453:, Syria: "ccupation by military forces represents a direct violation of domestic and international law… he Free Syrian Army today states its official position prohibiting the militarization of schools and... and will amend its Proclamation of Principles to reflect the same. This statement will be circulated among all of our battalions and guide the actions of our members. Any individuals found to violate the principles listed in our proclamation will be held accountable, in accordance with international law. - Declaration signed by President of Syrian Opposition Coalition and Chief of Staff of Supreme Military Council, Free Syrian Army, April 30, 2014
381:
necessary for the force to use such an institution, for example for accommodating personnel, storage of materiel or as part of a defensive position, all feasible steps must be taken, in consultation with local authorities, to ensure that the disruption to the education of children is reduced as much as practicable. This may include identifying and facilitating the use of other suitable facilities for such purposes… Members of the NZDF are not to use school buildings or facilities for military purposes unless it is absolutely necessary."
196:. Parties to an armed conflict are required, to the maximum extent feasible, to a) avoid locating military objectives within or near densely populated areas, including where schools and universities are likely to be located; b) endeavour to remove the civilian population, individual civilians and civilian objects under their control from the vicinity of military objectives; and c) take the other necessary precautions to protect those schools and universities under their control against the dangers resulting from military operations.
459:, Syria: "We affirm our responsibility to respect International Humanitarian Law at all times including … the responsibilities to … espect and protect schools and hospitals, and refrain from using in them in support of the military effort, including by locating military objectives within or near them." — National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces, Declaration of Commitment on Compliance with IHL and the Facilitation of Humanitarian Assistance, 2014
395:, 16 April 2012: "This act of occupation is deplorable and it is violation of our law of land. Besides, you are depriving our children from the much needed education… I hereby order you to urgently evacuate the … schools occupied by the forces under your direct commands… Failure to evacuate the above mentioned schools will lead to severe disciplinary actions and the act is a serious violation of the law of our land which shall bear regrettable implications…"
73:, between 2005 and 2015 there were instances of military use of schools in Afghanistan, Burma/Myanmar, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, CĂ´te d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territory, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, Yemen and Zimbabwe.
157:;" encouraged "Member States to consider concrete measures to deter the use of schools by armed forces and armed non-State groups in contravention of applicable international law;" urged "Member States to ensure that attacks on schools in contravention of international humanitarian law are investigated and those responsible duly prosecuted;" and called "upon United Nations country-level task forces to enhance the
373:: "Considering International Humanitarian Law norms, it is considered a clear violation of the Principle of Distinction and the Principle of Precaution in attacks and, therefore a serious fault, the fact that a commander occupies or allows the occupation by his troops, of … public institutions such as education establishments…"
284:, has also called for the prohibition of occupation of schools by security forces in areas affected by armed conflict, in response to evidence of sexual harassment of girls and school drop-out due to the presence of security forces on school grounds and for the prohibition of military use of schools in domestic legislation.
567:
was developed through consultations led by Norway and
Argentina throughout the first half of 2015. The Declaration provides States the opportunity to express broad political support for the protection and continuation of education in armed conflict, and for the implementation of the Guidelines. The
241:
Moreover, everyone has the right to education. With a view to achieving the full realisation of this right, states shall make primary education compulsory and available free to all; secondary education generally available and accessible to all; and higher education equally accessible to all on the
76:
The 2016 UN Secretary-General’s
Children and Armed Conflict report documented military use of schools in 14 countries by at least 10 national armed forces and multiple armed groups. According to the report, the following groups used schools for military purposes during 2015: Afghan National Defence
402:(2004): "he better view is that the law also prohibits: … the use of cultural property for purposes which are likely to expose it to destruction or damage in armed conflict, unless there is no feasible alternative to such use… Cultural property includes … institutions dedicated to … education…"
380:
2019: " commanders are to take all practicable steps to protect the right of children to have an education. Use and occupation of schools and other educational institutions obviously inhibits the exercise of this right and is to be avoided wherever possible. Where, for military reasons, it is
261:
has stated that "There is a strong presumption of impermissibility of any retrogressive measures taken in relation to the right to education… If any deliberately retrogressive measures are taken, the State party has the burden of proving that they have been introduced after the most careful
153:, recognizing that such use may render schools legitimate targets of attack, thus endangering children's and teacher's safety as well as children's education." Further, the Security Council urged "all parties to armed conflict to respect the civilian character of schools in accordance with
273:, has responded to evidence of military use of schools by calling for its cessation, the impartial investigation and prosecution of those responsible,; for any damage caused to be promptly and fully restored. and for the prohibition of military use of schools in domestic legislation.
