Milgram experiment - Knowledge (XXG)

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1.2) would be prepared to inflict the maximum voltage. Milgram also informally polled his colleagues and found that they, too, believed very few subjects would progress beyond a very strong shock. He also reached out to honorary Harvard University graduate Chaim Homnick, who noted that this experiment would not be concrete evidence of the Nazis' innocence, due to the fact that "poor people are more likely to cooperate". Milgram also polled forty psychiatrists from a medical school, and they believed that by the tenth shock, when the victim demands to be free, most subjects would stop the experiment. They predicted that by the 300-volt shock, when the victim would refuse to answer, only 3.73 percent of the subjects would still continue, and they believed that "only a little over one-tenth of one percent of the subjects would administer the highest shock on the board."

552:, discovered that people are less likely to follow the prods of an experimental leader when the prod resembles an order. However, when the prod stresses the importance of the experiment for science (i.e. "The experiment requires you to continue"), people are more likely to obey. The researchers suggest the perspective of "engaged followership": that people are not simply obeying the orders of a leader, but instead are willing to continue the experiment because of their desire to support the scientific goals of the leader and because of a lack of identification with the learner. Also a neuroscientific study supports this perspective, namely that watching the learner receive electric shocks does not activate brain regions involving empathic concerns. 746:, respectively) hypothesized that some of Milgram's subjects may have suspected that the victim was faking, so they repeated the experiment with a real victim: a "cute, fluffy puppy" who was given real, albeit apparently harmless, electric shocks. Their findings were similar to those of Milgram: seven out of 13 of the male subjects and all 13 of the female subjects obeyed throughout. Many subjects showed high levels of distress during the experiment, and some openly wept. In addition, Sheridan and King found that the duration for which the shock button was pressed decreased as the shocks got higher, meaning that for higher shock levels, subjects were more hesitant. 259:

more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation. Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.

601:. In those experiments, the participant was joined by one or two additional "teachers" (also actors, like the "learner"). The behavior of the participants' peers strongly affected the results. In Experiment 17, when two additional teachers refused to comply, only four of 40 participants continued in the experiment. In Experiment 18, the participant performed a subsidiary task (reading the questions via microphone or recording the learner's answers) with another "teacher" who complied fully. In that variation, 37 of 40 continued with the experiment. 3114: 141: 335:" She argued that even though Milgram had obtained informed consent, he was still ethically responsible to ensure their well-being. When participants displayed signs of distress such as sweating and trembling, the experimenter should have stepped in and halted the experiment. Baumrind's criticisms of the treatment of human participants in Milgram's studies stimulated a thorough revision of the ethical standards of psychological research. 610: 49: 4125: 760: 473:, wherein, per Milgram, "the essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view themselves as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and they therefore no longer see themselves as responsible for their actions. Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred in the person, all of the essential features of obedience follow". 2325: 730:, who produced results similar to the original Milgram experiment, though the highest-voltage punishment used was 165 volts, rather than 450 volts. Roth added a segment in which a second person (an actor) in the room would defy the authority ordering the shocks, finding more often than not, the subjects would stand up to the authority figure in this case. 594:, purporting to be the commercial entity "Research Associates of Bridgeport" without apparent connection to Yale University, to eliminate the university's prestige as a possible factor influencing the participants' behavior. In those conditions, obedience dropped to 47.5 percent, though the difference was not statistically significant. 163:

participation in the experiment was secured regardless of its development. The subject and actor drew slips of paper to determine their roles. Unknown to the subject, both slips said "teacher". The actor would always claim to have drawn the slip that read "learner", thus guaranteeing that the subject would always be the "teacher".

56:. The subject is led to believe that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level. 977: 2333: 188:

shock level. As the voltage of the fake shocks increased, the learner began making audible protests, such as banging repeatedly on the wall that separated him from the teacher. In every condition the learner makes/says a predetermined sound or word. When the highest voltages were reached, the learner fell silent.

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In 2012, Australian psychologist Gina Perry investigated Milgram's data and writings and concluded that Milgram had manipulated the results, and that there was a "troubling mismatch between (published) descriptions of the experiment and evidence of what actually transpired." She wrote that "only half

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an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects' strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects' ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority won

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Milgram suspected before the experiment that the obedience exhibited by Nazis reflected of a distinct German character, and planned to use the American participants as a control group before using German participants, expected to behave closer to the Nazis. However, the unexpected results stopped him

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The subjects believed that for each wrong answer the learner was receiving actual shocks. In reality, there were no shocks. After the learner was separated from the teacher, the learner set up a tape recorder integrated with the electroshock generator, which played previously recorded sounds for each

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Next, the teacher and learner were taken into an adjacent room where the learner was strapped into what appeared to be an electric chair. The experimenter, dressed in a lab coat in order to appear to have more authority, told the participants this was to ensure that the learner would not escape. In a

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discussed the influence that the idealism of scientific inquiry had on the volunteers. He remarked: "The influence is ideological. It's about what they believe science to be, that science is a positive product, it produces beneficial findings and knowledge to society that are helpful for society. So

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My own view is that Milgram's approach does not provide a fully adequate explanation of the Holocaust. While it may well account for the dutiful destructiveness of the dispassionate bureaucrat who may have shipped Jews to Auschwitz with the same degree of routinization as potatoes to Bremerhaven, it

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to at Yale, a respectable university. The level of obedience, "although somewhat reduced, was not significantly lower." What made more of a difference was the proximity of the "learner" and the experimenter, and diminished empathy the further away. There were also variations tested involving groups.

