1698:
55:
3304:
1708:
4350:
3478:(DARPA). China recognized the technological superiority the U.S. has achieved through collaboration between the U.S. government institutions and leading technologies companies in the U.S., such as the case of SpaceX, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google. China attempted to replicate and modified the framework as per domestic needs. However, the Chinese government can demand information and assistance from companies with more hardline approach than that of the United States.
1681:
3466:
Richard A. Bitzinger believes MCF would requires significant effort and resources to implement successfully, given the current legal, regulatory, and cultural hurdles that exist in the
Chinese government. Analyst Christian Brose argues that Chinese military capabilities have improved significantly in the 2010s due to relative success in fusing the defense and civilian sector for military development and production.
3450:, while private companies only had limited contribution and involvement. Corruption and graft also contributed to the continuous preference toward state-owned companies, even when alternative options existed. Certain areas of development in China's military-industrial complex did see some benefits from the military-civilian integration, particularly for the
3407:, where state-owned factories and companies develop and manufacture equipment based on a top-down command approach. Other major weaknesses include monopoly in the defense industry held by state-owned companies, bureaucratic inefficacy, corruption, lack of innovation, outdated pricing and contracting process. Chinese
3411:
defense corporations are historically uncoordinated and inefficient, inclined toward to the preservation of their state-sanctioned monopoly, exploiting their gain in a privileged position due to obstruction in fair competition with private enterprises. In 2010, Chinese researchers estimated that less
3548:
banning certain
Chinese students and researchers from coming to the United States based on their perceived relationship with military-civil fusion. The executive order describes military-civil fusion as a mean to "acquire and divert foreign technologies". Other analysts asserted that the definition
3465:
Analysts Elsa B. Kania and Lorand Laskai noted Xi
Jinping's initiative may lead to a breakthrough in efficiency and innovations, however, the initiative indicates China's attempt to overcome military procurement and research and development (R&D) deficiencies instead of a sign of strength.
234:
3494:, in which defense companies, universities, and research institutions can collaborate and share technologies between military and civilian sectors. The term "civil-military integration" (CMI) was gradually replaced by the term "military-civil fusion" under the
3516:
to set overall guidance for policies and national development goals through 2025. The document called for further coordination in the development of critical and emergent technologies, which is in-line with the goal of military-civil fusion.
4941:
3093:
1659:
2076:
1107:
1775:
2105:
2092:
4921:
1613:
976:
4916:
4428:
1639:
1600:
413:
4013:
4926:
1626:
1097:
993:
207:
3469:
Emily
Weinstein noted that the Chinese government has studied the U.S. military-civil framework, with research papers examining the successes and drawbacks of its implementation in the United States, such as Pentagon's
972:
2082:
216:
4951:
1669:
1644:
4904:
1587:
189:
5232:
4433:
3000:
491:
4931:
4383:
1649:
735:
4268:
4166:
1697:
5150:
4203:
5358:
3103:
2782:
2419:
1163:
915:
5277:
3914:
1456:
982:
225:
146:
4894:
1561:
1420:
1222:
1173:
940:
787:
731:
307:
2816:
2392:
1290:
5282:
4796:
4080:
5320:
5135:
1791:
448:
3800:
5140:
3526:
reported that a purpose of the military-civil fusion is to ease the administrative burden on private defense companies, and stimulate greater competition in China's defense industry.
3108:
1212:
1158:
1081:
4403:
947:
261:
4655:
4584:
4548:
3983:
3702:
1133:
1121:
325:
320:
315:
4111:
3232:
5078:
4786:
4778:
4709:
4672:
4606:
4567:
4525:
4338:
4009:
2167:
2071:
1865:
1276:
1029:
693:
683:
198:
4482:
4667:
4298:
2686:
826:
396:
132:
68:
5292:
4857:
3149:
2937:
2442:
1452:
760:
4961:
4650:
4594:
4494:
1689:
5332:
5162:
5088:
3847:
3565:
3036:
2157:
1801:
1727:
1261:
1039:
4877:
4867:
4489:
2147:
1532:
966:
871:
462:
302:
287:
4862:
3433:
3135:
1469:
771:
700:
689:
679:
4579:
4373:
1796:
4946:
3153:
3113:
2457:
1664:
748:
441:
168:
3738:
4936:
4562:
4237:
2868:
2250:
1654:
1192:
4260:
4157:
2218:
1413:
902:
724:
114:
5083:
4601:
4543:
4191:
4768:
4760:
4702:
4518:
4506:
4458:
3139:
2488:
1379:
962:
4477:
4738:
4730:
4589:
3341:
1425:
1034:
670:
557:
421:
3906:
5261:
1384:
1148:
744:
137:
4368:
1897:
1784:
5145:
4331:
3509:
created a
Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), which is responsible for the planning and implementation of the MCF in China.
