Mikhail Khodorkovsky - Knowledge (XXG)

1020:. I wish to recall here the excellent work done by Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, rapporteur of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, in her two reports on this subject. I do not intend to comment on the ins and outs of this case which saw Yukos, a privately owned oil company, made bankrupt and broken up for the benefit of the state owned company Rosneft. The assets were bought at auction by a rather obscure financial group, Baikalfinansgroup, for almost €7 billion. It is still not known who is behind this financial group. A number of experts believe that the state-owned company Gazprom had a hand in the matter. The former heads of Yukos, Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev, were sentenced to eight years' imprisonment for fraud and tax evasion. Vasiliy Aleksanyan, former vice-chairman of the company, who is suffering from Aids, was released on bail in January 2009 after being held in inhuman conditions condemned by the European Court of Human Rights.3 Lastly, Svetlana Bakhmina, deputy head of Yukos's legal department, who was sentenced in 2005 to six and a half years' imprisonment for tax fraud, saw her application for early release turned down in October 2008, even though she had served half of her sentence, had expressed "remorse" and was seven months pregnant. Thanks to the support of thousands of people around the world and the personal intervention of the United States President, George W. Bush, she was released in April 2009 after giving birth to a girl on 28 November 2008." 677:. He also bought up privatization vouchers—documents distributed to every Russian citizen and entitling them to a share of the national wealth—which many Russians were happy to unload at a discount for ready cash. Khodorkovsky eventually acquired controlling stakes in some 30 companies. When Russia staged its greatest property giveaway ever, in 1995, Khodorkovsky was poised to take advantage of that too." As Gessen explained, the Russian government, after the fall of Communism, "still nominally controlled Russia's largest companies, though they had been variously re-structured, abandoned, or looted by their own executives." A dozen men, the "new oligarchs", including Khodorkovsky, hit upon the stratagem of lending the government money against collateral consisting of blocks of stock that amounted to controlling interests in those companies. The oligarchs and government both knew that the government would eventually default and that the firms would thus pass into the oligarchs' hands. "By this maneuver", wrote Gessen, "the Yeltsin administration privatized oil, gas, minerals, and other enterprises without parliamentary approval." This was how Khodorkovsky came to own Yukos. 1468: 919: 847:. He was taken to Moscow and charged with fraud, tax evasion, and other economic crimes. Gessen describes the trial as a "travesty" and "a Kafka-esque procedure", with the government spending months "on an incoherent account of alleged violations that were criminalized after they were committed, or that were in fact legal activities." In preparing the case, the government called in Yukos employees for questioning. Pavel Ivlev, a tax lawyer who went along as their attorney, later explained that officials had illegally interrogated him and threatened to arrest him. After leaving the prosecutor's office, he immediately fled the country. He and his family ended up settling in the U.S. 922:" - "Appeal of cultural figures, scientists, members of the public in connection with the verdict passed on the former leaders of the Yukos Oil Company", expressing support for the guilty verdict. The authors of the letter expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that "the voices of those who doubt the fairness of the decisions made sounded with renewed vigor", and the discussion of the verdict, in their opinion, "has the character of discrediting the entire judicial system, the state, and society and calls into question the foundations of law and order in the country". On 11 September 2009, four years after the publication of the "letter of the fifty", the famous figure skater 1385:"If the first set of charges was thin, the second was absurd", Gessen later wrote. "Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were now accused of having stolen all the oil that Yukos had produced in the years 1998 to 2003." At the end of the trial, in December 2010, both defendants were sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment. Gessen cited leading Russian lawyers as saying that Russian laws had been "passed specifically to enable persecution, or adjusted retroactively to sustain it." Many former Yukos employees were arrested and imprisoned and were therefore unemployable after their release, and Khodorkovsky "tried to provide financial support to those who have not found a way to make a living." 1797:, among others. According to media around the time of the launch event, Open Russia was intended to unite pro-European Russians in a bid to challenge Putin's grip on power. Khodorkovsky said that the organization would promote independent media, political education, rule of law, support for activists and journalists, free and fair elections, and a program to reform law enforcement and the Russian judicial system. He said that Putin's actions were "clearly leading Russia along the patriarchal Asian path to development" and called the State Duma “a bulwark of reactionaries”. He said that Open Russia was willing to support any candidate that sought to develop Russia along the 685:" or to become a fixture of "the Moscow playboy scene". To be sure, he did buy "a gated compound of seven houses on 50 forested acres about half an hour outside Moscow" in the late 1990s, calling it Apple Orchard and housing Yukos's leading executives, who lived together as "one large happy family". His social life consisted mostly of "Barbecuing for fellow Yukos managers". At nights he would stay up and "read until two". He later wrote that during this period "I saw business as a game. ... It was a game in which you wanted to win but losing was also an option. It was a game in which hundreds of thousands of people came to work in the morning to play with me." 1275: 72: 2021: 6019: 5986: 1198:"No single cause has done more than Khodorkovsky's to inspire Russian speakers everywhere", Gessen wrote in 2012. "Three of Russia's best-selling writers have published their correspondence with Khodorkovsky; composers have dedicated symphonies to him, a dozen artists attended his trial and put together an exhibition of courtroom drawings." Gessen noted that "a group of Soviet-born classical musicians traveled to Strasbourg to mount a concert in honor of Khodorkovsky." While Khodorkovsky was imprisoned, 1617:, the largest Russian oil company at the time, to prominent banks and financial institutions. The Swiss court argued that handing over the documents would endanger his chance for a fair trial. Khodorkovsky also has personal ties to Switzerland where his wife Inna and two of his children reside. Soon after his step to freedom, he applied for a Swiss visa, which would allow him to travel to most European countries. This visa was approved by Swiss authorities, and Khodorkovsky arrived in 1555: 253: 1303:: "He speaks with the authority of a chief executive of what was once Russia's largest oil company. He explains how Yukos and Russia's oil industry functioned, but he goes beyond business matters. What he is defending is not his long-lost business, but his human rights. The transformation of Mr. Khodorkovsky from a ruthless oligarch, operating in a virtually lawless climate, into a political prisoner and freedom fighter is one of the more intriguing tales in post-communist Russia." 1181:

play down the incident. In January 2009, the same prisoner filed a lawsuit for 500,000 rubles (about $ 15,000) against Khodorkovsky, accusing him of homosexual harassment. Kuchma said in an interview that he was compelled to attack Khodorkovsky by two officers, beaten and threatened with death to commit the attack. In 2011, Kuchma admitted that he had been told to attack Khodorkovsky "by unknown persons who had come to the prison colony and beaten and threatened him."

2081: 1664: 1001:(PACE) Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights published a report, which concluded, "the circumstances of the arrest and prosecution of leading Yukos executives suggest that the interest of the State's action in these cases goes beyond the mere pursuit of criminal justice, to include such elements as to weaken an outspoken political opponent, to intimidate other wealthy individuals and to regain control of strategic economic assets." 393:. In response to his first application, which concerned events from 2003 to 2005, the court found that several violations were committed by the Russian authorities in their treatment of Khodorkovsky. Despite these findings, the court ultimately ruled that the trial was not politically motivated, but rather "that the charges against him were grounded in 'reasonable suspicion'". He was considered to be a 750:

to run it. By some estimates, he was supporting half of all non-governmental organizations in Russia, by others, he was funding 80 percent of them. In 2003, Yukos pledged $ 100 million over 10 years to the Russian State Humanities University, the best liberal-arts school in the country—the first time a private company had contributed a significant amount of money to a Russian educational institution."

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key role can save us from the emergence, in the process of this turn to the left turn, from a new ultra-authoritarian regime. The new Russian authorities will have to address a left-wing agenda and meet an irrepressible demand by the people for justice. This will mean in the first instance the problems of legalizing privatization and restoring paternalistic programs and approaches in several areas."

2060:"It is the Singapore model, it is a term that people understand in Russia these days. It means that theoretically you have a free press, but in practice there is self-censorship. Theoretically you have courts, in practice the courts adopt decisions dictated from above. Theoretically there are civil rights enshrined in the constitution; in practice you are not able to exercise some of these rights." 532: 726: 489:. In 1986, he met an 18-year-old, Inna, a student at the Mendeleev Institute who was a colleague of Khodorkovsky's at the Komsomol organization. He courted her and slept in his car until she took him in. They had a daughter and twin sons. He and his first wife remained on good terms, and she would later take an active part in the campaign for his release from prison. 1389:

czar, whether he be kind or mean. Where the government will be accountable to the people and the courts will be accountable only to God and the law." He said, "I am not an ideal man, far from it. But I am a man of ideas. Like anyone, I have a hard time living in prison and I do not want to die here. But I will, if I need to, without a second thought."

717:, however, his bank went under and Yukos had serious problems owing to a drop in the price of oil. Realizing that "business could no longer be just a game" and that "capitalism could make people not only rich and happy but also poor and powerless", he "swore off his absolute faith in wealth just as he had sworn off his absolute faith in Communism." 886:, was also hit as some foreign investors questioned the stability of the Russian market. Media reaction in Moscow was almost universally negative in blanket coverage, some of the more enthusiastic pro-business press discussed the end of capitalism, while even the government-owned press criticised the "absurd" method of Khodorkovsky's arrest. 1535:, suggested reviving an old Soviet practice under which a maximum sentence for a person charged with different crimes should not exceed the sentence attached to the most serious charge: in Khodorkovsky's case, nine years. Since he has been in jail since October 2003, this would have meant releasing him in October 2012, which did not happen. 977:, was appointed by the former President Boris Yeltsin. He was not seen as particularly close to Putin, who had once tried to remove him. However, he was politically ambitious and prosecuting Russia's most prominent and successful tycoon was perceived as a boost to his political career and intended candidacy for the 1382:

Khodorkovsky's lawyer Karinna Moskalenko, "The position of the prosecutors is also self-contradictory. ... Khodorkovsky is now serving a sentence for tax evasion, and if they are asserting that he stole all the oil his company produced, what did he go to prison for the first time if there was nothing to be taxed?"

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In the second trial, the prosecutors asked the judge for a 14-year sentence, which was just one year less than the maximum. The judge, Danilkin, handed down the verdict on 30 December 2010 in which he upheld the prosecutors' statements. Taking into account the time already served, Khodorkovsky was to

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On 24 May 2011, Khodorkovsky's appeal hearing was held, and Judge Danilkin rejected the challenge. Following the rejection of the appeal, the human rights group Amnesty International declared Khodorkovsky and Lebedev as "prisoners of conscience", remarking in a statement that "Whatever the rights and

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The verdict was originally scheduled for 15 December, but was delayed without explanation until 27 December. Just a few days before the verdict was read by the judge before the court, Vladimir Putin made public comments with regard to his opinion of Khodorkovsky's guilt, saying "a thief should sit in

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and others should decide whether to join the broad social-democratic coalition or to remain grumpy and without relevance on the political sidelines. In my opinion, they have to join because only the broadest composition of a coalition in which liberal-socialist (social-democratic) views will play the

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after ExxonMobil and would have been the fourth largest in the world in terms of production, pumping 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m) of crude a day. The combination of the companies closed in October 2003, just prior to the arrest of Khodorkovsky, but through a series of questionable legal maneuvers,

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as one of its trustees. The Foundation's mission statement declared: "The motivation for the establishment of the Open Russia Foundation is the wish to foster enhanced openness, understanding and integration between the people of Russia and the rest of the world." The following year it had its United

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on business and the Soviet economic-crimes unit began harassing Nevzlin, who feared arrest under Soviet-era laws. He found the situation "terrifying", but when Khodorkovsky returned from Poland he said, "Let me go home, take a shower, get some sleep, and we'll talk about it tomorrow morning." Nevzlin

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The introduction of perestroika enabled Khodorkovsky to use his connections within the communist structures to gain a foothold in the developing free market. With the help of some powerful people, he started his business activities under the cover of Komsomol. Friendship with another Komsomol leader,

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Masha Gessen, writing in 2012, recalled meeting Khodorkovsky in 2002, "when he met with a group of young authors to try out what would become his stump speech as he traveled the country, urging the creation of a new kind of economy in Russia, one based on intellectual rather than mineral resources."