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Later, Milgram and other psychologists performed variations of the experiment throughout the world, with similar results. Milgram later investigated the effect of the experiment's locale on obedience levels by holding an experiment in an unregistered, backstreet office in a bustling city, as opposed

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Subjects were uncomfortable administering the shocks, and displayed varying degrees of tension and stress. These signs included sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting their lips, groaning, and digging their fingernails into their skin, and some were even having nervous laughing fits or seizures. 14

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The teacher and learner were then separated so that they could communicate, but not see each other. The teacher was then given a list of word pairs that he was to teach the learner. The teacher began by reading the list of word pairs to the learner. The teacher would then read the first word of each

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Before conducting the experiment, Milgram polled fourteen Yale University senior-year psychology majors to predict the behavior of 100 hypothetical teachers. All of the poll respondents believed that only a very small fraction of teachers (the range was from zero to 3 out of 100, with an average of

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The experimenter also had prods to use if the teacher made specific comments. If the teacher asked whether the learner might suffer permanent physical harm, the experimenter replied, "Although the shocks may be painful, there is no permanent tissue damage, so please go on." If the teacher said that

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as the underlying cause. What "people cannot be counted on is to realize that a seemingly benevolent authority is in fact malevolent, even when they are faced with overwhelming evidence which suggests that this authority is indeed malevolent. Hence, the underlying cause for the subjects' striking

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In a book review critical of Gina Perry's findings, Nestar Russell and John Picard take issue with Perry for not mentioning that "there have been well over a score, not just several, replications or slight variations on Milgram's basic experimental procedure, and these have been performed in many

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on the results of repeated performances of the experiment. He found that while the percentage of participants who are prepared to inflict fatal voltages ranged from 28% to 91%, there was no significant trend over time and the average percentage for US studies (61%) was close to the one for non-US

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The subject and the actor arrived at the session together. The experimenter told them that they were taking part in "a scientific study of memory and learning", to see what the effect of punishment is on a subject's ability to memorize content. Also, he always clarified that the payment for their

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decreased. In the variation where the learner's physical immediacy was closest—where the participant had to hold the learner's arm onto a shock plate—30 percent of participants completed the experiment. The participant's compliance also decreased if the experimenter was physically farther away

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by modifying several of the experimental protocols. Burger found obedience rates virtually identical to those reported by Milgram in 1961–62, even while meeting current ethical regulations of informing participants. In addition, half the replication participants were female, and their rate of

612: 463:, describing the fundamental relationship between the group of reference and the individual person. A subject who has neither ability nor expertise to make decisions, especially in a crisis, will leave decision making to the group and its hierarchy. The group is the person's behavioral model. 435:, Joseph Dimow, a participant in the 1961 experiment at Yale University, wrote about his early withdrawal as a "teacher", suspicious "that the whole experiment was designed to see if ordinary Americans would obey immoral orders, as many Germans had done during the Nazi period." 353:

While I was a subject in 1964, though I believed that I was hurting someone, I was totally unaware of why I was doing so. Few people ever realize when they are acting according to their own beliefs and when they are meekly submitting to authority ... To permit myself to be

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Prod 2 could only be used if prod 1 was unsuccessful. If the subject still wished to stop after all four successive verbal prods, the experiment was halted. Otherwise, the experiment was halted after the subject had elicited the maximum 450-volt shock three times in succession.

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obedience was virtually identical to that of the male participants. Burger also included a condition in which participants first saw another participant refuse to continue. However, participants in this condition obeyed at the same rate as participants in the base condition.

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of the 40 subjects showed definite signs of nervous laughing or smiling. Every participant paused the experiment at least once to question it. Most continued after being assured by the experimenter. Some said they would refund the money they were paid for participating.

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was used in place of the learner receiving electrical shocks. Although the participants administering the shocks were aware that the learner was unreal, the experimenters reported that participants responded to the situation physiologically "as if it were real".

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The experiments found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of subjects would fully obey the instructions, with every participant going up to 300 volts, and 65% going up to the full 450 volts. Milgram first described his research in a 1963 article in the

649:, an exact reconstruction of parts of the original experiment, including the uniforms, lighting, and rooms used. An audience watched the four-hour performance through one-way glass windows. A video of this performance was first shown at the CCA Gallery in 76:. Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner". These fake electric shocks gradually increased to levels that would have been fatal had they been real. 338:

Milgram vigorously defended the experiment. He conducted a survey of former participants in which 84% said they were "glad" or "very glad" to have participated; 15% chose neutral responses (92% of all former participants responding). In his 1974 book

579:(Experiments 1–4). For example, in Experiment 2, where participants received telephonic instructions from the experimenter, compliance decreased to 21 percent. Some participants deceived the experimenter by pretending to continue the experiment. 2135:

Haslam, S. Alexander; Reicher, Stephen D.; Birney, Megan E. (September 1, 2014). "Nothing by Mere Authority: Evidence that in an Experimental Analogue of the Milgram Paradigm Participants are Motivated not by Orders but by Appeals to Science".

