943:, headed from 1953 by Victor Cheresteșiu and his deputy Aurel Roman. He was himself supported by a number of young researchers whom he had promoted and sent to study in the Soviet Union. He focused keenly on introducing ideology into higher education and party control over universities, and his general duties included supervision over science as a whole, not only history. His functions and execution of party orders meant that Roller essentially controlled all the historiography produced between 1948 and 1955. His words indicated the limits within which historians could practice their craft. In the view of historian Liviu Pleșa, Roller's activities sought to "uproot traditional values from the Romanian mindset" and replace them with the new regime's propagandistic themes.
1613:
Roller's death did not result in a thorough change to the historiographical ideas he had put forth. Class struggle and dialectical materialism continued to be taught in schools. While history writing did alter after 1960, with less emphasis placed on the "greatness" of the Soviet Union and on criticizing the West, and greater attention paid to previously neglected historical figures, this was due not so much to Roller's disappearance from the scene as to
Romania's changed international position and gradual alienation from the Soviets. The role of guiding communist historiography fell on Marxists from the professional field, primarily Oțetea.
1259:. For the first, documents casting Russia in an unfavorable light were removed, while for the second, documents not advancing the regime's desire to show the "savage repression of the bourgeois-landowning governments" were not published. Other collections were similarly doctored. For his work on the volume dealing with the peasants' revolt, Roller was again awarded the State Prize, first class, in 1951. Pleșa does give credit to Roller for ordering publication of documents from the country's medieval period, previously missing from print nearly in their entirety, and of an index to the
857:), he also headed the Section for History, Philosophy, Economics and Law from 1949 to 1955. Roller believed the academy should shift from its former position of "a feudal caste, a closed circle, isolated from the masses and the people's needs" into "a living and active factor in the development of our science and culture". Moreover, he exhorted members, regardless of their specialty, to apply Marxist-Leninist teaching on society and its development, proletarian revolutions, the building of socialism and the victory of communism.
44:
1409:. He shifted the emphasis from Roman Dacia to pre- and post-Roman periods, reflecting Marx' and Engels' view of the Roman Empire as supremely exploitative. He also adapted Stalin's remarks on the "unscientific position of old bourgeois historians" whose study of Russia reportedly began with Kievan Rus' and ignored what came before. In a Romanian context, this meant reversing the "denial of the development of human society prior to
1020:("The History of the R P R"), it appeared between 1947 and 1956 and was used until the 1961–1962 school year. Appearing very quickly ("in record time", according to Stoian), it was not written from scratch by Roller and his collaborators, but rather used documents from the PCR's period of illegality, especially the theses adopted by the fifth party congress held near Moscow in 1931. These criticized the 1859 union, the
1552:, the PMR Institute collection of recordings was in focus. A number of the "illegalists", especially those who did not receive the posts they expected after 1944, began to question whether Gheorghiu-Dej had played the leading role he claimed for himself during the strike, as well as criticizing the country's direction. The latter hastily called a plenary session of the central committee for 9–13 June, where a group of
1461:
1524:, and later some of Roller's former collaborators, including Vasile Maciu, Victor Cheresteșiu and Barbu Câmpina. In early 1956, Oțetea, Daicoviciu and Câmpina sent Gheorghiu-Dej a document accusing Roller and close collaborators of plagiarism and unscientific scholarship. One effect of the moves against Roller was the 1955 firing of Aurel Roman as editor of
1358:
intellectuals", including those who had rushed to the new regime's side. Already in 1947, students were encouraged to form
Marxist "cells", verifying the dogmatic purity of history lessons, and holding the teachers accountable. In one instance, Roller explained that, as long as the old teaching staff could include a "war criminal" such as
717:, Roller, using his Soviet ideological training to his advantage, could join the party's propaganda structures. In 1945 he became deputy head of science and education at the central committee's Agitprop directorate, led by Leonte Răutu, remaining in that post until 1955. The team comprising Roller, Răutu, Chișinevschi, Toma,
1564:. Officially, they were sanctioned for criticizing the leadership and its work methods as well as for attempting to organize a conference where party activity would be discussed. The underlying motive for the purge was their criticism of the party's stifling atmosphere and of the personality cult surrounding Gheorghiu-Dej.
872:). When Săvulescu suggested that Academy publications should go uncensored, Roller intervened and reimposed "control", noting: "I am here to supervise and cut out those bits that catch my eye." Even the more traditionalist members of the communist academic establishment were irritated by Roller's interventions. Scholar
1440:, he was berating for issuing field reports that were purely technical rather than ideologically shaded, concluding that "they do not seek to shed light, using scientific concepts, on the problems of the ancient history of the Romanian People's Republic". Condurachi was singled out for not using his report to attack
1632:—, to publish works critical of the Zhdanov Doctrine. Although these mentioned Roller by name, Răutu was entirely exempt. Iordan calls Roller the "evil genie" of the Romanian Academy, and makes him responsible for the more "fanatical" decisions—such as granting posthumous Academy membership to the Marxist poet
1661:. Writing in 1999, Mihai Stoian described it as anomalous that, in the process of restoring membership to those deposed by the regime, the Academy had not also posthumously stripped Roller of his title. He calls Roller "a red specter", haunting "the bookcases dusted by lies and servitude." Senior historian
1547:
recordings. Reputedly, Roller's experiment in oral history had unwittingly managed to embarrass the communist leader: it presented
Gheorghiu-Dej as more the secondary figure than the "illegalist" leader fashioned in official documents. In the spring of 1958, as the party celebrated 25 years since the
1665:
reflected back on the communist period, coining the popular (but, according to
Cristian Vasile, melodramatic) image of Roller as "the gravedigger of authentic Romanian culture". At that stage, some authors described Roller's influence as criminal, and declared him an anti-Romanian by conviction. The
1592:
some time during the "unmasking" sessions. He died without heirs. He had married Sara
Zighelboim, whose brothers Avram and Ștrul were communist activists during the 1930s. She was originally from Bessarabia, and had returned there in 1940, shortly before Roller himself. Their daughter Sonela died in
1451:
Roller instructed that "we must mercilessly unmask the enemies of science and the lackeys of the former bourgeois-landowning regime". Nevertheless, archaeology did become a more ordered field, in contrast to the individual and sporadic efforts that came before. A team of specialists would excavate a
1058:
The textbook's political ideas became historiographic theses and quickly turned into requirements for all the official history writing of the period. Class struggle was presented as the driving force of history, with social conflicts taken out of context and exaggerated in importance. A special case
884:
Reviewing the impact of such directives, Lucian Boia calls Roller "the little dictator" of
Romanian historiography, unchallenged after the "earthquake" of 1948 had invented a Romanian Marxist tradition. From 1948 to 1955, Roller was professor as well as chairman of the Romanian History department at
852:
subsequent to the purge of a large number of members. Roller was part of a wave of new academicians; as noted by various authors, most of these were of peripheral importance in their fields, but were staunch adherents of communism and ready to act as ideological enforcers. Elected the
Academy's Vice
1030:
earned its author the
Romanian State Prize for 1949, while Agitprop presented it as a huge success. Its claims (instantly sold-out editions, millions of copies in circulation) were in fact irrelevant, as there was no actual competition in the field. The only history textbook allowed in schools, it
580:
was still found by the police to contain "extremist" passages, and only being purchased by persons "suspected of communism". Once they found that it had not been approved by the state censorship apparatus, it was banned and all copies on sale ordered confiscated. A note from that
October indicates
1571:
presented the party leadership a report recommending that the entire leadership of the PMR Institute save the director be removed. At the same time as the plenary, a joint meeting of
Romanian and Soviet historians took place at which Oțetea sharply criticized Roller for the unprofessionalism with
1488:
and industrialization were slowed down, certain political prisoners were freed, and the new climate had its effect on the cultural realm as well. Among the prisoners released were intellectuals who were gradually brought back into universities and research institutes. In 1955, a party science and
1241:
Criticism from Romanian and especially Soviet historians, acting on instructions from the Kremlin, found the text insufficiently Marxist-Leninist. In 1950, one Soviet took issue with the way the Transylvanian School was presented, considering that its Latinist orientation made it a "vassal of the
1612:
recorded in his diary on 22 June that Roller had "done much harm to Romanian culture." Kirileanu accentuated the Jewish component of Roller's identity, referring to him as a "rabbi's son", and arguing that, through him, "Jews impose their point on view on the evolution of Romanian spirituality."