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in New York. In the latter speech he among other things lamented the fact that "a picture of the West as a sort of moral example for ourselves" had "in the past ten to twenty years become much, much more blurry." He also said at Freedom House that "Russia has been wasting time these past 10 years...

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to seize its assets and ordered it to repay Yukos shareholders a sum of roughly $ 50 billion. Roughly 30,000 former Yukos employees were to receive a large pension from the government. As of January 2015 the Russian government has not made any payments to Yukos shareholders or employees. On 20 April

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On appeal, Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev's sentences were reduced from 11 years to 10 years and 10 months meaning they could be released in August 2014 and May 2014, respectively. Khodorkovsky's appeal read: "In this case, the usual mantra that everything is legal and well-grounded just won't do."

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On 13 April 2006, Khodorkovsky was attacked by prison inmate Alexander Kuchma while he was asleep after a heated conversation. Kuchma cut Khodorkovsky's face with a knife and said that it was a response to sexual advances by the businessman. Western media accused the Russian authorities of trying to

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Nevzlin did just that and moved to Israel. Khodorkovsky remained in Russia. "In his value system, fleeing the country once Lebedev was in jail would have been immoral", Gessen wrote, "regardless of whether he could do anything to help his friend." Instead, Khodorkovsky began to give speeches arguing

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In addition to founding Open Russia, Khodorkovsky "funded Internet cafés in the provinces, to get people to talk to one another. He funded training sessions for journalists all over the country. He established a boarding school for disadvantaged children and pulled his own parents out of retirement

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When he came into possession of Yukos, a conglomerate consisting of over 20 firms, most of them were "in terrible condition", and he enjoyed the job of turning them into well-functioning units. According to Gellin, Khodorkovsky was "the most reticent among the oligarchs", choosing not to "buy yachts

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Khodorkovsky stated in a December 2014 interview that he was not violating his promise to Putin to avoid politics, but was only engaged in "civil society work... politics is in essence a battle to get yourself elected, personally. I'm not interested in this. But to the question, are you ready to go

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reported in December 2014 that Khodorkovsky had "promised Putin three things in a handwritten letter" in which he asked to be freed: "that he would leave Russia to spend time with his family, would stay away from politics, and would not attempt to win back his shares in Yukos ... or get involved in

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to establish an accounting system. Thanks partly to the rising oil prices, partly to modernized operations, and partly to its "new transparency", Yukos thrived. "By 2003, Khodorkovsky was the richest man in Russia, and potentially on his way to becoming the richest man in the world. In 2004, Forbes

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Many years later I talked with people and asked them, why didn't you start doing the same thing? Why didn't you go into it? Because any head of an institute had more possibilities than I had, by an order of magnitude. They explained that they had all gone through the period when the same system was

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But instead of following this path, he exploited "quasi-official and often extra-legal business opportunities" and began to make a business career for himself. With partners from Komsomol, and technically operating under its authority, Khodorkovsky opened his first business in 1986, a private café.

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in April 2012, "lies a basic difference in character. Putin rarely says what he means and even less frequently trusts that others are saying what they mean. Khodorkovsky, in contrast, seems to have always taken himself and others at face value—he has constructed his identity in accordance with his

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On 19 December 2013, president Vladimir Putin said he intended to pardon Khodorkovsky in the near future. He did so on the following day, stating that Khodorkovsky's mother was ill and Khodorkovsky had asked for clemency. Putin also felt that ten years in jail was still "a significant punishment".

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described as "Compared with the previous version, only stylistic inaccuracy has been improved, and some of the paragraphs have been swapped." Others pointed out that the new charges were impossible given that he was previously convicted on tax evasion of the same allegedly stolen oil. According to

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Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were both declared guilty and sentenced to nine years in penal colonies. The verdict of the trial, repeating the prosecutors' indictments almost verbatim, was 662 pages long. As is customary in Russian trials, the judges read the verdict aloud, beginning on 16 May 2005 and

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Khodorkovsky's longtime business partner, Platon Lebedev, was arrested on 2 July 2003, and they were put on trial together. A few weeks later, Yukos's security head Alexei Pichugin was arrested and became the subject of a separate prosecution. Leonid Nevzlin of Menatep reportedly suggested at this

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After his graduation in 1986, Khodorkovsky began to work full-time for the Komsomol, which was a typical way of entering upon a Soviet political career. "After several years of working mostly to collect Komsomol dues from fellow students", noted Gessen, "he could expect to be appointed to a junior

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stated that "The 50-year-old appeared composed at his first public appearance since his release, saying he shouldn't be viewed as a symbol that there are no more political prisoners in Russia. He added that he would do 'all I can do' to ensure the release of others." He again thanked Genscher, as

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Detention Facility in Moscow, where, according to Gessen, "living conditions are far more punishing than those in a distant penal colony." Yet, Gessen noted, he "declined to describe" in any detail the conditions under which he was imprisoned, "arguing that he is no different from other inmates."

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Germany began a petition campaign demanding that President Medvedev get an independent review of all criminal charges against Khodorkovsky, to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the European Convention on Human Rights. On 24 May 2011, Amnesty International criticized Lebedev and Khodorkovsky's

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told Gessen: "There was just no way to shake him, ever." Nevzlin described Khodorkovsky as a "data addict", a man with "an iron will," and "someone dependent on human stimulus for information and ideas." Although Khodorkovsky "has strong emotions," Nevzlin said, he is capable of turning them off.

1838:." During his U.S. trip, he said, "The question of Russian power won't be decided by democratic elections—forget about this. ... This is why, when we speak of strategic tasks, I speak of a constitutional conference that will redistribute power from the president" to other branches of government. 1545:

In December 2012, a Moscow court reduced Khodorkovsky's prison sentence by two years, so that he was due to be released in 2014. In the same court case Khodorkovsky's business partner Platon Lebedev had his prison sentence reduced by two years. The 2010 case would have had them released 13 years

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It was predicted that he might be released by the middle of 2011, although Khodorkovsky was found guilty on 27 December 2010 of fresh charges of embezzlement and money laundering, which had the potential of leading to a new sentence of up to 22.5 years. "The second as well as the first case were

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Khodorkovsky delivered his own summation at his second trial. He spoke of his countrymen's hopes "that Russia will finally become a land of freedom and the law, and the law will be more important than the bureaucrats", a country where "human rights will no longer be contingent on the whim of the

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then froze shares of Yukos shortly thereafter on tax charges. Putin's government took further actions against Yukos, leading to a collapse of the company's share price and the evaporation of much of Khodorkovsky's wealth. In May 2005, he was found guilty and sentenced to nine years in prison. In

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According to his official site, Khodorkovsky would have been eligible for early release, but an alleged conspiracy involving jail guards and a cellmate resulted in a statement that he had violated one of the prison rules. This was sufficient for him to forfeit his rights, once the statement was

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he still enjoys all electoral rights. Usually it takes around a year for an appeal to make its way through the Appeal Court, so there should have been enough time for Khodorkovsky to be elected. For a member of Russian parliament to be imprisoned, the parliament needs to vote to lift his or her

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It was during this period that Khodorkovsky acquired the Yukos oil company for about $ 300 million through a rigged auction. Khodorkovsky subsequently went on a campaign to raise investment funds abroad, borrowing hundreds of millions. When the 1998 financial crisis struck Russia, Khodorkovsky

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The first Khodorkovsky-Lebedev trial lasted 10 months. There were few defense witnesses, noted Gessen, "not only because the court turned down most of its motions but also because the prosecution's case seemed so flimsy." Also, it was perceived as risky to testify for the defense. "Ten people

518:, the State Bank of the USSR. Among the businesses in which Khodorkovsky "tried his hand" were "importing personal computers and, according to some sources, counterfeit alcohol." In addition, he "ventured into finance, devising ways to squeeze cash out of the Soviet planned-economy behemoth." 621:

He and his partners obtained a banking license, supposedly from money made from selling secondhand computers, to create Bank Menatep in 1989. As one of Russia's first privately owned banks, Menatep expanded quickly, by using most of the deposits raised to finance Khodorkovsky's import-export

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said Khodorkovsky's arrest "raised a number of concerns over the arbitrary use of the judicial system" and was likely to be very damaging to foreign investment in Russia, as it appeared there were "selective" prosecutions occurring against Yukos officials but not against others.

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allowed. And then, at best, people were unable to succeed in their career and, at worst, found themselves in jail. They were all sure that would be the case this time, and that is why they did not go into it. And I...I did not remember this! I was too young! And I went for it."

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In 2014, Khodorkovsky re-launched Open Russia to promote several reforms to Russian civil society, including free and fair elections, political education, protection of journalists and activists, endorsing the rule of law, and ensuring media independence. He was described by

1325:, Khodorkovsky argued that "Russia must make a historic choice. Either we turn back from the dead end toward which we have been heading in recent years – and we do it soon – or else we continue in this direction and Russia in its current form simply ceases to exist." 1153:

immunity. Thus he had a hope of avoiding prosecution. But the Court of Appeal, unusually, took only a couple of weeks to process Khodorkovsky's appeal, reducing his sentence by one year and invalidating any electoral plans on his part until the end of his sentence.

1168:. The labor camp is adjacent to a uranium mine, which it once served. Khodorkovsky was put to work in the colony's mitten factory. He slept in a barracks and often spent his days in a cold solitary cell in retribution for his supposed violating of various rules. 4366: 904:

A week after the arrest, the Prosecutor-General froze Khodorkovsky's shares in Yukos to prevent Khodorkovsky from selling his shares although he retained all the shares' voting rights and received dividends. In 2003, Khodorkovsky's shares in Yukos passed to

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expressed regret about his signature under this letter: "I have a feeling that I got into trouble then. In any case, there are insane acts that I am ashamed of ... If the interview with Radio Liberty is enough for my abdication, I am ready to say it now."

1236:'s victory in the US presidential elections is not simply the latest change of power in one individual country, albeit a superpower. We are standing on the threshold of a change in the paradigm of world development. The era whose foundations were laid by 753:

He also founded internet-training centres for teachers, a forum for the discussion by journalists of reform and democracy, and foundations which finance archaeological digs, cultural exchanges, summer camps for children and a boarding school for orphans.