3475:
2361:
2162:
1855:
1806:
1006:
3883:
93:
4826:
4684:
4420:
3948:
2905:
2885:
2182:
1733:
1153:
720:
391:
292:
4470:
4446:
4316:
1085:
5297:
4822:
3181:
2729:
2483:
1178:
561:
3957:
4388:
4072:
3209:
3145:
1408:
1367:
576:
570:
542:
349:
5368:
4818:
4814:
4637:
4398:
3878:
3790:
3642:
3535:
2628:
2577:
1873:
704:
549:
180:
5353:
3088:
3068:
3019:
3015:
3005:
2890:
2369:
1770:
1758:
1752:
1183:
4513:
4324:
4465:
3975:
3682:
3505:
MCF influences investment decisions, talent recruitment, and research and development (R&D) across multiple fields. In
January 2017,
2352:
2347:
1707:
4847:
4810:
4453:
4103:
3425:
3173:
2991:
2986:
2272:
2266:
1447:
1403:
754:
338:
3432:
and the founding of the People's
Republic of China (PRC). Defense analysts have noted that military-civil fusion efforts under current
3237:
4804:
4572:
3687:
3428:, uses the term to describe the coordination between civic and military sectors. The concept of "military-civil fusion" dates back to
2961:
2861:
2699:
2643:
2307:
2301:
2118:
1168:
1068:
650:
4697:
4501:
4290:
4047:
3257:
3242:
5155:
3549:
is largely divorced from the purpose and objective of military-civil fusion and that instead it describes China's general issues on
3275:
3214:
1957:
1952:
1945:
620:
75:
1920:
1914:
54:
4441:
1680:
5199:
4535:
2467:
2289:
2203:
2008:
3837:
35:
3334:
3118:
2503:
1834:
3446:, which failed to bring innovative commercial technologies into the military sector. The PLA acquired defense product through
3442:
MCF was first used in 1980s primarily for converting military factories over to civilian production under the backdrop of the
5307:
4872:
2770:
2294:
1974:
1606:
1545:
1143:
1125:
471:
5204:
3358:
1996:
1394:
1064:
151:
3499:
5242:
5214:
3795:
3728:
3314:
3204:
3041:
2875:
2765:
2744:
2609:
2596:
2129:
2030:
2001:
1964:
518:
364:
359:
80:
4229:
3772:
4899:
3196:
2856:
2330:
2324:
1969:
1574:
508:
486:
24:
20:
4354:
3388:
3252:
3222:
1684:
5325:
5237:
4750:
4743:
3521:
3327:
3290:
2954:
2851:
2340:
2317:
2282:
1930:
1907:
602:
87:
5363:
5053:
4909:
4393:
3545:
3495:
3392:
2515:
2462:
1891:
1389:
513:
403:
99:
28:
3540:
Several U.S. government agencies have deployed their own definitions of military-civil fusion. In May 2020, the
5186:
5028:
5005:
4976:
4378:
3513:
3163:
3056:
2795:
2724:
2712:
2498:
2239:
1138:
607:
379:
5222:
4135:
Battlefield singularity : artificial intelligence, military revolution, and China's future military power
2223:
1701:
2018:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5033:
5010:
4998:
4993:
4971:
3570:
3556:
Multiple analysts and think tanks have proposed ways in which the US could respond to China's MCF strategy.
3471:
3443:
3384:
3126:
2753:
2589:
2152:
2124:
2035:
1238:
1091:
535:
2040:
4887:
4553:
3873:
3455:
3447:
3408:
3285:
3247:
3051:
2836:
2829:
2775:
2572:
1979:
1940:
1901:
933:
271:
3761:"Chinese Defense Industry Reforms and Their Implications for US-China Military Technological Competition"
5119:
5104:
5043:
4662:
3590:
Bitzinger, Richard A. (2021). "China's Shift from Civil-Military
Integration to Military-Civil Fusion".
2924:
2760:
1286:
354:
344:
256:
251:
587:
5114:
4882:
4010:"In Military-Civil Fusion, China is Learning Lessons from the United States and Starting to Innovate"
3940:
3733:
3541:
3167:
3159:
3078:
3031:
2995:
2979:
2717:
2510:
2172:
2064:
2013:
1554:
1504:
928:
597:
457:
3550:
3491:
3487:
3227:
3027:
2930:
2895:
2804:
2739:
2567:
2385:
1850:
1580:
1266:
645:
476:
123:
4192:"Military-Civil Fusion: Beijing's "Guns AND Butter" Strategy to Become a Technological Superpower"
4981:
4692:
3692:
3648:
3615:
3459:
3412:
than one percent of the
Chinese high-tech enterprises were involved in defense-related activity.