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In contrast, critics such as Gina Perry argued that participants were not properly debriefed, leading to lasting emotional harm, and that many participants in fact criticized the ethics of the study in their responses to the questionnaire.

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The laboratory subjects themselves did not know their victims and were not motivated by racism or other biases. On the other hand, the Holocaust perpetrators displayed an intense devaluation of the victims through a lifetime of personal

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The experiment lasted for an hour, with no time for the subjects to contemplate the implications of their behavior. Meanwhile, the Holocaust lasted for years with ample time for a moral assessment of all individuals and organizations

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of the people who undertook the experiment fully believed it was real and of those, 66% disobeyed the experimenter". She described her findings as "an unexpected outcome" that "leaves social psychology in a difficult situation."

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pilot. Volunteers were given €40 and told that they would not win any money from the game, as this was only a trial. Only 16 of 80 "contestants" (teachers) chose to end the game before delivering the highest-voltage punishment.

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increments for each wrong answer (if correct, the teacher would read the next word pair). The volts ranged from 15 to 450. The shock generator included verbal markings that vary from "Slight Shock" to "Danger: Severe Shock".

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The subjects of Milgram experiments were assured in advance that no permanent physical damage would result from their actions. However, the Holocaust perpetrators were fully aware of their hands-on killing and maiming of the

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pair and read four possible answers. The learner would press a button to indicate his response. If the answer was incorrect, the teacher would administer a shock to the learner, with the voltage increasing in 15-

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In the 1960s, Stanley Milgram's electric-shock studies showed that people will obey even the most abhorrent of orders. But recently, researchers have begun to question his conclusions—and offer some of their

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different countries, several different settings and using different types of victims. And most, although certainly not all of these experiments have tended to lend weight to Milgram's original findings."

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In Experiment 8, an all-female contingent was used; previously, all participants had been men. Obedience did not significantly differ, though the women communicated experiencing higher levels of stress.

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The experiments began on August 7, 1961 (after a grant proposal was approved in July), in the basement of Linsly-Chittenden Hall at Yale University, three months after the start of the trial of German

528:, which involved replication of the Milgram experiment. Of the twelve participants, only three refused to continue to the end of the experiment. Speaking during the episode, social psychologist 1410: 358:

with the understanding that I am submitting to authority's demand to do something very wrong would make me frightened of myself ... I am fully prepared to go to jail if I am not granted

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The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the teacher (T) believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and

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The participants who refused to administer the final shocks neither insisted that the experiment be terminated, nor left the room to check the health of the victim as per Milgram's notes.

677:. Burger noted that "current standards for the ethical treatment of participants clearly place Milgram's studies out of bounds." In 2009, Burger was able to receive approval from the 399:

Those serving punishment at the lab were not sadists, nor hate-mongers, and often exhibited great anguish and conflict in the experiment, unlike the designers and executioners of the

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the learner clearly wants to stop, the experimenter replied, "Whether the learner likes it or not, you must go on until he has learned all the word pairs correctly, so please go on."

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Several experiments varied the distance between the participant (teacher) and the learner. Generally, when the participant was physically closer to the learner, the participant's

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status. Indeed, it is the only course I could take to be faithful to what I believe. My only hope is that members of my board act equally according to their conscience ...

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conduct could well be conceptual, and not the alleged 'capacity of man to abandon his humanity ... as he merges his unique personality into larger institutional structures."'

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The "teacher", a volunteer for a single session. The "teachers" were led to believe that they were merely assisting, whereas they were actually the subjects of the experiment.

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are of enormous importance, but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple experiment at Yale University to test how much

1186: 2864: 931: 345:, Milgram described receiving offers of assistance, requests to join his staff, and letters of thanks from former participants. Six years later (at the height of the 191:

If at any time the teacher indicated a desire to halt the experiment, the experimenter was instructed to give specific verbal prods. The prods were, in this order:

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Cheetham, Marcus; Pedroni, Andreas; Antley, Angus; Slater, Mel; Jäncke, Lutz; Cheetham, Marcus; Pedroni, Andreas F.; Antley, Angus; Slater, Mel (January 1, 2009).

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have learned that when experts tell them something is all right, it probably is, even if it does not seem so. (In fact, the experimenter was indeed correct: it

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from the electroshock generator in order to experience firsthand what the shock that the learner would supposedly receive during the experiment would feel like.

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Milgram sparked direct critical response in the scientific community by claiming that "a common psychological process is centrally involved in both events."

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Haslam, S. Alexander; Reicher, Stephen D. (October 13, 2017). "50 Years of "Obedience to Authority": From Blind Conformity to Engaged Followership".

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showing the experiment and its results. He also produced a series of five social psychology films, some of which dealt with his experiments.

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falls short when one tries to apply it to the more zealous, inventive, and hate-driven atrocities that also characterized the Holocaust.

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satirically depicts and cites the Milgram Experiment in one episode as Ted prods drunk partygoers to celebrate the invasion of Poland.

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Includes an interview with one of Milgram's volunteers, and discusses modern interest in, and scepticism about, the experiment.