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reported that Khodorkovsky, living in Zurich, was "plotting the downfall of the man who put him behind bars for a decade." The newspaper cited him as claiming that Russian intelligence services were monitoring his communications. In early 2015, he told

1879:. The attacks included anonymous posters and banners flown across Russian cities likening opposition figures to unsavoury characters from history or labeling them as traitors to Russia. It has yet to be determined who is behind the organization, and 1567:

in Sochi might have played a role in the granting of the pardon. His guards told him to pack his things and he was flown at once to St. Petersburg, where he was given "a parka and a passport" and, switching planes on the tarmac, put on a flight to

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In June 2009, the Council of Europe published a report which criticized the Russian government's handling of the Yukos case, entitled "Allegations of Politically Motivated Abuses of the Criminal Justice System in Council of Europe Member States":

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conveyor belt, which has undermined justice is truly the gravedigger of modern Russian statehood. Because it turns many thousands of the country's most active, sensible and independent citizens against this statehood – with enviable regularity."

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In 1992, Khodorkovsky was appointed chairman of the Investment Promotion Fund of the fuel and power industry. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Fuel and Energy of Russia in March 1993. In 1996, Menatep acquired a major Russian oil producer,

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Khodorkovsky became eligible for parole after having served half of his original sentence, however, in February 2007, state prosecutors began to prepare new charges of embezzlement, leading up to a second trial which began in March 2009.

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In May 2010, Khodorkovsky went on a two-day hunger-strike to protest what he said was a violation of the recent law against imprisonment of persons accused of financial crimes. The law was pushed by President Medvedev after the death of

657:, which stated in part: "It is time to stop living according to Lenin! ... Our guiding light is Profit, acquired in a strictly legal way. Our Lord is His Majesty, Money, for it is only He who can lead us to wealth as the norm in life." 1195:, who is ill and was held in jail and who was denied the medical treatment he needed. Aleksanyan was transferred from a pre-trial prison to an oncological hospital on 8 February 2008, after which Khodorkovsky called off his strike. 470:, or try to raise a contented conformist. They chose the second path, with results that far exceeded their expectations. Mikhail became a fervent Communist and Soviet patriot, a member of a species that had seemed all but extinct." 972:

Khodorkovsky was defended in court by an experienced team led by Yury Schmidt and including Karinna Moskalenko. The prosecutors claimed they were operating independently of the presidential administration. The Prosecutor-General,

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The charges against Khodorkovsky and his associates were that, in 1994, while chairman of Menatep, he "created an organized group of individuals with the intention of taking control of the shares in Russian companies during the

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said: "it does seem odd to me that these new charges, which appear to be a repackaging of the old charges, should be surfacing now, years after these two individuals have been in prison and as they become eligible for parole."

408:. At the end of 2013, his personal estate was believed to be worth, as a rough estimate, $ 100–250 million. At the end of 2014, he was said to be worth about $ 500 million. In 2015, he moved to London. In December 2016, the 6771: 648:

by Communist hard-liners", Gessen wrote, "he was on the barricades in front of Moscow's White House, helping to defend the government." Shortly thereafter, having lost his faith in Communism, he and his business associate

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On 31 August 2005, he announced that he would run for parliament. This initiative was made possible by the legal loophole: a convicted felon cannot vote or stand for a parliament, but if his case is lodged with the

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After being convicted for tax evasion, money-laundering, and embezzlement, Khodorkovsky maintained his innocence and said that his conviction was "retribution for financing political parties that opposed Putin".

1068:, never stopped defending Khodorkhovsky: "I think that any person becomes a political prisoner if the law is applied to him selectively, and this is an absolutely clear case. This is a glaringly lawless action." 622:

operations, which is a questionable practice in itself. Moreover, the government granted Bank Menatep the right to manage funds allocated for the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Khodorkovsky said:

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In February 2003, at a televised meeting at the Kremlin, Khodorkovsky argued with Putin about corruption. He implied that major government officials were accepting millions in bribes. In early 2012, prior to

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In prison, Khodorkovsky announced that he would research and write a PhD dissertation on the topic of Russian oil policy. The third part of Khodorkovsky's essay/thesis "Left Turn" with the subheading "Global

1188:. Khodorkovsky's supporters pointed out that the charges came just months before Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were to become eligible for parole, as well as a year before the next Russian presidential election. 4318: 2380: 3514: 6821: 4240: 591:. In addition to importing and reselling computers, the "scientific" center was involved in trading a wide range of other products. The opening of the center eventually made possible the founding of 5725: 1444:

wrongs of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev's first convictions there can no longer be any doubt that their second trial was deeply flawed and politically motivated." On 25 October 2013, the

1202:, the Estonian composer, wrote his Symphony no. 4, and dedicated it to him. The symphony had its premiere on 10 January 2009 in Los Angeles at the Walt Disney Concert Hall, under the direction of 350:, a reform-minded organization intending to "build and strengthen civil society" in the country. In October 2003, he was arrested by Russian authorities and charged with fraud. The government of 5863: 5281: 3105: 4008: 778:, comprising some of the most valuable assets of a state-owned oil company. In a controversial auction process, Berezovsky acquired 50% of the company at what most agree was a very low price. 588: 3963: 1872:

that he held no desire to run for the presidency, or had any political ambition, although he still held ambitions of social changes; he called his efforts "civic activity" and not politics.

5299: 1310:, arguing that "authoritarianism in its current Russian form does not meet many key humanitarian requirements customary for any country that wishes to consider itself modern and European." 6826: 2005:

as well as some 50 others, met in Berlin and signed a joint declaration "in which they declared their commitment to fundamental positions, the first of which is the criminal nature of the

606:, worked very closely with his Menatep helping Menatep to list its stock in the United States. Natasha Gurfinkel Kagalovskaya, who is married to a former senior executive at Bank Menatep 1306:

Khodorkovsky asserts his political transformation in many of his own writings from prison. On 26 October 2009, he published a response to Dmitri Medvedev's "Forward, Russia!" article in

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test, which indicated that she likely believes that Danilkin acted under pressure. Judge Danilkin responded that "the assertion by Natalya Vasilyeva was nothing more than slander".

1428:, said that the judge did not write the verdict, and had read it against his will. Essentially, Natalya Vasilyeva said the judge's verdict was "brought from the Moscow City Court". 5144: 3636: 6846: 5377: 4773: 1431:

In her statement she also noted that "everyone in the judicial community understands perfectly that this is a rigged case, a fixed trial". On 24 February Vasilyeva underwent a

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The arrest was preceded by the publication of an analytical report titled "An oligarchic coup is being prepared in Russia", prepared under the guidance of political strategist

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through deceit." This was with particular reference to supposedly "illegal actions" he had taken in the privatisation of the State-owned mining and fertiliser company Apatit.

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2016 the District Court of The Hague quashed the decisions of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, ruling that it had no jurisdiction as provisional application of the

447:. They were both opponents of communism, though they kept this from their son, who was born in 1963. Having experienced a rise in state anti-Semitism and the death of 4653: 3439: 220: 4993: 4309: 2052:" within Russia. Careful normally not to criticise the current leadership, he says the military and security services exercise too much authority. In 2010 he told 2384: 781:

When Berezovsky had a confrontation with Putin, and felt compelled to leave Russia for London (where he was granted asylum), he assigned his shares in Sibneft to

1934:

In November 2022 Khodorkovsky published on the internet, a book in both Russian and English languages entitled "HOW DO YOU SLAY A DRAGON? A Manual for Start-Up

3809: 766:, creating an oil company with reserves equal to those of Western petroleum multinationals. Khodorkovsky had been reported to be involved in negotiations with 4846: 6856: 6246: 3511: 102: 4250: 1071:

A cartoonist present at the trial created a cartoon series depicting the events. These cartoons compared Khodorkovsky's trial to the trial of Franz Kafka's

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Khodorkovsky received support from independent third parties who believed that he was a victim of a politicized judicial system. On 29 November 2004, the

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or "Mickey" Galitzine had previously headed the Eastern European business at the Bank of New York and travelled for the first time to Russia in 1990.

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Khodorkovsky's parents, Boris and Marina Khodorkovsky, were engineers at a factory making measuring instruments in Moscow. Khodorkovsky's father was

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three decades ago is ending. Unconditionally including myself in that part of society that has liberal views, I see: ahead – is a Turn to the Left."

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In August 2015, the Kremlin summoned Khodorkovsky's father for questioning. On 7 December 2015, Khodorkovsky received an official summons from the

4632: 4367:"25.10.2013 – Worldwide Reading in Solidarity with Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Platon Lebedev and all Political Prisoners in Russia – Worldwide Reading" 4155: 4005: 2836: 2124:

through to the very end: yes, I am. I see this as my civic duty." He said he was "offering myself as a crisis manager. Because that's what I am."

824:, Khodorkovsky's partner and the fourth largest shareholder in Yukos, was arrested on suspicion of illegally acquiring a stake in the state-owned 296:

activist, now residing in London. In 2003, Khodorkovsky was believed to be the wealthiest man in Russia, with a fortune estimated to be worth $ 15

5239: 2320: 2116:

On 20 December 2013, Putin signed a pardon freeing Khodorkovsky. Following his release, Khodorkovsky addressed the media at a news conference in

221: 4912: 5739: 5221: 4578: 1880: 1602:, for their roles in securing his release. On 24 December, Khodorkovsky was interviewed in his Berlin hotel room on the BBC television program 906: 882:. The Moscow stock market was closed for the first time ever for an hour to ensure stable trading as prices collapsed. Russia's currency, the 6161: 2576: 785:. Abramovich subsequently agreed to the merger. With 19.5 billion barrels (3 km) of oil and gas, the merged entity would have owned the 6213: 6024: 5823: 5639: 5317: 1043:, a Holocaust survivor and human rights activist, began a campaign to raise awareness of Khodorkovsky's trial and advocate for his release. 645: 4746: 3241: 1610: 1093:, a prison in Moscow. On 1 August 2005, a political essay written by Khodorkovsky in his prison cell, titled "Left Turn", was published in 6705: 5357: 4827: 4472: 3837: 3131: 404:

On being pardoned by Putin and released from prison at the end of 2013, Khodorkovsky immediately left Russia and was granted residency in

5475: 2009:." The Putin regime was "illegitimate and criminal", and stated that for this reason it "must be eliminated". The document was entitled " 870:), maintained close ties with journalists from various publications, and financed the annual Energy Prize and many educational programs. 6781: 4549: 964:"leave the country and try to bargain from a position of freedom. We should take our money out and start a new business and a new life." 6700: 5381: 3370: 2264: 926:

stated that she did not put her signature under this letter and condemned the very form of such an appeal. Another of the signatories,

6720: 6279: 4926: 4418: 3649: 2106: 1539: 713:

By 1998, Khodorkovsky had built an import-export business with an annual turnover of 80 million rubles (about US$ 10 million). In the

331:, in the mid-1990s, he accumulated considerable wealth by obtaining control of a number of Siberian oil fields unified under the name 212: 5536: 969:

that Russia must modernize socially and espouse an open and transparent economy, promoting technology over purely natural resources.

