550:, the "Mihi Ovens" built c.1884 by John Wright and Brydon and Jones & Coy, then owners of the Mihi Mine, is located on Lot 5 on AP3320 immediately north and west of the Klondyke Coke Ovens. The ovens were recorded by Whitmore (1983) and re-located by DERM (2010). In 1987 Whitmore noted a programme of tipping and re-contouring in this area which threatened to engulf the ovens. This fill event has been verified by Department of Environment and Resource Management test excavations. The entrances of three ovens from this original bank of ovens are now partly exposed on the slope situated between the upper and middle terraced areas to the immediate west of the Klondyke Coke Ovens. The full extent and dimensions of the ovens remains unclear, though this battery has been described as consisting of 12 ovens. Their orientation is most likely similar to other beehive ovens on the Ipswich - West Moreton field, being either back-to-back or in a stagger pattern. The space between each oven would be filled with earth or rubble for insulation, and evidence of compacted orange clay was recorded in DERM during test excavations in the area. Evidence of a stone retaining wall surrounding the ovens has not been re-located, but sections may still survive.
554:(6 ft 7 in × 9 ft 10 in). Metal artefacts of unknown function remain in situ within the structure, and efforts to identify these artefacts may provide information on the function and use of this structure. Unknown Structure 2 is situated 5 metres (16 ft) north of the first structure. It is constructed of roughly made though well mortared together cement bricks and measures 2 by 2 metres (6 ft 7 in × 6 ft 7 in) and is 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in height. A cement "capping" has been fitted over the structure, with later bricks added above. The southern elevation features a small cement brick return. The function of this structure remains unknown, though the Unknown Structure 2 may be a capped ventilation shaft installed for one of the two tunnels dug during operations of the Francis Mine on this site between 1908 and 1923.
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Regulation Act 1881, the
Mineral Lands Act 1882 and the Mineral Lands (Coal-Mining) Act 1886. The Mines Regulation Act allowed the appointment of mines inspectors and the first was appointed in January 1882. While these inspectors reported regularly on the operations of coal mines, coke manufacture was not covered by the definitions of the Act and therefore not considered officially part of the mining industry and went largely unreported. Coal mining was not covered by specific legislation until 1925, and these regulations also made no mention of coking. This has led to no systematic record keeping of coke manufacture in Queensland - especially concerning production numbers, value, equipment used, people employed, or any other detailed characteristic. Information contained in Queensland government records is fragmentary - except for State owned enterprises such as those at
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the surrounding soils and the ovens themselves. The alignment of the fence follows the topography of the area and encompasses the predicted extent of the oven battery, the two unidentified brick structures located above the oven batteries, a section of low retaining wall on the lower terrace area to the south of the ovens, and a number of other elements thought to relate to the coke manufacturing operations. The "Mihi Ovens" fence is an extension of the existing fencing for the
Klondyke Coke Ovens erected by DERM in 2009. It runs adjacent to Parker Lane in the north, then downhill in a southerly direction before running in a southeast direction to rejoin the Klondyke Coke Ovens fence.
442:, so called because of their domed appearance. Beehive coke ovens consisted of a brick dome with a small circular opening (an exit flue) at the apex, and a larger arched opening at one side to permit charging and drawing. They were usually constructed in double rows known as batteries. The space between ovens was usually filled with rubble and earth to provide insulation and the whole battery surrounded by a stone retaining wall to resist the outward thrust of the brick domes. The Mihi Ovens remained in use until 1890/1 when Wright's attention was diverted a new coal development at the New Bishop Mine located nearby.
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535:(or the remains of one) on the 1864 line west of Mihi Creek within Lot 1 on RP146565. These remains consist of several cut sandstone blocks, embedded in the side of the 1864 embankment. Later buildup of solids on top of this spot, including the installation of garden beds, may conceal more remains from the culvert. A culvert is shown at this location on early plans for the railway. Additional culverts of this style still exist in the nearby area - at Wulkuraka to the west (
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653:) and underwent significant change over time, including owners and potentially equipment and production techniques. Archaeological investigations have potential to reveal important information about specific operations at Mihi Creek, particularly the full extent of coal mining and coke manufacture, the types of equipment used (other than beehive oven type and probable number in the original battery), and the precise location of key features.
