917:, Manoilescu was viewed with interest by the latter. By the late 1930s, he was himself a supporter of the Guard (which he hoped to see turning into a corporatist movement—"an instrument to validate the goals of the national revolution"), and donated part of his land to one of the latter's enterprises. His new discourse was ridiculed by his former colleagues in the National Peasants' Party, as "desperate attempts to exit from the and sit among the new men". In February 1937, he began discreetly financing the Guard's newly created paper,
971:
2321:
1187:, where he died at the end of 1950. Typhus had left him with heart problems, which were aggravated in detention; with no medical attention, this led to his death; his body was buried in a common grave. In 1951, although deceased, he was brought to trial by a civil court for his journalistic activities. On April 12, 1952, he was sentenced
958:. Argetoianu sarcastically remarked, "the party of «moral regeneration» was left with one guest, with Manoilescu!" During the period, Manoilescu also applied changes to his earlier vision on industry and self-sufficiency, calling for Romania to develop itself by supplying raw materials to the rising force that was
501:
had, just before his death, asked Brătianu for Carol to be allowed to return. He also speculated that
Ferdinand had endorsed a regency only for as long as Carol continued to behave irresponsibly, and had not wanted to exclude his son from the throne. Averescu, who unsuccessfully called on both Carol
602:
an allegedly stolen text which appeared to be entirely written by
Madgearu, but had been heavily forged by the two to include criticism of the king; Manoilescu attempted to use the document against its supposed author, but was exposed by Carol himself (who, according to Pandrea, was amused by the
505:
The acquittal came as a shock, given rumors that
Premier Brătianu had instructed the court to find Manoilescu guilty. In an unusual incident during the first day of trial, news correspondents from abroad were told that international phone connections had been severed—they resorted to crossing the
1201:
In the world of economics, Manoilescu is primarily remembered for the "Manoilescu argument", which states that when the marginal productivity of labor in agriculture is lower than that in other sectors, surplus labor should be redirected to higher-productivity activities, such as manufacturing.
387:. He was responsible for measures such as organizing the Industrial Exhibition, carrying out industrial statistics, and unifying legislation related to the industry. In 1921, he resigned his ministerial position, justifying it as an attempt to further his expertise and investigative range.
1205:
On 14 April 2016, the
National Bank of Romania issued a set of commemorative coins in honor of three former bank governors. Manoilescu, who led the bank for several months in 1931, was among them. Manoilescu's inclusion drew strong protests from the U.S. Embassy in Romania and the
502:
and Brătianu to take the stand, backed this version by mentioning his own experience as a mediator between
Ferdinand and Carol, during which the latter had allegedly agreed to comply, while the former had eventually become more open to Carol's return.
390:
During the period when the PNL returned to government, Manoilescu focused on his research, and contributed 18 individual works. He also became influential as an orator, and was a frequent presence in conferences hosted by the sociologist
1263:
Valeriu Dinu, "Prefață. Schiță de portret: Mihail
Manoilescu", în Mihail Manoilescu, Memorii, 2 volume, ediție îngrijită, prefață, note și indice Valeriu Dinu, cuvânt înainte Mugur Isărescu (București: Editura Enciclopedică, 1993), p.
579:); Manoilescu authored a series of articles in his support, and allegedly intervened alongside King Carol (it is generally accepted that the most decisive action in this respect was taken by Maniu, who spoke against imprisonment for
31:
869:, prepared the way for the reception of corporatism in Brazil during the 1930s. Establishing corporatism in Brazil was partly achieved by translating and publishing into Portuguese some of Manoilescu's works. During the
850:
1207:
954:: Ionescu denied the request because, as a self-proclaimed pillar of the Guard, he could not accept such a lowly position, while Moruzi called Manoilescu "a con artist" and alluded to his reported connection with
2158:, 2 volume, ediție îngrijită, prefață, note și indice Valeriu Dinu, cuvînt înainte Mugur Isărescu (București: Editura Enciclopedică, 1993), Colecția "Biblioteca Băncii Naționale", coordonată de Mugur Isărescu.
3473:
1152:, Manoilescu was jailed without trial for 14 months, during which time he was expelled from his position at the Polytechnic Institute. Because of the bad sanitary conditions in prison, he became sick with
1193:
to 15 years in prison, 10 years deprivation of civil rights, and confiscation of all property, a measure which is thought to be unprecedented. His family was told of his death only in May 1958.
3378:
3448:
2389:
3393:
995:
3488:
3418:
3353:
3403:
1014:
alliance, attempted in vain to make use of his influence with
Italian authorities. In order to ensure less international adversity toward Romania, he also offered to cede
2137:
3493:
3463:
3200:
857:
theorists, Manoilescu's ideas were abandoned after the 1930s. Manoilescu influenced not only business circles in Brazil, but his arguments were also referred to by the
3423:
3388:
3458:
1115:
1210:, on the grounds of Manoilescu's advocacy of Fascist ideology and antisemitism before World War II. In spite of the criticism, the Bank did not withdraw the coin.