541: 5517: 5065: 4052: 3325: 3299: 2846: 2064:

Khodorkovsky promoted social programs through Yukos in regions where the company operated, one example being "New Civilization", in

1887: 1687:, Khodorkovsky made only a few public appearances until the revolution broke out in Ukraine. On 9 March 2014, Khodorkovsky spoke at 1633: 1471: 574: 4183: 1274: 985:

affiliated with Yukos, including two lawyers, had already been arrested. Nine more had evaded arrest only by fleeing the country."

5726:"Russian opposition convenes in Berlin, signs joint declaration of political goals. Navalny's Anti-Corruption Foundation abstains" 5452: 4980: 2895: 6154: 3570: 1005: 6680: 2482: 2406: 1907:. Also in May 2022, Khodorkovsky participated in the 8th "Russia Forum" in Vilnius, together with former Russian Prime Minister 6203: 5540: 5404: 4341: 4188: 3605: 2010: 1916: 1161: 931: 328: 6066: 1875:

In March 2015, Khodorkovsky, along with other opposition figures, was a subject of attacks by a shadowy organization known as

1089:

On 30 May 2005, Mikhail Khodorkovsky was sentenced to nine years in a medium security prison. At the time, he was detained at

6334: 6051: 1754: 1622: 775: 386: 6077: 4029: 3002: 2347: 4661: 3413: 3086: 2508: 1781:

movement, with a live teleconference broadcast featuring groups of civil society activists and pro-democracy opposition in

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convictions and his life in accordance with his identity. That is what landed him in prison and what has kept him there."

1893:

In September 2016, Khodorkovsky launched an "Instead of Putin" website where visitors can vote for alternatives to Putin.

1033: 714: 71: 29: 6695: 5797: 3490: 2764: 989:

finishing on 31 May. Khodorkovsky's lawyers alleged that it was read as slowly as possible to minimize public attention.

6811: 6650: 6274: 6239: 4953: 1904: 1813: 1766: 1709: 1582:

After gaining his freedom, Khodorkovsky released a written statement in which he thanked former German foreign minister

1448:

held a worldwide reading in solidarity with Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Platon Lebedev and all political prisoners in Russia.

1321: 786: 6690: 6685: 4983:

swissinfo.ch International Service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.

6796: 6289: 6218: 6198: 6072: 5711: 5039: 2020: 2006: 1648:, which claimed Khodorkovsky "spent much of his time in London", he said he was "definitely considering" applying for 832:

in 1994. The arrest was followed by purported investigations into taxation returns filed by Yukos, and a delay in the

301: 145: 5890: 4651:

An anti-Putin protest was being planned for the same day in Moscow, with 12,000 police and troops prepared for duty (

3700: 514:

Alexey Golubovich, had a significant impact on his growing success, since Golubovich's parents held top positions in

6140: 6135: 3391: 2120:, Germany. He referred to himself as a "political prisoner", and stated he would not re-enter business or politics. 6861: 6841: 6715: 4554: 3926: 3446: 1919:

and others. The aim of the "anti-Putin summit" was to develop a strategy on how to "deputise" Russia and "slay the

451:, the Khodorkovskys were part of a generation of well-educated Soviets who were silently supportive of dissidents. 4212: 4107: 2290: 1826:

stated that Khodorkovsky planned "to bring about a constitutional conference that would shift power away from the

1683:

Following his pardon and release from prison on 20 December 2013 at the same time as members of the protest group

1375:

Prosecutors filed new charges against Khodorkovsky, alleging that he stole 350 million tons of oil, charges which

6120: 2185: 2029: 1831: 1590: 6143:

English translation of the correspondence between Mikhail Khodorkovsky and the Russian writer Lyudmila Ulitskaya

5991: 5499: 1184:

On 5 February 2007, new charges of embezzlement and money laundering were brought against both Khodorkovsky and

545: 6379: 2696: 1108: 701:

For one week in 1994, he was the director of an online internet bank known as the European Union Bank based in

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Khodorkhovsky has been involved in various philanthropic endeavours since the beginning of the 21st century:

454:

The family were moderately well off, living in a two-room flat in a concrete block in the suburbs of Moscow.

6836: 6223: 6177: 5682: 5409: 4694: 3905: 3039: 2944: 2697:"Frontline/World - Moscow - Rich in Russia - Interview with Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Money, Power and Politics" 2189: 1532: 1501: 1494: 1157: 1052: 953: 610:, supervised the Bank of New York's Eastern European business beginning in 1992. She had been a banker with 340: 336: 6090: 6073:

Centre for Eastern Studies report: "The Yukos Affair: its Motives and Implications" (in Polish and English)

5378:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky on Open Russia and Building Civil Society | A Conversation With Mikhail Khodorkovsky" 3943: 774:

to sell one or the other of them a large stake in Yukos. Sibneft was created in 1995, at the suggestion of

6766: 6100: 2769: 2168: 2040:, urging citizens to give the mutineers gasoline and for their opponents not to fight against the mutiny. 1583: 1279: 734: 394: 371: 159: 5335: 1966: 807:

placed him 16th on its list of the world's wealthiest people, with a fortune estimated at $ 16 billion."

632:

defaulted on some of his foreign debt and took his Yukos shares offshore to protect them from creditors.

6374: 6136:

Complete text transcript and audio (Russian) of Khodorkovsky's Closing Statement at Khamovnichesky Court

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asserted in April 2010 that after six years in prison, Khodorkovsky had politically transformed from an

1047: 1024:

Statements of support for Khodorkovsky and criticism of the state's persecution have been passed by the

897: 859: 607: 398: 5194: 4901: 4441: 3981: 3470: 2887: 2669:"The Yukos affair: Baiting the bear: Russia is trying to impede enforcement of a massive damages award" 1701: 799: 4397: 3862: 1632:

On 23 December 2015, a Russian court issued an international arrest warrant for Khodorkovsky whom the

1554: 938:

misled her about the letter's content. As part of the same Radio Liberty project, on 4 February 2011,

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in July 2014, however Khodorkovsky was not a party to the legal action. In 2015, he moved to London.

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On 22 August 2008, he was denied parole by Judge Igor Faliliyev, at the Ingodinsky district court in

1425: 927: 482: 22: 5740:"Russia live updates: Putin accuses Wagner chief of 'mutiny' and vows mercenaries will face justice" 5302:[Russia: opponent Khodorkovsky launches a pro-European movement "Open Russia"] (in French). 5147:[Vladimir Putin's "magnanimous gesture" towards the Russian opposition]. France Télévisions. 3767: 1897: 6660: 6494: 6469: 5712:"Russian political opposition sign declaration in Europe against Putin's regime and war in Ukraine" 3735:[Former Vice-President of Yukos Aleksanyan transferred from jail to a specialized clinic]. 2988: 2430: 2135: 2037: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1733: 1721: 1694:

In March 2014, Khodorkovsky was presented with the "Man of the Year" award by the Polish newspaper

1613:

which ruled in 2008 against the release of documents to the Russian authorities, that tied him and

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lobbied for his release, Putin pardoned Khodorkovsky, releasing him from jail on 20 December 2013.

351: 257: 5158: 2597: 1962: 682: 6517: 6409: 6364: 6029: 5430: 4699: 4637: 4278:. Vol. 398, no. 8721. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 19–25 February 2011. p. 28. 3610:[Khodorkovsky "distributed" to the 8th detachment of the "uranium" colony] (in Russian). 3592: 2555: 2025: 1970: 1762: 1713: 1655:

In December 2016, a court unfroze $ 100m of Khodorkovsky's assets that had been held in Ireland.

1618: 1296: 1025: 844: 486: 378: 293: 4130: 3251: 5588: 4080: 2080: 1663: 6725: 6623: 6588: 6489: 6479: 6459: 6399: 6359: 6314: 6252: 6105: 5561: 5485: 4583: 4057: 3867: 2842: 2648: 1998: 1982: 1852:, a collection of sketches about his life in prison, was published in 2014. John Lloyd of the 1744: 1637: 1292: 1241: 1203: 1192: 1141: 444: 358:

December 2010, while he was still serving his sentence, Khodorkovsky and his business partner

289: 6085: 3705:[Mikhail Khodorkovsky went on a hunger strike in solidarity with Vasily Aleksanyan]. 3186: 1691:

in Kyiv, where he accused the Russian government of complicity in the killing of protesters.

473:

The young Khodorkovsky was ambitious and received excellent grades. He became deputy head of

6608: 6603: 6464: 6454: 6434: 6424: 6404: 6384: 6319: 6306: 6269: 6257: 5362: 4877: 4160: 3246: 2787: 2215: 2049: 1942: 1908: 1737: 1594: 1489: 1250: 1165: 1116: 974: 939: 782: 674: 599: 367: 280: 4426: 3922:

How The West Can Stop Putin, with Exiled Critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky | Intelligence Squared

3390:[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]. Assembly.coe.int. Archived from 3273:

Cultural figures against "unhealthy tendencies" in connection with the Yukos case, Grani.ru

485:

in 1986. While in college, Khodorkovsky married a fellow student, Yelena. They had a son,

6670: 6540: 6484: 6474: 6419: 6354: 6349: 6324: 6264: 6235: 6060: 6055: 5680:[At secret meetings, critics outline three scenarios for a Russia without Putin]. 4907: 4012: 3967: 3574: 3518: 3477: 3374: 3163: 2152: 2089: 2085: 1854: 1696: 1649: 1300: 1149: 1144:

and heart problems, and keeping him in the punishment cell would be equivalent to murder.

1065: 803: 742: 603: 6008: 3491:"Wiesel Kicks Off Campaign To Free Khodorkovsky – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 2010" 3329: 3303: 3272: 2096:"At the root of the conflict between Putin and Khodorkovsky", stated writer and activist 1621:, on 5 January 2014. Yukos shareholders were awarded $ 50 billion in compensation by the 1589:

On 22 December 2013, two days after his release, he appeared at a news conference at the

6018: 5985: 3367: 1542:

as president of Russia, President Medvedev ordered a review of Khodorkovsky's sentence.

311:

apparatus, during the Soviet years, and started several businesses during the period of

6816: 6583: 6573: 6439: 6344: 5997: 4290: 3737: 3284:

Figure skater Irina Rodnina said she did not sign a letter against Khodorkovsky in 2005

2949: 2900: 2891: 1954: 1950: 1798: 1586:, who had played a critical role in diplomatic negotiations, for securing his release. 1315: 1185: 1133: 1120: 878:

Initially news of Khodorkovsky's arrest had a significant effect on the share price of

821: 738: 650: 502:

The enterprise was made possible by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's programme of

359: 354: 261: 4872: 3733:Бывший вице-президент "ЮКОСа" Алексанян переведен из СИЗО в специализированную клинику 3567: 3283: 3061: 2617: 6745: 6710: 6675: 6644: 6568: 6449: 6414: 6339: 6229: 6002: 4245: 4217: 2673: 1978: 1958: 1946: 1935: 1912: 1809: 1805: 1786: 1725: 1705: 1599: 1521: 1517: 1287: 1237: 1129: 1061: 935: 923: 883: 867: 771: 641: 448: 422: 139: 3615: 6655: 6598: 6552: 6522: 6512: 6369: 6013: 5837: 4795: 4525: 3174: 3007: 2783: 2456: 2381:"Russian businessmen declared prisoners of conscience after convictions are upheld" 2241: 2149:

The Russian Conundrum: How the West Fell for Putin's Power Gambit—And How to Fix It

2097: 1994: 1920: 1863: 1794: 1641: 1579:

any court cases." However Khodorkovsky maintains that he had made no such promise.