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608:). The Mihi Creek site includes archaeological artefacts which illustrate early examples of processes and activities relating to the increasing demand for quality coke for use in early Queensland industry in the late 19th century (particularly for rail and maritime industries and coal-powered engines generally).
643:. Archaeological investigations within the Mihi Creek site could produce evidence which would confirm or challenge contemporary understandings of the coke industry in Queensland, particularly about coke manufacturing processes, coking infrastructure, coke plant layout, organisation and evolution through time.
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A short section of rail line of unknown date or origin and passing through a small cutting is extant in the vicinity of the coke manufacturing site on Lot 5 on AP3320. This line may represent the spur line constructed sometime between 1884 and 1890/1 while the coke manufacturing operations were owned
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The "Mihi Ovens" and adjacent
Klondyke Coke Ovens were fenced and partially cleared of pest vegetation by DERM under the supervision of DERM heritage officers between February and April 2010. Stumps and root structures of all large trees and plants remains to help maintain the structural integrity of
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The remains of a two small brick structures of unknown function are situated immediately north of the oven sites. Unknown
Structure 1, located closest to the ovens and immediately above their adjacent rail spur cutting, is constructed of mortared orange bricks and measures approximately 2 by 3 metres
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The larger of the two embankments (the 1867/8 alignment) runs in a gentler curve and is located furthest from the river. The embankments terminate at steep slopes on either side of Mihi Creek where the bridge abutments once stood. On the western side the embankments are readily discernable, rising in
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In 1871, the
Eastwood Mine opened at Mihi Creek and was named after its owner, John Eastwood. The Eastwood Mine was worked during the 1870s and into the early 1880s. Due to the owner's interest in other mines it then laid idle for several years until it was sold to John Wright and Brydon, Jones &
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Queensland's colonial government fostered the development of railways as a means of developing the State and providing social benefits. It was argued that rail would reduce freight costs and save travel time for passengers. An added incentive for rail development in
Queensland was the very poor state
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In 1923 Francis sold the site to a partnership of miners and a barrister who created and floated the company, Klondyke
Collieries Limited. As Klondyke Collieries Limited, coke production at the site flourished. The horse whim was replaced by an electric winder, and air shaft sunk to the workings and
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Primary sources of historical information for coke manufacture in the West
Moreton field, and across Queensland generally, are scarce as the early regulation of Queensland's mining industry was focused mainly on gold mining. Coal mining was not regulated until the 1880s with the passage of the Mines
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The first bridge over Mihi Creek was one of four bridges constructed on the line between
Ipswich and Grandchester. The embankment of the Mihi crossing was exposed to flood waters from the Bremer River and Mihi Creek and began to subside after a flood in April 1867. The crossing was notorious for the
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Coke manufacture at Mihi Creek went through several phases and intra-site analyses into changing work practices and inter-site comparisons with other coke manufacture sites would provide insights into the degree of change and/or continuity in coke manufacture practices on the West
Moreton Coalfield
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The area immediately adjacent the former rail line embankments have high potential to contain further structures and archaeological evidence associated with Queensland's first section of main line. This area has potential to provide further information about the construction of rail formations and
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Archaeological artefacts associated with the early railway are rare surviving remnants of Queensland's first section of main line railway and provide tangible evidence of the priority placed on the development of the Ipswich region in the formative years of the Queensland colony. The very need for
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It was 1908 before the site was mined again, this time by Paul Francis, a Cornish miner who had been working in the Ipswich area since the 1870s. He named his venture the Francis Mine, constructed a horse whim for hauling loaded coal skips out of his tunnel, sank an air shaft to the workings and
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was usually regarded as a somewhat unimportant side industry to the actual mining of coal. Coke is used as both a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting ore and is produced from baking bituminous coal in ovens at temperatures as high as 2,000 °F (1,090 °C). Coke manufacture became an
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The Mihi Creek heritage site is located at North Ipswich in a grassy expanse of broken, undulating land that slopes down to a bend in the Bremer River. Identifiable remains of coke manufacturing are concentrated in the area north of Mihi Creek in Lot 5 on AP3320. The remnants of the railway are
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The remnants of coal mining and coke manufacture are important in demonstrating important industries in the region's and Queensland's history. Coke manufacture played an important though under-recognised role in early coal mining and related industries over an extended period of time (1870s -
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In 1948 the site changed hands again and was renamed Moreton Colliery and worked until the early 1950s when the pit's supply was exhausted. Bryce (2009:5) recalls that the ovens were still being used as late as 1960. After the closure of the site, coke production was taken over by the nearby
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erected bunkers of "60-tonnes capacity". The exact location of Francis' first tunnel is not known but in 1917 a second tunnel was driven into the hillside probably below Viking Street. A siding was also laid which connected to the railway workshops which terminated below the tunnel.