1493:
and meant to counteract the grip on culture held by the Răutu–Roller Agitprop section. Gheorghiu-Dej spoke out against the "monopoly and dictate of Roller", especially on history but also on culture in general, and blamed the two for the crisis in the field and the party's poor relationship with
534:
Roller, who also supervised the creation of workers' antifascist sections in Bucharest in September 1934, is mentioned as one of the PCdR and PSU activists who signed a formal protest against "the numerous abusive and illegal acts perpetrated by the organs of repression". In May–October 1935, he
1341:
was the pre-communist historiography, which he accused of falsifying the role of the working class and of the masses more broadly. He reiterated that pre-communist historians served the "bourgeois-landowning" regimes dominated by "foreign imperialists", who wished the Romanian people to remain
367:
causes. The date of his affiliation with the banned Romanian Communist Party (PCdR), later Workers' Party (PMR), remains disputed. The formerly communist writer Mihai Stoian gives 1926, noting that it coincided with a strike action in Buhuși. Other sources suggest that he only joined in 1931.
1357:
Roller also saw enemies among the ranks of older teachers he believed blocked the "cultural revolution", and promoted "re-education of the teaching staff". He sought to imbue the educational system with a class character and make it serve the interests of workers, peasants and "progressive
990:, Răutu and Roller sought to replace the "bourgeois-reactionary" and "anti-Romanian" old historiography with dialectical materialism; the latter warned that failure to write a new history "would have left in the hands of the class enemy an ideological weapon against the working class".
966:("cosmopolitan" and "serving imperialist capitalists"); and minimization of the role played by historic Romanian figures. Described by traditionalist historians as Romania's war of national unity, World War I was treated by Roller and other Marxist-Leninists as an "imperialist war".
986:, the decisions of the PMR's central committee and the writings and speeches of Gheorghiu-Dej. In the early years of the regime, scholars often imbued their work with an ideological tint by quoting Stalin or, to a lesser degree, Lenin. Taking their cue from a 1946 speech by
981:
The official view of Romanian history that these ideas represented was developed by Agitprop activists and the PMR's own History Institute, later becoming dogma when approved by party plenaries and congresses. Authoritative texts included the writings of Stalin, the
1678:
was working against the Romanians. Despite such widespread condemnation of his theories, Roller's terminology was not entirely expunged from later Romanian research works. As noted in 1998 by archaeologist Petre Diaconu, the "meaningless and pernicious" concept of
634:, the Romanian American newspaper. He finally checked himself out of hospital and resumed clandestine work against his colleagues' advice. He returned to campaigning among the workers of the Green Sector, and was also appointed co-editor of an illegal newspaper,
1221:
were due to the Soviets, while punitive ones originated with the imperialists. According to Stoian, the political history sections was largely reliant on fabricated and backdated documents, and justified the PCdR/PMR repression of its enemies, including the
372:
writes that Roller, like other communist men of his generation, could not have been a card-carrying member at that stage, since that would have formed material proof of conspiratorial activity. More likely, Roller was inducted through a verbal statement.
1263:
collection that had become virtually unusable. Although professional historians worked on these projects, he also notes that Roller did not consent to have the documents published in their original form, especially due to the exigencies of working at a
954:. The other ideas emphasized included the condemnation of other foreigners, particularly Westerners, starting with Ancient Rome—the French, Italian and American libraries were shut down, their patrons arrested; condemnation of the formerly dominant
1342:
ignorant of their history so they could more easily be exploited. The rise of Roller coincided with a concerted effort by the new regime to wipe away traces of previous writers, so that works by historians including Giurescu, Victor Papacostea and
1366:. He continued to have a plenary take on education, and insisted that music should form part of schooling. Unintentionally, his position on the subject allowed educators and students to evade politicization for at least part of the school week.
1532:), so that articles started to appear without Roller's approval. In 1955, he also lost his position at the Agitprop section and was transferred to become deputy director of the PMR History Institute, wielding more power than the titular head,
310:, Roller carried out communist assignments in the field of culture. Under Răutu, he helped draft the official history textbook, monopolizing the historical narrative for over a decade. Turning the focus away from nationality and on
1452:
site thoroughly, and the regime lavished funds on such studies. Emphasis was laid on finding traces of Slavic settlement, so that this people could be shown to have had an important role in the development of Romanian society.
897:("1848, the Revolutionary Year"). That historical period was to be the main focus of his articles and exposes, well into the 1950s. Roller was also a "historical reviewer" for a propaganda film retelling the 1848 events, with
1413:" by previous historians. He also emphasized Gheorghiu-Dej's position that Romanian territory had for over a millennium been robbed by Romans and barbarians, just as it had been by French, British or German imperialists.
616:, would drain one of the buckets himself and fill the other. Roller himself claimed to have spent 1938–1940 mostly in specialized hospitals, "completely inactive". His only works in agitprop were occasional articles in
1271:
He helped plan the Romanian-Russian Museum in Bucharest and the Maxim Gorky Institute of Higher Education, devoted to training teachers of Russian language and literature. The magazine of which he was editor-in-chief,
790:, through a Marxist lens. Other such texts helped enshrine the myth of "illegalists" (clandestine communists of the 1930s and '40s) as freedom fighters. Also then, Frunză notes, Roller took part in the semi-compulsory
325:
by the party leadership members, probably because he had unwittingly exposed their secondary roles in early communist history. Roller died in mysterious circumstances, which do not exclude the possibility of suicide.
868:. As he reported to Soviet diplomat Golichenkov, the reshuffling could ensure that Roller was "no longer alone among old reactionaries" such as Săvulescu (although he still approved induction for the latter's wife,
1196:"), the democratic regime and its institutions. The interwar chapter was headlined "The Increase in Romania's Enslavement to American, English and French Imperialism", with "only words of scorn" reserved for the
1254:
At Roller's initiative, a vast number of historic documents were published. However, these were carefully selected to conform to the party's vision, particularly in volumes on the War of Independence and on the
752:
also arms us with the basic principles of scientific historical research." Roller went on to state that the capitalist historians had turned history into an occult science, since "it was in the interest of
2804:
1208:
and incarcerating them seemed just. The events near the end of World War II were depicted as follows: the King Michael Coup was a "liberation by the Soviet Army" defending the country from imperialists;
1203:
In this way, the class struggle and especially repression against the upper classes were legitimized: if the latter had stood against the masses for centuries, then taking away their properties through
515:
in March–April 1934 and July 1934–May 1935. He was again arrested in 1934 and 1938, although never sentenced due to lack of evidence. According to PCdR documents, between his arrests Roller negotiated
402:
in 1928, working on their publications. According to his autobiographical notes, he also served as leader of the Romanian Communist Group in France. Professionally, he qualified as a road and highway
1024:, the constitutional government, democratic reforms, the monarchy, parliamentarism, the activity of the historic parties' leaders and foreign policy, with all these criticisms entering the textbook.
