"Vi elsker vort land..."
1135:(Midsummer hymn) called
1027:, printer and editor of
973:end of the rainy seasons
676:and takes its name from
7042:Cunning folk in Britain
6022:
5859:The Stations of the Sun
4802:"Traditions in Denmark"
4356:. www.danishmuseum.org.
4228:Hutton, Ronald (1996).
4142:Forsythe, Gary (2012).
3368:Unitarian Universalists
2652:Serbian Orthodox Church
2625:Russian Orthodox Church
2105:Especially in northern
1965:In the western town of
1595:The Feast of Saint John
1465:after the Finnish term
997:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day
582:University College Cork
498:Christian denominations
6826:Magical tools in Wicca
6398:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
6079:
6057:
6035:
6009:
5804:"Merchant Information"
5702:"MIDSUMMER at Sveadal"
5500:. Blic.rs. 7 July 2010
5139:. Saskatchewan Gen Web
4837:. 2018. Archived from
4676:Bulgarian Folk Customs
4566:Gary Cantrell (2001).
4504:. Our Sunday Visitor.
4307:. Dahlig. p. 68.
4303:Dahlig, Piotr (2009).
4129:Time and the Calendars
3690:UĆŸ kalnelio eĆŸerÄlis (
3650:
3638:painted naked cyclists
3606:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3470:St. Louis World's Fair
3450:
3430:
3362:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3324:In Wales it is called
3273:
3267:
3255:
3230:
3225:
3142:
3001:
2840:Rosmarinus officinalis
2781:bonfires of Saint John
2733:
2607:around it. Betting on
2565:Night on Bald Mountain
2537:
2504:. She is dressed as a
2482:
2264:Vila Nova de FamalicĂŁo
2247:
2244:Dance of the Shepherds
2029:
2013:
1986:Saint Jonas's Festival
1936:, Midsummer is called
1929:
1850:
1785:Saint John the Baptist
1779:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1696:
1685:
1671:
1666:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1619:Saint John the Baptist
1613:
1607:
1602:
1443:Swedish-speaking Finns
1403:
1236:
1075:
950:Saint John the Baptist
928:(24 June), are annual
912:
870:
682:
586:
553:Saint John the Baptist
522:National Day of Sweden
453:
410:
397:
349:. People thronged the
343:Marcus Terentius Varro
317:many ancient monuments
304:
289:
277:at Midsummer near the
266:
122:Cultural and Religious
81:, particularly in the
7172:Modern pagan holidays
7032:Witch-cult hypothesis
6988:Charge of the Goddess
6729:Solitary practitioner
6647:Drawing down the Moon
6428:Cerridwen Fallingstar
6149:Wicca and LGBT people
5295:. la.lv. 23 June 2023
5158:Grimm, Jacob (1883).
4593:Polon, Linda (1983).
4553:Owen, William (1832)
4367:Morrill, Ann (2009).
4263:The Saxons in England
3546:NYC Swedish Midsummer
3485:William W. Thomas Jr.
3445:hosts a Swedish Day (
3421:
3357:
3339:GƔyl Ifan Ganol Gaeaf
3223:
3214:Chester Mystery Plays
3129:
2999:
2723:
2714:Further information:
2584:White Nights Festival
2532:
2475:
2233:
2224:Further information:
2019:
2005:
1923:
1853:In Italy, St John's (
1840:
1780:szentivĂĄni tƱzgyĂșjtĂĄs
1706:Mainzer Johannisnacht
1681:
1661:
1608:FĂȘte de la Saint-Jean
1593:
1398:Midsummer bonfire in
1397:
1222:
1064:
902:
864:
735:Observance by country
502:Roman Catholic Church
405:
302:Stockholm archipelago
295:
272:
259:Midsummer Eve Bonfire
257:
103:Roman Catholic Church
46:Midsummer bonfire in
7212:Culture of Altbayern
6205:Central Valley Wicca
4756:. Kristeligt Dagblad
4625:www.carlanayland.org
4502:Christian Beginnings
4341:Landscape and Memory
4333:Epistolae familiares
3386:the entire day. The
3251:Old Cornwall Society
3082:improve this section
2949:improve this section
2864:Hypericum perforatum
2817:Dryopteris filix-mas
2716:Hogueras de Alicante
2704:St. John the Baptist
2521:marriage prospects.