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The Mihi Creek site provides physical evidence and has potential for additional evidence relating to the early development of the Ipswich area, with archaeological artefacts associated with Queensland's first main line railway, early coal mining and coke manufacture.
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comprise two sets of raised embankments on Lot 1 on RP146565 (the 1864 alignment) and on Lot 34 on SL4200 (the 1867/8 alignment) and are visible either side of Mihi Creek. Both sets of embankments run in arcs which are roughly parallel to the curve of the bank of the
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blocks are visible. The tops of these blocks are at ground level. A number of blocks are also located at the south western corner of the site near where the smaller embankment crosses a gully. A block bearing pick marks is also located in this area.
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Archaeological investigations within the Mihi Creek site have potential to answer a range of research questions about late 19th Century railway construction and design, and Queensland's late 19th and early 20th Century coke manufacturing industry.
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for a new bridge crossing the creek at the same point. From the piles removed, it was noticed that these had sharpened ends reinforced with strips of cast iron and matched the description given for the bridge in the original design drawings.
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Coy in 1884 who renamed the site to Mihi Mine. A short rail spur-line was built, connecting their mining rail/tram infrastructure to the Ipswich railway (presumably to the 1868 main line alignment of the Ipswich - Grandchester rail line).
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and through Wulkuraka. However, a portion of the line between North Ipswich and Wulkuraka was retained to service the railway workshops and also for the use of coal mining and coke manufacture that were then occurring at Mihi Creek.
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The paucity of primary documentary material relating to coke manufacture in Queensland makes archaeological evidence the primary source relating to coke manufacture. Subsurface remains would feature high integrity due to lack of
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A small bridge, probably originally used as a trolley/tram bridge for the coke or mining operations, was located in the northern section of Lot 5 on AP3320 and is now used as a pedestrian bridge across creek to Clem Street.
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from the late 1860s with the introduction of mechanically driven transportation, such as steam- powered ships and trains. Sites for coking of coal were most often located adjacent to transport systems, road, rail or water.
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6350 and opened for traffic. This crossed the creek above the flood level about 200 metres (660 ft) further up stream and it followed a gentler curve. The old line was removed and the bridge was dismantled and stored.
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The ovens were used throughout the 1930s. By 1942 several new beehive ovens had been constructed to meet the increased demand for coke for smelting purposes though the actual market for this coke remains unknown (see also
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Department of Environment and Resource Management (2010a), Klondyke Coke Ovens Vegetation Clearing and Test Excavations, 16 March 2010. Unpublished report for Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource
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Department of Environment and Resource Management (2010b), Klondyke Coke Ovens: Maintenance Work Report, June 2010 , Unpublished report for Heritage Branch, Department of Environment and Resource Management.
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embankments at the inception of the State's railway development. Comparative analyses of elements of the line within the Mihi Creek site with other known previously recorded features (e.g.
458:). In 1945 and 1946, Klondyke and Bowen in northern Queensland were the only coke producers in Queensland, with Klondyke turning out approximately a sixth of Queensland's coke production.
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Brick debris, coal and coke is strewn across Lot 5 on AP3320 as are metal remnants of machinery including skips, crushing machinery, trammel screens, conveyor buckets and trolley parts.
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height to the edge of the creek. To the east the embankments tend to merge with rising ground and are less identifiable. At the tops of the embankments where the soil is thin, unformed
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created as a result of mixed within the area since the early 1860s. Past use of the area is divided into two distinct though connected historical phases - the use of the area by
376:. Two years later, when Ipswich was settled as a convict outstation, known as Limestone, the presence of coal was noted between the convict settlement and Brisbane by Captain
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While the colliery and coking operations at Mihi Creek were one of a number of the type within the West Moreton Coalfield, they were also one of the longest running (1870s -
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the railway reflects a government desire for faster, reliable and more economic transport to and from the region to promote commerce, industry, growth and settlement.