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Another partial replication of the experiment was conducted by Jerry M. Burger in 2006 and broadcast on the Primetime series

3297:, a radio documentary with the people who took part in the experiment. Includes original audio recordings of the experiment 3272: 3035: 2874: 2308: 1804: 4616: 3671: 415:) published in 2004—the historical evidence pertaining to actions of the Holocaust perpetrators speaks louder than words: 3178: 2183:"Questioning authority: new perspectives on Milgram's 'obedience' research and its implications for intergroup relations" 1337:"Understanding behavior in the Milgram obedience experiment: The role of personality, situations, and their interactions" 4262: 4183: 4469: 4379: 4245: 4064: 3894: 3869: 3828: 3586: 2113: 1074: 1021: 460: 1596: 1170: 4594: 4274: 4228: 4223: 4206: 4033: 3884: 3838: 3626: 1064: 678: 770: 4672: 4173: 4161: 4097: 3833: 3761: 3621: 2256:"Virtual milgram: empathic concern or personal distress? Evidence from functional MRI and dispositional measures" 2363: 4667: 4647: 4604: 4566: 4384: 3843: 3315: 3203: 2926: 2507: 1552: 549: 124:

While the experiment itself was repeated many times around the globe, with fairly consistent results, both its

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later variation of the experiment, the confederate would eventually plead for mercy and yell that he had a

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Psychology Department, argued that Milgram experiments “do not correspond well” to the Holocaust events:

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and answer the popular contemporary question: "Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in

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all right to continue giving the "shocks"—even though most of the subjects did not suspect the reason.)

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MILGRAM, S. Dynamics of obedience. Washington: National Science Foundation, 25 January 1961. (Mimeo)

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titled "Some Thoughts on Ethics of Research: After Reading Milgram's 'Behavioral Study of Obedience.

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History Will Repeat Itself: Strategies of Re-enactment in Contemporary (Media) Art and Performance

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features the song "We Do What We're Told (Milgram's 37)" based on the experiment and its results.

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Behind the shock machine : the untold story of the notorious Milgram psychology experiments

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Milgram experiment advertisement, 1961. The US $ 4 advertised is equivalent to $ 41 in 2023.

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Discovering Psychology with Philip Zimbardo Ph.D. Updated Edition, "Power of the Situation,"

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In the opinion of Thomas Blass—who is the author of a scholarly monograph on the experiment (

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The "learner", an actor and confederate of the experimenter, who pretended to be a volunteer.

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is a black-and-white film of the experiment, shot by Milgram himself. It is distributed by

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Behind the Shock Machine: The Untold Story of the Notorious Milgram Psychology Experiments

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Behind the Shock Machine: the untold story of the notorious Milgram psychology experiments

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Milgram summarized the experiment in his 1974 article "The Perils of Obedience", writing:

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Milgram, Stanley (1965). "Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority".

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argues that other factors might be partially able to explain the Milgram experiments:

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Building on the importance of idealism, some recent researchers suggest the "engaged

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The Art of Followership: How Great Followers Create Great Leaders and Organizations

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plays verbal prods told by the experimenter inside a death chamber in Vault 11.

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is a 1982 Filipino film that features a scene based on the Milgram experiment.

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Ugly as Sin: The Truth about How We Look and Finding Freedom from Self-Hatred

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Haslam, S Alexander; Reicher, Stephen D; Birney, Megan E (October 1, 2016).

2095: 700: 661: 251: 106: 2465: 2291: 2076: 1857:"Deception and Illusion in Milgram's Accounts of the Obedience Experiments" 1692:"Deception and Illusion in Milgram's Accounts of the Obedience Experiments" 1158: 1593: 826:) is Milgram's own account of the experiment, written for a mass audience. 695:), researchers recreated the Milgram experiment with an added critique of 656:

A partial replication of the experiment was staged by British illusionist

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there's that sense of science is providing some kind of system for good."

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of scientific experimentation because of the extreme emotional stress and

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A personal account of a participant in the Milgram obedience experiments

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The obedience experiments: A case study of controversy in social science

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Slater M, Antley A, Davison A, et al. (2006). Rustichini A (ed.).

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This last explanation receives some support from a 2009 episode of the

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Malin, Cameron H.; Gudaitis, Terry; Holt, Thomas; Kilger, Max (2017).

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The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram

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The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram

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Abelson, Robert P.; Frey, Kurt P.; Gregg, Aiden P. (April 4, 2014).

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and later discussed his findings in greater depth in his 1974 book,

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Riggio, Ronald E.; Chaleff, Ira; Lipman-Blumen, Jean, eds. (2008).

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Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing

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wrote the song "Buzzer" about the experiment for her 2008 album

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Three individuals took part in each session of the experiment:

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Theoretical & Applied Ethics, University of Nebraska Press

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The original Simulated Shock Generator and Event Recorder, or

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http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6059627757980071729

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Milgram’s experiment raised immediate controversy about the

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from conducting the same experiment on German participants.