354:(2019): "Any person found guilty of committing ... shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment of not less than fourteen (14) years but not more than twenty (20) years and a fine of not less than One million pesos (P 1,000,000.00) but not more than Two million pesos (P2,000,000.00)."
326:(2010): "The campuses of universities and polytechnics are inviolable... When the protection of public forces is needed, the legal representative of the institution will request the relevant assistance… Those who violate these campuses will be sanctioned in accordance with law."
486:(PDKI) ; Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KPIK) , Komala Party of Kurdistan (KPK) , Komalah-The Kurdistan Organization of the Communist Party for Iran, Komalah-The Kurdistan Organization of the Communist Party for Iran (KDP-Iran) ; Democratic Self-Administration in Rojava /
445:
International humanitarian law binds non-state armed groups that are engaged in an armed conflict. To regulate the conduct of their forces, many such groups issue orders, directives, principles, rules, or make declarations of their intentions to adhere to certain standards.
199:
According to the UN Special
Representative to the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict: "International humanitarian law prohibits armed forces and groups from using schools while children and teachers are using them for educational purposes." And according to
388:, 24 November 2009: "To attain this objective, all personnel shall strictly abide and respect the following: … Basic infrastructure such as schools ... shall not be utilized for military purposes such as command posts, barracks, detachments, and supply depots."
470:, which includes the provision: " "We will … avoid using for military purposes schools or premises primarily used by children.". As of March 23, 2015, the following parties have signed this instrument: Chin National Front/Army (CNF/CNA) ; Karen National Union/
427:: "he city’s mayor should prevent members of the State security forces from entering the school premises to conduct practices, trainings or to mount weapons, ammunition or deploy armed personnel, as this would increase the danger to the student community."
225:
states that "ducational … institutions shall be considered as neutral and as such respected and protected by belligerents … The same respect and protection shall be accorded to … educational … institutions in time of peace as well as in war."
211:, applicable during international armed conflicts, an occupying power shall, with the cooperation of the national and local authorities, "facilitate the proper working of all institutions devoted to the care and education of children."
281:
262:
consideration of all alternatives and that they are fully justified by reference to the totality of the rights provided for in the
Covenant and in the context of the full use of the State party's maximum available resources."
412:(1956): "The United States and certain of the American Republics are parties to the so-called Pact, which accords a neutralized and protected status to … educational … institutions in the event of war between such States."
237:
guarantees students, teachers, and education staff the right to life, personal liberty, and security. States are also required to ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and the development of children.
558:
urge parties to armed conflict not to use schools and universities for any purpose in support of their military effort. While acknowledging that certain uses would not be contrary to the law of armed conflict, the
319:(2020): "Any ... occupation of schools ... is prohibited. Anyone who has ... occupied a school ... is punished by imprisonment of ten (10) to twenty (20) years and / or a fine of 5,000,000 to 20,000,000 francs."
1519:
129:
and other government forces and the Sudan People’s
Liberation Movement/Army in Opposition in South Sudan; government forces in Syria; Houthi forces, popular committees, and unknown armed groups in Yemen.
34:
and non-state armed groups carry out in and around schools, universities, and other education facilities, in support of their military effort. Examples of this include using a school or a university as
254:
164:
In 2015, the
Security Council strengthened its language and in Resolution 2225 encouraged all "Member States to take concrete measures to deter such use of schools by armed forces and armed groups."