1188:
were detailed and blown out of proportion, so that the 1917–1948 period was viewed mainly through the lens of PCdR history. Official history was laicized by greatly de-emphasizing the role of the
585:, to be financed by the party. As Roller reports, the work was published, albeit "massacred by censorship", then taken out of circulation entirely. The same year, he issued another concise tract,
825:
By the summer of 1947, Roller's other party work involved exercising direct communist control over a left-wing student movement (the Democratic University Front) and instigating a purge of the "
2752:
1658:
1518:
1616:
Tismăneanu and historian Cristian Vasile note that Roller's downfall was a sacrificial offering by Leonte Răutu, who survived the "unmasking" period and was still a culture boss under the
920:(who reputedly eclipsed them both). That year, Roller rose to head the Agitprop section's education committee. This body was charged with writing school textbooks for use throughout the
1192:. Recent history presented in a negative light the political parties, the monarchy (according to Roller, "the most reactionary exemplar of its political class and the greatest owner of
463:, later noted that Roller was already designated the PCdR historian, and promised an official post in the event of a communist takeover. Such historiographic ambitions prompt historian
1444:, the previous head excavator at Histria, who as an exile in the West was "a sellout to Anglo-American imperialism". Roller's ideas on class struggle in Roman Dacia imposed the term "
909:
1572:
which he published documents and announced they would be republished. The Soviets did not defend Roller, which the latter interpreted as a loss of support from his former allies.
647:
576:, to whom a chapter was dedicated. As Roller himself explained, the brochure was meant to test the limits of Romanian censorship, and was part of his work for the MOPR.
678:. Drawn into the PCdR group in Moscow, Roller continued working under Pauker, who had also joined the Romanian exile community. He also attended the History faculty of
3195:
1075:
being justified by their centuries of misdeeds. The Soviet Union was lavished with praise, the contributions of Slavs in Romanian history being highlighted, from the
535:
served as chief ideological instructor for the communist party. He was them moved to another position, serving as the party secretary for the Lower Danube committee (
3250:
3205:
2351:
1935:
Vasile G. Ionescu, "Activitatea desfășurată în România pentru făurirea Frontului Unic Muncitoresc ca bază a unui larg front patriotic antifascist (1933—1936)", in
1448:" into the archaeological nomenclature. The name implicitly distinguished between Dacians in Roman territory, who were "unfree", and those roaming further east.
3200:
3160:
1035:
as "the vastest work of political mystification of Romania's past", making Roller "a symbol of the effort to adapt the Romanian past to the imperatives of the
1004:
of Romanian history, appeared in 1947, in one edition for advanced pupils and another for younger ones. It portrayed the country's history through the lens of
733:. According to Tismăneanu, Roller had become a "scribe" of Romanian communism, one of several "fanatics" and "dilettantes" pushed up through PCdR promotions.
3235:
1642:("The Encyclopedia of Romanian Historiography"). It has an entry on Roller, which does not feature any negative commentary, while Răutu is entirely absent.
572:. Police mentioned that it was already being sold in bookstores and by distributors of PCdR publications, and believed it was partly financed by the city's
1161:
only benefited the bourgeoisie by expanding the market for their products, and favored their class only, rather than the masses and the nation as a whole.
757:
abroad, and of the exploiting classes within, that the history of the people and its struggles become public." This process, he proposed, was reversible.
1047:
overturned the logic of previous historiographic discourse, from the "national idea" to "the internationalist spirit". Stoian additionally suggests that
744:("Pages Ignored from the History of Modern Romania"). It announced that the communist effort to reinterpret history had gained momentum: "The outlook of
1172:
in 1918 was viewed, as regards the absorption of Bessarabia, as an "imperialist intervention against the socialist revolution in Russia". Likewise, the
275:
communist activist, historian and propagandist, who held a rigid ideological control over Romanian historiography and culture in the early years of the
939:
As a means of solidifying his control over Romanian historiography, Roller promoted his supporters at the academy's history institutes, especially the
427:
As later noted by researcher Victor Frunză, the PCdR's clandestine nature and inner struggles make it impossible to know for sure who was in charge of
3230:
3135:
3245:
3225:
1238:
against his pro-Soviet colleagues and had been executed for it, was retrospectively defined as a "traitor" and "carrier of the bourgeois ideology".
1556:
was "unmasked". The group was entirely composed of members who had belonged to the party when it was banned and included prominent figures such as
1397:, until his release was ultimately obtained. Other historians, after their release from prison, also asked Roller for help to start working again.
3255:
3038:
1280:("Studies"), first appeared in 1948. This was quarterly until 1955, then bimonthly until 1974, when it became monthly and its name was changed to
833:'s modernist sculptures, thus depriving the Romanian state of a major art collection. He also made a controversial contribution to the field of
318:. In advancing such theses, Roller censored out historical events, and, in one instance, recounted events that never took place in real life.
3110:
3096:
3078:
2956:
2406:
3175:
1150:
2827:"Devictimizarea evreului: cauzalități imaginare și modele explicative în discursul antisemit de după al doilea război mondial (1945–1950)"
1103:—was fundamental in shaping the lives of early Romanians. Classical Western values were attacked, more violently in later editions as the
690:. Reputedly, he stopped paying his PCdR membership fee, which may indicate that he was busy with party work, and prepared for a career in
1071:, none of which actually occurred. Historic figures were relegated to the exploitative classes, the suppression of these classes by the
886:
675:
659:
975:
3155:
3150:
1839:
1465:
1181:
1173:
905:
3260:
3064:
3025:
2943:
2316:
2198:
1584:
addresses, but later noted that the suicide story was "unconfirmed". According to at least two accounts, Roller had also suffered a
760:
However, political propaganda was still Roller's main task at that early a stage; for instance, he authored a series of articles in
1256:
1580:
Roller died on 21 June 1958, and Pleșa believes he most likely committed suicide. Tismăneanu initially credited that rumor in his
1076:
946:
The Roller directives are infamous for emphasizing the supposed grandeur of the Soviet Union under Stalin, but also for praising
524:
381:
3240:
3140:
2602:
Ioan Scurtu, "'Politica: (...) culegi mai multă nedreptate decât răsplată'. Rolul politic al Brătienilor în istoria României",
1072:
834:
786:, he outlined his suggestions about changing the chronology of Romanian history, and reinterpreted seminal events, such as the
1231:
714:
3190:
3011:
2983:
936:, Lenin and Stalin), while Russian-language education began in 4th grade and continued through the third year of university.