2434:improve this section
2186:improve this section
1664:Freiburg im Breisgau
1614:le feu de Saint-Jean
1552:improve this section
1314:Estonians celebrate
1175:improve this section
1072:Peder Severin KrĂžyer
769:improve this article
467:Religious observance
261:by Norwegian artist
176:A date close to the
132:St. John the Baptist
7053:Malleus Maleficarum
7047:European witchcraft
7027:Neopagan witchcraft
6182:British Traditional
6125:Neopagan witchcraft
5950:updated 12 May 2016
5605:"Swedish Midsummer"
5080:www.ovimagazine.com
4990:on 12 December 2012
4922:on 12 December 2012
4896:on 12 December 2012
4462:Ritual and the Rood
4086:Springer Publishing
3727:Christianity portal
3333:GƔyl Ifan Ganol Haf
2328:Cantar Ă desgarrada
2054:RĂžldal Stave Church
1345:PĂŒhajĂ€rve Jaanituli
961:Northeast of Brazil
869:ritual in Bulgaria.
810:Southern Hemisphere
696:, distinguished in
684:De temporum ratione
573:diebus crescentibus
490:St John the Baptist
382:at Barnwell in the
339:ancient Roman world
212:Northern Hemisphere
7068:Magical alphabets
7017:Bricket Wood coven
6995:Enchanted Feminism
6388:Zsuzsanna Budapest
6144:Etymology of Wicca
5930:2020-08-10 at the
5810:on 18 October 2007
5649:2013-06-20 at the
5322:thenorwayguide.com
5181:www.germany.travel
4831:"Saint John's Eve"
4204:– via JSTOR.
3431:
3429:television in 1958
3423:Birgit Ridderstedt
3363:
3231:
3156:Orthodox Christian
3143:
3135:Henryk Siemiradzki
3002:
2882:Digitalis purpurea
2779:, since 1928, the
2734:
2641:Serbian traditions
2538:
2483:
2248:
2030:
2014:
1930:
1851:
1667:
1648:FĂȘte de la Musique
1633:Meurthe-et-Moselle
1603:
1404:
1378:, St. John's Eve (
1295:Livonian Chronicle
1237:
1076:
913:
871:
674:Germanic Neopagans
590:Christian theology
510:Anglican Communion
305:
290:
267:
111:Anglican Communion
7142:Culture of Europe
7129:
7128:
6750:Wheel of the Year
6403:Patricia Crowther
6304:
6303:
6190:Alexandrian Wicca
6155:Dettmer v. Landon
6091:
6090:
5985:Wheel of the Year
5476:. Gale Research.
4686:978-1-85302-485-6
4579:978-1-56718-112-8
4099:Harper, Douglas.
4037:Harper, Douglas.
3912:Sacred Narratives
3614:Concordia College
3481:New Sweden, Maine
3462:Lindsborg, Kansas
3388:Midnight Sun Game
3358:Solstice fire in
3118:
3117:
3110:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2856:Aloysia citrodora
2560:Modest Mussorgsky
2470:
2469:
2462:
2222:
2221:
2214:
1672:Sommersonnenwende
1597:by French artist
1588:
1587:
1580:
1510:Finnish Canadians
1474:Will-o'-the-wisps
1211:
1210:
1203:
1070:by Danish artist
1041:). In 1908, Pope
903:June festival in
801:
800:
793:
729:Germanic paganism
716:on leap years or
670:Germanic calendar
623:Wheel of the Year
540:, Midsummer is a
506:Lutheran Churches
431:watched women at
357:Sandra Billington
337:Likewise, in the
279:Kastelholm Castle
228:20, 21 or 22 June
197:
196:
107:Lutheran Churches
35:
7224:
7157:June observances
7152:John the Baptist
7099:Witches' Sabbath
7022:New Forest coven
6981:Witchcraft Today
6967:The Spiral Dance
6514:Spirit of nature
6473:Silver RavenWolf
6418:Scott Cunningham
6408:Vivianne Crowley
6378:Raymond Buckland
6246:Cochrane's Craft
6215:Gardnerian Wicca
6178:
6168:
6139:History of Wicca
6118:
6111:
6104:
6095:
6084:
6066:Autumnal equinox
6062:
6040:
6027:
6014:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5955:
5942:Thomas M Landy,
5893:
5874:
5862:
5851:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5806:. Archived from
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5678:. Archived from
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5641:
5635:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5415:
5409:
5404:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5380:. 26 August 2016
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4980:
4971:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4841:on 28 March 2018
4827:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4808:on 28 March 2018
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4400:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4274:
4267:George C. Homans
4256:
4250:
4249:
4225:
4206:
4205:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4008:
3997:
3996:
3976:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3915:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3880:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3837:
3827:
3816:
3810:
3793:
3787:
3755:Saint John's Eve
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3653:
3632:puts on a large
3628:neighborhood of
3611:
3548:celebrations in