1477:

Experiments With People: Revelations From Social Psychology

630:

in 1973–1974, a version of the experiment was conducted at

597:

Milgram also combined the effect of authority with that of

37:"Obedience to Authority" redirects here. For the book, see 1403:"Rethinking One of Psychology's Most Infamous Experiments" 3137:

A Powerpoint presentation describing Milgram's experiment

2567:"Fake torture TV 'game show' reveals willingness to obey" 109:. Milgram devised his psychological study to explain the 403:, who had a clear "goal" on their hands, set beforehand. 3176:

Summary and evaluation of the 1963 obedience experiment

2349:, ed. Inke Arns, Gabriele Horn, Frankfurt: Verlag, 2007 2951:

Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research

891:

is a 2005 film re-enactment of the Milgram Experiment.

2419:"Replicating Milgram: Would People Still Obey Today?" 152:

The "experimenter", who was in charge of the session.

1777:. Analyse und Kritik.net. p. 51. Archived from 1473:"Chapter 4. Demonstration of Obedience to Authority" 634:

in Australia. As reported by Perry in her 2012 book

321:

suffered by the participants. On June 10, 1964, the

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The episode was hosted by 586:Experiment 10 took place in a modest office in 492: 417: 351: 248: 30:For Milgram's other well-known experiment, see 269:Archives of the History of American Psychology 4041: 3316: 3204:The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil 1719: 1717: 379:, chair of Holocaust and Genocide Studies at 327:published a brief but influential article by 205:It is absolutely essential that you continue. 8: 2714:Batch '81: The Making of a Mike de Leon Film 2094:. Producer: Diene Petterle. (May 12, 2009). 1964:Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View 1651:Raiten-D'Antonio, Toni (September 1, 2010). 1344:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1323:Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View 1250:Obedience to Authority; An Experimental View 1118: 568:Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View 89:Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View 40:Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View 4658:Human subject research in the United States 3011:(Rev. ed.). New York : The New Press. 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 4048: 4034: 4026: 3342: 3323: 3309: 3301: 3112: 1027:Human experimentation in the United States 738:Charles Sheridan and Richard King (at the 296:Milgram created a documentary film titled 202:The experiment requires that you continue. 3784:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder 2439: 2281: 2271: 2209: 2157: 2066: 2056: 1325:(New York: Harper & Row, 1974) p. 123 1140: 1129:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 800:Learn how and when to remove this message 720:aired the "How Evil are You?" segment of 83:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60:Beginning on August 7, 1961, a series of 283:University of Maryland, Baltimore County 139: 3260: 2241:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113710 2228:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2116:from the original on September 24, 2017 1677: 1638: 1539: 1200: 1198: 1094: 129: 121:? Could we call them all accomplices?" 27:Series of social psychology experiments 3248:from the original on December 24, 2013 3069:from the original on November 17, 2019 2863:Levine, Robert V. (July–August 2004). 2366:from the original on November 21, 2018 2961:from the original on January 13, 2012 2817:from the original on February 1, 2015 2649: 2547:from the original on October 24, 2010 1974: 1972: 1913:from the original on October 22, 2018 1620:from the original on January 28, 2019 1413:from the original on October 14, 2019 1083:(1976 video starring William Shatner) 937:Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 713:on an episode airing April 25, 2010. 502:In a 2006 experiment, a computerized 250:The legal and philosophic aspects of 7: 4390:Social determinants of mental health 4302:Social determinants of mental health 3772:Right-wing authoritarian personality 2976:"Compliance: The Milgram Experiment" 2515:from the original on January 4, 2007 1493:from the original on October 9, 2021 1214:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 782:adding citations to reliable sources 125: 3236:Riggenbach, Jeff (August 3, 2010). 3088:Milgram S. The Milgram Experiment ( 2986:from the original on April 21, 2007 2483:from the original on March 27, 2019 2386:"The Milgram Experiment on YouTube" 2326:"Dark legacy left by shock tactics" 940:inspired by the Milgram experiment. 461:Solomon Asch conformity experiments 2913:from the original on July 14, 2019 1782:(PDF file, direct download 733 KB) 1551:Blass, Thomas (March–April 2002). 1226:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00134.x 1173:from the original on July 17, 2012 744:University of California, Berkeley 626:Around the time of the release of 25: 4437:Frustration–aggression hypothesis 3270:People 'still willing to torture' 3038:from the original on July 9, 2018 2807:"'Experimenter': Sundance Review" 2769:from the original on June 1, 2024 2757:Parker, Chris (August 12, 2009). 