456:
277:
333:(1952): "o property or part thereof … exclusively used … as a school, … or for the purpose of accommodation of persons connected with the management of … such school, … shall be requisitioned."
296:
banning or restricting the military use of schools and/or universities. Some national armed forces and non-state armed groups have banned or regulated the practice, through military manuals or
1417:"Act Providing for Stronger Deterrence and Special Protection against Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination, Providing Penalties for its Violation and Other Purposes, RA 7610 (1992)"
61:... Such use of schools not only results in reduced enrolment and high drop out rates, especially among girls, but also may lead to schools being considered legitimate targets for attack."
312:(1995): "Public forces cannot enter the national universities without prior written order from a competent court or a request from the lawfully constituted university authority."
98:
340:(1954): "Nothing in this section shall authorize … the entry on or interference with (except to the extent of using any road) any … school… ground attached to any … school…"
218:, applicable during non-international armed conflicts, it is a "fundamental guarantee" that children shall receive an education, in keeping with the wishes of their parents.
101:
and armed groups in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo; the Iraqi security forces and ISIL in Iraq; the Darnah Mujahideen Shura Council in Libya; armed groups in Mali; the
982:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977"
1812:
803:
Sheppard, Bede; Kennji Kizuka (2012). "Taking Armed
Conflict Out of the Classroom: International and Domestic Legal Protections for Students When Combatants Use Schools".
149:
Under United
Nations Security Council Resolution 2143 in 2014, the Security Council expressed "deep concern at the military use of schools in contravention of applicable
258:
478:(KNPP/KA) ; New Mon State Party/Mon National Liberation Army (NMSP/ MNLA) ; Pa’O National Liberation Organization / Pa-o National Liberation Army (PNLO/PNLA) ;
43:, for offensive or defensive deployments, for storage of weapons or ammunition, for military training of soldiers, as observation posts, and as a detention facility.
158:
139:
514:, Switzerland, to discuss developing international guidelines to better protect schools and universities from military use. The resulting document is known as the
1710:
1438:"Republic Act No. 11188, An Act Providing for the Special Protection of Children in Situations of Armed Conflict and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof"
649:
437:: "t should be ensured that the school buildings and hostels are not allowed to be occupied by the armed or security forces in future for whatsoever purpose…"
347:(1992): "Public infrastructure such as schools … shall not be utilized for military purposes such as command posts, barracks, detachments, and supply depots…"
142:
in 2011, the
Security Council urged "parties to armed conflict to refrain from actions that impede children’s access to education," and requested that the UN
1616:"Exploitation of Children in Orphanages in the State of Tamil Nadu v. Union of India and others, W.P. (Criminal) No. 102 of 2007, order of September 1, 2010"
1235:
1745:
1257:
743:
1640:
143:
54:
1665:
1191:
563:
outline concrete measures as a guide to responsible practice for all parties to conflict to avoid impinging on students’ safety and education. A
463:
830:
479:
1100:
831:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts"
483:
361:(1995): "The following types of real property are not subject to temporary quartering: … real property of institutions of higher education…"
270:
243:
530:. Throughout the drafting process, over thirty states and international organizations made public statements in support of the initiative.
266:
246:, states are required to take measures to encourage regular attendance by children at schools and the reduction of child drop-out rates.
1544:
1451:
118:
1026:. G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171, entered into force Mar. 23, 1976
126:
1390:
1477:"Schools and Armed Conflict: A Global Survey of Domestic Laws and State Practice Protecting Schools from Attack and Military Use"
420:
407:
114:
681:
471:
234:
193:
177:
173:
154:
1789:
1281:"Keeping schools safe from the battlefield: Why global legal and policy efforts to deter the military use of schools matter"
50:
has encouraged all "Member States to take concrete measures to deter such use of schools by armed forces and armed groups."