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3466:Swedish Pavilion
3344:south-east Wales
3341:
3335:
3329:
3306:Sir Walter Scott
3294:Scottish Borders
3276:
3270:
3260:
3228:
3184:Lilleshall Abbey
3140:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3062:
3054:
2998:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2929:
2921:
2869:Malva sylvestris
2830:(herb of grace,
2787:, or Fallas, of
2754:Saint John's Eve
2627:and finally the
2580:Saint Petersburg
2570:Andrei Tarkovsky
2552:autopurification
2465:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2414:
2406:
2252:Santos Populares
2246:midsummer parade
2217:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2166:
2158:
2119:Noc ĆwiÄtojaĆska
2012:
2009:
1942:national holiday
1782:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1748:
1742:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1688:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1616:
1610:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1532:
1524:
1506:Finnish Flag Day
1424:Johannes Kastaja
1360:flag flying days
1290:Balthasar Russow
1254:suvine pööripÀiv
1206:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1155:
1147:
1129:Holger Drachmann
1102:mountain in the
1047:John the Baptist
1039:French Canadians
1020:Jesuit Relations
879:John the Baptist
875:Eastern Orthodox
796:
789:
785:
782:
776:
753:
745:
741:Saint John's Eve
687:
607:Saint John's Eve
584:
512:, as well as by
494:Saint John's Eve
478:Christian Church
388:Lilleshall Abbey
376:Liber Memorandum
361:Germanic peoples
240:Saint John's Day
236:Saint John's Eve
220:Nordic countries
192:Saint John's Eve
83:Nordic countries
72:Observed by
44:
33:
28:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7217:Summer solstice
7207:Summer holidays
7132:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7104:Flying ointment
7000:
6974:What Witches Do
6940:
6861:Book of Shadows
6814:
6738:
6717:Rite of passage
6682:Herbal medicine
6639:
6633:
6544:Wiccan morality
6536:
6530:
6487:
6468:Rosaleen Norton
6463:Frederic Lamond
6458:Philip Heselton
6413:Robert Cochrane
6393:Charles Cardell
6383:Eddie Buczynski
6353:Victor Anderson
6323:Doreen Valiente
6310:
6300:
6219:
6200:Blue Star Wicca
6169:
6160:
6127:
6122:
6092:
6087:
6044:Summer solstice
5987:
5982:
5932:Wayback Machine
5900:
5890:
5877:
5871:
5854:
5848:
5832:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5682:on 13 June 2010
5674:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5651:Wayback Machine
5642:
5638:
5627:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5406:Ăstlandets Blad
5402:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5253:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5220:"Szent IvĂĄn Ă©j"
5218:
5217:
5213:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4844:
4842:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4811:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4512:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4415:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4330:
4326:
4315:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4259:British Library
4257:
4253:
4246:
4227:
4226:
4209:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4000:
3989:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3850:
3829:
3828:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3750:Winter solstice
3739:
3734:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3713:Holidays portal
3711:
3704:
3701:
3683:"Kupalinka" - (
3673:
3664:Casper Mountain
3660:
3622:
3542:
3534:Astoria, Oregon
3529:
3493:
3478:
3459:
3451:Svenskarnas Dag
3416:
3400:
3376:
3352:
3322:
3310:Smailholm Tower
3290:
3243:Castle an Dinas
3176:
3164:
3124:
3114:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3079:
3063:
3052:
3047:
2987:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2946:
2930:
2919:
2832:Ruta graveolens
2823:Osmunda regalis
2718:
2712:
2688:
2643:
2637:
2629:Communist Party
2544:
2527:
2466:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2431:
2415:
2404:
2378:PĂłvoa do Varzim
2300:PĂłvoa de Varzim
2280:Figueira da Foz
2228:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2183:
2167:
2156:
2103:
2071:Midsummer day,
2032:As in Denmark,
2010:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1918:
1912:
1892:
1835:
1807:
1735:
1714:
1656:
1605:In France, the
1584:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1549:
1533:
1522:
1392:
1372:
1217:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1172:
1156:
1145:
1122:family reunions