1133:, where he attempted to persuade Italian officials to look into information about Hungarian violence in Northern Transylvania, and, in July 1942, traveled to the
3468:
268:
1102:
The responsibility for the
Transylvanian compromise weighed heavily on him later in the following year, when the Iron Guard, revived by the leadership of
3383:
2382:
1919:
3433:
3148:
3398:
3363:
718:
way of living, oversized in comparison with its means, creates a certain social instability and features a high percentage of individual failures.
1959:
234:
during the summer of 1940. An active promoter of and contributor to fascist ideology and antisemitic sentiment, he was a financial backer of the
3230:
360:
152:
363:(PNL) governments, assisting General Constantinescu as Head of the Industrial Recovery Directorate and later as General Director of Industry.
2398:
2375:
43:
2232:
2339:
2198:
1110:; it refused to appoint Manoilescu to any leadership position. He did however continue to serve as Foreign Minister during the short-lived
2221:
432:
372:
156:
2147:
3453:
3413:
615:
304:
198:
172:
1003:
3408:
3373:
1022:(although Germany had not included this revision in its demands toward the Romanian executive), an approach eventually leading to the
231:
2346:
3483:
3478:
2163:
2116:
1902:
456:). In the autumn of 1927, while distributing Carol's appeals to the leaders of various political parties and carrying his letter to
1082:'s isolation (which had deprived Romania of diplomatic alternatives), Manoilescu argued that Romania looked "with respect" towards
1164:
in
Romania (his innovations in the field were patented on the name of his son, Alexandru Manoilescu). He was once again jailed by
1056:, Manoilescu fainted, after seeing the map of the new borders, imposed by Germany and Italy, whilst the Hungarian side jubilated.
2423:
2250:
1981:
1067:
between the two countries; at the time, examining the situation created by warm relations between the Axis and the Soviet Union (
1045:
289:; his grandfather was strong unionist, a supporter of the Union of Moldova with Wallachia, while his father was a member of the
3428:
344:
2433:
1094:. Asked by the Soviet delegation to account for alleged new border incidents, he stiffly denied that these had ever occurred.
2299:
2182:
927:
553:
663:
at the Giard publishing house (as part of the "Bibliothèque Économique
Internationale" collection). His intense advocacy of
622:
with state funds, and clashed with Carol over the issue, being ultimately removed from office in November of the same year.
315:
in 1915. Manoilescu was subsequently assigned to the Ministry of Public Works, and later moved to an artillery regiment in
414:, where he was to negotiate a loan and pave the way for the friendship treaty signed between the two countries, he met the
3141:
3029:
2913:
1237:
142:
497:
While accusing the executive of having previously attempted to purchase his silence, Manoilescu stressed his belief that
3443:
3358:
2893:
2291:
1134:
2325:
1070:
3438:
3348:
2438:
2335:
1125:
754:. Whereas the Western bourgeois work for their children, the Romanian bourgeois will often only work for themselves."
537:
2347:"Lista uriașă a demnitarilor exterminați de comuniști în temnița de la Sighet. De ce nu se cunoaște data morții lor"
560:. His political adversaries speculated that he had forged documents and played a hand in bringing Carol's mistress,
3368:
2504:
2489:
2031:
Mihail Manoilescu theories of international trade in retrospect: how and when emerging economies must be protected?
1997:
1977:
290:
640:
264:
3166:
3024:
3134:
1160:. Set free in December 1945, he resumed work on his unfinished writings, and became an advocate of harvesting
1107:
607:
194:
2903:
2846:
2825:
2127:
Dumitru Hîncu, "O acţiune politică contestată. Descoperiri în arhivele Ministerului de externe din Viena", in
702:(which, in his view, encouraged the majority-forming peasantry to decide on matters that did not concern it).
518:, using phones there to contact their employers, and repeated the trip several times over the following days.
1923:
2852:
2453:
1111:
943:
404:
396:
619:
2898:
2815:
2748:
2545:
2529:
2483:
1149:
1049:
862:
854:
813:
498:
384:
327:
2867:
2804:
2655:
2406:
1946:
1611:
Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939
1040:
970:
939:
568:
78:
3086:
3071:
3050:
3040:
2784:
2732:
2711:
2691:
2665:
2088:, "Lumina vine de la Răsărit. "Noua imagine" a Uniunii Sovietice în România postbelică, 1944–1947", in
465:
299:
901:
in Romania, who on at least one occasion described his works as a major contribution to the theory of
603:
events). The incident contributed to PNŢ inner-conflict that caused Manoilescu to leave the grouping.
