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79:
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2397:
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33:
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3600:"In spite of the severe fighting ... great crowds of (Dutch) civilians thronged the streets (of Groningen) — apparently more excited than frightened by the sound of nearby rifle and machine-gun fire. Out of regard for these civilians, the Canadians did not shell or bomb the city, thereby accepting the possibility of delay and additional casualties" (
3010:
3154:
Armies that often engage in urban warfare operations may train most of their infantry in CQB doctrine. While training will vary, it generally will focus on what proficiencies each unit possess. This is in opposition to what units may lack in either strength or weapons capabilities. The fundamentals
2809:
and sprayed every doorway and window, but this meant the tank could not traverse its turret quickly. The other solution was to rely on heavy howitzers (152 mm and 203 mm) firing over open sights to blast defended buildings and to use anti-aircraft guns against defenders posted on the higher
2768:
Much of the housing stock consisted of apartment blocks built in the second half of the 19th century. Most of those, thanks to housing regulations and few elevators, were five stories high, built around a courtyard which could be reached from the street through a corridor large enough to take a horse
2709:
The
Soviets used the great amount of destruction to their advantage by adding man-made defenses such as barbed wire, minefields, trenches, and bunkers to the rubble, while large factories even housed tanks and large-caliber guns within. In addition, Soviet urban warfare relied on 20-to-50-man-assault
2700:
is largely seen as the defining battle of urban warfare, with the battle commonly studied and referenced in studies of urban warfare. The battle was the single largest and costliest urban battle ever, with it being seen as the worst and most extreme case of urban warfare. The Battle of
Stalingrad saw
2900:
In the long term, the
Russians brought in more infantry and began a systematic advance through the city, house by house and block by block, with dismounted Russian infantry moving in support of armour. In proactive moves, the Russians started to set up ambush points of their own and then move armour
2769:
and cart or small trucks used to deliver coal. In many places these apartment blocks were built around several courtyards, one behind the other, each one reached through the outer courtyards by a ground-level tunnel similar to that between the first courtyard and the road. The larger, more expensive
2687:
Worth's men used pick axes to chip holes in the adobe walls of the homes, in the roof of the house from where the soldiers could drop in, or used ladders to climb to the top of a rooftop and assault the
Mexican defenders in hand-to-hand combat. The typical assault on a home would include one man who
2705:
combat techniques. Historian Iain MacGregor states that the "evolution of urban, house-to-house fighting and defending these buildings and built-up areas was seemingly born in
Stalingrad in the winter of 1942". The battle "occupies a famous, notorious place in the history of war, particularly urban
2668:
graduates, marched down the city's streets and were cut down by the
Mexican defenders. They could not see the men hidden behind walls, loopholes, or rooftops. They tried to march straight down the street until the intense fire drove them to hide in adjacent buildings. Taylor tried to move artillery
3198:
was evacuated compulsorily to provide an urban training area for United States forces. The facility has been retained, despite efforts by the displaced people to recover their homes, and was used for
British Army training for counter-insurgency operations in Northern Ireland. A newer purpose-built
2782:
did not use the makeshift barricades erected close to street corners, because these could be raked by artillery fire from guns firing over open sights further along the straight streets. Instead, they put snipers and machine guns on the upper floors and the roofs – a safer deployment as the Soviet
2460:
Analysts debate the scope and size of urban battles in the modern day, as they are unlikely to match the scale of battles in the Second World War. For example, professor
Michael C. Desch states that while "enormous forces engaged on both sides in those battles may never be seen in high-intensity
3048:
to a heavy use of armoured bulldozers. The heavily armoured bulldozers began by clearing booby traps and ended with razing many houses, mainly in the center of the refugee camp. The armoured bulldozers were unstoppable and impervious to
Palestinian attacks and by razing booby-trapped houses and
2874:, five or six hunter-killer fire teams deployed at ground level, in second and third stories, and in basements. The snipers and machine gunners would pin down the supporting infantry while the antitank gunners would engage the armoured vehicle aiming at the top, rear and sides of vehicles.
2688:
would run to the door of the house and chip the door away with a pick axe under covering fire. Once the door showed signs of weakening, 3–4 other soldiers would run to the door and barge in with revolvers blazing. Worth lost few men on the 23rd using these new urban warfare techniques.
2625:
2066:. Urban combat operations may be conducted to capitalize on strategic or tactical advantages associated with the possession or the control of a particular urban area or to deny these advantages to the enemy. It is considered to be arguably the most difficult form of warfare.
2069:
Fighting in urban areas negates the advantages that one side may have over the other in armor, heavy artillery, or air support. Ambushes laid down by small groups of soldiers with handheld anti-tank weapons can destroy entire columns of modern armor (as in the
3175:
Armed forces seek to train their units for those circumstances in which they are to fight: built up, urban areas are no exception. Several countries have created simulated urban training zones. The
British Army has established an "Afghan village" within its
2390:
You are surrounded, all roads to Grozny are blocked...Persons who stay in the city will be considered terrorists and bandits and will be destroyed by artillery and aviation. There will be no further negotiations. Everyone who does not leave the city will be
2566:
Meanwhile, the attackers tend to become more exposed than the defender as they must use the open streets more often, unfamiliar with the defenders' secret and hidden routes. During a house to house search the attacker is often also exposed on the streets.
2081:
Some civilians may be difficult to distinguish from such combatants as armed militias and gangs, and particularly individuals who are simply trying to protect their homes from attackers. Tactics are complicated by a three-dimensional environment, limited
3057:
2465:
states that while lessons may be taken from Stalingrad, ultimately "Stalingrad took place in a theater with a large number of army groups with a total of a million soldiers involved on each side; modern armies are unlikely to fight with these numbers."
2897:) to engage the Chechen combat groups, as their tank's main gun did not have the elevation and depression to engage the fire teams and an armoured vehicle's machine gun could not suppress the fire of half a dozen different fire teams simultaneously.
2760:
Most of the central districts of Berlin consisted of city blocks with straight wide roads, intersected by several waterways, parks and large railway marshalling yards. The terrain was predominantly flat but there were some low hills like that of
2597:
2656:
invaded the town. The U.S. Army had no prior training in urban warfare and the Mexican defenders hid on rooftops, shot through loopholes, and stationed cannons in the middle of the city's streets. The houses at Monterrey were made of thick
2756:
The German tactics in the battle of Berlin were dictated by three considerations: the experience that the Germans had gained during five years of war; the physical characteristics of Berlin; and the tactics used by the Soviets.