773:
352:
3210:
3083:
Vitalie Văratic, Laurențiu Constantiniu, Ilie Schipor, Vladimir Ivanovici Korotaev, Vladimir Nikolaevici Kuzelenkov (eds.),
1633:
1125:
was renamed the "Latinist School", its leaders accused of hiding Slavic and Russian influence on Romanians and of promoting
1184:
of 1917; the paleolithic became "wild man" and the neolithic, "barbarism". Communist strikes and demonstrations during the
1617:
1130:
1118:
819:
600:
during 1937 and 1938, Roller served for just three days as head of the Romanian branch. In 1938, he spent a brief term at
565:
403:
276:
101:
2348:
1649:
toppled communism. Some of the first monographs dealing with Roller's career and its impact on Romania were published by
1369:
At times, Roller intervened on behalf of certain historians the regime considered undesirable, including the medievalist
646:
In July 1940, Roller, having narrowly escaped re-arrest by the Romanian authorities, left for Bessarabia, which had been
543:(MOPR) network. In this capacity, Roller mobilized support for Pauker, at a time when she was facing trial for sedition.
3165:
1969:
1936:
1084:
1040:
1036:
860:
By March 1952, Roller was directly involved in vetting new members of the Academy, personally handling the reception of
683:
582:
507:, and worked there until October, when he was arrested. Released by November, he was dispatched to his native region of
3145:
2826:
1646:
1485:
921:
528:
1005:
769:
3170:
2935:
2190:
1671:
1218:
1205:
1080:
967:
703:
699:
499:
secret police, he first attracted the authorities' attention following the discovery of a secret printing press in
421:
395:
3185:
1654:
1600:
in Bucharest. Although sidelined by the time of his death, he received the usual PMR honor, an obituary piece in
1549:
1424:, for not studying the native population before the "exploitative" Romans, urging a focus on the battles between
1177:
928:. Under his direct tutelage, primary school pupils began learning about the "new teachers of the working class" (
390:
830:
3180:
1246:. A Soviet delegation that visited Romania in 1949 ended by criticizing a number of elements in Roller's text.
1189:
573:
280:
1533:
1529:
940:
279:. During his training in engineering, he rallied with the communist cells in Romania and abroad, joining the
3220:
1593:
1956 while with her father at a health resort: after diving into a pool, she suffered a fatal head trauma.
1363:
1088:
745:
679:
1043:' regime" imposed on the country. Boia also notes that, especially after adopting an acronym in its title,
435:
by that moment in time. Frunză believes that Roller was one of the young men working under senior activist
3215:
3048:
1477:
1421:
1295:
1100:
1092:
1001:
749:
468:
399:
314:, Roller's work sought to reeducate the traditionalist public, and depicted Romania as strongly linked to
300:
182:
2360:
1748:
1382:
811:
1743:
1506:
1282:
1265:
1210:
1158:
787:
569:
540:
377:
2308:
1390:
1303:
1032:
292:
168:
1977:
1441:
1386:
3130:
3125:
2975:
1609:
1597:
1568:
1502:
1417:
1406:
1347:
1343:
1122:
1091:
was narrated differently than before: Roller himself concluded that the influence of Slavic polities—
1008:: primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and socialism, advancing all the while through
667:
504:
476:
444:
234:
3003:
1621:
718:
2344:
1944:
1662:
1650:
1162:
1134:
913:
890:
865:
854:
722:
707:
666:, where he began working for the city's Tobacco Plant. In June 1941, just days before the start of
475:"déclassés" who gained top PCdR positions in the Chișinevschi–Răutu faction, and in fact a staunch
344:
1510:
456:
359:, though some sources identify him as a functionary. The boy completed his secondary education in
2182:
1528:
and his replacement with Oțetea (who the following year also replaced Cheresteșiu as head of the
1235:
1115:
613:
488:
452:
186:
79:
1561:
1437:
1197:
869:
539:), following which he served on the Committee of Defense for Antifascist Prisoners, part of the
448:
3106:
3092:
3088:
3074:
3060:
3021:
3007:
2979:
2952:
2939:
2402:
2312:
2194:
1844:
1675:
1581:
1557:
1410:
1394:
1154:
1111:
845:
838:
255:
1362:, his own colleagues, Răutu and Chișinevschi, were fit to lecture in Marxism-Leninism at the
406:. After returning to the country in 1931, Roller was made editor of the PCdR's main gazette,
2963:
1514:
1498:
1370:
1146:
933:
925:
917:
849:
777:
730:
726:
682:. Little is known about Roller's activity in early 1944, when the change of fortunes on the
508:
464:
172:
129:
1145:. Roller's views of Bălcescu were almost entirely positive, and developed into a communist
608:, but that 26 prisoners were given two buckets per day of drinking water and two to use as
321:
In the later 1950s, Roller found himself shut out by his communist peers. He was branded a
2355:
2242:
1521:
1473:
1185:
1169:
1142:
1137:
was appreciated for combating feudalism and siding with Tsarist Russia; at the other end,
1052:
1021:
348:
288:
75:
1436:: "some are afraid to place themselves on the proletariat's class position". Along with
829:" professors. Reputedly, Roller is also responsible for the refusal to accept a gift of
725:
was effectively in control of the entire directorate until 1953, and helped reconfigure
295:, spent time in prison for his communist activity, and ultimately exiled himself to the
1490:
1481:
1472:
In the mid-1950s, Roller's position started losing ground. The death of Stalin and the
1223:
1180:". The modern era was considered to have begun not with the union of 1918 but with the
1096:
1009:
987:
959:
951:
947:
803:
698:
school), in December 1944 he was the only Romanian native teaching prisoners of war at
671:
663:
605:
311:
145:
133:
43:
3119:
2624:
Florin Müller, "Cu cărțile pe masă. Politică și istoriografie: Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu",
1544:
1359:
1291:
1064:
807:
791:
782:
691:
655:
651:
604:. In his autobiography, Sorin Toma notes that conditions there were not as bad as at
601:
516:
315:
141:
1460:
1680:
1667:
1629:
1625:
1589:
1553:
1540:
1445:
556:
note of May 1937 mentions the publication of his first standalone brochure, titled
322:
307:
296:
190:
1217:
aided in the country's economic recovery; the clauses favorable to Romania in the
776:. His editorials in the communist press made successive returns into the realm of
494:
736:
Mihail Roller signaled his return to Romanian historiography with the 1945 essay
3037:
Liviu Pleșa, "Mihail Roller și 'stalinizarea' istoriografiei românești", in the
2925:
2809:
2757:
2394:
1138:
1060:
963:
873:
861:
826:
754:
687:
609:
520:
460:
440:
410:
369:
3030:
Titu Georgescu, "Activitatea Comitetului național antifascist (1933—1934)", in
1543:, interviewing the former "illegalists" and building up a large collection of
1429:
1378:
1374:
1351:
1260:
1243:
1193:
1126:
971:
626:
472:
436:
2399:"Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial
467:
to call Roller a "fantasizer" in the field. According to political scientist
2548:
Drăgușanu, p.103, 108-12; Cristian Ilie, "Anticomunistul Nicolae Bălcescu",
1636:. A bizarre exception to this rule was an official reference work, the 1978
1416:
In 1950, in an article on excavations made the previous year, he criticized
1389:, Roller intervened several times with the police leadership, in particular
929:
898:
695:
500:
385:
137:
97:
17:
1468:
in March 1953, greeting Gheorghiu-Dej upon his return from Stalin's funeral
1165:, who ruled over the unified state, was criticized as a hesitant reformer.