1574: 1513: 1393: 1334:

about the "conveyor belt" of Russian justice. In this article, he states that the "

1233: 1111:, or the historical successors to these parties. The left-wing liberals, including 611: 592: 556: 459: 455: 363: 324: 106: 6044: 5066:"Russia reopens 1998 murder probe; Putin critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky is a suspect" 3214: 2922: 2876:

Russian Money-Laundering Investigation Finds a Familiar Swiss Banker in the Middle

1404:

On 14 January 2020, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia violated

1199: 1004:

In addition, Khodorkovsky has received admiration and support from members of the

552: 5678:"Kritiker entwerfen auf Geheimtreffen drei Szenarien für ein Russland ohne Putin" 5117: 5091: 3090: 2971: 1609:

After his release Khodorkovsky acknowledged the support he had received from the

412:

District Court unfroze $ 100m of Khodorkovsky's assets that had been held in the

377:

There was widespread concern internationally that the trials and sentencing were

219: 6730: 6444: 6389: 6192: 6096: 3702:Михаил Ходорковский объявил голодовку в знак солидарности с Василием Алексаняном 3674: 2551: 2204: 1986: 1974: 1782: 1778: 1525: 1484: 1351: 1347: 1219: 1040: 893:. Kukes, who became the CEO of Yukos, was already an experienced oil executive. 890: 503: 467: 463: 405: 390: 382: 347: 319: 167: 5977: 5300:"Russie: l'opposant Khodorkovski lance un mouvement pro-européen "Open Russia"" 3240:

Bell, Simon in Moscow; Kemeny, Lucinda and; Porter, Andrew (2 September 2003).

1927:, and not the president, should exercise power in Russia, Khodorkovsky said in 725: 6613: 6532: 5424: 4959: 4726:[Putin pardoned Khodorkovsky] (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 18 December 2013 3920: 3710: 2014: 1924: 1717: 1684: 1668: 1504:. The basis for this was in part because Khodorkovsky "refused to attend jail 1377: 1173: 889:

Yukos moved quickly to replace Khodorkovsky with a Russian-born U.S. citizen,

825: 767: 33: 5642:[Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Garry Kasparov declared "foreign agents"]. 4446:

Press Centre for Defence Attorneys of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev

4423:

Press Centre for Defence Attorneys of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev

4419:"Statements: 'I'm constantly reminded that I'm in jail until further notice'" 1191:

On 28 January 2008, Khodorkovsky began a hunger strike to help his associate

705:

after which it collapsed. Numerous banking regulators claimed it was a scam.

6536: 6329: 6101:"Unlikely Martyr: Mikhail Khodorkovsky as Noble Dissident in Putin's Russia" 5244: 4478: 3772: 3579: 2209: 1758: 1626: 1432: 1224: 1160:

YaG-14/10 (Исправительное учреждение общего режима ЯГ-14/10) in the town of

1095: 1073: 1029: 833: 458:

wrote that they faced a dilemma raising Mikhail: “Speak your mind about the

5774: 5614: 5040:"Russian court orders arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky over contract killing" 4501: 2426:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky 'not a political prisoner', Human Rights court rules" 2109:, Khodorkovsky and Putin were said to have both underestimated each other. 640:

Khodorkovsky also served as an economic adviser to the first government of

6146: 5894: 5640:"Михаила Ходорковского и Гарри Каспарова объявили "иностранными агентами"" 4721: 3003:"Mother of jailed Russian oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky calls for UK help" 1931:, adding that the end of Putin’s government “will not be long in coming”. 1900:, which seeks to map the network of people operating in support of Putin. 1524:

condemned or expressed concern over Khodorkovsky's extended sentence. The

790:

the former Sibneft shareholders were able to get the transaction negated.

6558: 6063:

Ivan Eland discusses the international fallout from Khodorkovsky's arrest

5662:[The 8th Vilnius Russian Forum is taking place] (in Lithuanian). 5285: 5160:

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

4657: 4081:"Obama Raises Concerns About Freedom and Judicial Independence in Russia" 3611: 2460: 1790: 1335: 1077:. As of August 2015, these cartoons are on display at the Dox Gallery of 1055:, and called for their release on the expiry of their initial sentences. 914: 507: 474: 313: 308: 5767:"Op-Ed: What do Julian Assange and Mikhail Khodorkovsky have in common?" 3132:"Khodorkovsky's gamble: from business to politics in the YUKOS conflict" 6563: 5972: 5566: 5480: 5284:[Mikhail Khodorkovsky Considers Becoming President of Russia]. 4310:"Khodorkovsky verdict was ordered from above, claims judge's assistant" 3814: 2483:"Russia's trial of oil magnate Khodorkovsky not political, court rules" 2323:[Statement by Khodorkovsky: Thanks to Hans-Dietrich Genscher]. 2065: 1928: 1747:

and received an award for his efforts to reform Russian civil society.

1676: 1456: 1452: 1355: 1112: 855: 763: 702: 515: 41: 4927:"Transcript of Mikhail Khodorkovsky's Open Press Conference in Berlin" 1903:

On 20 May 2022, Khodorkovsky was designated as 'foreign agent' by the

1099:, calling for a turn to a more socially responsible state. He stated: 6593: 6578: 6548: 6544: 5644: 4579:"U.S., Europe condemn Russia for tough Mikhail Khodorkovsky sentence" 3352:"Why Are Russian Verdicts So Long? They can take two weeks to read", 3287: 2348:"WikiLeaks: rule of law in Mikhail Khodorkovsky trial merely 'gloss'" 2117: 1569: 1505: 1171:

The second part of Khodorkovsky's essay "Left Turn" was published in

1078: 909:

under a deal that they had concluded prior to Khodorkovsky's arrest.

837: 829: 689: 409: 98: 5938:"EU Statement on the continued crackdown on civil society in Russia" 5562:"Exiled Russian Oligarch Launches Contest to Find Putin Alternative" 5318:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky Launches Movement to Challenge Vladimir Putin" 5145:"Le "geste magnanime" de Vladimir Poutine envers l'opposition russe" 2237:"Russian oligarch in London fatalistic about his safety from attack" 1177:

on 11 November 2005, in which he expressed social democratic views.

5864:"Khodorkovsky speaks out on plight of Russia's political prisoners" 5260:"Arbitration awards on multi-billion claims against Russia quashed" 5181:

Khodorkovsky Receives ‘Man of the Year’ Award from Gazeta Wyborcza

4241:"Broken Justice: how Khodorkovsky judge was pressured into verdict" 3351: 1808:, delivering the keynote address at a Washington, D.C., meeting of 6618: 6527: 5698:"Russia does not need a president, says Khodorkovsky in Lithuania" 5518:"Russia summons Kremlin foe Khodorkovsky's father for questioning" 4994:

Freed Russian Applies for Swiss Visa Allowing Travel in 26 Nations

4828:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky on life after prison and Russia after Putin" 4607:"William Hague expresses concern at Mikhail Khodorkovsky sentence" 2534:Сколько денег у Ходорковского: попытка оценки Читайте подробнее на 2079: 2019: 1662: 1614: 1553: 1474:

No.922 granting pardon to Mikhail Khodorkovsky on 20 December 2013

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As reported on 20 October 2005, Khodorkovsky was delivered to the

879: 762:

In April 2003, Khodorkovsky announced that Yukos would merge with

724: 667: 332: 251: 152: 6125: 5537:"Khodorkovsky 'Accused' In Case Tied To Siberian Mayor's Killing" 5282:"Mikhaïl Khodorkovski envisage de devenir président de la Russie" 4902:"Freed oil magnate Mikhail Khodorkovsky strikes magnanimous tone" 4156:"Khodorkovsky Was Denied Right to Fair Russian Trial, Court Says" 1743:

In May 2014, Khodorkovsky was praised by former Polish president

462:

and risk making your child miserable, with the constant need for

5321: 4449: 3533:"Russian Dissident Opens New Chapter in His Anti-Putin Movement" 3087:"Berezovsky locks horns with Abramovich, and, indirectly, Putin" 1672: 978: 843:

On the morning of 25 October 2003, Khodorkovsky was arrested at

440: 6772:

D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia alumni

6150: 5222:"Russia ordered to pay $ 50bn in damages to Yukos shareholders" 5010:"Hague court awards $ 50 bn compensation to Yukos shareholders" 4473:"In brief: Clark Rockefeller; Kashmir; Somalia; Karadzic; Iraq" 2407:"European Court Rules That Khodorkovsky's Rights Were Violated" 2143:

How Do You Slay A Dragon? A Manual for Start-Up Revolutionaries

733:

After the price of oil began to rise again, he established the

614:

since 1986 which was acquired by the Bank of New York in 1988.

323:

in the late 1980s. In 1989, he became Chairman of the Board of

5944:. The Permanent Delegation of Norway to the OSCE. 8 July 2021. 4184:"European Court Rules Russia's Khodorkovsky Denied Fair Trial" 4006:

Khodorkovsky: Conveyor Belt of Russian Justice Legalizes Abuse

3650:"Khodorkovsky's Cell Mate Names Names in 'Forced' 2006 Attack" 2700: 1869: 1645: 1531:

On 15 February 2011, Vyacheslav Lebedev, chairman of Russia's

1451:

In June 2011, Khodorkovsky was sent to prison colony No. 7 of

1424:

On 14 February 2011, Natalya Vasilyeva, an assistant to Judge

1058:

A two-hour documentary about his plight was released in 2011.

670:, which had debts exceeding $ 3.5 billion, for $ 309 million. 525: 5960: 5589:"Russian secret-spilling site 'Dossier' steps into spotlight" 5426:

Mikhail Khodorkovsky Addresses European Parliament 2 Dec 2014

4527:Ходорковский получил 13,5 лет лишения свободы по второму делу 3414:"KHODORKOVSKY IMPRISONMENT HIGHLIGHTED IN BRITISH PARLIAMENT" 1777:

On 20 September 2014, Khodorkovsky officially relaunched the

1644:, who was murdered in June 1998. Speaking on the same day on 498:

position in city management someplace far from the capital."

370:. Khodorkovsky's prison sentence was extended to 2014. After 6762:

Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Russia

3798:, Khodorkovsky Center, 7 November 2008 (English translation) 3770:[New Socialism: Left Turn – 3. Global Perestroika]. 3768:"Новый социализм: Левый поворот – 3. Глобальная perestroika" 2321:"Erklärung von Chodorkowski: Dank an Hans-Dietrich Genscher" 1253:

who died in pre-trial detention in a Moscow prison in 2009.