1059:
1025:Ludger Duvernay
999:
993:
944:solemnities of
938:colonial period
897:
891:
859:
846:
797:
786:
780:
777:
766:
754:
743:
737:
712:third month of
625:
619:
585:
579:
486:early Christian
474:
469:
457:infant baptisms
252:
208:summer solstice
184:Related to
178:summer solstice
167:church weddings
77:Traditionally:
51:
34:Summer Solstice
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7230:
7228:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7134:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7008:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6936:Witch's ladder
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6881:Chalice/Goblet
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6723:Eko Eko Azarak
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6594:The Summerland
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6526:Mother goddess
6523:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6501:
6499:Triple Goddess
6495:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6443:Raven Grimassi
6440:
6438:Stewart Farrar
6435:
6430:
6425:
6423:Phyllis Curott
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6333:Maxine Sanders
6330:
6325:
6320:
6318:Gerald Gardner
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6276:Odyssean Wicca
6273:
6271:Georgian Wicca
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6231:1734 Tradition
6227:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6184:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6098:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6072:
6063:
6050:
6041:
6028:
6018:Vernal equinox
6015:
6002:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5940:
5939:Belarus Digest
5934:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5899:
5898:External links
5896:
5895:
5894:
5888:
5875:
5869:
5852:
5846:
5834:Hutton, Ronald
5828:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5795:
5774:
5760:
5735:
5714:
5693:
5667:
5663:Gwyl Ifan 2013
5655:
5636:
5621:
5595:
5592:. 28 May 2013.
5577:
5566:. 22 June 2017
5555:
5544:. 24 June 2011
5533:
5522:. 24 June 2015
5511:
5489:
5482:
5460:
5435:
5410:
5403:(in Norwegian)
5391:
5363:
5352:. 24 June 2014
5335:
5324:. 5 April 2023
5306:
5284:
5262:
5251:
5233:
5211:
5193:
5167:
5150:
5127:
5097:
5067:
5040:(5): 418â424.
5024:
5001:
4972:
4959:
4948:on 27 May 2012
4933:
4907:
4881:
4855:
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4793:
4782:on 3 June 2013
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4539:
4521:
4510:
4492:
4485:
4467:
4452:
4445:
4424:
4413:
4395:
4384:
4378:978-1438127972
4377:
4359:
4345:
4324:
4313:
4292:
4275:
4251:
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4207:
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4153:
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3998:
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3375:
3372:
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3348:
3321:
3318:
3289:
3286:
3226:Tansys Golowan
3175:
3172:
3163:
3162:United Kingdom
3160:
3120:Main article:
3116:
3115:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3014:midsommarstÄng
2983:
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2931:
2924:
2918:
2915:
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2909:
2897:
2893:
2860:St John's wort
2808:Basque Country
2711:
2708:
2687:
2684:
2676:blood brothers
2664:Ivanjske vatre
2636:
2633:
2621:Russian empire
2605:circle dancing
2595:Sakha Republic
2562:to create his
2540:Main article:
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2102:
2099:
2092:Western Norway
2073:Sankthansdagen
2062:Sankthansaften
2046:Roman Catholic
2034:Sankthansaften
1999:
1996:
1984:Main article:
1981:
1978:
1914:Main article:
1911:
1908:
1891:
1888:
1855:San Giovanni's
1834:
1831:
1806:
1803:
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1713:
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1521:
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1451:midsommarstÄng
1391:
1388:
1371:
1368:
1274:pÀivÀkÀÀndjÀne
1213:Main article:
1209:
1208:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1088:sankthansaften
1058:
1055:
995:Main article:
992:
989:
905:Campina Grande
893:Main article:
890:
887:
858:
855:
845:
842:
830:public holiday
799:
798:
757:
755:
748:
736:
733:
722:reconstruction
706:sÄ ĂŠftera lÄ«Ă°a
688:that provides
618:
615:
577:
557:Gospel of Luke
542:public holiday
500:, such as the
473:
470:
468:
465:
366:The historian
300:island in the
263:Nikolai Astrup
251:
248:
246:and feasting.