3343:
3338:
3226:
3106:
2727:
2634:
2593:
2578:
2550:
2539:
2494:
1157:
951:
898:
825:
730:
576:
453:
279:
3316:
2097:
858:
349:
3126:
3091:
3076:
3061:
3045:
2999:
2946:
2936:
2722:
2583:
2509:
2463:
2194:
1960:"Peripheral Solutions to Peripheral Development: The Case of Early 20th Century Romania" (PDF file)
1242:
1030:
979:
866:
763:
591:
532:
445:
2519:
1138:
3276:
2794:
2716:
2624:
2614:
2565:
2428:
2410:
2223:
Istoria românilor între anii 1918-1940: 3.3. Mihail Manoilescu despre modul de viaţă al românilor
2073:
2042:
2014:
1173:
1053:
778:
545:
468:
government in the incident's wake). Manoilescu, who benefited from Averescu's vocal support, was
457:
380:
122:
3286:
3236:
2737:
2598:
1114:, bringing the overall duration of his 1940 term to 70 days (July 4 to September 14). After the
975:
3096:
2994:
2931:
2831:
2820:
2810:
2789:
2753:
2706:
2696:
2639:
2619:
2468:
2458:
2303:
2295:
2178:
2159:
2112:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1023:
1007:
991:
931:
830:
786:
679:
664:
636:
611:
427:
222:
90:
567:
In his memoirs, Manoilescu claimed that, at the time, he had played a hand in the release of
3310:
3292:
3269:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3213:
3056:
3035:
3019:
2956:
2951:
2836:
2778:
2763:
2686:
2670:
2660:
2645:
2629:
2604:
2588:
2448:
2085:
2054:
2034:
2026:
2006:
1988:
1881:
1161:
1075:
1015:
902:
846:
767:
691:
423:
419:
923:(he was exposed as the man behind it by virtually all political commentators of the time).
889:, although not as much as in Brazil and Chile. On the other hand, Manoilescu's advocacy of
722:
the Romanian bourgeoisie is not in fact a bourgeoisie in one of its most essential features
631:, which was to become the main platform for his ideas, and, in 1932, created his own party—
3190:
3157:
2888:
2857:
2841:
2573:
2555:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2473:
2418:
2283:
2262:
2237:
2203:
2129:
1993:"Productivity-Based Protectionism: A Marxian Reconstruction of Mihail Manoilescu's Theory"
1951:
801:
695:
683:
587:
580:
477:
449:
354:
3009:
2743:
1636:
Economic liberalization in Brazil: business responses & changing patterns of behavior
557:
938:
list (which served as a front for the Iron Guard). According to his political adversary
242:
ideas influenced economic policy in several countries during the 1930s, particularly in
3304:
3101:
3081:
3004:
2961:
2926:
2877:
2701:
2676:
2478:
2246:
2122:
1079:
774:
392:
338:
316:
426:"a truly constructive political revolution, one that can only compare itself with the
3332:
3298:
3196:
2941:
2882:
2799:
2773:
2681:
2650:
2609:
2499:
2046:
2018:
1969:
1184:
1169:
1119:
955:
842:
782:
725:
658:
627:
561:
549:
482:
312:
138:
2058:
635:(National-Corporatist League). Between 1932 and 1937, he was assigned a seat in the
3220:
3066:
2989:
2758:
1060:
1034:
959:
919:
838:
809:
675:
2010:
284:
2331:
2059:"Protectionism and Protectionists Theories in the Balkans in the Interwar Period"
1029:
As foreign minister of Romania convoked by the Axis, on August 30, he signed the
3262:
3174:
3014:
2862:
2768:
2351:
2089:
1992:
1214:
1011:
999:
998:, Manoilescu was named foreign minister in the pro-fascist government headed by
947:
834:
793:
687:
674:(1942), which was one of the main works dealing with the development of a local
670:
541:
461:
323:
239:
66:
2367:
3282:
2971:
2921:
2170:
1734:
Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
1103:
1064:
987:
914:
805:
759:
595:
430:
in scale and novelty"). Subsequently, he was active in collaboration with the
331:
235:
167:
160:
1006:, backed by Italy and Nazi Germany, to revise its border with Romania by the
2966:
2443:
1729:
1706:
894:
886:
804:", and proclaiming that "the racial basis of Romania is the same as that of
699:
599:
572:
469:
308:
1808:
National Commission of the Socialist Republic of Romania for UNESCO, 1972,
1176:. While being held there, Manoilescu became, together with the philosopher
472:
when tried by a court subordinated to the Council of War in late November.
2320:
2307:
2038:
1019:
890:
878:
870:
511:
376:
334:
272:
230:
journalist, engineer, economist, politician and memoirist, who served as
819:
Manoilescu's corporatist and protectionist ideas began to be applied in
493:"The Prince is too loyal and decent to think of dethroning his own son."