1209:

Khodorkovsky spent more than half of his prison time in the

5968: 5476:"Giant Banners in Moscow Serve As Warning To Putin Critics" 5184:

Khodorkovsky.com. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

5172:

Khodorkovsky.com. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

4271: 3961:

Khodorkovsky's Opinion Editorial in Vedomosti: Generation M

2896:"Money Laundering Inquiry Uncovers a Woman's Meteoric Rise" 1128:

On 19 August 2005, Khodorkovsky announced that he was on a

673:

In the 1990s, noted Gessen, "Khodorkovsky made millions in

589:

Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity of the Youth

6086:

Keith Gessen on Khodorkovsky in the London Review of Books

5092:"Russia Khodorkovsky: Court orders exiled tycoon's arrest" 2194:

and the organization European Choice ("европейский выбор")

1103:"The next Russian administration will have to include the 688:

Nevzlin told Gessen about a time when Khodorkovsky was in

389:, seeking redress for alleged violations by Russia of his 4745:

Heritage, Timothy; Anishchuk, Alexei (19 December 2013).

3607:Ходорковского "распределили" в 8 отряд "урановой" колонии 3038:. Munich: Hubert Burda Media. p. 156. Archived from 2457:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky case: European Court faults Russia" 2048:

Khodorkovsky is openly critical of what he refers to as "

934:, explained her signature as a misunderstanding and that 241: 5924:"Russia Labels Khodorkovsky-Linked Groups 'Undesirable'" 5824:"Khodorkovsky Sees 1917-Like Crisis Nearing Under Putin" 5700:. Lithuanian National Radio and Television. 27 May 2022. 4398:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky Sent to Penal Colony Near Finland" 3838:"Russian ex-tycoon Khodorkovsky threatens hunger strike" 3326:"Letter against Khodorkovsky: Buinov follows Volochkova" 479:

D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia

126:

Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology

6141:

Dialogues – Lyudmila Ulitskaya and Mikhail Khodorkovsky

5240:"Russia misses deadline for $ 50 billion Yukos payment" 4503:Ходорковского и Лебедева приговорили к 14 годам колонии 3707:

Press Center of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev

2578:

Rapperswil-Jona verliert seinen bekanntesten Einwohner.

2509:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky granted residency in Switzerland" 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 5405:"Putin Foe Mikhail Khodorkovsky Aims to Remake Russia" 3551:"'Rule By Madmen': The Khodorkovsky Trial in Cartoons" 2598:

Mikhail Khodorkovsky recovers $ 100m frozen in Ireland

2036:

On 24 June 2023, Khodorkovsky wrote in support of the

1817:

Now is when we must begin to make up this lost time."

1700:. Khodorkovsky also delivered keynote speeches at the 1328:

On 3 March 2010, Khodorkovsky published an article in

1008:

who have noted the decline of human rights in Russia.

284:; born 26 June 1963), sometimes known by his initials 6822:

European Court of Human Rights cases involving Russia

5324:

Convergence. Agence France-Presse. 20 September 2014.

2600:

7 December 2016 by: Vincent Boland and Neil Buckley,

1528:

said it brought Russia's legal system into question.

5838:"Russia frees Khodorkovsky after Putin signs pardon" 4796:"Khodorkovsky arrives in Germany after Putin pardon" 4747:"Russia's jailed tycoon Khodorkovsky to be pardoned" 3175:Утро.ру: В России готовится олигархический переворот 2536:

by Леонид Бершидский,23 December 2013, Forbes Russia

1563:

Some opposition leaders suggested that the upcoming

1414:

Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights

1140:

of the jail. According to Khodorkovsky, Lebedev had

477:(the Communist Youth League) at his university, the 385:. Khodorkovsky lodged several applications with the 6636: 6503: 6305: 6298: 6184: 5804:. US: American Institute for Public Policy Research 5118:"Russian ex-tycoon Khodorkovsky may seek UK asylum" 4845:Martin, Michelle; Kelly, Lidia (26 December 2013). 4695:"Putin Says Tycoon Could Be Freed From Prison Soon" 3300:"Anastasia Volochkova goes to Mikhail Khodorkovsky" 1915:, the head of the US-government funded broadcaster 236: 198: 177: 131: 121: 113: 81: 53: 16:

Russian businessman and former oligarch (born 1963)