536:
503:. In the early months of 1933, Roller was an ideological instructor in the
340:
71:
2842:
Cioroianu, p.319-25, 345-80; Pleșa, p.175-76. See also Drăgușanu, p.116-7
1433:
1268:
pace, and that the finished products did not reach a very high standard.
1133:, were described as precursors of Marxism-Leninism. Of the leaders, only
1104:
417:
364:
360:
284:
49:
1114:, previously depicted as a national unifier, was presented as a tool of
3056:
1425:
1227:
1068:
519:
alliances with other socialist groups: in 1934, he was one of several "
512:
511:. Roller himself recalled having then served as regional secretary for
272:
3085:
Prizonieri de război români în Uniunea Sovietică. Documente: 1941–1956
1405:
One particular area into which Roller injected communist ideology was
564:("From the History of the Rights of Man") and prefaced by philosopher
3087:, Romanian Military Institute, Russian State Military Archives &
1585:
1505:
as supporters. He also drew to his side the Romanian Academy members
1214:
597:
2949:
Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950
1941:
Din lupta antifascistă pentru independența și suveranitatea României
1346:
were eliminated from the curriculum, while some historians, such as
694:
Romania. After spending some time at Institute No. 205 (formerly a
2970:
Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc
1683:" has been taken for granted by numerous scientists in the field.
955:
702:'s Central Antifascist School. While here, he suggested employing
356:
283:
while it was still an underground group. He collaborated with the
1286:. At the same time, magazines on a similar theme were shuttered:
970:
was therefore an "imperialist action", as were the occupation of
2113:
2111:
1539:
By then, Roller was directing the effort to preserve samples of
1110:
The iconography of national awakening was consciously modified.
1428:
and unconquered peoples against the Romans. He took issue with
1051:
is a failure from a literary point of view. It is written in "
612:. Roller, suffering from a chronic disease later diagnosed as
2240:
T. A. Pokivailova, "'Singur între bătrânii reacționari'", in
2092:
Tismăneanu, p.148, 195, 212, 220, 304, 342-3. See also Boia,
1620:. Gheorghiu-Dej's successor Ceaușescu allowed young authors—
1567:
The plenary session also criticized Roller, and afterwards,
1840:"Mihail Roller, 'fantoma roșie' a istoriografiei românești"
487:
Known as "engineer Roller" or "Rolea" in files kept by the
1242:
Papacy" and charging it with chauvinism against Slavs and
837:, joining up with Chișinevschi in the task of supervising
546:
His works of the time included political articles such as
1497:Țugui, by explaining Roller's errors, managed to attract
523:
committee" members who carried out fusion talks with the
1129:. The 1848 rebellions, and in particular the successful
818:("Pedagogy in the USSR"), recommending the imitation of
355:
family; as reported by Roller himself, his father was a
2805:"Corul cizmarilor și tăbăcarilor, dirijat de Ceaușescu"
2560:
2558:
27:
Romanian communist activist, historian and propagandist
1645:
Roller's contribution was reevaluated again after the
1067:, creating a narrative about social revolts among the
1744:"Mihail Roller între 'nemuritorii' de ieri și de azi"
1354:
died in prison, their works hidden from public view.
593:("A Contribution to the Social History of Romania").
388:
between 1925 and 1931, Roller became a member of the
3103:
Literatura și artele în România comunistă. 1948-1953
984:"Short Course" History of the Soviet Communist Party
912:. In April 1949, he and Răutu were delegates to the
2349:"Roller şi Răutu nu ieşeau din vorba lui Sadoveanu"
844:In November 1948, following the establishment of a
420:
section (1931–1933) as the start of his life as a "
416:. Roller described his beginnings with the party's
230:
196:
178:
164:
156:
151:
125:
120:
108:
86:
57:
34:
1596:An urn containing Roller's ashes is housed at the
876:allegedly called him "an incompetent, evil rube".
2791:Tismăneanu, p.342; Tismăneanu & Vasile, p.106
1476:had echoes within Romania: the country's leader,
889:. In 1948, he published his own synthesis on the
568:. It was largely a posthumous homage to activist
2169:
2167:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1432:for refusing to claim the presence of slaves at
1149:: counterfactually, Roller described Bălcescu's
674:, asking to be considered for membership in the
3071:Perfectul acrobat. Leonte Răutu, măștile răului
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1377:secret police, charging past membership in the
1317:A frequent target of Roller's many articles in
1250:Documentary, writing and enforcement activities
2996:
2989:
2968:
1637:
1602:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1274:
1063:. There, commentators note, Roller veers into
796:
762:
738:
618:
587:
581:that Roller was planning a new work about the
558:
551:
492:
429:
408:
2049:
2047:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
8:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
740:Pagini ignorate din istoria României moderne
201:Pagini ignorate din istoria României moderne
2873:Tismăneanu & Vasile, p.31-2, 45-6, 53-4
2769:
2767:
2699:
2697:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2589:
2587:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2372:
2370:
1882:
1880:
1659:Sighet Memorial of the Victims of Communism
1489:culture section was established, headed by
1055:" and its phrases have "the taste of sud".
2753:"Ceaușescu a dat de pământ cu ilegaliștii"
1947:, Bucharest, 1971, p.18. See also Văratic
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
596:Having attended MOPR summits in Paris and
31:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1484:membership, relaxed repressive measures.
589:Contribuție la istoria socială a României
112:Mihai Roller, Mihail Rolea, Mihail Rollea
3006:, Bucharest, 1997–1998, p. 98-132.
2991:Nicolae Bălcescu în propaganda comunistă
2187:Ce-a fost să fie. Notații autobiografice
1459:
1213:was restored thanks to the Soviets; the
794:campaign, launching the agitprop slogan
710:to assist him with specialized classes.
471:, Roller was also one of the Jewish and
3196:Titular members of the Romanian Academy
2932:Istorie și mit în conștiința românească
2401:, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010, p.12-3.
1691:
439:; the others were Răutu, Chișinevschi,
306:Returning to Romania upon the close of
3251:Romanian emigrants to the Soviet Union
3206:Members of the Great National Assembly
3069:Vladimir Tismăneanu, Cristian Vasile,
2294:Drăgușanu, p.101, 103, 108-9, 112, 115
2148:Sorin Șerban, "Ilegaliștii", in Boia,
1141:was chided for collaborating with the
1674:cited Roller's case as evidence that
1639:Enciclopedia istoriografiei românești
1016:("The History of Romania") but later
798:Să învățăm limba lui Lenin și Stalin!
254:
7:
3201:20th-century Romanian civil servants
3161:Romanian Communist Party politicians
2855:, p.114; Tismăneanu, p.198, 220, 335
2385:Pleșa, p.167; Tismăneanu, p.220, 326
1312:Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes
550:("Fascism and Its Social Basis"). A
3039:1 December University of Alba Iulia
1464:Roller (second row, in glasses) at
1176:, was an "intervention against the
1059:is the ancient history chapter, on
686:signaled a Soviet victory over the
676:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
658:. Roller subsequently moved to the
363:, and soon became a sympathizer of
271:; 6 May 1908 – 21 June 1958) was a
2761:, 20 February 2012; Pleșa, p.174-5
2739:Tismăneanu & Vasile, p.50, 106
1182:Great October Socialist Revolution
25:
3236:People detained by the Siguranța
3231:Romanian prisoners and detainees
3136:20th-century Romanian historians
3018:Istoria stalinismului în România
2539:Drăgușanu, p.108-9; Pleșa, p.169
2311:, Bucharest, 1997, p.33, 57-8.