2415:
fighters through ambush-induced attrition losses. The attacking army must account for three dimensions more often, and consequently expend greater amounts of manpower to secure a myriad of structures, and mountains of rubble.
2155:(fighting in fortified objectives) refers to clearing enemy personnel from narrow and entrenched places like bunkers, trenches and strongholds; the dismantling of mines and wires; and the securing of footholds in enemy areas.
2601:
2599:
4057:"A Prussian law of 1875, enacted to cover the streets of Berlin, prescribed that the main streets should be 95 feet or more in width, secondary thoroughfares from 65 to 95 feet and the local streets from 40 to 65 feet." (
2481:
have predicted urban warfare to become the norm in wars. Spencer confirmed this to be true in an article in 2024, providing a list of numerous urban battles in the recent decades of the 21st century alone, those being
2740:
of six to eight men, closely supported by field artillery. These were tactical units which were able to apply the tactics of house to house fighting that the Soviets had been forced to develop and refine at each
2706:
warfare. It seems to encapsulate and personify it, to provide an instinctive yardstick by which urban warfare can be examined, understood, defined, and assessed" according to military historian Stephen Walsh.
2285:
noted the lethality of urban warfare in the Second World War, "When civilian met soldier in the confined landscapes, the death toll spiked, and it was no surprise that the greatest carnage of World War II—at
2600:
2669:
into the city but it could not hit the well-hidden defenders any better than the U.S. soldiers could. Two days later the US again assaulted the city from two sides and this time they fought differently.
2461:
urban battles again", that "the large numbers of killed and wounded underline the basic fact that such conflict is extremely lethal", referencing the battles of Stalingrad and Berlin. An article by the
2996:, entered to Nablus, killing 70 militants and arresting hundreds, while sustaining only one fatality. The forces deployed many small teams, advancing in non-linear manner from many directions, using
2074:), while artillery and air support can be severely reduced if the "superior" party wants to limit civilian casualties as much as possible, but the defending party does not (or even uses civilians as
3032:
the city and the refugee camp with thousands of explosive charges, some were very large and most were concealed in houses and on the streets. After 13 Israeli soldiers were killed in an
4169:"EU strongly condemns indiscriminate Hamas rockets on Israel and use of Palestinian population as human shields, 'terrorist groups in Gaza must disarm', calls for 'immediate ceasefire
2573:
2294:
2908:, some of the Russian armour was fitted quickly with a cage of wire mesh mounted some 25–30 centimetres away from the hull armour to defeat the shaped charges of the Chechen RPGs.
2661:, with strong double doors and few windows. The rooftops were lined with a two-foot-tall wall that acted as a parapet for the defending soldiers. Each home was a fort unto itself.
2858:
most of the Chechen fighters had been trained in the Soviet armed forces. They were divided into combat groups consisting of 15 to 20 personnel, subdivided into three or four-man
3155:
of muzzle awareness and weapons safety are of the utmost importance given the propensity for fratricide due to the confined spaces, as well as the limited avenues of approach.
3151:
Military CQB doctrine is different from police CQB doctrine, mainly because the military usually operates in hostile areas while the police operates within docile populations.
2189:
training for fighting forces (how a small team of infantry soldiers should fight in close and built-up spaces). IDF's LASHAB was developed mainly in recent decades, after the
4084:
2916:
3049:
buildings which used as gun posts they forced the militants in Jenin to surrender. In total, 56 Palestinians and 23 Israeli soldiers were killed in the battle of Jenin.
2950:
3779:
3101:
factor—namely: how a small squad of infantry troops should fight in urban environments and/or inside buildings in order to achieve its goals with minimal casualties.
3078:
The term close-quarter battle refers to fighting methods within buildings, streets, narrow alleys and other places where visibility and manoeuvrability are limited.
2542:
system. Defenders may have the advantage of detailed local knowledge of the area, right down to the layout inside of buildings and means of travel not shown on maps.
2672:
Not wanting to repeat the mistakes of the 21st, General William Jenkins Worth listened to his Texan advisers. These men had fought in Mexican cities before at the
2598:
4070:"The Berlin streets are for the most part very broad and straight. They are surprisingly even; there is not a hill worthy of the name in the whole of the city" (
3499:
2470:
2388:
handled the issue of civilian casualties by issuing an ultimatum urging citizens to leave or be destroyed without mercy. Leaflets dropped on the city read: '
4176:
3849:
3482:
3426:
2877:
Initially, the Russians were taken by surprise. Their armoured columns that were supposed to take the city without difficulty as Soviet forces had taken
2631:
78:
3583:
1002:
2324:
to the amount of force which can be applied when attacking an area where there are known to be civilians. Until the 1970s, this was covered by the
2870:, a machine gunner and a sniper. The team would be supported by ammunition runners and assistant gunners. To destroy Russian armoured vehicles in
1429:
3875:
2514:
in the 2020s. In 2023, analyst Mikael Weissmann claimed that it is widely agreed upon that urban warfare will be the "battlefields of tomorrow".
2828:
and grenades were very effective, but as the Berlin civilian population had not been evacuated these tactics inevitably killed many civilians.
3028:
the battle was much harder and fierce. Unlike in Nablus, the forces who fought in Jenin were mainly reserve forces. The Palestinian militants
4459:
4436:
4363:
4315:
4202:
4018:
3993:
3465:
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2904:
As with the Soviet tank crews in Berlin in 1945, who attached bedsprings to the outside of their turrets to reduce the damage done by German
2813:
Soviet combat groups started to move from house to house instead of directly down the streets. They moved through the apartments and cellars
3665:
3630:
4326:
2942:
2205:
cities, villages and refugee camps. The IDF has a special large and advanced facility for training soldiers and units in urban warfare.
1785:
2422:
structures will be ruined by heavy bombardment, but it is very difficult to demolish such a building totally when it is well defended.
3567:
1980:
1758:
373:
4287:
1434:
2381:
2710:
groups, armed with machine guns, grenades and satchel charges, and buildings fortified as strongpoints with clear fields of fire.