3046:
2880:
2536:
2522:
2023:
1991:
1208:
1076:
1012:
986:
657:
635:
627:
436:
266:
3941:"Civil-Milit Civil-Military Integration and ary Integration and Chinese Military Modernization"
5302:
5227:
4138:
3907:"China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: Development, Procurement, and Secrecy (Introduction)"
3638:
3607:
3191:
2841:
2811:
2604:
2542:
2493:
2208:
1711:
45:
5254:
3599:
3131:
2748:
1740:
1332:
1272:
614:
429:
158:
3403:
The institutional foundations of PLA's weapon development and research are copied from the
5249:
4627:
4617:
4036:
3186:
2790:
1718:
105:
3791:"Civil-Military Fusion: The Missing Link Between China's Technological and Military Rise"
4986:
4622:
3061:
2650:
2614:
2584:
2528:
2177:
1632:
1550:
1518:
999:
503:
5347:
3619:
2692:
2276:
2109:
1538:
1341:
1314:
1300:
640:
384:
246:
4037:"The foundation of innovation under military-civil fusion: The role of universities"
3652:
3842:
3451:
3404:
3308:
3280:
2619:
2549:
2258:
1479:
1371:
1348:
1321:
1113:
776:
2917:
2799:
2705:
2558:
2473:
2135:
2098:
2086:
1593:
1048:
863:
849:
374:
220:
172:
4230:"China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: What to Expect in the Next Five Years"
3391:(PLA) into a world-class military. Military-civil fusion is a priority for the
4142:
3506:
3436:
3429:
2967:
2911:
2411:
2311:
2198:
1840:
1812:
1619:
1486:
1462:
1355:
1216:
878:
833:
794:
780:
764:
711:
229:
193:
184:
162:
118:
109:
4073:"At the Nexus of Military-Civil Fusion and Technological Innovation in China"
3611:
5179:
4261:"China launches 'deregulation trial' for private sector defence contractors"
3760:
3421:
2846:
2671:
2449:
2434:
2407:
1924:
1307:
1242:
1101:
953:
894:
807:
582:
211:
3697:
3603:
4645:
3502:
or a more balanced attention between military and civilian developments.
2973:
1762:
1744:
1567:
1511:
1280:
886:
843:
803:
202:
127:
4291:"How Should the U.S. Respond to China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy?"
3976:"China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion"
1776:
5287:
5109:
2334:
994:
Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
5193:
3498:, possibly inkling the latter has increased level of coordination in
3366:
2635:
2426:
2399:
1228:
921:
908:
855:
818:
811:
592:
3635:
Innovate to Dominate: The Rise of the Chinese Techno-Security State
4349:
3420:
The term "military-civil fusion" first emerged in the late 1990s.
3073:
2676:
4320:
3683:"Myths and Realities of China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy"
5278:
China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation
2420:
Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
1421:
State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
4104:"China's Evolving Conception of Civil-Military Collaboration"
4012:. Center for a New American Security. The Strategy Bridge.
3838:"Don't Underestimate China's Military-Civil Fusion Efforts"
5283:
China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation
2393:
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
3729:"Xi Seeks to Reinvigorate Military-Civilian Integration"
3872:
Bruyère, Emily de La; Picarsic, Nathan (27 May 2021).
1866:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
2687:
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
235:
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
5293:
China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation
5270:
5213:
5171:
5128:
5097:
5071:
5019:
4960:
4846:
4839:
4795:
4777:
4759:
4729:
4722:
4683:
4636:
4534:
4419:
4412:
4361:
3439:are more ambitious than those of his predecessors.
2938:
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
5359:Military history of the People's Republic of China
5163:Academic institutions of the armed forces of China
4228:STONE, ALEX; W. SINGER, PETER (18 February 2021).
3681:B. Kania, Elsa; Laskai, Lorand (28 January 2021).
3727:Ding, Arthur; Tang, K. Tristan (April 14, 2023).
1174:Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
4159:How China is preparing for an AI-powered Future
3566:2015 People's Republic of China military reform
3114:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
4404:Information operations and information warfare
4108:Center for Strategic and International Studies
2341:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
339:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
4332:
3387:(CCP) with the stated goal of developing its
3335:
2458:National Press and Publication Administration
1159:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
8:
4003:
4001:
3037:International Development Cooperation Agency
2489:National Radio and Television Administration
1655:Reform & Organizational Structure Office
1385:National Development & Reform Commission
963:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
827:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
4809:Theater's Joint Logistics Support Centers:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
1262:State Council (Central People's Government)
872:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
5262:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
4843:
4726:
4416:
4339:
4325:
4317:
3342:
3328:
350:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
40:
5146:National University of Defense Technology
3974:A. Bitzinger, Richard (28 January 2021).
3759:CHEUNG, Tai Ming; ANDERSON, Eric (2017).
3696:
3476:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
3094:International Military Cooperation Office
2362:Office for Safeguarding National Security
1007:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
365:Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
4223:
4221:
3949:Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
3934:
3932:
2906:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
2886:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
1734:National Defense Mobilization Commission
941:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
5298:China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation
3939:A. Bitzinger, Richard (December 2004).