2193:, Bucharest, 2003, p.188, 197.
1000:His history textbook, the first
908:, Roller became a member of the
648:recently occupied by the Soviets
42:
3246:Romanian people of World War II
3226:Romanian human rights activists
3105:, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010.
3073:, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2008.
3020:, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990.
2951:, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012.
2891:Tismăneanu & Vasile, p.53-4
2864:Tismăneanu & Vasile, p.31-2
2678:Pleșa, p.172-3. See also Boia,
1974:În anii socialismului victorios
1618:national communism of the 1960s
1073:dictatorship of the proletariat
924:, most of them translated from
810:!"). The pro-Soviet enterprise
3256:Moscow State University alumni
3034:, Nr. 2/1961, pp. 323–53.
2998:Miturile comunismului românesc
1913:Tismăneanu, p.102, 149-50, 212
1257:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
914:Congress of Advocates of Peace
802:("Let's learn the language of
630:on labor history, taken up by
560:Din istoria drepturilor omului
1:
2882:Tismăneanu & Vasile, p.46
2117:Tismăneanu & Vasile, p.17
1608:. Anticommunist intellectual
1153:as a highly advanced form of
382:Technische Universität Berlin
3045:, 10/I, 2006, p. 165-77
2466:, p.110, 154-5; Pleșa, p.169
1157:and proto-Marxism. The 1859
548:Fascismul și baza sa socială
483:Arrests and declining health
459:. Another fellow communist,
102:People's Republic of Romania
3176:Romanian Marxist historians
3053:Stalinism pentru eternitate
1647:Romanian Revolution of 1989
1530:Bucharest History Institute
1385:while he was excavating at
1224:right-wing social democrats
1159:union of the principalities
3277:
3032:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
2606:, Issue 1 (53), 2001, p.19
2568:, p.110, 209; Pleșa, p.169
2218:Cioroianu, p.286-9; Boia,
1980:, Bucharest, 1976, p.193-4
1087:and the present. The very
887:Political Military Academy
566:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
422:professional revolutionary
396:Communist Party of Germany
3156:Romanian magazine editors
3151:Romanian textbook writers
2994:", in Lucian Boia (ed.),
1970:Petre Constantinescu-Iași
1937:Petre Constantinescu-Iași
1655:Civic Alliance Foundation
1381:, arrested archaeologist
1006:Marxist stages of history
241:
226:
222:
116:
41:
3261:Inmates of Jilava Prison
1634:Dumitru Theodor Neculuță
1190:Romanian Orthodox Church
870:Alice Aronescu-Săvulescu
848:, he was elected to the
770:National Peasants' Party
670:, he sent his résumé to
650:. He was for a while at
281:Romanian Communist Party
2521:, p.208-9; Pleșa, p.169
2479:, p.110-1; Pleșa, p.169
2331:, p.310-1; Pleșa, p.166
1672:Iosif Constantin Drăgan
1364:University of Bucharest
1300:Revista Istorică Română
1089:origin of the Romanians
976:intervention in Hungary
968:Romania's participation
910:Great National Assembly
729:in conformity with the
680:Moscow State University
642:Soviet exile and return
525:Unitary Socialist Party
380:in Charlottenburg (now
335:Early life and activity
256:[mihaˈilˈrolər]
252:Romanian pronunciation:
3241:Romanian propagandists
3141:20th-century essayists
2997:
2990:
2969:
2440:Vasile, p.263-4, 270-1
1870:Pleșa, p.166; Văratic
1638:
1603:
1550:Grivița Strike of 1933
1478:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1469:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1296:Constantin C. Giurescu
1275:
1031:has been described by
895:Anul revoluționar 1848
797:
763:
750:historical materialism
739:
619:
588:
559:
552:
493:
430:
409:
400:French Communist Party
391:Roter Frontkämpferbund
301:Marxist historiography
299:, where he trained in
216:Anul revoluționar 1848
183:Marxist historiography
3191:Censorship in Romania
2628:, Issue 2, 1996, p.62
1534:Constantin Pîrvulescu
1507:Constantin Daicoviciu
1463:
1401:Impact on archaeology
1211:Northern Transylvania
1178:revolution in Hungary
1174:union of Transylvania
1131:Wallachian Revolution
901:as the screenwriter.
893:among the Romanians:
864:and the promotion of
853:President (seconding
788:1859 union of Romania
570:Constantin Costa-Foru
541:International Red Aid
394:. He also joined the
378:Technische Hochschule
3091:, Bucharest, 2013.
2978:, Bucharest, 2005.
2976:Editura Curtea Veche
2552:, July 2010, p.38-40
2246:, October 1998, p.17
1670:conspiracy theorist
1569:Paul Niculescu-Mizil
1407:Romanian archaeology
1219:Paris Peace Treaties
1123:Transylvanian School
835:communist censorship
814:published his tract
768:meant to combat the
704:Alexandru Bârlădeanu
668:Operation Barbarossa
3049:Vladimir Tismăneanu
2988:Adrian Drăgușanu, "
2938:, Bucharest, 2000.
2354:1 July 2015 at the
1663:Florin Constantiniu
1628:—or senior figures—
1420:, who had explored
1383:Vladimir Dumitrescu
1234:, who had endorsed
1232:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
1163:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
1085:War of Independence
1012:. Initially called
958:("traitors" to the
891:Revolutions of 1848
831:Constantin Brâncuși
812:Editura Cartea Rusă
780:historiography. At
715:coup of summer 1944
583:1920 general strike
529:Constantin Popovici
469:Vladimir Tismăneanu
339:Roller was born in
165:School or tradition
121:Academic background
3211:People from Buhuși
3146:Romanian essayists
2680:Capcanele istoriei
2329:Capcanele istoriei
2270:Capcanele istoriei
2257:Capcanele istoriei
2220:Capcanele istoriei
2137:Capcanele istoriei
2094:Capcanele istoriei
2026:Capcanele istoriei
1859:Capcanele istoriei
1598:Cenușa Crematorium
1519:education minister
1470:
1391:Alexandru Drăghici
1283:Revista de Istorie
1236:national communism
1116:Holy Roman Emperor
922:educational system
614:diabetes insipidus
489:Kingdom of Romania
453:Gheorghe Vasilichi
293:Iosif Chișinevschi
259:, first name also
235:Cenușa Crematorium
187:history of Romania
80:Kingdom of Romania
3171:Communist writers
3111:978-973-50-2773-5
3101:Cristian Vasile,
3097:978-973-567-852-4
3089:Monitorul Oficial
3079:978-973-50-2238-9
2957:978-973-50-3533-4
2911:Istorie și mit...
2853:Istorie și mit...
2782:Tismăneanu, p.342
2626:Dosarele Istoriei
2604:Dosarele Istoriei
2579:Istorie și mit...
2566:Istorie și mit...
2519:Istorie și mit...
2506:Istorie și mit...
2477:Istorie și mit...
2464:Istorie și mit...
2451:Istorie și mit...
2407:978-973-50-2635-6
2309:Editura Meridiane
2283:Istorie și mit...