2981:
1142:
913:
Despite the increasingly tense relations between Carol and the fascist
771:
515:
415:
294:
227:
30:
2233:"Septembrie 1940. Relațiile România-U.R.S.S. îl preocupă pe Antonescu"
851:
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
2108:
1218:
1153:
1087:
1083:
1002:. The new executive was faced with eventually successful attempts by
820:
797:
711:
507:
486:
400:
260:
243:
118:
2220:
Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu,
530:
in mid-1930, Manoilescu was a very influential person in the king's
2123:"Mihail Manoilescu – a political biography of a national economist"
823:, as the basis of that country's industrial development during its
969:
882:
874:
652:
411:
275:
2149:
Theorizing underdevelopment: Latin America and Romania, 1860-1950
655:
in 1929, he published the first version of his fundamental work,
2078:
1130:
1091:
586:
At the time, he became a staunch rival of his fellow PNȚ member
3130:
2371:
2288:
Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului
1118:, he remained present on the political stage as a supporter of
1010:, in reality a dictate. Manoilescu, who was a supporter of the
873:, Manoilescu's economic and political essays were published in
1180:, a members of an "underground academy" organized by inmates.
766:
and its international circulation, as present in the works of
1148:
On October 12, 1944, as Romania signed an armistice with the
893:
measures has been compared to the measures enforced by later
436:
and other Italian-led projects of international cooperation.
1647:
Peter Hanns Reill, Central European University Press, 2011,
326:, he was assigned to the Directorate of Ammunitions (led by
1974:
Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age
1168:
authorities on December 19, 1948, and was brought first to
1052:, communicated the final decision, in the Gold Room of the
2177:(in Romanian). Bucharest: Ed. Fundației Culturale Române.
594:'s hostile account, Manoilescu purchased from the writers
481:
as arguing that Carol was alarmed by an alleged growth in
359:. After the conflict, in 1919, he had a minor role in the
297:
when Mihail was a child. Having been the recipient of the
3474:
Academic staff of the Politehnica University of Bucharest
2138:"Mihail Manoilescu. Personalitate marcantă din AGIR", in
1634:
Elizabeth McQuerry, University of Texas at Austin, 1995,
841:, is a welcomed process constituted an influence on both
271:
cabinets during the early 1900s, and a descendant of the
865:. Mihail Manoilescu, together with the French economist
548:(while he was a member of that party), as well as under
2142:, at the General Association of Romanian Engineers site
1156:, and sent to the hospital for contagious diseases in
706:
criticized the course of Romanian social development:
1539:
1537:
686:(while sharing some perspectives with the essays of
3183:
3165:
2980:
2912:
2564:
2405:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1059:In September, he was involved in negotiations with
800:approach, viewing corporatism as "the guarantee of
383:, becoming undersecretary of state in the latter's
337:, which, after southern Romania was invaded by the
190:
178:
166:
148:
128:
105:
100:
84:
72:
60:
41:
21:
2252:Gânditori şi curente de istorie socială românească
1475:
1473:
1471:
1129:). In autumn 1940, he represented his country to
833:in industry, seen as always more productive than
1763:"Fire in the Carpathians"; Mihăiță; Ornea, p.265
399:, and drafted innovative legislation concerning
1621:
1619:
982:, with Manoilescu to the right, August 30, 1940
16:Romanian politician and economist (1891 - 1950)
395:. Manoilescu returned to high office with the
226:; December 9, 1891 – December 30, 1950) was a
3449:Ministers of industry and commerce of Romania
3379:People's Party (interwar Romania) politicians
3142:
2383:
849:(arguably, it also indirectly influenced the
758:Among others, Manoilescu adopted some of the
710:" an oversized bourgeoisie which mimicks the
8:
3394:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
2278:"Fire in the Carpathians", September 9, 1940
2256:Gânditori dintre cele două războaie mondiale
1882:"U.S. Embassy Statement on Mihail Manolescu"
433:Comitati d'azione per l'universalità di Roma
2332:Newspaper clippings about Mihail Manoilescu
1853:Dinu, p. 14; Chirot, p.250; Gallagher, p.33
1238:"US knocks Romania for 'anti-Semitic' coin"
986:In July 1940, at the moment of crisis when
829:regime. His opinion that the engagement of
792:At the same time, his magazine supported a
781:only if it minimized its contacts with the
777:). He argued that a national economy could
444:He was then an advocate of the crowning of
303:prize in 1910, he went on to study at the "
3489:Romanian people who died in prison custody
3419:Romanian military personnel of World War I
3354:Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
3149:
3135:
3127:
2390:
2376:
2368:
2212:Petre Țuțea: Between Sacrifice and Suicide
2105:Theft of a Nation: Romania since Communism
1487:
1485:
1427:
1425:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