3582:
3182:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2251:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
1931:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
1887:
1830:
1443:
1257:
1203:
675:
566:
355:Protection of human rights (Article 33)
43:
16:Strategy of the Chinese Communist Party
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3210:China and the World Trade Organization
3146:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
2283:Public Security Organs People's Police
577:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3980:The National Bureau of Asian Research
3879:Foundation for Defense of Democracies
3867:
3865:
3784:
3782:
3705:from the original on 16 February 2023
3536:United States sanctions against China
2629:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
2578:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
2318:State Security Organs People's Police
1874:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1807:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
1640:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
7:
3836:Weinstein, Emily (5 February 2021).
3722:
3720:
3069:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2891:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
4937:Reform and Organizational Structure
4301:from the original on 25 August 2021
4271:from the original on 25 August 2021
4240:from the original on 25 August 2021
4206:from the original on 27 August 2021
4114:from the original on 26 August 2021
4083:from the original on 27 August 2021
4016:from the original on 26 August 2021
3986:from the original on 26 August 2021
3917:from the original on 25 August 2021
3886:from the original on 25 August 2021
3850:from the original on 17 August 2021
3174:National Immigration Administration
2219:Federation of Industry and Commerce
1856:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
1614:National Defense Mobilization Dept.
415:General Principles of the Civil Law
5333:Authorized defense products dealer
4942:International Military Cooperation
4805:Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base
3688:Center for a New American Security
3424:, then-vice chairman of the CCP's
2962:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2644:Cyberspace Administration of China
651:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
14:
5156:PLA Air Force Aviation University
4190:Levesque, Greg (8 October 2019).
4008:Kania, Elsa B. (27 August 2019).
3911:national bureau of asian research
3215:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2072:Political Consultative Conference
1660:Int'l Military Cooperation Office
1645:Science and Technology Commission
1601:Training and Administration Dept.
1448:Central Military Commission (CMC)
621:Scientific Outlook on Development
345:Democratic centralism (Article 3)
5200:The Science of Military Strategy
4348:
3963:from the original on 2021-08-26.
3874:"Defusing Military-Civil Fusion"
3775:from the original on 2022-10-13.
3383:is a strategy and policy of the
3302:
2468:State Council Information Office
2290:State Immigration Administration
1706:
1696:
1679:
1627:Discipline Inspection Commission
1149:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
360:Freedom of religion (Article 36)
53:
4698:Rocket Force corps of engineers
4172:from the original on 2021-02-15
4102:Fritz, Audrey (2 August 2019).
4053:from the original on 2021-10-08
3803:from the original on 2020-07-18
3741:from the original on 2023-04-14
3119:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
2504:China Global Television Network
2484:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2348:Bureau of Prison Administration
1908:People's Courts Judicial Police
1835:National Supervisory Commission
916:Office of the General Secretary
5308:Seven Sons of National Defence
4071:Fritz, Audrey (14 July 2021).
3371:
3362:
3238:China–European Union relations
2730:Special administrative regions
1915:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1154:Financial and Economic Affairs
1:
4922:National Defense Mobilization
4259:Grevatt, Jon (23 June 2021).
3512:In 2021, China implemented a
3258:China–United States relations
3243:China–Latin America relations
3104:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
2700:HK & Macau Affairs Office
2443:Central Propaganda Department
2295:Local public security bureaus
1670:Offices Administration Agency
1179:Agriculture and Rural Affairs
5243:Mountain Eagle Commando Unit
4035:Fritz, Audrey (2021-10-08).
3905:Yang, Zi (28 January 2021).
3796:Council on Foreign Relations
3637:. Cornell University Press.
3205:China and the United Nations
3109:CCP International Department
3089:Ministry of National Defense
3016:Diplomatic missions of China
2876:Taiwan independence movement
2597:Publishing industry in China
2130:United Front Work Department
1975:Regular Disciplined Services
1965:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
1771:Ministry of Veterans Affairs
1753:Ministry of National Defense
788:National Security Commission
628:Harmonious Socialist Society
519:Death sentence with reprieve
493:Administrative Procedure Law
5141:National Defence University
5136:Academy of Military Science
4917:Training and Administration
4399:Weapons of mass destruction
3426:Central Military Commission
3197:Community of Common Destiny
2987:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2857:Republic of China on Taiwan
2267:Ministry of Public Security
1588:Equipment Development Dept.
755:Central Military Commission
36:military–industrial complex
25:civil-military co-operation
21:civil-military coordination
5385:
5238:Snow Leopard Commando Unit
3533:
2852:Political status of Taiwan
2302:Ministry of State Security
2002:Public Prosecutions Office
1802:Military reform since 2015
1414:Deputy Secretaries-General
1184:Social Development Affairs
1065:National People's Congress
603:Primary stage of socialism
571:Admission Oath (Article 6)
138:Current provincial leaders
33:
18:
5316:
4787:Information Support Force
3633:Cheung, Tai Ming (2022).