2126:Pleșa, p.166, 171
2105:Tismăneanu, p.148
1845:Evenimentul Zilei
1582:Radio Free Europe
1558:Constantin Doncea
1503:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1480:, with an eye to
1395:Gheorghe Pintilie
1348:Gheorghe Brătianu
1304:Victor Papacostea
1155:utopian socialism
1112:Michael the Brave
1037:Soviet occupation
1033:Șerban Papacostea
1002:Marxist synthesis
816:Pedagogia în URSS
574:Baptist community
477:anti-intellectual
376:A student at the
245:
244:
206:Pedagogia în URSS
16:(Redirected from
3268:
3186:Romanian censors
3166:Scînteia editors
3043:Series Historica
3000:
2993:
2972:
2964:Adrian Cioroianu
2914:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2833:, Issue 13, 2007
2831:Caietele Echinox
2825:Andi Mihalache,
2824:
2820:
2814:
2813:, 10 August 2011
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2530:Drăgușanu, p.101
2528:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2365:
2361:România Literară
2342:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2015:Georgescu, p.343
2013:
2007:
2000:
1981:
1978:Editura Politică
1967:
1961:
1960:Georgescu, p.337
1958:
1952:
1945:Editura Militară
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:Cioroianu, p.287
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1793:
1790:
1775:
1768:
1753:
1749:România Literară
1741:
1737:
1676:Jewish communism
1641:
1606:
1576:Death and legacy
1499:Gheorghe Apostol
1486:Collectivization
1442:Scarlat Lambrino
1411:Dacia's conquest
1371:P. P. Panaitescu
1339:
1331:
1323:
1288:Revista Istorică
1278:
1168:The creation of
1147:personality cult
1135:Nicolae Bălcescu
1077:migratory period
1041:internationalist
1014:Istoria României
941:Bucharest branch
918:Mihail Sadoveanu
855:Traian Săvulescu
850:Romanian Academy
846:Communist regime
820:Soviet schooling
800:
778:Marxist-Leninist
766:
742:
731:Zhdanov Doctrine
727:Romanian culture
636:Viața Muncitoare
622:
591:
562:
555:
509:Western Moldavia
498:
465:Adrian Cioroianu
433:
414:
398:in 1926 and the
277:communist regime
263:, also known as
258:
253:
173:Zhdanov Doctrine
169:Marxism–Leninism
130:Friedrich Engels
109:Other names
93:
67:
65:
46:
32:
21:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3181:Oral historians
3116:
3115:
3059:, Iași, 2005.
3016:Victor Frunză,
2922:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2900:Vasile, p.303-4
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2803:Cristina Diac,
2800:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2751:Cristina Diac,
2748:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:Pleșa, p.173-74
2711:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2669:Vasile, p.292-3
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2615:Pleșa, p.169-70
2614:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2556:
2550:Magazin Istoric
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2356:Wayback Machine
2340:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2303:Nicolae Cabel,
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2243:Magazin Istoric
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1848:, 18 March 2011
1836:
1835:
1796:
1791:
1778:
1769:
1756:
1739:
1738:
1693:
1689:
1610:G. T. Kirileanu
1578:
1562:Grigore Răceanu
1522:Ilie Murgulescu
1494:intellectuals.
1474:Khrushchev Thaw
1466:Băneasa Airport
1458:
1456:Fall from grace
1418:Emil Condurachi
1403:
1344:Nicolae Benescu
1252:
1206:nationalization
1198:Brătianu family
1186:interwar period
1170:Greater Romania
1151:left-liberalism
1143:Austrian Empire
1093:Danube Bulgaria
1081:medieval period
998:
882:
839:Romanian cinema
644:
485:
445:Gheorghe Stoica
337:
332:
251:
214:
209:
204:
104:
95:
91:
82:
69:
63:
61:
53:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Moldavian Jews
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3099:
3081:
3067:
3046:
3035:
3028:
3014:
3004:Editura Nemira
2986:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2946:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2844:
2835:
2815:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2763:
2741:
2732:
2730:Pleșa, p.174-5
2723:
2714:
2705:
2693:
2691:Pleșa, p.171-2
2684:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2639:
2637:Pleșa, p.170-1
2630:
2617:
2608:
2595:
2583:
2570:
2554:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2433:
2419:
2417:Pleșa, p.167-8
2410:
2387:
2378:
2366:
2333:
2320:
2296:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2233:
2231:Pleșa, p.166-7
2224:
2222:, p.111, 301-2
2211:
2202:
2175:
2163:
2154:
2141:
2128:
2119:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2043:
2030:
2017:
2008:
1982:
1962:
1953:
1928:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1794:
1776:
1754:
1742:Mihai Stoian,
1690:
1688:
1685:
1622:Ileana Vrancea
1577:
1574:
1482:United Nations
1457:
1454:
1402:
1399:
1329:Lupta de Clasă
1251:
1248:
1028:Istoria R.P.R.
1018:Istoria R.P.R.
1010:class struggle
997:
995:Istoria R.P.R.
992:
988:Andrei Zhdanov
952:Slavic peoples
948:Tsarist Russia
904:Following the
881:
878:
719:Nicolae Moraru
713:Following the
672:Boris Stefanov
643:
640:
484:
481:
404:superintendent
336:
333:
331:
328:
312:class struggle
243:
242:
239:
238:
232:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
211:Istoria R.P.R.