214:; the longest
195:
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185:
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174:
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155:Church service
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6677:Cone of power
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6667:Fivefold kiss
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6554:Rule of Three
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6373:Jack Bracelin
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6251:Coven of Atho
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5889:0-7091-5842-4
5885:
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5876:
5872:
5870:0-19-285448-8
5866:
5861:
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5853:
5849:
5847:0-631-18946-7
5843:
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5609:Swedish Nomad
5606:
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5483:9780810375772
5479:
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5473:
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5448:Dinheiro Vivo
5445:
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5009:Husu, Petra.
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3741:Saints portal
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3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
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3674:
3671:In folk music
3670:
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3665:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:Midsommarfest
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
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3554:New York City
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3439:Andersonville
3436:
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3407:
3405:
3404:Santa Barbara
3397:
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3380:Arctic Circle
3373:
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3350:United States
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3168:Great Britain
3161:
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3132:
3128:
3123:
3112:
3109:
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3091:
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3076:
3072:
3067:This section
3065:
3061:
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3055:
3049:
3046:
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3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2979:
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2950:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2934:This section
2932:
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2852:lemon verbena
2849:
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2690:In Slovenia,
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2592:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2575:Andrei Rublev
2571:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:DrÄgaica fair
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2464:
2461:
2453:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2419:This section
2417:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:Vila do Conde
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2216:
2213:
2205:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2171:This section
2169:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:, called the
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:cities (like
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:This section
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1489:Arctic Circle
1486:
1481:
1479:
1478:fern in bloom
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:Christianized
1413:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:Faroe Islands
1370:Faroe Islands
1369:
1367:
1365:
1364:Estonian flag
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:wrote in his
1291:
1287:
1286:suured pÀevad
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:suvepööripÀev
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:village swing
1221:
1216:
1205:
1202:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:This section
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:midsommervise
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
946:Saint Anthony
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:June Festival
919:
918:
917:Festa Juninas
910:
906:
901:
896:
888:
886:
884:
880:
876:
868:
863:
856:
854:
851:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
795:
792:
784:
774:
770:
764:
763:
758:This section
756:
752:
747:
746:
742:
734:
732:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
685:
679:
675:
672:used by some
671:
667:
662:
660:
659:Iolo Morganwg
656:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
633:
630:
624:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
591:
583:
576:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
471:
466:
464:
462:
458:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
409:
404:
402:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:parish church
377:
373:
372:Jean Belethus
369:
368:Ronald Hutton
364:
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
303:
299:
294:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
264:
260:
256:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Christianized
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
97:United States
95:
93:
90:
88:
87:Baltic States
84:
80:
76:
75:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
29:
26:
22:
7202:Quarter days
7167:Saints' days
7120:Fluffy Bunny
7064:Cunning folk
7059:Granny woman
7051:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6779:
6734:Spiral dance
6721:
6672:Magic circle
6453:Yvonne Frost
6433:Janet Farrar
6348:Margot Adler
6328:Alex Sanders
6256:Dianic Wicca
6236:Celtic Wicca
6195:Algard Wicca
6153:
6047:
5947:
5879:
5858:
5837:
5827:Bibliography
5812:. Retrieved
5808:the original
5798:
5786:. Retrieved
5777:
5763:
5751:. Retrieved
5747:
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5717:
5705:. Retrieved
5696:
5684:. Retrieved
5680:the original
5670:
5658:
5639:
5630:
5624:
5612:. Retrieved
5608:
5598:
5589:
5580:
5568:. Retrieved
5558:
5546:. Retrieved
5536:
5524:. Retrieved
5514:
5502:. Retrieved
5492:
5471:
5463:
5451:. Retrieved
5447:
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5422:
5413:
5394:
5382:. Retrieved
5375:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5347:
5338:
5326:. Retrieved
5321:
5297:. Retrieved
5287:
5275:. Retrieved
5265:
5256:
5242:
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5214:
5205:
5196:
5184:. Retrieved
5180:
5170:
5160:
5153:
5141:. Retrieved
5130:
5120:11 September
5118:. Retrieved
5109:
5100:
5090:11 September
5088:. Retrieved
5079:
5070:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5015:. Retrieved
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4988:the original
4962:
4950:. Retrieved
4946:the original
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4920:the original
4910:
4898:. Retrieved
4894:the original
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4870:(in Finnish)
4867:
4858:
4850:
4843:. Retrieved
4839:the original
4825:
4817:
4810:. Retrieved
4806:the original
4796:
4784:. Retrieved
4780:the original
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4747:
4735:. Retrieved
4731:
4721:
4713:Sua Pesquisa
4712:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4675:
4668:
4656:. Retrieved
4628:. Retrieved
4624:
4615:
4595:
4588:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4530:
4524:
4515:
4501:
4495:
4476:
4470:
4461:
4455:
4436:
4418:
4404:
4398:
4387:
4368:
4362:
4348:
4340:
4337:Simon Schama
4332:
4327:
4318:
4304:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4230:
4188:(1): 41â57.
