222:
have urged
Pakistan not to prosecute civilians in military courts. They argue that the trial of civilians in military courts is a violation of Pakistan's obligations under international human rights law to ensure the rights of criminals to due process and fair trial. HRW has documented a catalog of
283:
With a majority of 11 to 06 the
Constitution Petitions challenging the Twenty-first Amendment and the Pakistan Army (Amendment) Act (2015) were dismissed. This allowed for the continuation of the military courts. The 6 dissenting judges, who deemed the military courts as unconstitutional, were
234:. The proceedings are conducted within military establishments in secrecy and defendants only have the right to appeal the verdict of a military court to a military appellate tribunal, whose decision in turn is deemed final and cannot even be challenged in the higher civil courts of Pakistan.
223:
human rights abuses stemming from the prosecution of civilians in military courts in
Pakistan, including a clear disregard for due process, lack of transparency, coerced confessions, and executions after extremely unfair trials.
101:
were initiated by military courts, and both were sentenced to death. However, with the lifting of martial law in May 1953, the death sentences handed down by the military court were also nullified.
763:
259:
117:
109:
120:
was made to the constitution to allow the military courts to function for two more years. That provision of the amendment expired in
January 2019 and hasn't since been renewed.
82:
The history of military courts in
Pakistan dates back to the early years of the country's existence. The first military tribunal was set up in 1951 to try the perpetrators of the
255:
955:
273:
With a majority of 13 to 04 the
Constitution Petitions were held to be maintainable. Thus allowing for judicial review of the amendments with the view being that of the
323:
invalidated the trial of civilians in military courts. The court ordered that the accused in the May 2023 violence-related cases be tried under ordinary criminal laws.
548:
340:
896:
247:
797:"Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments or Amending the Unamendable? A Critique of District Bar Association Rawalpindi V. Federation of Pakistan"
734:"Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments or Amending the Unamendable? A Critique of District Bar Association Rawalpindi V. Federation of Pakistan"
562:
1098:
967:
124:
1103:
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703:
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293:
262:
amendments. Namely, the anti-defection and judicial appointment clauses of the former and the military tribunal cover provided in the latter.
650:
524:
796:
764:"Saying not what the Constitution is ... but what it should be: Comment on the Judgment on the 18th and 21st Amendments to the Constitution"
733:
1165:
1113:
1015:
632:
601:
178:
889:
231:
151:. In addition to judges, other military personnel also have a significant influence on the decision-making process within these courts.
127:(JAG) branch of the Pakistan Army in which the judges and prosecutors are all serving military officers with no formal legal training.
1170:
1160:
850:
1057:
198:
1129:
1077:
1067:
882:
362:
1150:
186:
105:
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1036:
139:, are operated by military staff, which includes judges and legal professionals. These individuals are members of the
405:
380:
297:
615:
587:
177:, protests spread across the country. In some instances protestors targeted military installations, including the
950:
945:
473:
320:
251:
1072:
1155:
919:
448:
274:
194:
86:
Case. The
Military Tribunal sentenced all the convicts in the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case to long imprisonment.
982:
94:
280:
With a majority of 14 to 03 the
Constitution Petitions challenging the Eighteenth Amendment were dismissed.
990:
972:
905:
219:
201:
to military courts. This decision was strongly opposed by human rights organizations and legal experts.
83:
67:
63:
1062:
1010:
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174:
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leaders and workers were arrested in response, of which 102 defendants had their cases shifted from
995:
929:
811:
748:
266:
215:
148:
341:"The trial of civilians in military courts under Pakistan Army Act and the Official Secrets Act"
214:
The use of military courts to try civilians has been the subject of controversy and criticism.
1000:
542:
285:
90:
1005:
289:
924:
44:
277:. In essence, providing a check on the power of the parliament to amend the constitution.
227:
1144:
301:
144:
140:
113:
108:
to dispense speedy justice to terrorists. The move was enabled by the passage of the
59:
226:
The opaqueness of the military justice system has been criticized, including by the
265:
The court, in a landmark verdict described by legal experts as the most important
93:, especially in Lahore. Trials of leaders of the anti-Ahmadiyya movement, Molana
160:
74:
as a response to the growing threat of terrorism and insurgency in the country.
498:
116:
of 2 years. In
January 2017, at the end of the originally stipulated period, a
182:
166:
616:"Pakistan: Don't Try Civilians in Military Courts | Human Rights Watch"
588:"Pakistan: Don't Try Civilians in Military Courts | Human Rights Watch"
864:
27:
874:
774:
363:"Behind Closed Doors: Pakistan's Military Courts - The Pakistan Gazette"
136:
104:
Military Courts were again set up in
Pakistan in the aftermath of the
563:"Pakistan says 102 in military court over ex-PM Khan arrest violence"
190:
89:
In 1953, martial law was declared due to the worsening law and order
851:"SC declares trial of civilians in military courts unconstitutional"
825:
394:
http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/18_v21_2_20.pdf
66:
and are set up to try civilians, especially in cases related to
878:
651:"Committee against Torture examines initial report of Pakistan"
525:"Imran Khan arrest updates: Protests after ex-Pakistan PM held"
499:"Imran Khan: Mass protests across Pakistan after ex-PM arrest"
244:
District Bar Association (Rawalpindi) v Federation of Pakistan
865:"Military trials of civilians: SC to take up pleas on Oct 23"
826:"Six judges declare 21st Amendment, military courts illegal"
633:"Pakistan: Civilians must not be tried under military laws"
602:"Pakistan: Civilians must not be tried under military laws"
425:"Military Courts – Performance, Review and Challenges"
1122:
1091:
1050:
1029:
981:
938:
912:
123:The trials in these courts are conducted under the
43:
33:
23:
18:
269:decision in the history of Pakistan, ruled that:
890:
8:
547:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
474:"Former CJ also challenges military courts"
897:
883:
875:
250:" was put before a 17-member bench of the
248:unconstitutional constitutional amendments
70:. These courts were established under the
1078:Excise & Sales Tax Appellate Tribunal
449:"Aitzaz Ahsan challenges military courts"
1099:Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit-Baltistan
627:
625:
429:Center for Research and Security Studies
406:"History of military courts in pakistan"
381:"History of military courts in Pakistan"
254:that challenged specific clauses of the
1104:Supreme Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
332:
540:
356:
354:
15:
7:
1114:High Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
1042:List of district courts in Pakistan
711:International Commission of Jurists
682:International Commission of Jurists
232:International Commission of Jurists
14:
1068:Accountability Courts of Pakistan
704:"Military Injustice in Pakistan"
675:"Military Injustice in Pakistan"
135:Military courts, in contrast to
1130:Judicial Commission of Pakistan
968:Gilgit-Baltistan Supreme Court
1:
361:Ullah, Ihsan (June 1, 2023).