3546:presidential proclamation
3496:Xi Jinping administration
3393:Xi Jinping administration
3233:China–Caribbean relations
2817:Mainland & Macau CEPA
2516:China Radio International
2463:China Film Administration
1650:Strategic Planning Office
1380:Cabinet-level departments
472:Intellectual property law
29:civil-military operations
5369:Civil–military relations
5354:People's Liberation Army
5187:August First Film Studio
4710:Special operations units
4673:special operations units
4607:special operations units
4526:Special operations units
4355:People's Liberation Army
3500:civil–military relations
3486:MCF promotes the use of
3389:People's Liberation Army
3276:Administrative divisions
3057:Belt and Road Initiative
2754:Hong Kong SAR Government
2725:One country, two systems
2713:Hong Kong Liaison Office
2499:China Central Television
2009:Secretariat for Security
1685:People's Liberation Army
1426:most Central Enterprises
1169:Overseas Chinese Affairs
608:Four Cardinal Principles
19:Not to be confused with
4797:Joint Logistics Support
4693:Missile operation units
3571:Foreign policy of China
3472:Defense Innovation Unit
3448:state-owned enterprises
3385:Chinese Communist Party
3248:China–Pacific relations
3127:Chinese nationality law
2019:Unitary Police Services
1676:National armed forces:
1092:Council of Chairpersons
948:Organization Department
680:National Party Congress
385:Socialist law tradition
262:Organization Department
4952:Offices Administration
3456:information technology
3253:China–Russia relations
3223:China–Africa relations
3052:China Development Bank
3028:Foreign aid from China
2869:"Taiwan Province", PRC
2837:Cross-Strait relations
2830:Cross-Strait relations
2783:Mainland & HK CEPA
2224:People's organizations
2031:Public Security Police
1980:Hong Kong Police Force
1941:Judiciary of Hong Kong
1892:Supreme People's Court
1797:Military modernization
1575:Logistic Support Dept.
308:Previous constitutions
181:Communist Party leader
76:Leadership generations
5223:People's Armed Police
5120:Type 97 Service Dress
5105:Xingkong (camouflage)
4927:Discipline Inspection
4905:Equipment Development
4165:. The Wilson Center.
3604:10.1353/asp.2021.0001
3534:Further information:
3434:CCP general secretary
3381:civil-military fusion
3355:Military-civil fusion
2925:Taiwan Affairs Office
2776:Independence movement
2761:Politics of Hong Kong
1997:Court of Final Appeal
1958:Prosecutions Division
1953:Department of Justice
1946:Court of Final Appeal
1702:People's Armed Police
1395:National Audit Office
1026:Provincial committee
257:Collective leadership
252:Democratic centralism
133:Current state leaders
88:Hu–Wen Administration
5233:Special police units
5151:Army Command College
5115:Type 99 (camouflage)
3765:SITC Research Briefs
3734:Jamestown Foundation
3653:10.7591/j.ctv20pxxmn
3542:Trump administration
3228:China–Arab relations
3160:Visa policy of China
3079:New Development Bank
3042:Ministry of Commerce
2805:Macau SAR Government
2718:Macau Liaison Office
2511:China National Radio
2194:Historical parties:
2014:Macau Security Force
1562:Political Work Dept.
1200:State representative
1144:Constitution and Law
929:Central Guard Bureau
598:Deng Xiaoping Theory
375:Chinese legal system
190:State representative
152:Orders of precedence
115:20th Party Politburo
94:Xi–Li Administration
5205:Defense White Paper
4910:Manned Space Agency
4878:Intelligence Bureau
4779:Information Support
3551:technology transfer
3492:technology transfer
3488:dual-use technology
3006:Diplomatic missions
2978:Secretary-General:
2896:Chinese unification
2740:Hong Kong Basic Law
2610:Internet censorship
2568:Censorship in China
2325:Ministry of Justice
1851:Corruption in China
1223:Presidential Office
862:Secretary-General:
745:Central Secretariat
646:Four Comprehensives
450:Labour Contract Law
380:Civil law tradition
217:Conference Chairman
106:4th Leadership Core
81:Succession of power
4932:Strategic Planning
4751:Deep Space Network
3460:aerospace industry
3047:Exim Bank of China
2881:Anti-Secession Law
2771:Pro-democracy camp
2537:China News Service
2523:Xinhua News Agency
2077:National Committee
1992:Judiciary of Macau
1921:Prosecutor General
1134:Special Committees
1082:Standing Committee
1040:Deputy secretaries
1030:Standing committee
973:Standing Committee
934:Central Guard Unit
732:Standing Committee
636:Xi Jinping Thought
593:Mao Zedong Thought
509:Capital punishment
487:Administrative law
226:Commander-in-chief
199:Head of government
124:14th State Council
5341:
5340:
5303:Poly Technologies
5228:China Coast Guard
5067:
5066:
4835:
4834:
4718:
4717:
4573:aircraft carriers
4156:Yujia He (2017).