4185:
4181:
4171:
4162:
4156:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4104:
4094:
4081:
4075:
4066:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4042:
4032:
4023:
4016:. Retrieved
3992:
3972:
3942:
3936:
3911:
3888:. Retrieved
3862:
3853:
3833:
3808:
3785:
3770:Midnight sun
3661:
3623:
3562:Skansen Park
3550:Battery Park
3543:
3530:
3494:
3479:
3460:
3432:
3408:
3402:Since 1974,
3401:
3377:
3364:
3323:
3291:
3282:quarter days
3279:
3247:Castle Downs
3232:
3207:
3198:
3192:
3177:
3165:
3144:
3130:
3122:Kupala Night
3104:
3095:
3080:Please help
3068:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2971:
2962:
2947:Please help
2935:
2905:
2889:
2881:
2867:
2866:), mallows (
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2821:
2815:
2793:
2773:de Sant Joan
2769:
2757:
2749:
2748:, Asturian:
2745:
2744:, Galician:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2691:
2689:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2613:horse racing
2598:
2591:Yakut people
2588:
2574:
2563:
2545:
2542:Kupala Night
2534:Kupala Night
2502:the DrÄgaica
2501:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2456:
2447:
2432:Please help
2420:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2369:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2308:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2208:
2199:
2184:Please help
2172:
2147:Kupala Night
2145:
2138:
2118:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2041:
2033:
2031:
1991:
1989:
1971:
1964:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1808:
1799:
1776:
1750:
1740:SzentivĂĄn-Ă©j
1736:
1715:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1668:
1645:
1604:
1599:Jules Breton
1594:
1574:
1565:
1550:Please help
1538:
1502:
1494:
1485:midnight sun
1482:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1405:
1379:
1373:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1233:PĂ€rnu County
1197:
1188:
1173:Please help
1161:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1115:holy springs
1112:
1096:evil spirits
1092:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1065:
1034:
1028:
1018:
1000:
958:
921:
916:
914:
895:Festa Junina
883:Nestinarstvo
872:
847:
802:
787:
778:
767:Please help
762:verification
759:
717:
713:
705:
702:sÄ Çœrra lĂĂ°a
701:
693:
665:
663:
647:
644:Neo-druidism
641:
634:
626:
587:
572:
570:
546:
475:
461:holy springs
454:
449:
441:
426:
422:evil spirits
411:
406:
398:
393:
375:
365:
355:
347:Fors Fortuna
336:
327:
321:
306:
258:
199:
198:
139:Celebrations
127:Significance
63:, Enyovden,
25:
6657:Handfasting
6584:White magic
6549:Wiccan Rede
6448:Gavin Frost
6368:Lois Bourne
6261:Faery Wicca
6081:Calan Gaeaf
5586:"Midsummer"
5384:5 September
5356:5 September
5277:25 December
5226:25 December
4994:25 December
4952:25 December
4926:25 December
4900:25 December
4874:25 December
4737:30 November
4101:"midsummer"
4039:"midsummer"
4012:"Midsummer"
3590:Minneapolis
3574:Throgs Neck
3560:and at the
3203:Reformation
3158:calendar.