690:); the topic blended with his support for
29:
18:
3404:Governors of the National Bank of Romania
2275:"Manoilescu Acquitted", November 28, 1927
2175:Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1217:, a high school bears his name, while in
808:Europe". Manoilescu himself welcomed the
618:. As governor, he refused to salvage the
3494:Prisoners who died in Securitate custody
3464:Romanian collaborators with Nazi Germany
1831:
1829:
1827:
1449:Ornea, p.265; Veiga, p.127, 129, 213-214
1106:, came to government and proclaimed the
606:In 1931, Manoilescu was governor of the
330:), and designed an original type of 210
56:4 July 1940 – 14 September 1940
3424:Ministers of foreign affairs of Romania
2029:; Torre, Dominique (October 21, 2013),
1596:
1594:
1229:
885:. His works also had some influence in
536:, being the Minister of Economy in the
307:" (the School of Bridges and Roads) in
3459:Ministers of communications of Romania
1570:Victor Munteanu, 1936, in Ornea, p.273
946:made similar proposals to philosopher
44:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania
2272:"Manoilescu Trial", November 21, 1927
1649:Cores, Peripheries, and Globalization
1376:"More Carol-ings"; "Manoilescu Trial"
1183:Manoilescu was ultimately brought to
1141:, his collaborator on an overview of
221:
7:
3469:Ministers of public works of Romania
3389:National Peasants' Party politicians
422:and became his admirer (calling the
2269:"More Carol-ings", November 7, 1927
1920:"Liceul Economic Mihail Manoilescu"
936:Everything for the Fatherland Party
571:(imprisoned since 1918, due to his
552:(1931-1932). He was elected to the
475:His own testimony was indicated by
199:Politehnica University of Bucharest
3319:(Minister of State for Minorities)
2214:, Ashgate Publishing, London, 2004
785:and relied instead on cultivating
669:The role and destiny of Romania's
667:formed the main theme of the book
556:for the PNȚ in 1930, representing
485:and only wished to be part of the
452:(in the place of his underage son
14:
3384:20th-century Romanian politicians
3265:(Public Works and Communications)
1991:; Torre, Dominique (2015-07-03).
1964:Journal of World Systems Research
1903:United States Department of State
1728:Wojciech Roszkowski, Jan Kofman,
1687:Manoilescu, 1937, in Ornea, p.277
1410:Manoilescu, in "Manoilescu Trial"
3434:20th-century Romanian memoirists
3160:(4 July 1940 – 4 September 1940)
2319:
2100:, Bucharest, 1998, p. 21-68
1966:, XI, 1, July 2005, p. 3-26
1907:Romania 2016 Human Rights Report
1810:Chronological history of Romania
1579:Al. Randa, 1941, in Ornea, p.108
1349:Manoilescu, 1926, in Hîncu, p.69
942:, the party's unofficial leader
742:, our bourgeoisie will focus on
526:After Carol returned to rule as
3399:Camarilla (Carol II of Romania)
3364:20th-century Romanian engineers
2345:Guță, Daniel (March 21, 2019).
1385:Ciachir; "Manoilescu Acquitted"
647:Political and economic theories
410:In 1926, while on a mission to
311:, completing his training as a
182:Engineer, economist, journalist
3301:(Health and Social Protection)
2199:"Carol II-Madgearu-Manoilescu"
2154:(Romanian) Mihail Manoilescu,
2094:Miturile comunismului românesc
1955:, December 1967, p. 78-87
1678:Argetoianu, p.87; Ornea, p.270
1660:Chirot, p.251; Gallagher, p.33
1561:Chirot, p.250; Gallagher, p.33
1367:Ciachir; Mihăiță; Ornea, p.265
259:Born to a political family in
1:
2914:Socialist Republic of Romania
2076:, "Ziariști cu greutate", in
2063:Cahiers du Gretha (2007-2019)
2033:, ICER Working Paper Series,
2011:10.1080/00213624.2015.1072388
1922:(in Romanian). Archived from
1221:a street is named after him.
1098:1940s, imprisonment and death
1037:between Hungary and Romania (
678:, alongside those written by
625:He began editing a magazine,
223:[mihaˈilmano.iˈlesku]
3289:(Religious Affairs and Arts)
2399:Foreign Ministers of Romania
1172:, and then to the prison of
1135:Independent State of Croatia
641:Romanian Chamber of Commerce
371:Soon, Manoilescu joined the
2336:20th Century Press Archives
1609:Dilek Barlas, BRILL, 1998,
1518:Ornea, p.46, 268-269; Stahl
1126:Romania during World War II
1116:Iron Guard's 1941 Rebellion
974:Hungarian Foreign Minister
897:regimes, including that of
770:(in turn influenced by the
661:and international exchanges
575:activism and designs for a
293:. The Manoilescus moved to
232:Foreign Minister of Romania
173:School of Bridges and Roads
3510:
3454:Romanian writers in French
3414:Romanian magazine founders
1998:Journal of Economic Issues
1978:Princeton University Press
1500:Boatcă, p.23; Veiga, p.214
1358:Ornea, p.266; Veiga, p.253
633:Liga Național-Corporatistă
322:Upon Romania's entry into
305:Școala de Poduri și Șosele
143:Romanian People's Republic
3409:Romanian magazine editors
3374:Members of the Iron Guard
3307:(Public Assets Inventory)
3259:(Agriculture and Domains)
3115:
1821:Mihăiţă; Ornea, p.284-285
1772:"Fire in the Carpathians"
1331:Hîncu, p.69; Ornea, p.265
996:ceded to the Soviet Union
714:of yesteryear and has an
698:, as Manoilescu rejected
564:, back into the country.