1837:
1280:
1790:"Annual report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, 29 December 2014"
1593:
599:
90:
656:
705:
579:, the Special Representative to the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, welcomed the release of the
146:"monitor and report ... on the military use of schools ... in contravention of international humanitarian law...".
1723:
1144:
345:
Act Providing for Stronger Deterrence and Special Protection against Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination
546:
1832:
1817:
564:
487:
208:
936:"Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of Schools in India's Bihar and Jharkhand States"
495:
491:
1520:"Order from the Office of the Deputy Chief of General Staff for Political Military Operations, 16 April 2012"
568:
Safe Schools Declaration was opened for endorsement at an international conference in Oslo on May 29, 2015.
523:
1767:
1213:
1122:
935:
750:
430:
1842:
1003:"Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments (Roerich Pact)"
519:
106:
1711:
Draft Lucens Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict
1571:
1501:
1437:
961:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949"
516:
Draft Lucens Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict
1502:"New Zealand Defence Force, Manual of Armed Forces Law: Law of Armed Conflict, DM 69 (2 ed), Volume 4"
1476:
834:
572:
527:
204:
it is "unlawful to use a school simultaneously as an armed stronghold and as an educational center."
1416:
122:
57:: "The use of schools for military purposes puts children at risk of attack and hampers children’s
1318:
1169:
682:"Lessons in War - 2015: Military Use of Schools and Other Education Institutions during Conflict"
250:
201:
58:
1690:
1076:
600:"Lessons in War: Military Use of Schools and other Education Institutions during Armed Conflict"
1615:
1348:
921:
Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict,
1300:
1052:
922:
730:
435:
Exploitation of Children in Orphanages in the State of Tamil Nadu v. Union of India and others
150:
1847:
1292:
812:
450:
47:
900:
878:
856:
1746:"New International Guidelines Address an Insidious Gap in Protecting Education during War"
581:
Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict
576:
547:
Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict
502:
Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict
1394:
280:, the body of independent experts who review countries’ adherence to the International
17:
1666:"Deed of Commitment for the Protection of Children from the Effects of Armed Conflict"
300:. Meanwhile, domestic courts have also called upon national forces to vacate schools.
1826:
981:
960:
507:
297:
40:
464:
Deed of Commitment for the Protection of Children from the Effects of Armed Conflict
1768:"37 Countries Start Process of Protecting Schools and Universities during Conflict"
475:
222:
181:
31:
1023:
86:
1002:
293:
215:
1296:
816:
550:
were unveiled in December 2014 in Geneva at a meeting organized by Norway and
110:
1304:
551:
778:
627:
1641:"Military Use of Schools: Examples of Domestic Law, Guidance and Practice"
733:," 20 April 2016, United Nations General Assembly, Retrieved 06 July 2016.
282:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
1338:
Central African Republic, Code de Protection de l'Enfant, 2020, art. 180.
269:, the body of independent experts who review countries' adherence to the
102:
36:
1452:"Ustawa o zakwaterowaniu Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1995)"
172:
The legality of military use of schools is governed by a combination of
94:
78:
1369:
70:
1748:. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, 16 December 2014
1594:"Yenys Osuna Montes v. the Mayor of Zambrano Municipality, SU-256/99"
534:
511:
192:
Military use of schools is restricted, but not always prohibited, by
650:"Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict 2013"
352:
Special Protection of Children in Situations of Armed Conflict Act
1726:. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, 13 June 2014
1770:. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, 29 May 2015
1635:
1633:
1470:
1468:
1077:"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"
82:
30:
is a term used to refer to the various activities that national
1260:. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
393:
Order from Deputy Chief of General Staff for Moral Orientation
255:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
506:
On 26–28 November 2012, experts from around the world met at
457:
National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces
371:
General Commander of the Military Forces order of 6 July 2010
731:
Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict
526:
in London who served for over 30 years as an officer in the
467:
278:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
1370:"Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act"
1691:"Geneva Call, List of Signatories of Deeds of Commitment"
537:
announced that it would lead the process to finalize the
518:. The author of the Draft Lucens Guidelines is Professor
1724:"Norway: Leading the Way to End Military Use of Schools"
425:
Yenys Osuna Montes v. the Mayor of Zambrano Municipality
331:
Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act
65:
Countries and groups involved in military use of schools
798:
796:
386:
Armed Forces of the Philippines Letter Directive No. 34
1024:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
1572:"Field Manual 27-10: The Law of Land Warfare (1956)"
1646:. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack
805:
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
711:. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack
605:. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attach
1813:International Day to Protect Education from Attack
541:and promote their endorsement and implementation.