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438:, known as the Mihi Ovens, were soon constructed on the hillside above Mihi Creek. Coke ovens erected on the West Moreton Coalfield were exclusively of the
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Whitmore, R.L. (1983), Coke Oven Technology in the Ipswich Area, Report to the Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Queensland
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332:. The original route followed the north bank of the Bremer River crossing Mihi Creek and Iron Pot Creek and joining the route of the present main line at
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by John Wright, but would have served the nearby coke ovens (built in the 1940s) and possibly the original battery of 12 ovens located immediately west.
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embankment - railway, machinery/plant/equipment - mining/mineral processing, formation - railway, culvert - railway, pile/s, coke oven, cutting - railway
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pastoralists. Ipswich was becoming a major inland port and was located at the intersection of important transport routes to the Darling Downs and Upper
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from the 1867/8 bridge remain in situ in the bed of Mihi Creek on Lot 34 on SL4200. Six piles have however been removed to allow the installation of
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The line was used until 1875 when a new line was opened to the south across the Bremer River, cutting out the original first six kilometres from the
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fitted with an electric propeller fan, a screening and crushing plant was erected, and power supplied by the Electric Supply Company Limited.
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Dressed sandstone blocks were also identified on the western approaches of the 1864-5 bridge as was a suspected buried sandstone
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sharp reverse curves in the approaches to the bridge. In May 1868, the Mihi deviation was completed at a cost of about
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Whitmore, R.L. (1991), Coal in Queensland: From Federation to the Twenties, University of Queensland Press: St Lucia
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Haighmoor site which remained in production for a further 15 years as southern Queensland's only coke works (
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Coal was one of the first minerals in Queensland to be commercially mined. Mining originally commenced at
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located on both sides of Mihi Creek but particularly evident in Lot 34 on SL4200 and Lot 1 on RP146565.
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317:. Charles Fox and Son, an engineering firm based in England, were appointed as consulting engineers and
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The discovery of coal in Queensland dates from 1825 when outcrops were observed by Major
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The route of Queensland's first main line railway is featured in original plans held by
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Construction of the first section of main line between Ipswich and Bigge's Camp (now
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of the roads. In wet weather especially, this hampered the transport of freight.
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was chosen as the eastern terminus of the first main line railway instead of
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on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the
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also marked several outcrops on the Bremer River on his survey map for
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The Chief Engineer responsible for construction of the railway was
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on 16 July 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.
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188:Location of Mihi Creek heritage site in Queensland
824:Bryce, Ian. (2009) Interview with Margaret Cook.
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519:The remains of an unknown number of broken
357:Coal Mining and Coking Operations (1864 -
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884:"Queensland heritage register boundaries"
618:Sandstone Railway Culvert, North Ipswich
541:Sandstone Railway Culvert, North Ipswich
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216:Mihi Creek heritage site (Australia)
750:"Mihi Creek Complex (entry 645610)"
954:Archaeological sites in Queensland
877:licence (accessed on 7 July 2014,
866:"The Queensland heritage register"
657:and potentially across the State.
585:Mihi Creek site was listed on the
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350:North Ipswich Railway Workshops
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758:. Queensland Heritage Council
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315:Commissioner for Railways
262:The Mihi Creek site is a
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914:Mihi Creek heritage site
478:Visitor facilities, 2015
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386:New South Wales Governor
232:Mihi Creek heritage site
24:Mihi Creek heritage site
319:Peto, Brassey and Betts
270:for Queensland's first
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191:Show map of Queensland
151:Significant components
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546:The first battery of
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219:Show map of Australia
934:Brassall, Queensland
486:Park sculpture, 2015
82:27.5932°S 152.7536°E
939:Mines in Queensland
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871:State of Queensland
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311:Abraham Fitzgibbon
264:cultural landscape
238:at Mihi Junction,
143:Significant period
135:Reference no.
87:-27.5932; 152.7536
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837:Management.
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634:disturbance
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525:foundations
470:Description
362: 1960
85: /
73:152°45′13″E
61:Coordinates
56:, Australia
949:Coke ovens
923:Categories
661:References
436:coke ovens
422:important
248:Queensland
127:Designated
70:27°35′36″S
54:Queensland
513:sandstone
334:Wulkuraka
897:archived
879:archived
762:1 August
296:Brisbane
240:Brassall
41:Location
533:culvert
434:Twelve
288:Ipswich
258:History
46:Brassal
891:under
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396:Goodna
138:645610
408:Bowen
764:2014
419:coke
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