198:
194:
193:
180:
179:Main interests
176:
175:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
149:
148:
146:Andrei Zhdanov
134:Vladimir Lenin
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
96:
94:(aged 50)
88:
84:
83:
70:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3273:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Romanian Jews
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:973-681-899-3
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:973-28-0177-8
3023:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:973-50-0055-5
2941:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:(in Romanian)
2819:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:(in Romanian)
2797:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:(in Romanian)
2745:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2660:Vasile, p.263
2657:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2364:, Nr. 14/2013
2363:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:Mircea Malița
2341:(in Romanian)
2337:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:973-33-0366-6
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2209:Vasile, p.222
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:973-50-0425-9
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:Vasile, p.269
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:Frunză, p.377
2158:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1895:Frunză, p.241
1892:
1889:
1886:Vasile, p.136
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:(in Romanian)
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:(in Romanian)
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:Romulus Rusan
1648:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:deviationists
1551:
1546:
1545:magnetic tape
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:, as well as
1516:
1515:Andrei Oțetea
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:Ion Petrovici
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Nicolae Iorga
1290:, founded by
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:pseudohistory
1062:
1056:
1054:
1053:wooden tongue
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
991:
989:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:1948 election
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:Early program
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:Ștefan Vencov
863:
858:
856:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
799:
793:
792:Russification
789:
785:
784:
783:Contemporanul
779:
775:
774:1946 election
772:prior to the
771:
767:
765:
758:
756:
751:
747:
743:
741:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:Ofelia Manole
720:
716:
711:
709:
708:Haia Grinberg
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:Eastern Front
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Moldavian SSR
657:
656:Ukrainian SSR
653:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:
623:
621:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:Jilava Prison
599:
594:
592:
590:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
561:
554:
549:
544:
542:
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:popular front
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
496:
490:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
425:
423:
419:
415:
413:
412:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
374:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
329:
327:
324:
319:
317:
316:Slavic Europe
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
249:
248:Mihail Roller
240:
236:
233:
231:Resting place
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
207:
202:
199:
197:Notable works
195:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:Academic work
150:
147:
143:
142:Joseph Stalin
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
36:Mihail Roller
33:
30:
19:
3102:
3084:
3070:
3052:
3042:
3031:
3017:
2995:
2967:
2948:
2931:
2910:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2838:
2830:
2818:
2808:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2773:Pleșa, p.175
2756:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2721:Pleșa, p.174
2717:
2708:
2703:Pleșa, p.172
2687:
2679:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2651:Pleșa, p.171
2633:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2593:Pleșa, p.170
2578:
2573:
2565:
2549:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2495:Pleșa, p.169
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2431:Pleșa, p.168
2413:
2398:
2390:
2381:
2376:Pleșa, p.167
2359:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2186:
2178:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2122:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2083:, p.449, 450
2080:
2075:
2070:, p.450, 452
2067:
2062:
2054:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2003:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1792:Pleșa, p.166
1771:
1747:
1681:free Dacians
1644:
1630:Iorgu Iordan
1626:Ion Cristoiu
1615:
1601:
1595:
1590:heart attack
1579:
1566:
1541:oral history
1538:
1525:
1511:David Prodan
1496:
1471:
1450:
1446:free Dacians
1415:
1404:
1368:
1356:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1266:Stakhanovite
1253:
1240:
1202:
1167:
1109:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1013:
999:
994:
983:
980:
945:
938:
903:
894:
883:
859:
843:
824:
815:
795:
781:
761:
759:
737:
735:
712:
645:
635:
631:
625:
617:
610:chamber pots
595:
586:
577:
557:
547:
545:
533:
505:Green Sector
486:
457:Ștefan Voicu
428:
426:
407:
389:
375:
349:Neamț County
338:
323:deviationist
320:
308:World War II
305:
297:Soviet Union
289:Leonte Răutu
268:
264:
260:
247:
246:
215:
210:
205:
200:
191:oral history
160:20th century
92:(1958-06-21)
90:21 June 1958
76:Neamț County
29:
18:Mihai Roller
3131:1958 deaths
3126:1908 births
2926:Lucian Boia
2395:Lucian Boia
2305:Victor Iliu
2183:G. Brătescu
2150:Miturile...
1668:antisemitic
1491:Pavel Țugui
1373:. When the
1139:Avram Iancu
1097:Kievan Rus'
1061:Roman Dacia
964:bourgeoisie
874:Mihai Ralea
862:Matei Socor
827:reactionary
755:imperialism
746:dialectical
700:Krasnogorsk
688:Axis Powers
632:Deșteptarea
578:Din istoria
521:antifascist
473:Bessarabian
461:Belu Zilber
441:Vasile Luca
370:Lucian Boia
237:, Bucharest
213:(1947 etc.)
3120:Categories
3012:9735692090
2984:9736691756
2920:References
2453:, p.109-10
2343:Ilie Rad,
2041:, p.451-52
1926:, p.450-51
1657:, and the
1438:Radu Vulpe
1430:Ion Nestor
1379:Iron Guard
1375:Securitate
1352:Ion Nistor
1261:Hurmuzachi
1244:Hungarians
1226:" and the
1194:latifundia
1127:chauvinism
1107:deepened.
1049:Istoria...
1045:Istoria...
1022:1918 union
972:Bessarabia
692:communized
627:feuilleton
449:Sorin Toma
437:Ana Pauker
368:Historian
126:Influences
68:6 May 1908
64:1908-05-06
2936:Humanitas
2913:, p.258-9
2508:, p.166-7
2191:Humanitas
1752:, 32/1999
1666:books of
1387:Hăbășești
1308:Balcanica
1119:Rudolf II
1083:, to the
1039:and the '
899:Geo Bogza
696:Comintern
654:, in the
553:Siguranța
527:(PSU) of
501:Bucharest
495:Siguranța
386:ParisTech
343:, then a
330:Biography
138:Karl Marx
98:Bucharest
48:Roller's
2810:Adevărul
2758:Adevărul
2352:Archived
2079:Văratic
2066:Văratic
2053:Văratic
2037:Văratic
2002:Văratic
1922:Văratic
1861:, p.87-8
1770:Văratic
1604:Scînteia
1434:Monteoru
1321:Scînteia
1228:Zionists
1105:Cold War
974:and the
960:Ottomans
950:and the
764:Scînteia
664:Chișinău
620:Scînteia
431:Scînteia
418:Agitprop
411:Scînteia
365:far left
287:leaders
285:Agitprop
273:Romanian
50:mug shot
3057:Polirom
2682:, p.316
2581:, p.328
2285:, p.109
2272:, p.334
2259:, p.309
2152:, p.142
2139:, p.292
2096:, p.326
2057:, p.452
2006:, p.451
1951:, p.451
1939:(ed.),
1874:, p.450
1774:, p.450
1426:Dacians
1422:Histria
1215:SovRoms
1079:to the
1069:Dacians
926:Russian
606:Doftana
513:Oltenia
351:, to a
345:commune
3109:
3095:
3077:
3063:
3024:
3010:
2982:
2955:
2942:
2909:Boia,
2851:Boia,
2577:Boia,
2564:Boia,
2517:Boia,
2504:Boia,
2475:Boia,
2462:Boia,
2449:Boia,
2405:
2327:Boia,
2315:
2281:Boia,
2268:Boia,
2255:Boia,
2197:
2135:Boia,
2081:et al.
2068:et al.
2055:et al.
2039:et al.
2028:, p.89
2024:Boia,
2004:et al.
1949:et al.
1924:et al.
1872:et al.
1857:Boia,
1772:et al.
1653:, the
1586:stroke
1526:Studii
1337:Studii
1276:Studii
1121:. The
1101:Halych
962:) and
956:boyars
934:Engels
916:under
808:Stalin
624:and a
598:Prague
537:Galați
384:) and
353:Jewish
341:Buhuși
269:Rollea
218:(1948)
208:(1947)
203:(1945)
72:Buhuși
52:, 1933
2829:, in
1687:Notes
1588:or a
804:Lenin
662:, at
361:Bacău
357:rabbi
265:Rolea
261:Mihai
3107:ISBN
3093:ISBN
3075:ISBN
3061:ISBN
3022:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2953:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2195:ISBN
1560:and
1513:and
1501:and
1393:and
1350:and
1333:and
1310:and
930:Marx
885:the
806:and
748:and
721:and
706:and
652:Reni
455:and
291:and
87:Died
58:Born
3041:'s
1306:'s
1298:'s
531:.
491:'s
424:".
347:in
267:or
157:Era
3122::
3055:,
3051:,
3002:,
2974:,
2966:,
2934:,
2928:,
2807:,
2766:^
2755:,
2696:^
2642:^
2586:^
2557:^
2484:^
2422:^
2397:,
2369:^
2358:,
2347:,
2307:,
2189:,
2185:,
2166:^
2110:^
2046:^
1985:^
1976:,
1972:,
1943:,
1879:^
1842:,
1797:^
1779:^
1757:^
1746:,
1694:^
1624:,
1536:.
1509:,
1325:,
1314:.
1302:,
1294:,
1230:.
1200:.
1099:,
1095:,
978:.
932:,
841:.
822:.
638:.
479:.
451:,
447:,
443:,
303:.
189:,
185:,
171:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
100:,
78:,
74:,
1679:"
1222:"
250:(
66:)
62:(
20:)
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