2886:
2267:
1512:
44:
4520:
3903:
2724:
2491:
2369:, causes the attacking force to restrain from using all the force they could when attacking a city. In other cases, such as the
1495:
2478:
1857:
1282:
127:
3794:
3666:"Urban Warfare Considerations; Understanding and Combating Irregular and Guerrilla Forces During A "Conventional War" In Iraq"
2837:
2384:
in 1999, they conducted a massive artillery and air bombardment campaign in an attempt to smash the city into submission. The
2090:
because of buildings, enhanced concealment and cover for defenders, below-ground infrastructure, and the ease of placement of
2071:
4226:
2946:
2665:
2129:
1621:
40:
3377:
War in the Streets. The Story of Urban Combat from Calais to Khafji. by Colonel Michael. Dewar Hardcover – January 1, 1992 (
2293:
However, when liberating occupied territory some restraint was often applied, particularly in urban settings. For example,
2762:
2038:
1485:
2878:
1975:
439:
2847:
2443:
1985:
1172:
974:
845:
383:
3754:
2652:
was the U.S. Army's first major encounter with urban warfare. It occurred in September 1846 when the U.S. Army under
4382:
4083:"The highest hill in the ridge was the Kreuzberg, which stood at 217 feet (66 m). It became the site of a from the
2929:
2174:
2114:
1449:
4277:
3248:
3094:
2610:
2483:
2427:
1559:
1067:
416:
290:
144:
4168:
2333:
Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of
2986:
2351:
2325:
2270:, roughly 40% of battles took place in urban areas. In some particularly vicious urban warfare battles such as
2087:
2010:
1877:
1424:
1117:
935:
783:
4009:
Walsh, Stephen (2020). "The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.).
3479:
2396:
4557:
3258:
3243:
3228:
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in cellar windows to ambush tanks as they moved down the streets. These tactics were quickly adopted by the
2306:
1963:
1945:
1701:
1260:
1182:
1127:
725:
388:
4526:
4185:
3823:
4552:
3188:
3004:
2495:
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2062:
levels. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians and the complexity of the
1830:
1805:
1527:
1439:
1312:
1187:
788:
765:
211:
110:
3587:
2109:
soldiers practice MOUT tactics in the Ojojibara Maneuver Area of Sendai, Japan during an exercise in 2004
2054:
is warfare in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat differs from combat in the open at both
4493:
3168:
3073:
2938:
2457:
in 1944 fighting broke out in the sewers, as both Axis and Soviet troops used them for troop movements.
2385:
2362:
2158:
1419:
1352:
1305:
959:
922:
885:
803:
755:
639:
449:
257:
166:
2235:
war at the time, measured by the number of troops involved. The picture shows the ruins of the city of
2477:, and retired military officer and chairman of the urban warfare studies at the Modern War Institute,
3604:, Chapter XX: The Rhine Crossing and the 2nd Corps' Advance to the North Sea March 23-April 22, 1945)
3191:
3177:
3125:
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2697:
2462:
2431:
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1810:
1712:
1569:
1564:
1382:
1347:
1082:
902:
760:
696:
550:
520:
117:
4151:"Then, they went in again for festooning their vehicles with bedsprings and other metal to make the
2842:
17:
3555:
3062:
2649:
2616:
2511:
2302:
2282:
1661:
1646:
1522:
1409:
1387:
1362:
1322:
1232:
1042:
947:
897:
664:
654:
619:
411:
401:
171:
95:
32:
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4198:
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which claimed the lives of hundreds of Israeli civilians. It was in part characterized by alleged
2748:
2219:
3669:
3324:
3131:
3018:
3014:
2990:
2882:
2487:
2321:
2287:
2202:
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2055:
1995:
1850:
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1691:
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1611:
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1444:
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735:
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659:
597:
572:
406:
220:
139:
37:
4523:, Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3–35.3 – US Marine Corps guidance on urban warfare
3850:"Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare"
3517:
YLE: Suomalaiset kuvaavat sotien jälkiä kaupungeissa – katso kuvat ja tarinat tutuilta kulmilta
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4432:
4359:
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3454:
Eight Lives Down: The Most Dangerous Job in the World in the Most Dangerous Place in the World
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faced the street and the smaller, less expensive ones were found around the inner courtyards.
2677:
2559:. Defenders can move from one part of the city to another undetected using tunnels and spring
2507:
2503:
2474:
2454:
2408:
2358:
2310:
2228:
2224:
2031:
1940:
1887:
1790:
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912:
865:
835:
674:
467:
444:
378:
4428:
4355:
4334:
3703:
4531:
4451:
4331:
Russian-Manufactured Armoured Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience
3143:
3121:
2968:
2719:
2439:
2374:
2298:
2232:
2214:
2190:
2059:
2005:
1970:
1902:
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1626:
1554:
1547:
1404:
1337:
1287:
1277:
1152:
1072:
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778:
686:
644:
587:
582:
540:
363:
340:
247:
176:
105:
88:
4506:
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4206:
4180:
3907:
3486:
3397:
Storming the City: U.S. Military Performance in Urban Warfare from World War II to Vietnam
3098:
3090:
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in late 1944. As in the Soviet assault on Berlin, as a short term measure, they deployed
2794:
2673:
2587:
2499:
2275:
2198:
1815:
1800:
1718:
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1616:
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592:
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472:
272:
252:
100:
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avoided the use of artillery altogether to spare civilians and buildings, and during the
3353:
3211:
3530:
3136:
Routines and drills for engaging the enemy, securing a perimeter, clearing a room, etc.
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were very effective), while others fought across the roof tops and through the attics.
2653:
2546:
2522:
2435:
2000:
1990:
1738:
1162:
1122:
1100:
1087:
1077:
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350:
307:
262:
134:
67:
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The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle
2664:
On September 21, 1846, the U.S. Army which included some of its best soldiers, recent
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4265:
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3263:
3253:
3200:
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2527:
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2419:
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2083:
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875:
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691:
567:
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345:
267:
230:
225:
122:
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It is also difficult to destroy underground or heavily fortified structures such as
2377:, both military forces considered evacuating civilians only to find it impractical.
2331:
which specifically includes articles 25–27. This has since been supplemented by the
3457:
3238:
3069:
2921:
2825:
2814:
2790:
2776:
Just as the Soviets had learned a lot about urban warfare, so had the Germans. The
2681:
2244:
2148:(fighting in someone's house and causing havoc in people's streets/public spaces).
2075:
2024:
1950:
1930:
1925:
1820:
1765:
1399:
1394:
1217:
1132:
880:
614:
515:
312:
216:
4538:
Urban warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa in 1970–1981: inventing the rules of the game.