3644:978-1-5017-6434-9
3352:
3351:
3291:Ethnic minorities
3192:Beijing Consensus
3132:Chinese passports
2972:Deputy Director:
2955:Foreign relations
2842:Chinese Civil War
2812:Politics of Macau
2605:Internet in China
2494:China Media Group
2433:Deputy Director:
2370:Urban Management
2119:Political parties
2106:Secretary-General
2093:Vice-Chairpersons
1827:Supervisory organ
1712:China Coast Guard
1546:Joint Staff Dept.
1457:supreme commander
1409:Secretary-General
1368:Secretary-General
1122:Secretary-General
1108:Vice-Chairpersons
885:Deputy Director:
840:Deputy Directors:
721:Central Politburo
701:General Secretary
690:Central Committee
550:Principal leaders
208:Congress Chairman
100:Xi Administration
96:(2012–2017)
90:(2002–2012)
46:Politics of China
5376:
5364:Military reforms
5255:Maritime Militia
5020:Military regions
4900:Logistic Support
4848:Central Military
4844:
4769:Cyberspace Force
4727:
4706:
4522:
4514:Chemical defense
4510:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4417:
4353:
4352:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4318:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4041:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3833:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3789:Laskai, Lorand.
3786:
3777:
3776:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3700:
3678:
3657:
3656:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3587:
3482:General policies
3373:
3364:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3309:China portal
3307:
3306:
3305:
2766:Pro-Beijing camp
2749:John Lee Ka-chiu
2406:Deputy Leaders:
2356:
2044:
2036:Judiciary Police
2027:
1785:Military history
1710:
1700:
1690:Theater commands
1683:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1489:
1482:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1333:State Councilors
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1267:Li Qiang Cabinet
1128:
858:
852:
846:
708:
615:Three Represents
588:Marxism–Leninism
514:Capital offences
404:List of statutes
159:Paramount leader
147:National leaders
57:
41:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5321:Armed conflicts
5312:
5266:
5209:
5167:
5124:
5093:
5063:
5021:
5015:
4963:
4956:
4849:
4831:
4791:
4773:
4755:
4739:Astronaut Corps
4714:
4700:
4679:
4632:
4613:
4585:Coastal Defense
4558:
4530:
4516:
4504:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4438:
4408:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4297:. 22 May 2021.
4289:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4133:Kania, Elsa B.
4132:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3943:
3938:
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3930:
3920:
3918:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3835:
3834:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3680:
3679:
3660:
3645:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3562:
3538:
3532:
3484:
3444:economic reform
3418:
3401:
3348:
3319:
3315:Other countries
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3286:Family planning
3271:
3263:
3262:
3219:
3201:
3187:Panda diplomacy
3178:
3123:
3100:
3085:
3024:
3012:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2916:Deputy Leader:
2902:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2796:Chief Executive
2791:Macao Basic Law
2787:
2745:Chief Executive
2736:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2638:
2601:
2564:
2452:
2437:
2429:
2414:
2402:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2366:
2350:
2337:
2314:
2279:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2240:Law enforcement
2229:
2228:
2213:
2187:
2089:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2038:
2021:
1988:
1970:Security Bureau
1937:
1927:
1904:
1886:
1885:
1884:Judicial organs
1880:
1870:
1862:
1847:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1792:Armed conflicts
1765:
1747:
1736:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1374:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1283:
1256:
1255:
1254:Executive organ
1250:
1245:
1219:
1202:
1201:
1164:Foreign Affairs
1120:
1104:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1023:
897:
889:
881:
866:
854:
848:
842:
841:
836:
821:
802:
797:
775:
767:
739:
699:
674:
673:
666:
630:
623:
579:
565:
564:
538:
536:Communist Party
528:
527:
500:
483:
410:
398:Legislation Law
371:
341:
330:
298:
297:
277:
276:
241:Related systems
175:
71:
48:
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5382:
5380:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5173:
5169:
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5166:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
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5081:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4895:Political Work
4892:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4868:General Office
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4735:
4733:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4668:Airborne Corps
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4454:Armored forces
4451:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4282:
4251:
4217:
4182:
4148:
4125:
4094:
4063:
4027:
3997:
3966:
3928:
3897:
3861:
3813:
3778:
3751:
3716:
3658:
3643:
3625:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3531:
3528:
3514:Five-Year Plan
3483:
3480:
3417:
3414:
3400:
3397:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:Related topics
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
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3212:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3157:
3143:
3129:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3062:Silk Road Fund
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3023:
3022:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2984:
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2982:
2976:
2970:
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2809:
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2807:
2793:
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2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:Zhuang Rongwen
2648:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:Great Firewall
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:Internal media
2585:Media of China
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:People's Daily
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:Reference News
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
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2329:
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2299:
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2256:
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2230:
2227:
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2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
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2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2081:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1868:
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1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1633:Zhang Shengmin
1624:
1623:
1622:
1611:
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1609:
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1585:
1584:
1583:
1572:
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1543:
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1541:
1533:General Office
1527:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1519:Zhang Shengmin
1515:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1440:Military organ
1439:
1438:
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1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1404:General Office
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1284:
1271:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:Vice President
1237:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:Ethnic Affairs
1131:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1096:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1000:Zhang Shengmin
991:
990:
989:
960:
959:
958:
957:
956:
945:
944:
943:
938:
937:
936:
926:
925:
924:
912:
911:
903:General Office
900:
899:
898:
893:Office Chief:
892:
890:
884:
882:
876:
869:
868:
867:
861:
859:
839:
837:
831:
824:
823:
822:
817:Office Chief:
816:
814:
801:Vice-Chairman:
800:
798:
792:
785:
784:
783:
770:
768:
759:
752:
742:
741:
740:
730:
717:
716:
715:
714:
669:
668:
667:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
660:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
633:
632:
631:
626:
619:
617:
612:
611:
610:
605:
595:
590:
585:
575:
573:
556:
555:
554:
553:
552:
546:
545:
539:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
521:
516:
499:
498:
497:
496:
482:
481:
480:
479:
469:
468:
467:
455:
454:
453:
446:
434:
427:
419:
409:
408:
407:
406:
401:
389:
388:
387:
382:
370:
369:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
312:
299:
296:
295:
290:
284:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
242:
238:
237:
232:
223:
214:
205:
196:
187:
178:
177:
176:
167:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
121:
112:
97:
91:
84:
83:
78:
72:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5381:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Vice-Chairmen
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:Modernization
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4252:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4168:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4015:
4011:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:Jūnmín rónghé
3368:
3360:
3356:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Spokespersons
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:Ding Xuexiang
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Radio jamming
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:Wang Xiaohong
2274:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2110:Wang Dongfeng
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:State Council
1726:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:Zhong Shaojun
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:Departments:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:Vice Chairmen
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:Wang Xiaohong
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:Zhang Guoqing
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:Ding Xuexiang
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:Vice-Premiers
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1244:
1240:
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5079:Ground Force
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4883:Guard Bureau
4602:Marine Corps
4544:Organization
4303:. Retrieved
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4077:The Diplomat
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3843:The Diplomat
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3405:Soviet Union
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2620:Great Cannon
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2472:
2371:
2259:Chen Wenqing
2125:CCP (ruling)
2097:Top-ranked:
2065:United front
1665:Audit Office
1480:Zhang Youxia
1390:Central bank
1372:Wu Zhenglong
1349:Wu Zhenglong