1966:, London: Tavistock Publications. 1299:. Yale Alumni Publications, Inc. 923:, a 2010 video game published by 451:Milgram elaborated two theories: 4123: 3222:from the original on May 2, 2015 3090:full documentary film on YouTube 2569:. March 17, 2010. Archived from 1861:Theoretical & Applied Ethics 1380:. Bloomsbury. pp. 161–180. 1303:from the original on May 2, 2015 1017:Graduated Electronic Decelerator 975: 948:, a 2015 film about Milgram, by 758: 707:The experiment was performed on 699:by presenting the scenario as a 3055:(Audio Podcast with transcript) 2394:. July 15, 2007. Archived from 2324:Elliott, Tim (April 26, 2012). 2260:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 1893:Perry, Gina (August 28, 2013). 1553:"The Man Who Shocked the World" 1401:Romm, Cari (January 28, 2015). 1125:"Behavioral Study of Obedience" 769:needs additional citations for 685:In the 2010 French documentary 429:In a 2004 issue of the journal 3767:Authoritarian leadership style 3163:— A commentary extracted from 3028:"The Milgram Shock Experiment" 2945:Tarnow, Eugen (October 2000). 2593:"Curiosity: How evil are you?" 1826:Perry, Gina (April 26, 2012). 1803:Dimow, Joseph (January 2004). 371:Applicability to the Holocaust 208:You have no other choice; you 130:applicability to the Holocaust 64:experiments were conducted by 1: 4617:Fundamental attribution error 3672:Social construction of gender 3120:Stanley Milgram Redux, TBIYTB 2899:Ofgang, Erik (May 22, 2018). 2881:The Man Who Shocked the World 2190:Current Opinion in Psychology 413:The Man Who Shocked The World 4263:Elaboration likelihood model 4184:Social dominance orientation 3667:Rally 'round the flag effect 2833:General and cited references 2664:Deception in the Digital Age 2202:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.007 2058:10.1371/journal.pone.0000039 1999:10.1037/0003-066x.45.12.1384 1901:(Interview). Interviewed by 641:In 2002, the British artist 4470:Negative-state relief model 4380:Diffusion of responsibility 4246:Asch conformity experiments 4065:Interpersonal relationships 3870:Asch conformity experiments 3587:Identification (psychology) 2925:Parker, Ian (Autumn 2000). 2307:Accessed October 4, 2006. 1075:The Third Wave (experiment) 1022:Hofling hospital experiment 556:Replications and variations 522:science documentary series 478:Alternative interpretations 4689: 4595:Observer-expectancy effect 4229:Door-in-the-face technique 4224:Foot-in-the-door technique 4207:Stanford prison experiment 3885:Stanford prison experiment 3627:Normative social influence 3275:December 19, 2008, at the 3212:"When Good People Do Evil" 2886:Miller, Arthur G. (1986). 2789:"Mayor of Television Blog" 2360:"The Milgram Re-enactment" 1599:September 5, 2009, at the 1526:Abridged and adapted from 1450:10.1177/001872676501800105 1356:10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.398 1293:"When Good People Do Evil" 1065:Stanford prison experiment 679:institutional review board 560: 36: 29: 4174:Realistic conflict theory 4162:Implicit association test 4121: 4098:Triangular theory of love 3834:Normalization of deviance 3762:Authoritarian personality 3210:Zimbardo, Philip (2007). 3181:January 22, 2018, at the 3147:October 12, 2018, at the 3095:January 27, 2020, at the 2974:Wu, William (June 2003). 2417:Burger, Jerry M. (2008). 2273:10.3389/neuro.09.029.2009 2104:. Series 45. Episode 18. 1603:Accessed October 4, 2006. 1514:"The Perils of Obedience" 1512:Milgram, Stanley (1974). 1281:(Basic Books, 2009) p. 75 1246:Milgram, Stanley (1974). 1123:Milgram, Stanley (1963). 844:was a fictionalized 1975 548:and Megan Birney, at the 486:, Yale finance professor 4605:Representative heuristic 4385:Social comparison theory 3844:Preference falsification 3293:January 9, 2010, at the 3287:Beyond the Shock Machine 3238:"The Milgram Experiment" 3151:A faithful synthesis of 2759:"Dar Williams' 'Buzzer'" 2138:Journal of Social Issues 2016:Shiller, Robert (2005). 1376:Rutger, Bregman (2020). 647:The Milgram Re-enactment 636:Behind the Shock Machine 550:University of Queensland 4580:Counterfactual thinking 4093:Physical attractiveness 3506:Tyranny of the majority 3155: – Stanley Milgram 2311:April 30, 2009, at the 1740:Oxford University Press 1580:March 16, 2008, at the 992:Argument from authority 899:, a 2006 TV special by 4663:Psychology experiments 4610:Availability heuristic 4555:Choice-supportive bias 4375:False-consensus effect 4335:Social identity theory 4169:Minimal group paradigm 3809:Communal reinforcement 3562:False consensus effect 3193:June 24, 2020, at the 3165:50 Psychology Classics 3160:Obedience To Authority 3153:Obedience to Authority 2840:Blass, Thomas (2004). 2811:The Hollywood Reporter 2712:Gomez, Jerome (2017). 2096:"How Violent Are You?" 1979:Nissani, Moti (1990). 1770:Blass, Thomas (2013). 1528:Obedience to Authority 1335:Blass, Thomas (1991). 1205:Blass, Thomas (1999). 