3146:Ivan Kupala
2848:Rosa canina
2740:, Catalan:
2578:. Also, in
2370:alho-porro,
2315:Caldo verde
2050:pilgrimages
2048:times with
2011: 1924
1954:lands with
1947:JÄĆi cheese
1847:Esino Lario
1823:County Cork
1691:zimmet fire
1686:sonnenwendt
1662:Bonfire in
1514:New Finland
1356:Victory Day
1270:pÀivÀkÀÀnÀk
1266:pÀevakÀÀnak
1045:designated
963:is largely
954:Saint Peter
936:during the
867:firewalking
726:Anglo-Saxon
710:intercalary
690:Anglo-Saxon
648:Alban Hefin
646:, the term
514:freemasonry
384:Nene Valley
351:River Tiber
324:Old English
159:processions
151:Observances
56:Also called
7136:Categories
7094:Witch-hunt
6945:Literature
6926:Tarot deck
6785:Lughnasadh
6712:Initiation
6707:Invocation
6702:Divination
6652:Great rite
6640:and ritual
6619:Watchtower
6589:Otherworld
6579:Witchcraft
6569:Craft name
6504:Horned God
6363:Gavin Bone
6338:Sybil Leek
6291:Stregheria
6281:Reclaiming
6174:Traditions
6059:Calan Awst
6053:Lughnasadh
5143:7 December
4658:7 December
4606:067316585X
4331:Petrarch,
3800:References
3620:Washington
3570:Sweden Day
3508:Pannukakku
3398:California
3300:holds its
3188:Shropshire
3045:VĂ„rparnatt
2692:Kresna noÄ
2672:godfathers
2666:(kresovi,
2639:See also:
2516:, held in
2486:In Romania
2115:Baltic Sea
2081:Sandefjord
1408:Ukon juhla
1400:Seurasaari
1106:region of
1030:La Minerve
1015:New France
1007:John Cabot
977:Saint John
934:Portuguese
739:See also:
637:Stonehenge
621:See also:
598:symbolized
476:The early
315:era, with
6896:Parchment
6810:Wild Hunt
6780:Midsummer
6697:Banishing
6662:Wiccaning
6509:Green Man
6286:Seax-Wica
6048:Midsummer
6037:Calan Mai
6011:GƔyl Fair
5996:Midwinter
5590:sweden.se
4343:1995:265.
3760:Sun Dance
3612:, run by
3608:Sjölunden
3598:Lindsborg
3594:Minnesota
3566:Stockholm
3392:Fairbanks
3327:GƔyl Ifan
3274:Gol-Jowan
3239:Carn Brea
3195:bonnefyre
3180:John Mirk
3069:does not
2936:does not
2878:foxgloves
2804:Cantabria
2762:Catalonia
2742:Sant Joan
2680:rectitude
2617:Tengriism
2558:inspired
2548:fertility
2450:June 2024
2421:does not
2351:manjerico
2268:Vila Real
2260:Estarreja
2173:does not
2111:Kashubian
1980:Lithuania
1974:Christmas
1884:neopagans
1864:Goro Dati
1819:fireworks
1794:Ibn Rusta
1755:Hungarian
1677:Nuremberg
1539:does not
1449:(Swedish
1341:JaanipÀev
1334:JaaniÔhtu
1330:JaaniÔhtu
1317:JaaniÔhtu
1308:JaanipÀev
1300:Estonians
1278:pÀevapesa
1262:pĂŒĂ€ripÀÀv
1250:leedopÀev
1241:JaanipÀev
1215:JaanipÀev
1162:does not
1127:In 1885,
1084:sankthans
1035:Canadiens
985:quadrille
969:semi-arid
930:Brazilian
911:, Brazil.
822:Lithuania
781:June 2017
629:neopagans
594:John 3:30
565:Christmas
549:feast day
538:Lithuania
482:feast day
472:Christian
444:John Stow
401:Winchcomb
313:Neolithic
307:There is
200:Midsummer
31:Midsummer
6921:Talisman
6901:Pentacle
6871:Cauldron
6755:Solstice
6743:Holidays
6624:Familiar
6614:Summoner
6537:concepts
6478:Starhawk
5944:"Feasts"
5928:Archived
5882:. Hale.
5836:(1993).