1322:Liu Guozhong
1114:Li Hongzhong
1112:Top-ranked:
777:Zhang Youxia
671:Organization
558:Constitution
504:Criminal law
492:
464:Property Law
463:
458:Property law
449:
442:
431:Marriage Law
430:
422:
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303:Constitution
288:Constitution
5271:Contractors
4873:Joint Staff
4701: [
4663:Air Defense
4517: [
4505: [
4481: [
4478:Air defense
4469: [
4457: [
4445: [
4389:Decorations
4234:Defense One
4196:China Brief
3698:resrep28654
3598:(1): 5–24.
3592:Asia Policy
3409:state-owned
2918:Wang Huning
2862:Taiwan Area
2800:Ho Iat-seng
2706:Xia Baolong
2559:China Today
2474:China Daily
2372:(chengguan)
2351: [
2257:Secretary:
2136:Shi Taifeng
2099:Shi Taifeng
2087:Wang Huning
2039: [
2022: [
1631:Secretary:
1594:Xu Xueqiang
1049:Party group
998:Secretary:
864:Wang Huning
850:Wang Huning
426:(From 2021)
221:Wang Huning
173:Peng Liyuan
5348:Categories
5326:Korean War
4888:Guard Unit
4850:Commission
4761:Cyberspace
4744:astronauts
4561:Branches:
4295:China File
4176:2021-08-26
4143:1029611044
4057:2021-10-11
3807:2021-08-25
3745:2023-04-14
3577:References
3507:Xi Jinping
3437:Xi Jinping
3430:Mao Zedong
3399:Background
2968:Xi Jinping
2966:Director:
2929:Director:
2912:Xi Jinping
2704:Director:
2649:Director:
2634:Director:
2425:Director:
2412:Shen Yiqin
2386:Propaganda
2312:Chen Yixin
1841:Liu Jinguo
1839:Director:
1813:Xi Jinping
1620:Liu Faqing
1618:Director:
1605:Director:
1592:Director:
1579:Director:
1566:Director:
1555:Liu Zhenli
1537:Director:
1505:Liu Zhenli
1487:He Weidong
1463:Xi Jinping
1356:Shen Yiqin
1217:Xi Jinping
907:Director:
879:Xi Jinping
877:Director:
834:Xi Jinping
832:Director:
795:Xi Jinping
793:Chairman:
781:He Weidong
765:Xi Jinping
712:Xi Jinping
477:Patent law
443:Labour Law
437:Labour law
423:Civil Code
230:Xi Jinping
194:Xi Jinping
185:Xi Jinping
169:First lady
163:Xi Jinping
119:Xi Jinping
110:Xi Jinping
69:Leadership
34:Compare a
5180:PLA Daily
5089:Air Force
5054:Guangzhou
5022:(defunct)
4982:Hong Kong
4840:Structure
4827:Zhengzhou
4731:Aerospace
4628:South Sea
4618:North Sea
4590:Naval Air
4580:Submarine
4502:Engineers
4466:Artillery
4434:Equipment
4429:Structure
4384:Equipment
4305:25 August
4275:25 August
4244:25 August
4210:26 August
4118:26 August
4087:27 August
4020:26 August
3990:26 August
3921:25 August
3890:25 August
3854:25 August
3709:25 August
3620:234121234
3612:1559-2960
3544:issued a
3530:Responses
3520:In 2021,
3422:Hu Jintao
3164:Hong Kong
3150:Hong Kong
3136:Hong Kong
2847:One China
2672:Hong Kong
2450:Li Shulei
2435:Li Shulei
2408:Li Shulei
1925:Ying Yong
1902:Zhang Jun
1898:President
1607:Wang Peng
1581:Zhang Lin
1497:Members:
1308:He Lifeng
1243:Han Zheng
1209:President
1193:Presidium
1102:Zhao Leji
1077:Elections
1035:Secretary
983:Secretary
954:Li Ganjie
895:He Lifeng
808:Zhao Leji
658:Democracy
583:Communism
418:(to 2020)
267:Elections
212:Zhao Leji
5029:Shenyang
5006:Northern
4977:Southern
4964:Commands
4962:Theater
4858:Chairman
4823:Shenyang
4656:airbases
4651:aircraft
4646:Aviation
4623:East Sea
4616:Fleets:
4595:aircraft
4549:Weaponry
4495:aircraft
4490:Aviation
4442:Infantry
4413:Branches
4394:Generals
4299:Archived
4269:Archived
4238:Archived
4204:Archived
4167:Archived
4112:Archived
4081:Archived
4048:Archived
4044:Sinopsis
4014:Archived
3984:Archived
3958:Archived
3915:Archived
3884:Archived
3848:Archived
3801:Archived
3773:Archived
3739:Archived
3703:Archived
3560:See also
3032:to China
3020:in China
2992:Minister
2974:Li Qiang
2931:Song Tao
2910:Leader:
2691:Leader:
2398:Leader:
2331:Minister
2308:Minister
2273:Minister
2083:Chairman
1811:Leader:
1763:Dong Jun
1759:Minister
1745:Li Qiang
1741:Chairman
1568:Miao Hua
1512:Miao Hua
1453:Chairman
1281:Li Qiang
1098:Chairman
1011:Leader:
887:Li Qiang
844:Li Qiang
804:Li Qiang
761:Chairman
562:ideology
203:Li Qiang
128:Li Qiang
5288:Norinco
5250:Militia
5110:Type 07
5098:Uniform
5059:Chengdu
5049:Nanjing
5039:Lanzhou
5034:Beijing
5011:Central
4994:Western
4972:Eastern
4563:Surface
4554:History
4369:History
4362:General
3416:History
3359:Chinese
2996:Wang Yi
2980:Wang Yi
2335:He Rong
1719:Militia
1275: (
1273:Premier
1227:Chief:
920:Chief:
543:History
5194:CCTV-7
4819:Xining
4815:Guilin
4685:Rocket
4421:Ground
4379:Budget
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4141:
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3369::
3367:pinyin
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2448:Head:
2427:Cai Qi
2400:Cai Qi
2134:Head:
1229:Cai Qi
1126:Liu Qi
952:Head:
922:Cai Qi
909:Cai Qi
856:Cai Qi
819:Cai Qi
812:Cai Qi
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5072:Ranks
5044:Jinan
4999:Tibet
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4568:ships
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4265:Janes
4170:(PDF)
4163:(PDF)
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3944:(PDF)
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3693:JSTOR
3649:JSTOR
3616:S2CID
3523:Janes
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3168:Macau
3154:Macau
3140:Macau
3074:BRICS
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1551:Chief
1013:Li Xi
987:Li Xi
27:, or
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4723:Arms
4536:Navy
4307:2021
4277:2021
4246:2021
4212:2021
4139:OCLC
4120:2021
4089:2021
4022:2021
3992:2021
3923:2021
3892:2021
3856:2021
3711:2021
3639:ISBN
3608:ISSN
3363:军民融合
2204:CDSP
2183:TDSL
2173:CZGP
2163:CAPD
2148:RCCK
1291:list
1277:list
1213:list
1086:14th
1069:14th
977:20th
967:20th
749:20th
736:20th
725:20th
705:list
694:20th
684:20th
392:Laws
326:1978
321:1975
316:1954
4638:Air
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