305:, a force that eventually numbered more than 80,000 women, both enlisted and officer. McAfee was commissioned as a lieutenant commander the following week, on 3 August, and quickly set down rules for enlisted women, including that they use only enough make-up "to look human". With others, she campaigned for WAVES to have the same pay and benefits as their male counterparts. These efforts resulted in Public Law 183, effective on 9 November 1943, which entitled all Women's Reserve personnel the allowances and benefits available to men. It also provided for one captain in the Women's Reserve; Lieutenant Commander McAfee was promoted to captain later that same month. She succeeded in integrating women of color into the U.S. Naval Reserve Officer Corps and enabled them to serve in many areas and capacities while their male counterparts were limited to serving as cooks and bakers. She ensured that women of color would be treated like any of the other WAVES and assigned as officers in various companies. During the peak of World War II, Captain McAfee commanded 82,000 women.
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383:, McAfee wrote an article entitled "Second-Class Citizens or Partners in Policy", in which she challenged the church stating, "The crucial question about the place of women in the church is whether or not the church will accept the pattern of the secular society (with which most women are fully content) or will take the lead within its own life demonstrating the truth of ultimate worth, whether it be male or female."
44:
349:, and took on her husband's last name becoming Mildred Helen McAfee Horton. However, the work that she accomplished as a single woman, prior to her marriage, set her apart from many women of her time, whose husbands' work tended to open doors and overshadow women's accomplishments. In 1948, McAfee was asked to address the
284:
in 1956. Unlike her female contemporaries, McAfee's significance to the church, as well as her service to her country, did not come through women's organizations, Christian education, or missionary work. McAfee was deeply interested in the role of religious groups and its ability to connect people,
353:, making her one of the first few women to do so. She told the council, "that the secular institutions need to be supplemented by a virile church, alert to its unique mission to keep man conscious of his relation to the loving, judging, living God."
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McAfee is unique in the history of women leaders in the church, since she was already a young adult before the
Presbyterian Church began ordaining women as elders. In fact, she had already served as vice-president of the
248:
and
Harriet Brown. Her Presbyterian family emphasized and helped to nurture a strong faith and a high expectation of achievement which influenced her religious work later on. She graduated from
364:, which had been working to merge eight interdenominational boards to form the National Council. While holding this office with the National Council of Churches, she also sat on the boards of
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having written her master's thesis on religious movements. Her life's work emphasized religious organizations, and she was a member of the
General Council of Congregational Christian Churches.
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at the age of 36, making her one of the country's youngest college presidents. McAfee retired from her position as
President of Wellesley College in 1948.
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170:(12 May 1900 – 2 September 1994) was an American academic, educator, naval officer, and religious leader. She served during
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Lieutenant
Commander McAfee celebrating the first anniversary of the Women's Naval Reserve in Washington, D.C., in 1943.
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Hendricks, Elizabeth G. (1998). "Mildred McAfee Horton (1900—1994): Portrait of a
Pathbreaking Christian Leader".
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As a pioneer for women's roles in the mid 20th
Century, McAfee was the first woman to serve on the boards of
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390:(UNH). She was President of the UNH Board of Trustees, serving on the board from 1963 to 1974.
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After the war, McAfee resigned from the Naval
Reserve. She was the first woman to receive the
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During World War II, McAfee took a leave of absence from
Wellesley to direct the newly formed
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Records of the Bureau of
Personnel Special Assistant for Women's Policy (PERS-00W), 1947–1991
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In addition to her distinguished military service, McAfee was also the seventh president of
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in order to develop religious programming. She would later become the president of the
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220:. As all of her work was compelled by her faith, she was first woman president of the
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Between the Times: The Travail of the Protestant Establishment in America, 1900-1960
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Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
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Akers, Regina T. (2004). "Horton, Mildred McAfee". In Ware, Susan (ed.).
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McAfee Hall at Wellesley is named in her honor, as is Horton Hall at the
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The World Council of Churches, a study of its background and history
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Presbyterian Women in America: Two Centuries of a Quest for Status
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in 1994 at the age of 94, and is buried in Durand Road Cemetery.
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for a number of years before the first woman was ordained in the
216:. She was the first woman chair of the Board of Trustees of the
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in 1920 and received her master's degree in sociology from the
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606:"TIME Magazine Cover: Capt. Mildred McAfee - Mar. 12, 1945"
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In 1950, McAfee became a vice-president at large of the
178:(Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) in the
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The Atlantic War Remembered: An Oral History Collection
638:"United and Slighted: Women as Subordinated Insiders"
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in 1928. She briefly taught at Tusculum College (now
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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488:Horton, Mildred McAfee; Sargeant, Helene K (1982).
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1076:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
822:Campbell, D'Ann (2014). "Horton, Mildred McAfee".
379:As an advocate for the ordination of women in the
855:Mildred McAfee, "The Navy Was a Man's World," in
268:two years later. In 1936 she became president of
712:Boyd, Lois A.; Brackenridge, R. Douglas (1983).
644:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–167.
807:. Harvard University Press. pp. 311–313.
471:"A Veterans Day Remembrance of Mildred McAfee"
182:. She was the first woman commissioned in the
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669:. Peterborough NH: R. R. Smith. p. 264.
308:In 1945, McAfee was featured on the cover of
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337:In August 1945 she married the Reverend Dr.
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224:and the first woman vice-president of the
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832:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600902
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264:in 1926 before becoming dean of women at
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490:Reminiscences of Mildred McAfee Horton
716:. Greenwood Press. pp. 155–156.
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870:Brief biography and some photographs
780:"Education: Vassarette to Wellesley"
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519:
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743:The Journal of Presbyterian History
260:). McAfee was the dean of women at
186:and the first woman to receive the
27:American academic and naval officer
1096:Female United States Navy officers
640:. In Hutchison, William R. (ed.).
636:Brereton, Virginia Lieson (1990).
25:
622:"WAVE Director Presented Award",
240:Mildred Helen McAfee was born in
319:Navy Distinguished Service Medal
188:Navy Distinguished Service Medal
149:Navy Distinguished Service Medal
1111:20th-century American academics
1071:Presidents of Wellesley College
1066:People from Parkville, Missouri
926:Presidents of Wellesley College
594:. 6 September 1994. p. 11.
563:"History of the Navy Reserve".
1:
859:ed. John T. Mason Jr. (1990).
527:"McAfee, Mildred H. (Horton)"
341:(died 1968), the dean of the
1086:University of Chicago alumni
415:"Captain, USNR, (1900-1994)"
358:National Council of Churches
278:National Council of Churches
230:National Council of Churches
1081:United States Navy captains
824:American National Biography
388:University of New Hampshire
362:Federal Council of Churches
244:, the daughter of the Rev.
226:Federal Council of Churches
218:University of New Hampshire
168:Mildred Helen McAfee Horton
36:Mildred Helen McAfee Horton
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327:World War II Victory Medal
887:20 September 2006 at the
875:21 September 2006 at the
567:. March 2011. p. 12.
351:World Council of Churches
174:as first director of the
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1106:American women academics
665:Gaines, David P (1966).
381:U.S. Presbyterian Church
282:U.S. Presbyterian Church
1061:Oberlin College faculty
626:, 7 November 1945, p. 1
333:Personal life and death
323:American Campaign Medal
314:for a job "well done".
210:New York Public Library
206:New York Life Insurance
1051:Centre College faculty
551:Current Biography 1941
453:"Mildred McAfee '1920"
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1091:Vassar College alumni
565:TNR: The Navy Reserve
395:Berlin, New Hampshire
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254:University of Chicago
118:Years of service
81:Berlin, New Hampshire
18:Mildred McAfee Horton
624:Reno Evening Gazette
592:Ironwood Daily Globe
92:Durand Road Cemetery
513:, pp. 170–171.
477:. 12 November 2012.
457:Vassar Encyclopedia
258:Tusculum University
246:Cleland Boyd McAfee
242:Parkville, Missouri
64:Parkville, Missouri
347:Harvard University
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180:United States Navy
112:United States Navy
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841:978-0-19-860669-7
814:978-0-674-01488-6
723:978-0-313-23678-5
651:978-0-521-40601-7
475:Wellesley College
270:Wellesley College
195:Wellesley College
184:U.S. Navy Reserve
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76:(1994-09-02)
61:May 12, 1900
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1046:1994 deaths
1041:1900 births
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1009:(1993–2007)
1003:(1981–1993)
997:(1972–1980)
991:(1966–1972)
985:(1949–1966)
979:(1936–1949)
973:(1911–1936)
967:(1899–1910)
961:(1894–1899)
955:(1887–1894)
949:(1881–1887)
943:(1875–1881)
420:21 December
1035:Categories
934:Presidents
792:"Miss Mac"
675:1153325777
590:"Deaths".
401:References
236:Early life
98:Allegiance
57:1900-05-12
971:Pendleton
498:122632107
155:Spouse(s)
121:1942-1945
1021:(2016– )
1013:Bottomly
885:Archived
873:Archived
755:23335371
610:TIME.com
325:and the
228:and the
134:Commands
106:Service/
1019:Johnson
1001:Keohane
765:2033415
735:Sources
129:Captain
995:Newell
965:Hazard
959:Irvine
953:Shafer
947:Palmer
941:Howard
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536:26 May
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212:, and
208:, the
199:UNESCO
145:Awards
108:branch
83:, U.S.
66:, U.S.
1007:Walsh
989:Adams
983:Clapp
759:INIST
751:JSTOR
303:WAVES
176:WAVES
139:WAVES
836:ISBN
809:ISBN
796:Time
784:Time
718:ISBN
671:OCLC
646:ISBN
538:2021
531:NHHC
494:OCLC
422:2022
368:and
311:Time
126:Rank
71:Died
51:Born
828:doi
370:RCA
366:NBC
345:at
214:RCA
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