397:second Averescu executive
208:
204:
186:
96:
49:
37:
28:
3484:Inmates of Sighet prison
3479:Inmates of Jilava Prison
1754:Ornea, p.270–272; Şandru
1108:National Legionary State
608:National Bank of Romania
538:National Peasants' Party
195:National Bank of Romania
3193:(Deputy Prime Minister)
2411:Principality of Romania
1989:Nenovsky, Nikolay Nenov
1862:Dinu, "Prefață", p. 14.
1710:, 1937, in Ornea, p.275
1112:First Antonescu cabinet
1071:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1046:German Foreign Minister
944:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
853:). Disputed by several
704:The role and destiny...
428:great French revolution
263:, he was the nephew of
238:in the late 1930s. His
219:Romanian pronunciation:
3429:20th-century essayists
2210:Alexandru D. Popescu,
2107:, C. Hurst & Co.,
2053:Blancheton, Bertrand;
1745:Gallagher, p.33; Stahl
1531:(Manoilescu's italics)
1527:Manoilescu, in Scurtu
1419:"Manoilescu Acquitted"
1273:Dinu, "Prefață", p. 7.
1050:Joachim von Ribbentrop
983:
814:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
789:for a local industry.
756:
495:
464:was proclaimed by the
361:National Liberal Party
328:Tancred Constantinescu
267:, twice a minister in
153:National Liberal Party
3313:(National Propaganda)
2407:United Principalities
1947:Constantin Argetoianu
1781:Manoilescu, in Șandru
1509:Ornea, p.48, 138, 266
1440:Ornea, p.273; Pandrea
1041:Northern Transylvania
973:
940:Constantin Argetoianu
708:
620:Marmorosch Blank Bank
616:Polytechnic Institute
569:Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor
491:
379:force led by General
79:Constantin Argetoianu
3279:(National Education)
3227:Constantin Nicolescu
2328:at Wikimedia Commons
2039:10.2139/ssrn.2343029
1340:Hîncu, p.69; Mihăiță
577:communist revolution
554:Assembly of Deputies
3444:Romanian memoirists
3359:Romanian economists
2294:, Bucharest, 1993.
2069:, Cahiers du GRETha
1243:The Times of Israel
1063:envoys regarding a
1031:Second Vienna Award
980:Second Vienna Award
639:, representing the
610:and began teaching
460:, he was arrested (
348:), was produced in
3439:Romanian essayists
3349:People from Tecuci
3277:Dumitru Caracostea
3251:(National Economy)
3245:(Army Procurement)
3209:(External Affairs)
2982:Romania since 1989
2785:Ion I. C. Brătianu
2733:Ion I. C. Brătianu
2712:Ion I. C. Brătianu
2692:Ion I. C. Brătianu
2666:Ion I. C. Brătianu
2566:Kingdom of Romania
2505:Calimachi-Catargiu
2490:Calimachi-Catargiu
2140:Univers Ingineresc
1552:Boatcă, p.17; Love
1543:Boatcă, p.23; Love
1401:"Manoilescu Trial"
1166:Communist Romanian
1143:Southeast European
984:
583:such as Bujor's).