4900: 4873:"Khodorkovsky Will Work to Free Political Inmates" 4471: 4308: 4131:"Vladimir Putin Defends Central Control in Russia" 3944:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky's case: The Trial, part two" 3904: 3810:"Russia's Khodorkovsky ends two-day hunger strike" 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2643:. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. 2289:Seth Mydans; Erin E. Arvedlund (26 October 2003). 1750:Khodorkovsky's mother died in the summer of 2014. 381:. The trial was criticized abroad for the lack of 6645:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia 5358:"Khodorkovsky Declares Sudden Political Comeback" 2822:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia 2315: 2313: 2311: 1392:During a visit to Moscow in July 2009, President 6827:Plekhanov Russian University of Economics alumni 5992:Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Center 5926:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 June 2021. 5453:"Kremlin critic: Not all Russians support Putin" 4847:"Inside Germany's campaign to free Khodorkovsky" 4053:"Russia seeks 14-year sentence for Khodorkovsky" 4028:. Kommersant Moscow. 1 July 2008. Archived from 3388:"Assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l'Europe" 1016:"The Yukos affair epitomises this authoritarian 787:second-largest oil and gas reserves in the world 587:In 1987, Khodorkovsky and his partners opened a 430:Early years and entrepreneurship in Soviet Union 335:, one of the major companies to emerge from the 4999:. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013. 4633:"Medvedev Orders Review of Tycoon's Conviction" 4079:Baker, Peter; Levy, Clifford J. (5 July 2009). 3493:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 June 2010 1841:On 2 December 2014, Khodorkovsky addressed the 5500:"Giant poster taunts Russian opposition radio" 4413: 4411: 4317:. London. Associated Press. 15 February 2011. 4291:"Natalia Vasilyeva Has Gone Through Polygraph" 2451: 2449: 2013:", and published in the form of a petition on 1497:, 4,000 miles (6,400 km) east of Moscow. 362:were further charged with and found guilty of 337:privatization of state assets during the 1990s 6162: 4770:"Freed Russian oligarch has left for Germany" 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 3863:"Russian court cuts Khodorkovsky's jail term" 3595:, CNN, 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2008. 3187:"Arrested oil tycoon passed shares to banker" 1905:Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation 1493:from a remand prison in the Siberian city of 1358:so long as Mr Khodorkovsky remains in jail." 8: 6847:Russian businesspeople in the United Kingdom 5866:. Euronews. 22 December 2013. Archived from 3980:Khodorkovsky, Mikhail B. (29 January 2010). 3796:"A Turn to the Left – 3: Global Perestroika" 2824:. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 100–126. 2637:"50,000 March in Moscow Against Putin's War" 2024:Khodorkovsky speaking at a Russian rally on 1896:In November 2017, Khodorkovsky launched the 1132:in protest against his friend and associate 866:(although they refused to allocate money to 802:to reform Yukos's management structure, and 426:as "the Kremlin's leading critic-in-exile". 5336:"Open Russia Announces Second Online Forum" 2989:"A vision for Russia", www.khodorkovsky.com 2265:"List of Billionaires Swells From 17 to 25" 2084:President Putin with Khodorkovsky (right), 930:, on 2 February 2011, in an interview with 918:newspaper published as an advertisement a " 481:, from which he graduated with a degree in 6792:Russian businesspeople in the oil industry 6777:Recipients of Russian presidential pardons 6302: 6209:Economic history of the Russian Federation 6169: 6155: 6147: 6017: 5984: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5351: 5349: 4550:"Obama, Clinton blast Khodorkovsky ruling" 4530:(in Russian). NEWSru.com. 30 December 2010 3753:"Khodorkovsky Calls Off the Hunger Strike" 3512:Amnesty International document (in German) 3242:"Rothschild is the new power behind Yukos" 3106:"A New Twist in Russia's Yukos Oil Affair" 2938: 2936: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2635:Kara-Murza, Vladimir (26 September 2014). 2546: 2544: 2542: 1804:In October 2014, Khodorkovsky visited the 1593:in Berlin. Reporting on his comments, the 1439:Appeal and Amnesty International statement 555:. Please do not remove this message until 70: 50: 6867:People listed in Russia as foreign agents 6852:Political prisoners according to Memorial 5195:"KHODORKOVSKY RECEIVES LECH WALESA AWARD" 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 3766:Khodorkovsky, Mikhail (7 November 2008). 3032:"FOCUS: Mikhail Khodorkovsky's Orphanage" 3030:Reitschuster, Boris (15 September 2008). 2593: 2591: 2571: 2569: 2011:Declaration of Russia’s Democratic Forces 1774:arbitration clause violated Russian law. 1598:well as the media, and German chancellor 1105:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 864:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 575:Learn how and when to remove this message 6069:with Marshall I. Goldman on Khodorkovsky 5664:Lithuanian National Radio and Television 5660:"Vyksta 8-asis Vilniaus Rusijos forumas" 5356:Nechepurenko, Ivan (21 September 2014). 4981:Khodorkovsky grateful for Swiss advocacy 4955:BBC HARDtalk Mikhail Khodorkovsky 241213 4654:"Moscow girds for post-election protest" 4506:(in Russian). Lenta.ru. 30 December 2010 4272:"The Khodorkovsky Case: Another verdict" 3639:, Khodorkovsky Center, 11 November 2005. 2835:Kotz, David Michael; Weir, Fred (2007). 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 1858:called it "vivid, humane and poignant". 1546:after the day of their arrests in 2003. 1446:Berlin International Literature Festival 999:Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly 653:wrote a "capitalist manifesto" entitled 551:Relevant discussion may be found on the 6832:Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom 5765:Werbowski, Michael (11 December 2010). 5714:. Yahoo. Ukrayinska Pravda. 1 May 2023. 4768:Nataliya, Vailyeva (20 December 2013). 4100:"Court verdict on Khodorkovsky delayed" 3890: 3888: 3886: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2612: 2610: 2383:. Amnesty International. Archived from 2227: 960:moment that he and Khodorkovsky should 6091:Foreign Policy article on second trial 6067:Council on Foreign Relations Interview 4915:from the original on 10 December 2022. 4693:Myers, Steven Lee (19 December 2013). 4289:Sadovskaya, Julia (25 February 2011). 4098:Belton, Catherine (15 December 2010). 3897:"Lunch with FT: Mikhail Khodorkovsky3" 2923:"Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos" 2646: 5433:from the original on 12 December 2021 4605:Oliphant, Roland (30 December 2010). 4026:"Style Improved in Khodorkovsky Case" 2773:, April 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012. 1538:On 5 March 2012, the day after Putin 1228:on 7 November 2008. In it he stated: 279: 7: 4952:Gafarov, Anatol (28 December 2013). 4211:Chelisheva, Vera (15 January 2020). 4051:Loiko, Sergei L. (23 October 2010). 3104:Arvedlund, Erin E. (16 April 2004). 1941:On 30 April 2023 Khodorkovsky and a 1636:charged with ordering the murder of 1512:be released in 2017. U.S. President 1036:, among many other official bodies. 602:, which was closely associated with 288:, is an exiled Russian businessman, 6857:Defenders of the White House (1991) 5143:Brusini, Hervé (23 December 2013). 4871:Jordans, Frank (22 December 2013). 4440:Lebedev, Platon (11 October 2008). 4215:[No justice, no politics]. 2943:Remnick, David (20 December 2010). 2291:"Police in Russia Seize Oil Tycoon" 2263:Maternovsky, Denis (1 March 2004). 2235:Gentleman, Amelia (20 March 2018). 1652:in the UK and felt safe in London. 1558:Khodorkovsky in 2013, after release 1313:In a 28 January 2010, op-ed for the 6721:Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center 6280:1996 Russian presidential election 4899:Buckley, Neil (22 December 2013). 4826:Walker, Shaun (26 December 2014). 4772:. Associated Press. Archived from 4631:Schwirtz, Michael (5 March 2012). 4396:Kramer, Andrew E. (20 June 2011). 3895:Buckley, Neil (19 December 2014). 3215:"Russian tycoon 'names successor'" 811:Criminal charges and incarceration 746:States launch in Washington, D.C. 14: 6787:Prisoners and detainees of Russia 6027:collected news and commentary at 6011:collected news and commentary at 6000:collected news and commentary at 5403:Whalen, Jeanna (3 October 2014). 5220:Rankin, Jennifer (28 July 2014). 4577:Zaks, Dmitry (31 December 2010). 4442:"Khodorkovsky Regressive Counter" 4129:Barry, Ellen (16 December 2010). 3675:"New fraud charges in Yukos case" 3011:. London: Guardian News and Media 3001:Harding, Luke (1 November 2009). 2346:Parfitt, Tom (27 December 2010). 2107:the Russian presidential election 1820:A 3 October 2014, article in the 1634:Investigative Committee of Russia 6802:Russian people of Jewish descent 6214:History of Russia (1991–present) 6126:Khodorkovsky Related Legal Cases 5535:Schrek, Carl (8 December 2015). 5474:Kaufman, Sarah (23 March 2015). 5380:. 6 October 2014. Archived from 4933:. MBK IP Limited. 6 January 2014 4321:from the original on 14 May 2022 4213:"Ни справедливости, ни политики" 3919:Interview Mikhail Khodorkovsky, 3808:Humphries, Conor (19 May 2010). 3555:Radio Free Europe: Radio Liberty 2076:Relationship with Vladimir Putin 1911:, the head of the US-think tank 1883:are concerned over the attacks. 1520:, and British Foreign Secretary 1487:", he said in an interview with 530: 300:billion, and was ranked 16th on 281:[mʲɪxɐˈilxədɐrˈkofskʲɪj] 217: 185: 6807:Russian prisoners and detainees 6706:Russia–United Kingdom relations 6204:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 6131:Michael Khodorkovsky Statements 5942:OSCE Permanent Council No. 1323 5541:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5262:. Rechtspraak.nl. 20 April 2016 4189:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3982:"A Time and a Place for Russia" 3593:Khodorkovsky to stand for Dumas 3531:Baker, Peter (2 October 2014). 2411:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 1923:", meaning Vladimir Putin. The 1888:Russian Investigative Committee 1550:Upon release from prison (2013) 1354:or about modernisation will be 329:dissolution of the Soviet Union 307:. He had worked his way up the 269:Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky 6701:Russia–United States relations 4342:"Khodorkovsky appeal rejected" 3741:(in Russian). 8 February 2008. 3089:. NovayaGazeta. Archived from 2424:O'Flynn, Kevin (31 May 2011). 1755:Permanent Court of Arbitration 874:Reactions in Russia and abroad 721:Early philanthropic activities 697:European Union Bank in Antigua 387:European Court of Human Rights 346:In 2001, Khodorkovsky founded 327:, which he founded. After the 1: 6285:1998 Russian financial crisis 4723:Путин помиловал Ходорковского 4425:. 18 May 2008. Archived from 4340:Elder, Miriam (24 May 2011). 3933:/ Oct 2022, minutes 41:22–ff. 2327:(in German). 20 December 2013 1280:political prisoners in Russia 1034:U.S. House of Representatives 836:commission's approval of its 616:Vladimir Kirillovich Golitsyn 273:Михаил Борисович Ходорковский 30:Eastern Slavic naming customs 6726:Killing of Vladimir Petukhov 6651:List of Russian billionaires 6275:Petroleum industry in Russia 5826:. Bloomberg. 3 October 2014. 4798:. BBC News. 20 December 2013 3709:(in Russian). Archived from 3141:. London School of Economics 2991:. Retrieved 13 January 2014. 1814:Council on Foreign Relations 1710:Council on Foreign Relations 1455:, in the northern region of 1322:International Herald Tribune 213:Mikhail Khodorkovsky's voice 202:Pavel, Anastasia, Ilya, Gleb 6681:Azerbaijan–Russia relations 6290:Russia under Vladimir Putin 6219:Presidency of Boris Yeltsin 6199:Economy of the Soviet Union 5891:"How Do You Slay a Dragon?" 5796:Aron, Leon (October 2003). 3368:Supporters around the World 2186:Future of Russia Foundation 2007:Russian war against Ukraine 1812:and giving a speech at the 1623:Permanent Arbitration Court 1282:, Moscow on 27 October 2013 794:2003: Richest man in Russia 737:, in 2001. It was based at 557:conditions to do so are met 6883: 6782:Businesspeople from Moscow 6716:Genesis Philanthropy Group 6121:Khodorkovsky Legal Updates 5965:– official Russian website 5648:(in Russian). 20 May 2022. 4992:Nick Cumming-Bruce (2013). 4683:20 December 2012 BBC News 4555:United Press International 3836:Weir, Fred (18 May 2010). 2841:. Routledge. p. 116. 947:The first trial, 2004–2005 28:In this name that follows 27: 20: 5686:(in German). 27 May 2022. 3842:Christian Science Monitor 2653:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2030:Embassy of Russia, Berlin 1667:Khodorkovsky speaking at 1591:Checkpoint Charlie Museum 1459:near the Finnish border. 1051:second trial, named them 493:First business activities 272: 206: 146:Deputy Minister of Energy 69: 60: 6696:Russia–Ukraine relations 6380:Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor 6054:20 December 2013 at the 6049:online, 28 December 2010 4722: 4526: 4502: 4482:. London. 23 August 2008 3732: 3701: 3606: 3573:23 December 2007 at the 3517:13 November 2010 at the 3358:. Retrieved 6 June 2008. 1270:Political transformation 435:Early life and education 61: 21:Not to be confused with 6691:Israel–Russia relations 6686:Cyprus–Russia relations 6224:Loans for shares scheme 6178:Privatization in Russia 6081:article on Khodorkovsky 6079:New York Times Magazine 6045:Guilty of Being Right, 5889:Khodorkovsky, Mikhail. 5410:The Wall Street Journal 4011:11 October 2010 at the 2820:Hoffman, David (2002). 2174:Khodorkovsky Foundation 1502:Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai 1362:Second trial, 2009–2010 1053:prisoners of conscience 5961:Mikhail Khodorkovsky's 5504:Observers.France24.com 3966:7 January 2010 at the 2585:vom 11. Dezember 2014. 2190:Future of Russia Trust 2169:Open Russia Foundation 2093: 2062: 2033: 1680: 1584:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1559: 1475: 1283: 1246: 1126: 1022: 966: 800:McKinsey & Company 735:Open Russia Foundation 730: 655:The Man with the Ruble 629: 395:prisoner of conscience 372:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 265: 256:Khodorkovsky with the 184:Yelena Dobrovolskaya ( 151:Chairman & CEO of 6375:Konstantin Kagalovsky 6061:Independent Institute 5728:. Meduza. 1 May 2023. 4371:worldwide-reading.com 4297:(in Russian). Moscow. 4015:– Khodorkovsky Center 3970:, Khodorkovsky Center 3480:– Khodorkovsky Center 3476:21 April 2010 at the 3377:– Khodorkovsky Center 2641:World Affairs Journal 2083: 2058: 2023: 1943:large group of exiles 1772:Energy Charter Treaty 1666: 1659:Life in exile (2013–) 1557: 1470: 1346:opined, "any talk by 1277: 1230: 1101: 1048:Amnesty International 1014: 962: 954:privatisation process 912:On 28 June 2005, the 898:U.S. State Department 860:Union of Right Forces 728: 624: 608:Konstantin Kagalovsky 443:, and his mother was 399:Amnesty International 379:politically motivated 264:, on 20 December 2002 255: 163:Columnist (2011–2014) 6752:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 6666:Liberalism in Russia 6430:Mikhael Mirilashvili 6395:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 6025:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 6009:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 5998:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 5978:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 5969:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 5619:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 5615:"The Dossier Center" 5441:– via YouTube. 