3965:
McLaurin, R. D.; Jureidini, Paul A.; McDonald, David S.; Sellers, Kurt J. (1987).
3730:
2862:. A fire team consisted of an antitank gunner, usually armed with a Russian made
3966:
3947:
2806:
2785:
2403:, the capital of the Philippines, devastated during the Battle of Manila in 1945
2338:
2317:
2255:
2251:
1935:
1686:
1651:
1490:
1177:
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855:
798:
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485:
206:
201:
4472:
Volume III: The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North West Europe 1944–1945
3221:
3114:
3029:
2798:
2736:
A Soviet combat group was a mixed arms unit of about eighty men, divided into
2556:
2534:
The characteristics of an average city include tall buildings, narrow alleys,
2334:
2102:
2091:
1892:
1862:
1584:
953:
4087:
erected in 1821 and gave its name to the most famous of Berlin's districts" (
3876:"Monterrey, 1846: Still Offering Urban Combat Lessons after all these Years"
3354:"Urban Warfare: Challenges of Military Operations on Tomorrow's Battlefield"
2993:
2859:
2778:
2770:
2579:
2412:
2313:
initially placed a ban on artillery and air strikes to save civilian lives.
2248:
1882:
1706:
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1606:
1596:
1591:
1456:
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1242:
1207:
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335:
302:
191:
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and air support. The battle ended quickly with a decisive Israeli victory.
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tanks could not elevate their guns that high. They also put men armed with
2442:, despite heavy bombardment with artillery at point blank range (including
3283:
3041:
2890:
2737:
2290:
and Stalingrad—was the result of efforts to storm municipal fortresses".
1897:
1872:
1505:
1137:
1112:
730:
285:
159:
2824:
These tactics took the Germans lying in ambush for tanks in the flanks.
4425:
The spaces of the modern city: imaginaries, politics, and everyday life
4352:
The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape
4211:
3560:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
3110:
3009:
2635:
2552:
2236:
2173:. LASHAB in the IDF includes large-scale tactics (such as use of heavy
1907:
1867:
1631:
1465:
1461:
808:
793:
669:
330:
325:
295:
234:
196:
3181:
3089:(UO) are related to urban warfare, but while UO refers mainly to the
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2583:
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2400:
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1414:
815:
632:
368:
4537:
3500:"Urban Warfare Training Center – Simulating the Modern Battle-Field"
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of adjacent buildings (for which the Soviets found abandoned German
2555:
posts while alleys and rubble-filled streets are ideal for planting
3516:
3210:
3195:
3180:
and the French Army has built several urban training areas in its
3162:
3056:
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2924:
during an exercise simulating the takeover of a hostile urban area
2915:
2894:
2863:
2841:
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2723:
2658:
2521:
2395:
2345:
2218:
2106:
2101:
890:
426:
421:
31:
2684:" through each house and root out the defenders in close combat.
2121:(urban operations), but this term has been largely replaced with
4475:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War.
2982:
2745:(fortress city) they had encountered from Stalingrad to Berlin.
186:
181:
4527:
FM 90-10-1 AN INFANTRYMAN 'S GUIDE TO COMBAT IN BUILT-UP AREAS
2901:
towards them to lure the Chechen combat groups into ambushes.
2186:
2182:
59:
4427:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp.
4354:(illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p.
4199:"European Union: Hamas, other Gaza terror groups must disarm"
4282:. London; New York: Viking-Penguin Books. pp. 316–319.
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
2411:
can offer some advantages to a weaker defending force or to
2278:, all weapons were used irrespective of their consequences.
2197:
and Lebanese villages, and was further developed during the
4297:
Dishman, Chris (August 2009). "Street Fight in Monterrey".
3755:"Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad"
3668:. Emergency Response and Research Institute. Archived from
2752:
A devastated street in Berlin's city centre on July 3, 1945
3731:"Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain"
2140:(fighting in built-up areas), or sometimes (colloquially)
4250:
FM 90-10 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)
3562:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 210.
3427:"The final battle for Basra is near, says Iraqi general"
2469:
Many analysts, such as former American army general and
2201:(2000–2005) in which IDF soldiers entered and fought in
3325:"The City Is Not Neutral: Why Urban Warfare Is So Hard"
2526:
Urban warfare is fought within the constraints of the
4405:"Military Operations on Urban Terrain [MOUT]"
4308:
A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico
4088:
2805:
To counter these tactics, Soviet submachine gunners
2350:
Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai during the
4377:. Vol. 6. Americana Corporationn. p. 720.
3848:Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (February 14, 2022).
2881:were decimated in fighting more reminiscent of the
3040:, the IDF changed its tactics from slow advancing
2680:in 1835. They understood that the army needed to "
3414:(3 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 162.
3215:A Brazilian soldier moves down an escape corridor
2765:that is 66 metres (217 ft) above sea level.
3824:"War Books: The Urban Battlefield of the Future"
4521:Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)
2582:soldiers assault a fortified house in downtown
3753:Geroux, John Spencer, Jayson (June 28, 2021).
3399:. University of North Texas Press. p. 99.
2426:had to fight room by room while defending the
3929:
3927:
3735:Monographs, Collaborative Studies, & IRPs
3093:factor (i.e. sending troops, using of heavy
2032:
8:
4423:Prakash, Gyan; Kruse, Kevin Michael (2008).
4045:
3778:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3187:During World War II, as preparation for the
3104:As a doctrine, CQB concerns topics such as:
2471:Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
3795:"The City Is the Battlefield of the Future"
3624:
3622:
3194:, the population of the English village of
4373:McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins, ed. (1951).
3282:The poorer tenement blocks were known as "
2039:
2025:
49:
4058:
3651:
2941:in April 2002 as a response to a wave of
3097:, battle management), CQB refers to the
2329:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land
2125:(military operations in urban terrain).
1003:List of military strategies and concepts
3933:
3918:
3529:Kitfield, James C. (December 1, 1998).
3303:
3275:
3036:combined with booby traps, snipers and
2953:by both IDF and Palestinian militants.