1189:April 4, 2015, at the 954:Sundance Film Festival 834:Alexander Street Press 815:Obedience to Authority 740:University of Missouri 660:and broadcast on UK's 628:Obedience to Authority 623: 622:serving as the learner 500: 422: 364: 360:Conscientious Objector 342:Obedience to Authority 261: 145: 111:psychology of genocide 57: 32:Small-world experiment 4653:History of psychology 4270:Pluralistic ignorance 3913:Anti-social behaviour 3908:Anti-authoritarianism 3647:Pluralistic ignorance 3494:National conservatism 3489:Left-wing nationalism 3472:Governmental pressure 3126:, January 22, 2007. ( 2877:on February 26, 2015. 2503:"The Science of Evil" 2427:American Psychologist 2330:Sydney Morning Herald 2305:Milgram, old answers. 2018:Irrational Exuberance 1986:American Psychologist 1899:All Things Considered 1727:(February 22, 2007). 1524:on December 16, 2010. 617: 484:Irrational Exuberance 324:American Psychologist 143: 119:just following orders 51: 4550:Cognitive dissonance 4152:Outgroup homogeneity 4083:Mere-exposure effect 3875:Breaching experiment 3662:Operant conditioning 3607:Mere exposure effect 3216:Yale Alumni Magazine 3026:Saul McLeod (2017). 3007:Perry, Gina (2013). 2980:Practical Psychology 2939:on December 7, 2008. 2935:(71). Archived from 2865:"Milgram's Progress" 2813:. January 28, 2015. 2005:on February 5, 2013. 1962:Milgram, S. (1974), 1855:Perry, Gina (2013). 1815:on February 2, 2004. 1742:. pp. 111–113. 1690:Perry, Gina (2013). 1479:. Psychology Press. 1297:Yale Alumni Magazine 1032:Law of Due Obedience 778:improve this article 561:Milgram's variations 457:theory of conformism 383:, formerly chair of 267:, is located in the 4515:Cultural relativism 4465:Reciprocal altruism 4370:In-group favoritism 4340:Social facilitation 3755:Individual pressure 3632:Passing (sociology) 3567:Fear of missing out 3532:Closure (sociology) 3446:Enemy of the people 3188:The Science of Evil 3124:The Yale Hippolytic 3065:. January 9, 2012. 2631:on January 27, 2018 2599:on February 1, 2014 2511:. January 3, 2007. 2398:on October 30, 2021 2049:2006PLoSO...1...39S 1784:on October 29, 2013 1657:. HCI. p. 89. 1042:Moral disengagement 1012:Belief perseverance 934:" is an episode of 632:La Trobe University 512:belief perseverance 381:Keene State College 4487:Prisoner's dilemma 4460:Prosocial behavior 4360:Group polarization 4280:Milgram experiment 4241:Autokinetic effect 3923:Civil disobedience 3880:Milgram experiment 3819:Creeping normality 3721:Social integration 3657:Psychosocial issue 3597:Invented tradition 3451:Enemy of the state 2906:New Haven Register 2870:American Scientist 2718:Asian Film Archive 2150:10.1111/josi.12072 1950:10.1002/jhbs.21599 1291:Zimbardo, Philip. 1235:on March 31, 2012. 925:Bethesda Softworks 920:Fallout: New Vegas 697:reality television 624: 466:The second is the 304:Critical reception 146: 58: 18:Milgram Experiment 4630: 4629: 4622:Self-serving bias 4590:Confirmation bias 4575:Explanatory style 4355:Group development 4157:Stereotype threat 4073:Attachment theory 4057:Social psychology 4023: 4022: 3903:Alternative media 3792: 3791: 3731:Spiral of silence 3602:Memory conformity 3542:Consensus reality 3435:Persona non grata 3356:Damnatio memoriae 3142:Synthesis of book 3032:Simply Psychology 3018:978-1-59558-921-7 2855:978-0-7382-0399-7 2795:on March 5, 2016. 2738:on April 27, 2007 2573:on March 23, 2010 2336:on March 4, 2016. 1993:(12): 1384–1385. 1936:". 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1732:(Google Books) 1713: 1682: 1670: 1663: 1643: 1631: 1605: 1594:Milgram films. 1586: 1566: 1543: 1532: 1504: 1485: 1463: 1428: 1393: 1386: 1368: 1350:(3): 398–413. 1327: 1314: 1283: 1267: 1260: 1238: 1220:(5): 955–978. 1194: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 997:Authority bias 994: 988: 987: 986: 970: 967: 966: 965: 957: 941: 928: 916: 904: 892: 886: 878: 871:'s 1986 album 866: 862:I as in Icarus 857: 837: 827: 824:978-0061765216 808: 807: 766: 764: 757: 751: 748: 735: 732: 606: 603: 562: 559: 557: 554: 530:Clifford Stott 497: 479: 476: 475: 474: 464: 448: 445: 426: 423: 409: 408: 404: 401:Final Solution 397: 393: 372: 369: 329:Diana Baumrind 310: 307: 305: 302: 239: 236: 226: 223: 214: 213: 211: 206: 203: 200: 173:electric shock 160: 159: 156: 153: 137: 134: 132:are disputed. 103:Adolf Eichmann 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4685: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4522:Individualism 4520: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510:Culture shock 4508: 4507: 4506: 4505:Enculturation 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4330:Belongingness 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4312:Social stress 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 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3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779:Control freak 3777: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3726:Socialization 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3642:Peer pressure 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622:Normalization 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3547:Culture shock 