5306:. 21 September 2014. 5288:. 20 September 2014. 4970:– via YouTube. 4032:on 30 September 2011 3931:Intelligence Squared 3909:on 10 December 2022. 3192:The Washington Times 3093:on 20 November 2015. 2786:(25 February 2010). 2765:"The Wrath of Putin" 2088:(behind center) and 2003:Anastasia Shevchenko 1848:Khodorkovsky's book 1730:World Economic Forum 1689:Maidan Nezalezhnosti 1565:2014 Winter Olympics 1516:, German Chancellor 1479:logged in his file. 1420:Judicial controversy 1278:Rally in support of 1136:'s placement in the 928:Anastasia Volochkova 820:In early July 2003, 729:Khodorkovsky in 2001 483:chemical engineering 339:(a scheme known as " 305:list of billionaires 227:Recorded 22 May 2014 76:Khodorkovsky in 2023 55:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 23:Michael Khodarkovsky 6812:Former billionaires 6661:Ukrainian oligarchs 6495:Vladimir Vinogradov 6470:Alexander Smolensky 5870:on 22 December 2019 5777:on 14 December 2010 5429:. 5 December 2014. 4776:on 20 December 2013 4611:The Daily Telegraph 3755:. 11 February 2008. 3373:23 May 2010 at the 3306:on 3 September 2011 3139:LSE Research Online 3130:Woodruff, David M. 3042:on 21 November 2009 2888:O'Brien, Timothy L. 2794:. LRB. pp. 3–7 2515:. UK. 30 March 2014 2431:The Daily Telegraph 2178:its subsidiary the 2136:My Fellow Prisoners 2038:Wagner Group mutiny 1967:Ivan Preobrazhensky 1850:My Fellow Prisoners 1843:European Parliament 1823:Wall Street Journal 1734:Stanford University 1708:Awards Dinner, the 1611:Swiss Federal Court 1472:Presidential Decree 1331:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 1263:My Fellow Prisoners 1222:" was published in 1211:Matrosskaya Tishina 1091:Matrosskaya Tishina 1018:abuse of the system 993:Independent support 920:letter of the fifty 852:Stanislav Belkovsky 845:Novosibirsk airport 798:Khodorkovsky hired 758:Merger with Sibneft 544:of this section is 414:Republic of Ireland 258:president of Russia 191:Inna Khodorkovskaya 63:Михаил Ходорковский 6797:Russian dissidents 6410:Iskander Makhmudov 6365:Mikhail Gutseriyev 6247:Goskomimushchestvo 6030:The New York Times 5897:on 9 November 2022 5844:. 20 December 2013 5802:AEI Outlook Series 5798:"The YUKOS Affair" 5342:. 22 October 2014. 5304:France Télévisions 5248:. 16 January 2015. 5124:. 23 December 2015 5098:. 23 December 2015 5046:. 23 December 2015 4997:The New York Times 4962:on 20 October 2014 4700:The New York Times 4638:The New York Times 4558:. 27 December 2010 4452:on 10 October 2008 4402:The New York Times 4135:The New York Times 4085:The New York Times 3986:The New York Times 3654:theotherrussia.org 3618:on 20 October 2009 3537:The New York Times 3254:on 29 October 2014 3110:The New York Times 2894:(23 August 1999). 2554:(5 January 2015). 2387:on 13 October 2011 2180:Oxford Russia Fund 2094: 2092:(centre), May 2001 2034: 2026:Noon Against Putin 1971:Evgeny Chichvarkin 1945:, among whom were 1881:opposition figures 1861:In December 2014, 1828:Russian presidency 1763:Russian government 1714:Oslo Freedom Forum 1681: 1619:Basel, Switzerland 1560: 1540:won his third term 1476: 1297:political prisoner 1284: 1046:In November 2010, 1026:Italian Parliament 731: 715:1998 Russian crash 445:Orthodox Christian 266: 6862:Russian oligarchs 6842:Russian YouTubers 6739: 6738: 6632: 6631: 6624:Access Industries 6589:Novolipetsk Steel 6490:Viktor Vekselberg 6480:Gennady Timchenko 6460:Mikhail Prokhorov 6400:Alexander Knaster 6360:Vladimir Gusinsky 6315:Alexander Abramov 6253:Banking in Russia 5384:on 1 January 2016 5169:Khodorkovsky.com. 5070:Los Angeles Times 4584:The Vancouver Sun 4192:. 14 January 2020 4164:. 14 January 2020 4058:Los Angeles Times 3681:. 5 February 2007 3452:on 3 October 2009 3440:"edoc12038_visad" 3195:. 2 November 2003 2788:"Cell Block Four" 2583:Die Südostschweiz 2489:. UK. 31 May 2011 2184:the London-based 2050:managed democracy 1999:Evgenia Chirikova 1983:Andrei Illarionov 1917:Radio Free Europe 1702:Le Monde Festival 1638:Vladimir Petukhov 1260:He wrote a book, 1242:Margaret Thatcher 1204:Esa-Pekka Salonen 1193:Vasily Aleksanyan 1142:diabetes mellitus 1115:, and right-wing 681:or villas on the 661:Yukos acquisition 598:Employees of the 585: 584: 577: 250: 249: 222: 6874: 6604:Rossiysky Kredit 6465:Arkady Rotenberg 6455:Vladimir Potanin 6435:Vadim Moshkovich 6425:Leonid Mikhelson 6405:Alexey Kuzmichev 6385:Suleyman Kerimov 6335:Boris Berezovsky 6320:Roman Abramovich 6303: 6270:Energy in Russia 6258:Semibankirschina 6240:Finance Minister 6171: 6164: 6157: 6148: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6021: 5988: 5964: 5963: 5946: 5945: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5893:. Archived from 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5773:. Archived from 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5524:. 5 August 2015. 5514: 5508: 5507: 5506:. 13 March 2015. 5496: 5490: 5489: 5488:on 23 July 2015. 5484:. Archived from 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5363:The Moscow Times 5353: 5344: 5343: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5016:. Archived from 5006: 5000: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4958:. Archived from 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4878:Associated Press 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4823: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4660:. Archived from 4649: 4647: 4645: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4448:. Archived from 4437: 4431: 4430: 4429:on 21 July 2011. 4415: 4406: 4405: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4377:on 19 April 2016 4373:. Archived from 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4249:. Archived from 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4161:The Moscow Times 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4106:. Archived from 4095: 4089: 4088: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4016: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3950:. 22 April 2010. 3940: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3903:. Archived from 3892: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614:. Archived from 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3583:, 1 August 2005. 3565: 3559: 3558: 3557:. 6 August 2015. 3547: 3541: 3540: 3528: 3522: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3487: 3481: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3445:. Archived from 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3365: 3359: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3328:. Archived from 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3302:. Archived from 3296: 3290: 3281: 3275: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3250:. Archived from 3247:The Sunday Times 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3183: 3177: 3172: 3166: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3136: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2780: 2774: 2761: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2644: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2614: 2605: 2595: 2586: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2556:"Remote Control" 2548: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2317: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2269:The Moscow Times 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2232: 2216:Semibankirschina 2028:in front of the 1909:Mikhail Kasyanov 1767:bankrupted Yukos 1738:Atlantic Council 1650:political asylum 1595:Associated Press 1490:The Sunday Times 1251:Sergei Magnitsky 1166:Zabaykalsky Krai 1109:Motherland Party 975:Vladimir Ustinov 940:Alexander Buinov 907:Jacob Rothschild 783:Roman Abramovich 776:Boris Berezovsky 675:currency trading 646:failed 1991 coup 600:Bank of New York 580: 573: 569: 566: 560: 534: 533: 526: 368:money laundering 341:Loans for Shares 299: 283: 278: 274: 246: 243: 224: 223: 187: 95: 91: 89: 74: 64: 51: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6671:Crime in Russia 6628: 6541:X5 Retail Group 6505: 6499: 6485:Alisher Usmanov 6475:Eugene Shvidler 6420:Alexander Mamut 6355:Arcadi Gaydamak 6350:Mikhail Fridman 6325:Vagit Alekperov 6294: 6265:Media in Russia 6236:Anatoly Chubais 6180: 6175: 6111: 6109: 6099:(31 May 2011). 6095: 6056:Wayback Machine 5959: 5958: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5771:Digital Journal 5764: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5623: 5621: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5020:on 30 July 2014 5008: 5007: 5003: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4908:Financial Times 4898: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4825: 4824: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4667: 4665: 4664:on 5 March 2012 4652: 4650: 4643: 4641: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4315:The Independent 4307: 4306: 4302: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4258: 4253:on 3 June 2011. 4239: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4104:Financial Times 4097: 4096: 4092: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4013:Wayback Machine 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3968:Wayback Machine 3959: 3955: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3901:Financial Times 3894: 3893: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3871:. 6 August 2013 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3637:"Left Turn – 2" 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3575:Wayback Machine 3566: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3519:Wayback Machine 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3478:Wayback Machine 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3420:. 15 March 2013 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3375:Wayback Machine 3366: 3362: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3332:on 1 March 2012 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3164:Wayback Machine 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2892:Bonner, Raymond 2886: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2818: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2763:Gessen, Masha, 2762: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2677:. 15 April 2016 2667: 2666: 2662: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2602:Financial Times 2596: 2589: 2575:Pascal Büsser: 2574: 2567: 2550: 2549: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2379: 2378: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2201: 2162: 2153:Martin Sixsmith 2130: 2090:Mikhail Fridman 2086:Sergei Pugachev 2078: 2046: 2032:, 17 March 2024 1991:Elena Lukyanova 1936:Revolutionaries 1855:Financial Times 1830:and toward the 1697:Gazeta Wyborcza 1661: 1640:, the mayor of 1552: 1465: 1441: 1426:Viktor Danilkin 1422: 1369: 1364: 1342:In conclusion, 1301:freedom fighter 1272: 1150:Court of Appeal 1138:punishment cell 1087: 1066:Andrei Sakharov 1064:, the widow of 995: 949: 876: 818: 813: 804:Pricewaterhouse 796: 760: 743:Henry Kissinger 741:in London with 723: 711: 699: 663: 638: 636:Yeltsin adviser 604:Bruce Rappaport 581: 570: 564: 561: 550: 535: 531: 524: 495: 437: 432: 297: 276: 240: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 225: 218: 215: 194: 173: 122:Alma mater 109: 96: 93: 87: 85: 77: 65: 62: 56: 49: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6837:Russian exiles 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6744: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6584:Surgutneftegas 6581: 6576: 6574:Norilsk Nickel 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6440:Leonid Nevzlin 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6345:Oleg Deripaska 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6250: 6243: 6233: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6022: 6006: 5995: 5989: 5975: 5966: 5954: 5953:External links 5951: 5948: 5947: 5929: 5908: 5881: 5855: 5829: 5815: 5788: 5757: 5746:. 24 June 2023 5731: 5717: 5703: 5689: 5669: 5666:. 27 May 2022. 5651: 5631: 5606: 5595:. 31 July 2018 5580: 5553: 5527: 5509: 5491: 5466: 5444: 5416: 5395: 5369: 5345: 5327: 5309: 5291: 5273: 5251: 5231: 5212: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5135: 5109: 5083: 5072:. 30 June 2015 5057: 5031: 5001: 4985: 4973: 4944: 4918: 4891: 4863: 4837: 4809: 4787: 4760: 4737: 4713: 4685: 4676: 4623: 4597: 4569: 4541: 4517: 4493: 4463: 4432: 4407: 4388: 4358: 4332: 4300: 4281: 4256: 4232: 4203: 4175: 4147: 4121: 4090: 4071: 4043: 4017: 3998: 3972: 3953: 3935: 3912: 3882: 3854: 3828: 3800: 3788: 3758: 3744: 3738:Echo of Moscow 3724: 3713:on 13 May 2009 3692: 3666: 3641: 3629: 3597: 3585: 3560: 3542: 3523: 3504: 3482: 3471:Global Leaders 3463: 3431: 3405: 3394:on 6 June 2011 3379: 3360: 3356:, 16 May 2006. 3354:Slate Magazine 3343: 3317: 3291: 3276: 3265: 3232: 3221:. 14 July 2003 3206: 3178: 3167: 3152: 3122: 3096: 3078: 3062:"Philanthropy" 3053: 3022: 2993: 2981: 2963: 2950:The New Yorker 2932: 2929:. 31 May 2005. 2914: 2901:New York Times 2879: 2861: 2847: 2827: 2805: 2775: 2713: 2688: 2660: 2627: 2606: 2587: 2565: 2560:The New Yorker 2538: 2526: 2500: 2474: 2445: 2416: 2413:. 31 May 2011. 2398: 2365: 2338: 2307: 2295:New York Times 2281: 2255: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2145: 2139: 2129: 2126: 2077: 2074: 2045: 2042: 1955:Garry Kasparov 1951:Ilya Ponomarev 1898:Dossier Center 1799:European model 1753:In July 2014, 1679:, 9 March 2014 1660: 1657: 1551: 1548: 1464: 1461: 1440: 1437: 1421: 1418: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1316:New York Times 1271: 1268: 1186:Platon Lebedev 1134:Platon Lebedev 1086: 1083: 1039:In June 2010, 994: 991: 948: 945: 875: 872: 840:with Sibneft. 822:Platon Lebedev 817: 814: 812: 809: 795: 792: 759: 756: 739:Somerset House 722: 719: 710: 707: 698: 695: 662: 659: 651:Leonid Nevzlin 644:. "During the 637: 634: 583: 582: 538: 536: 529: 523: 520: 494: 491: 436: 433: 431: 428: 360:Platon Lebedev 355:Vladimir Putin 262:Vladimir Putin 248: 247: 238: 234: 233: 226: 216: 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 189: 181: 179: 175: 174: 172: 171: 164: 156: 149: 143: 135: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 97: 83: 79: 78: 75: 67: 66: 58: 57: 54: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6879: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Living people 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711:Genesis Prize 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:Russian mafia 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6642: 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