5788:21 March
5753:10 March
5647:Archived
5114:Archived
5084:Archived
5054:18274207
4845:28 March
4812:26 March
4630:20 April
4202:30035459
4182:Folklore
4018:25 March
3890:26 March
3699:See also
3582:Illinois
3578:Rockford
3540:New York
3502:Juhannus
3491:Michigan
3414:Illinois
3384:twilight
3288:Scotland
3263:Penzance
3235:Cornwall
3199:wakefyre
3098:May 2024
3022:majstÄng
3018:att maja
3010:majstÄng
2965:May 2024
2906:Queimada
2890:Sambucus
2874:laburnum
2844:dog rose
2836:rosemary
2806:and the
2800:Asturias
2789:Valencia
2777:Alicante
2766:Valencia
2750:San Xuan
2746:San XoĂĄn
2738:San Juan
2730:Portugal
2686:Slovenia
2656:Igritelj
2647:Ivanjdan
2609:Reindeer
2572:'s film
2510:bedstraw
2497:SĂąnziene
2491:DrÄgaica
2478:SĂąnziene
2320:farturas
2311:Cascatas
2304:Barcelos
2240:Portugal
2202:May 2024
2154:Portugal
2085:TĂžnsberg
2077:Vestfold
2022:LaksevÄg
1882:Italian
1859:Florence
1849:, Italy.
1815:concerts
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1568:May 2024
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1380:jĂłansĂžka
1322:Saaremaa
1282:pesapÀev
1191:May 2024
1131:wrote a
942:Catholic
857:Bulgaria
806:Cornwall
655:Romantic
617:Neopagan
578:â
429:Petrarch
328:midsumor
309:evidence
265:(c.1915)
244:bonfires
163:baptisms
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7005:Related
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6866:Candles
6795:Samhain
6775:Beltane
6760:Equinox
6687:Scrying
6629:Animism
6609:Skyclad
6492:Deities
6358:Artemis
6311:figures
6309:Notable
6132:History
6075:Samhain
6031:Beltane
5814:24 June
5707:10 June
5686:21 June
5614:10 June
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5453:24 June
5428:24 June
5328:7 April
5299:23 June
5222:. Fn.hu
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4692:7 March
4236:312â313
4149:winter.
4112:22 June
4050:22 June
4025:Jordan.
3658:Wyoming
3642:Kenmore
3630:Fremont
3626:Seattle
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3447:Swedish
3435:Chicago
3433:In the
3360:Montana
3312:, near
3302:Beltane
3298:Peebles
3268:Golowan
3257:Golowan
3174:England
3151:Ukraine
3090:removed
3075:sources
3050:Ukraine
3006:maypole
2957:removed
2942:sources
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2758:tequeos
2700:Kresnik
2668:bonfire
2593:of the
2442:removed
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2343:Marchas
2194:removed
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2066:secular
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1967:Kuldīga
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1759:JovĂĄnos
1733:Hungary
1654:Germany
1560:removed
1545:sources
1512:in the
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1384:SuĂ°uroy
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1326:Hiiumaa
1246:Estonia
1183:removed
1168:sources
1143:Estonia
1108:Germany
1100:Brocken
1080:Denmark
1057:Denmark
959:As the
909:ParaĂba
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838:Finland
814:Estonia
718:TriliĂ°i
588:Within
530:Estonia
526:Finland
488:martyr
484:of the
433:Cologne
418:witches
414:dragons
378:of the
332:May Day
275:maypole
250:History
224:May Day
210:in the
146:dancing
144:maypole
7082:Hebrew
7077:Theban
6916:Statue
6876:Censer
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3374:Alaska
3296:where
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2912:items.
2901:Iberia
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2884:) and
2785:Falles
2660:wreath
2635:Serbia
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2525:Russia
2391:bairro
2386:rusgas
2347:Lisbon
2339:Lisbon
2332:Rusgas
2296:Sintra
2292:Seixal
2288:Almada
2266:, and
2256:Lisbon
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2131:KrakĂłw
2127:Warsaw
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2107:Poland
2101:Poland
2058:RĂžldal
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2038:Norway
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1998:Norway
1934:Latvia
1926:pƫdele
1910:Latvia
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1890:Jersey
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1601:(1875)
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1362:. The
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1298:about
1074:(1906)
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991:Canada
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889:Brazil
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611:Masses
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4902:2012
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