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3403:Deplatforming 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2990:September 18, 2985: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2794: 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Singapore: 2715: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2698:9780470186411 2694: 2690: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2673:9780124116399 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2652:, p. 968 2651: 2646: 2643: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2128: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1832:The New Press 1829: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1780: 1773: 1766: 1763: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1683: 1680:, p. 200 1679: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1647: 1644: 1641:, p. 195 1640: 1635: 1632: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1505: 1492: 1488: 1486:9781135680145 1482: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1242: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1142:10.1.1.599.92 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 984: 973: 968: 963: 962: 958: 955: 951: 947: 946: 942: 939: 938: 933: 929: 926: 922: 921: 917: 914: 913: 912:Promised Land 908: 905: 902: 898: 897: 893: 890: 887: 884: 883: 879: 876: 875: 870: 869:Peter Gabriel 867: 864: 863: 858: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842: 838: 835: 831: 828: 825: 821: 817: 816: 812: 811: 804: 801: 793: 783: 779: 773: 772: 767:This section 765: 761: 756: 755: 749: 747: 745: 741: 733: 731: 729: 725: 724: 719: 714: 712: 711: 705: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689: 683: 680: 676: 671: 669: 668: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 643:Rod Dickinson 639: 637: 633: 629: 621: 604: 602: 600: 595: 593: 589: 584: 580: 577: 572: 570: 569: 555: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 531: 527: 526: 521: 516: 513: 508: 505: 499: 495: 491: 489: 485: 477: 472: 470: 465: 462: 458: 454: 453: 452: 446: 444: 440: 436: 434: 433: 424: 421: 416: 414: 405: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389: 388: 386: 382: 378: 370: 368: 363: 361: 357: 350: 348: 344: 343: 336: 330: 326: 325: 320: 316: 308: 303: 301: 299: 294: 291: 288: 287:meta-analysis 284: 280: 276: 272: 270: 266: 260: 257: 253: 247: 244: 237: 235: 231: 224: 222: 218: 209: 207: 204: 201: 199:Please go on. 198: 194: 193: 192: 189: 185: 182: 176: 174: 170: 164: 157: 154: 151: 150: 149: 142: 135: 133: 131: 127: 122: 120: 116: 115:the Holocaust 112: 108: 104: 101: 98: 93: 91: 90: 85: 84: 77: 75: 71: 68:psychologist 67: 63: 55: 50: 46: 42: 41: 33: 19: 4537:Self-concept 4527:Collectivism 4307:Social proof 4279: 3995:Pueblo clown 3980:Idiosyncrasy 3965:Eccentricity 3879: 3849:Social proof 3557:Echo chamber 3537:Collectivism 3527:Brainwashing 3458:Scapegoating 3441:Public enemy 3433: 3424: 3388:Blacklisting 3375: 3354: 3347:Proscription 3286: 3261:Milgram 1974 3250:. 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3073:December 6, 3042:December 6, 2927:"Obedience" 2846:Basic Books 2821:January 30, 2551:October 19, 2487:October 22, 2434:(1): 1–11. 2211:10023/10645 2090:Presenter: 1917:October 22, 1706:October 25, 1624:January 27, 1417:October 14, 854:Ossie Davis 790:August 2017 592:Connecticut 459:, based on 347:Vietnam War 225:Predictions 54:confederate 4643:Conformity 4637:Categories 4412:Aggression 4365:Groupthink 4258:Persuasion 4236:Conformity 4219:Compliance 4147:Stereotype 4088:Similarity 3804:Compliance 3797:Conformity 3697:Hysterical 3687:Behavioral 3652:Propaganda 3637:Patriotism 3572:Groupthink 3398:Censorship 3377:Homo sacer 3332:Conformity 2917:2019-07-04 2732:"Atrocity" 2650:Blass 1999 2519:January 4, 2043:(1): e39. 1878:August 29, 1702:(2): 79–92 1497:August 22, 599:conformity 588:Bridgeport 576:compliance 74:conscience 4600:Heuristic 4430:Anonymity 4275:Obedience 4202:Authority 4142:Prejudice 4000:Rebellion 3958:Political 3839:Obedience 3709:Emotional 3682:Addiction 3426:Vogelfrei 3383:Ostracism 3366:Dissenter 3362:Dissident 3199:Primetime 3104:Obedience 2763:INDY Week 2742:March 20, 2603:April 17, 2577:March 18, 2474:207550934 2436:CiteSeerX 2168:1540-4560 1873:2156-7174 1378:Humankind 1307:April 24, 1137:CiteSeerX 1090:Citations 932:Authority 896:The Heist 882:Batch '81 830:Obedience 723:Curiosity 701:game show 667:The Heist 662:Channel 4 653:in 2002. 407:involved. 298:Obedience 265:shock box 252:obedience 136:Procedure 107:Jerusalem 4447:Altruism 4420:Violence 4134:Conflict 4115:Adoption 4005:Red team 3943:Deviance 3463:Shunning 3291:Archived 3281:BBC News 3273:Archived 3246:Archived 3220:Archived 3191:Archived 3179:Archived 3145:Archived 3093:Archived 3067:Archived 3059:Radiolab 3036:Archived 2984:Archived 2959:Archived 2911:Archived 2815:Archived 2767:Archived 2635:March 3, 2545:Archived 2513:Archived 2508:ABC News 2478:Archived 2466:19209958 2370:June 10, 2364:Archived 2309:Archived 2292:19876407 2114:Archived 2077:17183667 2037:PLOS ONE 1911:Archived 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