546:Gheorghe Mironescu
540:(PNȚ) cabinets of
489:. He also stated:
466:Ion I. C. Brătianu
381:Alexandru Averescu
123:Kingdom of Romania
3369:Romanian fascists
3326:
3325:
3207:Mihail Manoilescu
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:* denotes interim
3030:Popescu-Tăriceanu
2894:Niculescu-Buzești
2439:Papadopol-Calimah
2434:Rosetti-Bălănescu
2326:Mihail Manoilescu
2324:Media related to
2055:Nenovsky, Nikolay
2027:Nenovsky, Nikolay
1122:'s dictatorship (
1024:Treaty of Craiova
1008:Treaty of Trianon
992:Northern Bukovina
930:, he ran for the
899:Nicolae Ceaușescu
831:productive forces
665:industrialization
612:political economy
345:Romanian Campaign
300:Gazeta Matematică
265:Alexandru Bădărău
215:Mihail Manoilescu
212:
211:
132:December 30, 1950
91:Mihail R. Sturdza
23:Mihail Manoilescu
3501:
3311:Nichifor Crainic
3270:Gheorghe N. Leon
3256:Gheorghe N. Leon
3249:Gheorghe N. Leon
3243:Mihail Priboianu
3239:(Air and Marine)
3231:National Defence
3214:Gheorghe N. Leon
3151:
3144:
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2146:Joseph L. Love,
2086:Adrian Cioroianu
2082:, March 17, 2007
2070:
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1958:Manuela Boatcă,
1949:, "Memorii", in
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1162:geothermal power
1054:Belvedere Palace
1033:, which divided
1016:Southern Dobruja
966:Foreign minister
928:election of 1937
903:underdevelopment
867:François Perroux
812:policies of the
768:Constantin Stere
696:one-party system
692:authoritarianism
581:political crimes
420:Benito Mussolini
358:
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116:December 9, 1891
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101:Personal details
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3179:
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2599:Ion C. Brătianu
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2284:Francisco Veiga
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2204:Magazin Istoric
2191:
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2136:Mihai Mihăiță,
2133:, November 1995
2130:Magazin Istoric
2103:Tom Gallagher,
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952:Gheorghe Moruzi
911:
802:Romanianization
787:internal demand
719:
684:Eugen Lovinescu
649:
590:. According to
588:Virgil Madgearu
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450:King of Romania
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3167:Prime Minister
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724:; whereas the
716:over-bourgeois
680:Ştefan Zeletin
657:The theory of
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1970:Daniel Chirot
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1926:on 2018-10-04
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1185:Sighet Prison
1181:
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1171:
1170:Jilava Prison
1167:
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1159:
1155:
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1146:
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1137:to meet with
1136:
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1128:
1127:
1121:
1120:Ion Antonescu
1117:
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956:Magda Lupescu
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880:
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847:Raúl Prebisch
844:
843:Celso Furtado
840:
839:raw materials
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659:protectionism
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592:Petre Pandrea
589:
584:
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570:
565:
563:
562:Magda Lupescu
559:
555:
551:
550:Nicolae Iorga
547:
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517:
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490:
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483:republicanism
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385:first cabinet
382:
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367:With Averescu
366:
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131:
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68:
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53:
48:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3268:
3254:
3237:Nicolae Păiș
3221:Ion V. Gruia
3212:
3206:
2889:M. Antonescu
2883:I. Antonescu
2872:
2837:V. Antonescu
2816:Vaida-Voevod
2749:Vaida-Voevod
2546:Kogălniceanu
2530:Kogălniceanu
2484:Kogălniceanu
2359:September 1,
2357:. Retrieved
2350:
2287:
2261:
2255:
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2128:
2104:
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2066:
2062:
2030:
2002:
1996:
1973:
1963:
1950:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1914:
1906:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1876:
1871:Dinu, p. 14.
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1799:Ornea, p.280
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1705:
1701:
1696:Ornea, p.270
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1625:Love, p. 221
1610:
1605:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1528:
1523:
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1505:
1496:
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1406:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1182:
1147:
1139:Otto Franges
1123:
1101:
1068:
1058:
1038:
1035:Transylvania
1028:
985:
978:signing the
976:István Csáky
960:Nazi Germany
950:and General
935:
925:
920:Buna Vestire
918:
912:
855:neoclassical
824:
818:
816:government.
791:
783:world market
757:
751:
748:satisfaction
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:accumulation
729:
721:
720:That is why
715:
709:
703:
676:middle class
668:
656:
650:
632:
626:
624:
605:
585:
566:
558:Caraș County
531:
527:
525:
504:
496:
492:
476:
474:
443:
431:
409:
405:amortization
389:
370:
342:
321:
298:
269:Conservative
258:
214:
213:
134:(1950-12-30)
86:Succeeded by
51:
3344:1950 deaths
3339:1891 births
3263:Ion Macovei
3175:Ion Gigurtu
2656:Marghiloman
2625:A. Lahovary
2615:A. Lahovary
2579:D. Brătianu
2429:I. G. Ghica
2424:Cantacuzino
2207:, July 2001
2171:Ornea, Zigu
2090:Lucian Boia
2074:Dan Ciachir
1190:in absentia
1178:Petre Țuțea
1174:Ocnele Mari
1000:Ion Gigurtu
948:Nae Ionescu
835:agriculture
826:Estado Novo
810:antisemitic
794:nationalist
752:the present
728:focuses on
688:Emil Cioran
671:bourgeoisie
542:Iuliu Maniu
462:martial law
458:Queen Marie
403:and salary
353: [
324:World War I
283: [
240:corporatist
191:Employer(s)
74:Preceded by
67:Ion Gigurtu
3333:Categories
3283:Horia Sima
3217:(Finances)
3062:Diaconescu
3046:Diaconescu
2878:M. Sturdza
2873:Manoilescu
2868:Argetoianu
2805:Argetoianu
2754:Zamfirescu
2594:Câmpineanu
2551:Câmpineanu
2540:Câmpineanu
2510:Costa-Foru
2495:A. Golescu
2474:N. Golescu
2469:Ș. Golescu
2459:Ș. Golescu
2449:Mavrogheni
2300:9732803924
2184:973915543X
1941:References
1930:2018-10-03
1104:Horia Sima
988:Bessarabia
915:Iron Guard
909:Iron Guard
837:and other
760:Poporanist
740:the future
628:Lumea Nouă
596:Sergiu Dan
440:1927 trial
255:Early life
236:Iron Guard
179:Occupation
168:Alma mater
161:Iron Guard
112:1891-12-09
3223:(Justice)
3184:Ministers
3107:Obdobescu
3092:Meleșcanu
3087:Comănescu
3077:Meleșcanu
3072:Corlățean
3057:Baconschi
3041:Comănescu
3036:Cioroianu
3025:Ungureanu
3000:Meleșcanu
2952:Macovescu
2932:Preoteasa
2904:Tătărescu
2847:Tătărescu
2832:Titulescu
2826:Tătărescu
2821:Titulescu
2800:Mihalache
2795:Mironescu
2790:Titulescu
2774:Mitilineu
2738:Văitoianu
2707:Porumbaru
2702:Maiorescu
2635:Stoicescu
2605:Pherekyde
2464:Teriachiu
2308:123237205
2292:Humanitas
2047:150651244
2019:154900968
1982:Princeton
1730:Routledge
1707:Dreptatea
1158:Colentina
1145:economy.