110:21st Constitutional Amendment
106:2014 Peshawar school massacre
1109:Gilgit-Baltistan Chief Court
1166:Law enforcement in Pakistan
1037:District courts of Pakistan
56:Military courts in Pakistan
1187:
1073:Banking Courts of Pakistan
810:(2018): 13. Archived from
713:. January 2019. p. 11
523:Najjar, Hafsa Adil,Farah.
312:
173:on 9 May 2023 from within
158:
19:Military Courts (Pakistan)
1171:Legal history of Pakistan
946:Supreme Court of Pakistan
747:(2018): 3. Archived from
684:. January 2019. p. 3
321:Supreme Court of Pakistan
252:Supreme Court of Pakistan
205:Controversy and criticism
131:Structure and composition
38:Pakistan Army Act of 1952
1161:Human rights in Pakistan
920:Constitution of Pakistan
275:basic structure doctrine
195:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
246:case, the question of "
95:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
367:thepakistangazette.com
125:Judge Advocate General
72:Pakistan Army Act 1952
1123:Appointment of Judges
906:Judiciary of Pakistan
637:Amnesty International
319:In October 2023, the
220:Amnesty International
199:anti-terrorism courts
84:Rawalpindi Conspiracy
1151:Military of Pakistan
315:Military courts case
309:Military Courts Case
187:Corp Commander house
179:General Headquarters
175:Islamabad High Court
930:Pakistan Penal Code
804:Pakistan Law Review
741:Pakistan Law Review
478:The Express Tribune
453:The Express Tribune
294:Ijaz Ahmed Chaudhry
292:, Ejaz Afzal Khan,
210:Human rights issues
193:. Several thousand
91:situation in Punjab
996:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
867:. 20 October 2023.
410:pakistanlawyer.com
298:Dost Muhammad Khan
267:constitutional law
216:Human Rights Watch
1138:
1137:
1092:Territorial Court
963:AJK Supreme Court
529:www.aljazeera.com
286:Jawwad S. Khawaja
118:further amendment
99:Abul A'la Maududi
62:in the country's
53:
52:
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1021:Gilgit-Baltistan
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785:
783:
782:
773:. Archived from
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347:. June 22, 2023.
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290:Asif Saeed Khosa
16:
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1177:
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1156:Military courts
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1140:
1139:
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1118:
1087:
1083:Military Courts
1046:
1030:District Courts
1025:
977:
934:
925:Law of Pakistan
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677:
673:
672:
668:
659:
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649:
648:
644:
639:. May 16, 2023.
631:
630:
623:
618:. May 31, 2023.
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311:
240:
238:Amendments Case
212:
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137:civilian courts
133:
112:in 2015 with a
80:
64:judicial system
12:
11:
5:
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1063:Anti Narcotics
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1058:Anti Terrorism
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939:Supreme Courts
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814:on 2022-03-15.
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724:
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604:. 16 May 2023.
593:
590:. 31 May 2023.
579:
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313:Main article:
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228:United Nations
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159:Main article:
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60:special courts
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1051:Special Court
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951:Chief Justice
949:
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777:on 2024-01-09
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423:Gul, Imtiaz.
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155:Notable cases
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141:Pakistan Army
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859:
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834:. Retrieved
832:. 2015-08-06
829:
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812:the original
807:
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795:Hashmi, ZZ.
790:
779:. Retrieved
775:the original
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571:. Retrieved
569:. 2023-06-26
566:
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532:. Retrieved
528:
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507:. Retrieved
505:. 2023-05-09
502:
493:
482:. Retrieved
480:. 2023-06-21
477:
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457:. Retrieved
455:. 2023-06-17
452:
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432:. Retrieved
428:
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24:Jurisdiction
991:Balochistan
983:High Courts
771:LUMS-SAHSOL
161:May 9 riots
97:and Molana
1145:Categories
836:2024-01-11
781:2024-01-10
660:2023-06-26
573:2023-06-26
534:2023-06-26
509:2023-06-26
484:2023-06-26
459:2024-01-10
434:2023-06-26
345:The Nation
327:References
218:(HRW) and
183:Rawalpindi
167:Imran Khan
45:Appeals to
1011:Islamabad
567:France 24
181:(GHQ) in
149:Air Force
68:terrorism
830:DAWN.COM
543:cite web
503:BBC News
28:Pakistan
973:Shariat
717:26 June
688:26 June
78:History
1001:Punjab
956:Judges
300:, and
191:Lahore
171:arrest
165:After
147:, and
1006:Sindh
800:(PDF)
767:(PDF)
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707:(PDF)
678:(PDF)
655:OHCHR
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690:2023
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260:21st
258:and
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