2569:
57:
4502:
4491:
4391:
4380:
4227:"Navy SEAL Close Quarter Battle (CQB)"
4156:
4121:
4071:
4033:
3771:
3690:
3613:
3601:
3586:. canadiansoldiers.com. Archived from
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
3948:"Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume 1"
3817:
3815:
3748:
3746:
3744:
2365:, as in the case of the Canadians in
2231:was the largest urban warfare in the
2161:calls urban warfare לש"ב (pronounced
7:
4140:
4100:
4011:A History of Modern Urban Operations
3631:"Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya"
3347:
3345:
3310:
3061:Simulated city used for training on
2937:military operation conducted by the
2551:The buildings can provide excellent
2247:often relied on large quantities of
18:Military Operations in Urban Terrain
3988:. New York: Scribner. p. 173.
3874:Glenn, Russell W. (March 6, 2023).
2956:The two major battles were held in
4534:– Urban operations, reading guide.
4013:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 55.
3967:"Modern Experience in City Combat"
3822:Spencer, John (February 9, 2024).
3729:Desch, Michael (October 1, 2001).
3456:(Delta Trade Paperback ed.),
3199:training area has been created at
2144:(fighting in someone's house), or
25:
4488:(9–12). Urban Land Institute: 88.
4450:. BoD – Books on Demand. p.
4403:Pike, John (September 16, 2002).
4333:. Red Thrust Star. Archived from
3704:"World War II: Siege of Budapest"
2887:self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
2615:shot by the French Resistance of
2316:Military forces are bound by the
2117:has referred to urban warfare as
4325:Grau, Lester W. (January 1997).
4310:. University of Oklahoma Press.
3425:Sengupta, Kim (March 24, 2008).
3167:Zambraniyah Training Village in
2815:blasting holes through the walls
2624:
2595:
2572:
2453:and utility tunnels; during the
2136:(operations in built-up areas),
77:
45:United States invasion of Panama
4327:"Chechen Anti-armor Techniques"
3793:Spencer, John (July 19, 2017).
3664:Staten, C.L. (March 29, 2003).
3654:, Russia will pay for Chechnya.
3535:Air & Space Forces Magazine
3323:Spencer, John (March 4, 2020).
4448:Peeps at Great Cities – Berlin
4266:"Russia will pay for Chechnya"
4264:BBC staff (December 7, 1999).
2846:A Chechen separatist near the
41:M113 armored personnel carrier
1:
4480:Urban Land Institute (2006).
4306:Dishman, Christopher (2010).
3117:most suitable for the mission
2848:Presidential Palace in Grozny
2243:Urban military operations in
3737:. US Army War College Press.
3412:Dictionary of Military Terms
3489:Retrieved December 7, 2007.
3203:, some 3 miles from Imber.
2644:Battle of Monterrey, Mexico
2175:armoured personnel carriers
1496:Military–industrial complex
975:Operational manoeuvre group
4574:
4375:The Encyclopedia Americana
4299:Military Heritage Magazine
4179:December 31, 2014, at the
4085:Schinkel-designed monument
3531:"War in the Urban Jungles"
3352:Weissmann, Mikael (2023).
3095:armoured fighting vehicles
3067:
3002:
2966:
2930:Operation Defensive Shield
2912:Operation Defensive Shield
2838:Battle of Grozny (1994–95)
2835:
2717:
2544:
2434:, and in 1945, during the
2212:
2193:included urban warfare in
2115:United States Armed Forces
4279:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
4089:Urban Land Institute 2006
3485:February 7, 2016, at the
3249:Second Battle of Fallujah
2732:after its capture in 1945
2428:Red October Steel Factory
2185:for intelligence, etc.),
1560:Loss-of-strength gradient
417:Combat information center
4046:Prakash & Kruse 2008
3984:MacGregor, Iain (2022).
3410:Bowyer, Richard (2004).
2920:Israeli soldiers of the
2617:street fighting in Paris
2352:Second Sino-Japanese War
2171:warfare on urban terrain
1878:Military science fiction
1363:Technology and equipment
784:List of military tactics
3901:Battle of Monterrey.com
3452:Hunter, Chris (2009) ,
3259:Urban guerrilla warfare
3244:Operation Urban Warrior
3229:Civilian casualty ratio
3225:(documentary TV series)
2991:armoured Caterpillar D9
2538:tunnels and possibly a
2268:European theatre of war
1946:Wartime sexual violence
1702:Full-spectrum dominance
1513:Supply-chain management
4446:Siepen, Edith (2011).
4205:April 5, 2015, at the
4155:explode prematurely" (
3395:Wahlman, Alec (2015).
3216:
3172:
3159:Urban warfare training
3065:
3021:
3005:Battle of Jenin (2002)
2981:, backed by reservist
2951:usage of human shields
2925:
2851:
2753:
2733:
2611:La Libération de Paris
2531:
2404:
2354:
2260:ground attack fighters
2240:
2110:
2072:First Battle of Grozny
1858:Awards and decorations
1831:Peace through strength
1806:Low-intensity conflict
1440:Conscientious objector
1313:Area of responsibility
47:
27:Warfare in urban areas
4469:Stacey, C.P. (1966).
4186:European Jewish Press
3906:July 7, 2011, at the
3214:
3169:Orogrande, New Mexico
3166:
3083:close-quarters-battle
3074:Close-quarters combat
3060:
3053:Close-quarters battle
3012:
2939:Israel Defense Forces
2919:
2845:
2751:
2727:
2525:
2518:Urban warfare tactics
2440:capture the Reichstag
2399:
2349:
2326:1907 Hague Convention
2222:
2213:Further information:
2159:Israel Defense Forces
2105:
450:Torpedo data computer
440:Ship gun fire-control
35:
4350:Ladd, Brian (1998).
3971:Technical Memorandum
3880:smallwarsjournal.com
3854:Modern War Institute
3828:Modern War Institute
3759:Modern War Institute
3556:Hanson, Victor Davis
3329:Modern War Institute
3192:invasion of Normandy
3178:Stanford Battle Area
3126:night vision devices
3120:Extra gear, such as
2975:Paratroopers Brigade
2947:Palestinian factions
2698:Battle of Stalingrad
2692:Battle of Stalingrad
2463:Modern War Institute
2432:Battle of Stalingrad
2380:When Russian forces
2371:Battle of Stalingrad
2130:British armed forces
2098:Military terminology
1976:Military occupations
1811:Military engineering
1713:Unrestricted Warfare
1570:Force multiplication
468:Military manoeuvrers
4124:, pp. 316–319.
3946:Intrec Inc (1974).
3590:on January 9, 2008.
3506:. October 26, 2011.