1044:). While
895:Stalinist
887:Argentina
762:ideas on
700:democracy
600:Ion Vinea
573:Bolshevik
533:camarilla
522:Camarilla
470:acquitted
418:dictator
309:Bucharest
278:known as
273:Moldavian
250:Biography
52:In office
3295:(Labour)
3201:Interior
2899:Vișoianu
2811:D. Ghika
2717:Averescu
2640:Aurelian
2584:Stătescu
2574:Boerescu
2556:Boerescu
2515:Boerescu
2479:D. Ghica
2444:I. Ghica
2352:Adevărul
2254:Cap. X:
2173:(1995).
2111:, 2005.
2057:(2013),
1888:July 16,
1812:, p. 426
1736:, p. 624
1732:, 2016,
1282:Mihăiță.
1215:Ploiești
1078:and the
1020:Bulgaria
891:autarkic
879:Portugal
871:Interwar
744:spending
736:security
726:Occident
694:and the
528:Carol II
512:Bulgaria
377:populist
350:Nicolina
335:howitzer
228:Romanian
3102:Aurescu
3097:Mănescu
3082:Aurescu
3051:Predoiu
3005:Severin
2995:Năstase
2947:Mănescu
2942:Bunaciu
2927:Bughici
2863:Gigurtu
2858:Gafencu
2842:Micescu
2779:Știrbey
2764:Derussi
2759:Ionescu
2697:Djuvara
2687:Sturdza
2671:Sturdza
2661:Sturdza
2646:Sturdza
2630:Sturdza
2589:Sturdza
2535:Ionescu
2454:Știrbei
2419:Arsache
2338:of the
2334:in the
2156:Memorii
2092:, ed.,
1909:, p. 34
1651:, p. 27
1638:, p. 52
1613:, p. 29
1491:Pandrea
1431:Ciachir
1322:Mihăiță
1074:), the
1065:détente
1004:Hungary
934:on the
926:In the
779:develop
772:Marxist
764:capital
614:at the
516:Giurgiu
487:Regency
416:fascist
401:tariffs
3020:Geoană
2972:Stoian
2962:Văduva
2957:Andrei
2937:Maurer
2922:Pauker
2728:Coandă
2620:Esarcu
2525:Cornea
2306:
2298:
2181:
2162:
2115:
2109:London
2045:
2017:
1984:, 1996
1790:Șandru
1529:et al.
1249:28 May
1219:Tecuci
1197:Honors
1090:, and
1088:Berlin
1084:Moscow
1061:Soviet
932:Senate
863:Poland
821:Brazil
798:racist
712:boyars
637:Senate
508:Danube
261:Tecuci
244:Brazil
119:Tecuci
3067:Marga
3015:Roman
3010:Pleșu
2990:Celac
2723:Arion
2235:, in
2201:, in
2043:S2CID
2015:S2CID
1962:, in
1835:Harre
1225:Notes
994:were
883:Chile
875:Spain
806:Aryan
653:Paris
510:into
454:Mihai
412:Italy
357:]
317:Roman
287:]
276:boyar
42:74th
2967:Totu
2769:Duca
2744:Mișu
2610:Carp
2500:Carp
2361:2022
2304:OCLC
2296:ISBN
2263:Time
2179:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2079:Ziua
1890:2020
1600:Love
1251:2016
1131:Rome
1124:see
1092:Rome
1069:see
1039:see
1012:Axis
990:and
845:and
796:and
750:and
738:and
682:and
598:and
544:and
478:Time
375:, a
343:see
295:Iași
129:Died
106:Born
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861:in
651:In
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448:as
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1976:,
1972:,
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