3063:San Clemente Island
3044:soldiers backed by
2650:Battle of Monterrey
2634:street fighting in
2295:Canadian operations
2283:Victor Davis Hanson
2281:Military historian
2179:armoured bulldozers
1662:Penal military unit
1647:Rules of engagement
1323:Command and control
948:Operations research
412:Director (military)
402:Fire-control system
172:Command and control
53:Part of a series on
4532:Small Wars Journal
4409:GlobalSecurity.org
4103:, pp. 99–102.
3693:, p. 354,355.
3217:
3173:
3066:
3046:attack helicopters
3022:
3019:armoured bulldozer
3015:IDF Caterpillar D9
2926:
2883:Battle of Budapest
2852:
2754:
2734:
2532:
2405:
2355:
2322:military necessity
2241:
2113:Historically, the
2111:
1771:Counter-insurgency
1692:Command of the sea
1637:Jewish laws on war
1612:Geneva Conventions
1148:Divide and conquer
943:Military operation
908:Tactical objective
407:Fire-control radar
384:Electronic-warfare
48:
38:United States Army
4501:Missing or empty
4461:978-3-86403-134-2
4438:978-0-691-13343-0
4390:Missing or empty
4383:cite encyclopedia
4365:978-0-226-46762-7
4337:on April 30, 2010
4317:978-0-8061-4140-4
4048:, pp. 44–46.
4020:978-3-030-27088-9
3995:978-1-9821-6358-7
3973:– via DTIC.
3954:– via DTIC.
3641:on March 2, 2022.
3467:978-0-553-38528-1
3383:978-0-7153-9477-9
3234:Military urbanism
3122:bulletproof vests
2935:counter-terrorism
2856:First Chechen War
2832:First Chechen War
2602:
2475:Charles C. Krulak
2455:Siege of Budapest
2409:urban environment
2339:Non-International
2311:General MacArthur
2239:after the battle.
2229:Finnish Civil War
2225:Battle of Tampere
2049:
2048:
1941:Horses in warfare
1888:Anti-war movement
1791:Gunboat diplomacy
1781:Disaster response
1729:Philosophy of war
1724:Principles of war
1697:Deterrence theory
1642:Right of conquest
1565:Lanchester's laws
1333:Principles of war
1023:Counter-offensive
1008:Military campaign
913:Target saturation
836:Counterinsurgency
445:Gun data computer
379:Close air support
341:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
4565:
4510:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4489:
4476:
4465:
4442:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4399:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4378:
4369:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4321:
4302:
4293:
4269:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4222:
4216:
4215:, July 22, 2014.
4196:
4190:
4189:, July 22, 2014.
4172:
4166:
4160:
4149:
4143:
4138:
4125:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4081:
4075:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3952:Technical Report
3943:
3937:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3899:Urban Warfare –
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3672:on June 13, 2006
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3637:. Archived from
3635:Associated Press
3626:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3496:
3490:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3386:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3358:academic.oup.com
3349:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3291:
3280:
3087:urban operations
2987:combat engineers
2969:Battle of Nablus
2943:suicide bombings
2879:Budapest in 1956
2720:Battle in Berlin
2714:Battle of Berlin
2676:in 1842 and the
2632:Italian soldiers
2628:
2604:
2603:
2576:
2444:203 mm howitzers
2375:Battle of Berlin
2307:Battle of Manila
2227:during the 1918
2215:Urban camouflage
2209:Urban operations
2191:1982 Lebanon War
2041:
2034:
2027:
1796:Humanitarian aid
1734:Security dilemma
1555:Power projection
1338:Economy of force
1318:Chain of command
1033:Defence in depth
1018:Commerce raiding
841:Defeat in detail
177:Defense ministry
81:
72:
71:
62:
50:
43:during the 1989
21:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4543:
4542:
4517:
4500:
4490:
4479:
4468:
4462:
4445:
4439:
4422:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4389:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4324:
4318:
4305:
4296:
4290:
4272:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4207:Wayback Machine
4197:
4193:
4181:Wayback Machine
4170:
4167:
4163:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4128:
4120:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3908:Wayback Machine
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3742:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3710:. June 12, 2006
3702:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3595:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3487:Wayback Machine
3478:
3474:
3468:
3460:, p. 204,
3451:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3431:The Independent
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3209:
3171:, United States
3161:
3099:micromanagement
3091:macromanagement
3076:
3068:Main articles:
3055:
3038:suicide bombers
3007:
2973:In Nablus, the
2971:
2914:
2840:
2834:
2795:First World War
2722:
2716:
2694:
2678:Battle of Bexar
2646:
2639:
2629:
2620:
2605:
2596:
2591:
2588:Warsaw Uprising
2577:
2549:
2520:
2407:Fighting in an
2382:attacked Grozny
2363:proportionality
2341:Armed Conflicts
2217:
2211:
2199:Second Intifada
2100:
2045:
2016:
2015:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1816:Multilateralism
1801:Law enforcement
1761:
1751:
1750:
1719:Just war theory
1677:
1667:
1666:
1617:Geneva Protocol
1587:
1577:
1576:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1183:Network-centric
1103:
1093:
1092:
1000:
990:
989:
938:
928:
927:
876:Rapid dominance
781:
771:
770:
726:Electromagnetic
635:
625:
624:
611:
564:
512:
488:
478:
477:
473:Combat training
454:
431:
397:Combat systems:
393:
355:
351:Auxiliary ships
317:
277:
273:Military police
239:
162:
152:
151:
91:
65:
64:
63:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4571:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4558:Sniper warfare
4555:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4524:
4516:
4515:External links
4513:
4512:
4511:
4477:
4466:
4460:
4443:
4437:
4420:
4400:
4370:
4364:
4347:
4322:
4316:
4303:
4294:
4288:
4274:Beevor, Antony
4270:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4243:
4225:Military.com.
4217:
4191:
4161:
4159:, p. 317)
4144:
4126:
4105:
4093:
4091:, p. 88).
4076:
4063:
4061:, p. 720)
4059:McDonnald 1951
4050:
4038:
4036:, p. 317.
4026:
4019:
4001:
3994:
3976:
3957:
3938:
3923:
3911:
3892:
3866:
3840:
3811:
3785:
3740:
3721:
3695:
3683:
3656:
3652:BBC staff 1999
3644:
3629:Bagrov, Yuri.
3618:
3616:, p. 318.
3606:
3593:
3575:
3569:978-1541674103
3568:
3547:
3521:
3509:
3491:
3472:
3466:
3444:
3417:
3402:
3387:
3370:
3341:
3315:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3208:
3205:
3160:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3139:Team maneuvers
3137:
3134:
3128:
3118:
3054:
3051:
2979:Golani Brigade
2913:
2910:
2850:, January 1995
2833:
2830:
2807:rode the tanks
2738:assault groups
2718:Main article:
2715:
2712:
2693:
2690:
2674:Battle of Mier
2654:Zachary Taylor
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2638:, October 1941
2630:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2594:
2592:
2578:
2571:
2547:Tunnel warfare
2519:
2516:
2210:
2207:
2146:FISH and CHIPS
2099:
2096:
2084:fields of view
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Military terms
1978:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:Tripwire force
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1261:Administrative
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:New generation
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:Fleet in being
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1101:Grand strategy
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:Scorched earth
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1001:
996:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
965:Deep operation
962:
957:
950:
945:
939:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
894:
893:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
791:
782:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
766:Unconventional
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
714:
712:Disinformation
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
683:
682:
677:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
610:
609:
608:
607:
606:
605:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
563:
562:
561:
560:
559:
558:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
465:
463:Basic training
460:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
392:
391:
389:Reconnaissance
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
316:
315:
310:
308:Special forces
305:
300:
299:
298:
288:
283:
276:
275:
270:
265:
263:Reconnaissance
260:
255:
250:
245:
238:
237:
228:
223:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
132:
131:
130:
125:
115:
114:
113:
106:Post-classical
103:
98:
92:
87:
86:
83:
82:
74:
73:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4570:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Urban warfare
4551:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4384:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4289:0-670-03041-4
4285:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4244:
4236:September 28,
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4074:, p. 7).
4073:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3288:Mietskasernen
3285:
3284:Rent-barracks
3279:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3264:Urban terrain
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Siege warfare
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3201:Copehill Down
3197:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:booby-trapped
3027:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2826:Flamethrowers
2822:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:Festungsstadt
2739:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:all types of
2699:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2622:
2619:, August 1944
2618:
2614:
2612:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2528:urban terrain
2524:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:Soviet forces
2421:
2420:Ferroconcrete
2417:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:International
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:heavy bombers
2261:
2258:varying from
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2094:and snipers.
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2076:human shields
2073:
2067:
2065:
2064:urban terrain
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:Urban warfare
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Warrior caste
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1838:Show of force
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Peacebuilding
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:Air supremacy
1680:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Islamic rules
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Court-martial
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Arms industry
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Broken-backed
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:Expeditionary
958:
956:
955:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
932:
931:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
831:Counterattack
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
774:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Psychological
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
692:Combined arms
690:
688:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:
629:
628:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
531:Fortification
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
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34:
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19:
4503:|title=
4494:cite journal
4485:
4481:
4471:
4447:
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4408:
4392:|title=
4374:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4335:the original
4330:
4307:
4298:
4278:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4231:Military.com
4230:
4220:
4210:
4194:
4184:
4164:
4153:panzerfausts
4152:
4147:
4096:
4079:
4066:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4010:
4004:
3985:
3979:
3970:
3960:
3951:
3941:
3934:Dishman 2010
3919:Dishman 2009
3914:
3895:
3883:. Retrieved
3879:
3869:
3857:. Retrieved
3853:
3843:
3833:February 21,
3831:. Retrieved
3827:
3804:February 28,
3802:. Retrieved
3798:
3788:
3764:February 27,
3762:. Retrieved
3758:
3734:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3707:
3698:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3670:the original
3659:
3647:
3639:the original
3634:
3609:
3596:
3588:the original
3578:
3559:
3550:
3540:February 24,
3538:. Retrieved
3534:
3524:
3519:(in Finnish)
3512:
3503:
3494:
3475:
3458:Random House
3453:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3430:
3420:
3411:
3405:
3396:
3390:
3373:
3363:February 21,
3361:. Retrieved
3357:
3334:February 24,
3332:. Retrieved
3328:
3318:
3306:
3287:
3278:
3239:Mouse-holing
3220:
3186:
3174:
3153:
3150:
3142:Methods and
3103:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3070:Close combat
3023:
2983:armour force
2972:
2955:
2928:
2927:
2922:Kfir Brigade
2906:panzerfausts
2905:
2903:
2899:
2876:
2853:
2823:
2819:panzerfausts
2818:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2791:Hitler Youth
2786:panzerfausts
2784:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2742:
2735:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2671:
2663:
2647:
2608:
2565:
2550:
2533:
2479:John Spencer
2468:
2459:
2448:
2418:
2406:
2389:
2386:Russian Army
2379:
2356:
2332:
2328:
2315:
2292:
2280:
2245:World War II
2242:
2170:
2169:acronym for
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2080:
2068:
2051:
2050:
1951:Fifth column
1931:War resister
1926:Women in war
1821:Peacekeeping
1766:Arms control
1711:
1400:Mobilization
1395:Conscription
1353:Intelligence
1306:Organization
952:
881:Encirclement
761:Radiological
697:Conventional
551:Subterranean
545:
458:Development:
457:
434:
396:
358:
321:Naval units:
320:
313:Signal corps
280:
258:Intelligence
243:Specialties:
242:
167:Organization
118:Early modern
29:
4157:Beevor 2002
4122:Beevor 2002
4072:Siepen 2011
4034:Beevor 2002
3921:, p. .
3691:Beevor 2002
3614:Beevor 2002
3602:Stacey 1966
2854:During the
2586:during the
2557:booby traps
2430:during the
2359:distinction
2318:laws of war
2256:air support
2252:bombardment
2203:Palestinian
2092:booby traps
2056:operational
1936:War studies
1759:Non-warfare
1687:Appeasement
1652:Martial law
1491:War economy
1430:Transgender
1383:Recruitment
1143:Containment
1028:Culminating
936:Operational
856:Envelopment
799:Air assault
680:Air cavalry
640:Air defence
620:Information
521:Cold-region
486:Battlespace
435:Historical:
281:Land units:
207:Space force
202:Coast guard
135:Late modern
96:Prehistoric
4547:Categories
4482:Urban Land
4258:References
3936:, p.
3708:HistoryNet
3222:Battleplan
3184:facility.
3132:explosives
3115:ammunition
3085:(CQB) and
3003:See also:
2994:bulldozers
2967:See also:
2860:fire teams
2836:See also:
2802:veterans.
2799:Volkssturm
2682:mouse hole
2666:West Point
2545:See also:
2512:Khan Yunis
2502:, and now
2357:Sometimes
2320:governing
2272:Stalingrad
2132:terms are
1996:War crimes
1986:Operations
1893:Foot drill
1863:Battle cry
1776:deterrence
1435:Harassment
1410:Specialism
1233:Technology
1228:Succession
1173:Liberation
1108:Asymmetric
1043:Empty fort
954:Blitzkrieg
923:Withdrawal
886:Investment
665:Camouflage
660:Biological
598:Underwater
573:Amphibious
492:Aerospace
359:Air units:
336:Submarines
145:fourth-gen
140:industrial
128:napoleonic
4141:Grau 1997
4101:Ladd 1998
3437:April 11,
3311:Pike 2002
3298:Citations
3130:Accurate
2779:Waffen-SS
2763:Kreuzberg
2730:Reichstag
2580:Home Army
2488:Sadr City
2413:guerrilla
2391:destroyed
2309:in 1945,
2303:Groningen
2288:Leningrad
2266:. In the
2249:artillery
2151:The term
1883:War novel
1786:Grey-zone
1746:War games
1707:Overmatch
1657:War crime
1607:Desertion
1597:Ceasefire
1592:Armistice
1479:Logistics
1457:Mercenary
1445:Volunteer
1376:Personnel
1348:Engineers
1293:Sociology
1248:World war
1243:Total war
1223:Strategic
1213:Religious
1198:Political
1193:Perpetual
1168:Irregular
1083:Offensive
1058:Defensive
1053:Deception
1013:Attrition
866:Guerrilla
861:Formation
804:Airbridge
736:Loitering
650:Artillery
303:Artillery
253:Engineers
221:Irregular
192:Air force
4414:July 14,
4341:June 16,
4276:(2002).
4203:Archived
4177:Archived
3904:Archived
3885:April 1,
3859:April 1,
3774:cite web
3714:April 4,
3676:July 22,
3584:"Ortona"
3558:(2020).
3483:Archived
3433:. London
3207:See also
3042:infantry
2977:and the
2891:ZSU-23-4
2810:floors.
2793:and the
2561:ambushes
2508:Mariupol
2484:Fallujah
2373:and the
2297:in both
2060:tactical
2058:and the
1898:War song
1873:War film
1506:Materiel
1425:Children
1405:Training
1343:Medicine
1328:Doctrine
1283:Training
1218:Resource
1203:Princely
1153:Economic
1138:Conquest
1133:Colonial
1128:Cold war
1113:Blockade
998:Strategy
970:Maneuver
731:Infantry
687:Chemical
541:Mountain
501:Airborne
364:Fighters
331:Warships
286:Infantry
212:Reserves
160:Military
4212:Haaretz
3144:tactics
3111:Weapons
2998:snipers
2868:RPG-18s
2636:Stalino
2590:of 1944
2553:sniping
2504:Bakhmut
2451:bunkers
2237:Tampere
2011:Writers
2006:Weapons
1971:Battles
1920:Related
1908:Wargame
1903:Uniform
1851:Culture
1632:Perfidy
1627:Justice
1548:Science
1533:Outpost
1486:History
1466:Warrior
1462:Soldier
1450:foreign
1388:counter
1288:Service
1238:Theater
1178:Limited
1158:Endemic
1073:Nuclear
846:Foxhole
821:Cavalry
809:Airdrop
794:Airlift
779:Tactics
751:Nuclear
741:Missile
670:Cavalry
655:Barrage
633:Weapons
593:Surface
374:Command
369:Bombers
326:Frogman
296:Cavalry
268:Medical
235:Militia
217:Regular
197:Marines
111:castles
101:Ancient
89:History
68:outline
4458:
4435:
4362:
4358:–102.
4314:
4286:
4268:. BBC.
4017:
3992:
3566:
3504:idf.il
3464:
3381:
3189:Allied
3182:CENZUB
3034:ambush
2958:Nablus
2933:was a
2872:Grozny
2864:RPG-7s
2584:Warsaw
2540:subway
2536:sewage
2510:, and
2500:Marawi
2401:Manila
2367:Ortona
2299:Ortona
2276:Warsaw
2233:Nordic
2195:Beirut
2167:Hebrew
2163:LASHAB
1991:Sieges
1675:Theory
1415:Morale
1273:Policy
1268:Branch
1048:Mosaic
1038:Fabian
985:Covert
918:Trench
903:Screen
826:Charge
816:Battle
789:Aerial
707:Denial
675:Horses
603:Seabed
556:Tunnel
536:Jungle
526:Desert
496:Aerial
4431:–46.
3480:FOFO.
3270:Notes
3196:Imber
3081:Both
3026:Jenin
2989:with
2962:Jenin
2895:2K22M
2771:flats
2659:adobe
2607:Film
2496:Raqqa
2492:Mosul
2165:), a
2138:FIBUA
2107:JGSDF
1964:Lists
1420:Women
1358:Ranks
1278:Staff
1208:Proxy
1123:Class
1078:Naval
1063:Depth
898:Swarm
891:Siege
871:Naval
851:Drone
746:Music
721:Robot
717:Drone
702:Cyber
645:Armor
615:Cyber
588:Green
583:Brown
546:Urban
506:Space
427:Radar
422:Sonar
291:Armor
248:Staff
226:Ranks
4507:help
4456:ISBN
4433:ISBN
4416:2017
4396:help
4360:ISBN
4343:2010
4312:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4238:2016
4015:ISBN
3990:ISBN
3887:2024
3861:2024
3835:2024
3806:2024
3780:link
3766:2024
3716:2024
3678:2006
3564:ISBN
3542:2024
3462:ISBN
3439:2008
3379:ISBN
3365:2024
3336:2024
3124:and
3113:and
3072:and
2985:and
2960:and
2893:and
2728:The
2703:MOUT
2696:The
2648:The
2436:race
2361:and
2337:and
2301:and
2274:and
2254:and
2223:The
2183:UAVs
2153:FOFO
2142:FISH
2134:OBUA
2128:The
2123:MOUT
2088:fire
2086:and
2001:Wars
1518:Base
1068:Goal
980:Raid
578:Blue
516:Land
187:Navy
182:Army
3799:WSJ
3286:" (
3024:In
3013:An
2945:by
2866:or
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2438:to
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2262:to
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2078:).
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1528:FOB
1523:MOB
568:Sea
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