1546:Joint Service Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict
773:
771:
749:. United Nations Security Council. Archived from
622:
620:
466:" developed by the non-governmental organization
400:Joint Service Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict
259:Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
71:Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack
474:(KNU/KNLA) ; Karenni National Progressive Party/
140:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1998
1319:"Ley de Education Superior, Ley 24.521 (1995)"
89:factions in the Central African Republic; the
583:and encouraged Member States to adopt them."
176:(also known at the "law of armed conflict"),
8:
1214:"Concluding Observations: Sri Lanka (2010)"
522:, Chair of Public International Law in the
462:Thirteen non-state actors have signed the "
1552:. United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. 2004
1170:"Concluding Observations: Thailand (2012)"
1101:"Concluding observations: Colombia (2010)"
1095:
1093:
903:. International Committee of the Red Cross
881:. International Committee of the Red Cross
859:. International Committee of the Red Cross
105:(government armed forces) in Myanmar; the
1071:
1069:
85:-affiliated group in Afghanistan; former
1145:"Concluding Observations: Israel (2013)"
359:Armed Forces of Poland Accommodation Act
1258:"Concluding Observations: India (2014)"
1236:"Concluding Observations: Yemen (2014)"
1192:"Concluding Observations: India (2014)"
1123:"Concluding Observations: Syria (2012)"
1053:"Convention on the Rights of the Child"
591:
365:Examples of military manuals and orders
1238:. Committee on the Rights of the Child
1216:. Committee on the Rights of the Child
1194:. Committee on the Rights of the Child
1172:. Committee on the Rights of the Child
1150:. Committee on the Rights of the Child
1125:. Committee on the Rights of the Child
1103:. Committee on the Rights of the Child
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
901:"Customary International Law, rule 24"
879:"Customary International Law, rule 23"
857:"Customary International Law, rule 22"
480:National Socialist Council of Nagaland
134:United Nations Security Council Action
1574:. Department of the Army Field Manual
1285:International Review of the Red Cross
484:Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
271:Convention on the Rights of the Child
244:Convention on the Rights of the Child
7:
571:In her 2014 annual report to the UN
494:(YPG-YPJ) ; People’s Defence Forces/
267:Committee on the Rights of the Child
119:Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
77:and Security Forces as well as the
1596:. Constitutional Court of Colombia
1349:"Ley Orgánica de Educación (2010)"
441:Practice of non-state armed groups
25:
781:. United Nations Security Council
630:. United Nations Security Council
161:on the military use of schools."
117:and paramilitary groups, and the
1525:. Sudan People's Liberation Army
655:. United Nations. Archived from
421:Constitutional Court of Colombia
1475:Sheppard, Bede (20 July 2011).
115:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1279:Sheppard, Bede (August 2019).
472:Karen National Liberation Army
235:International human rights law
230:International Human Rights Law
194:international humanitarian law
188:International Humanitarian Law
178:international human rights law
174:international humanitarian law
155:international humanitarian law
127:Sudan People’s Liberation Army
1:
706:"Education under Attack 2014"
242:basis of capacity. Under the
1518:Mete, Lt. Gen. Obuto Mamur.
292:Some countries have adopted
482:(Khole-Kitovi) (NSCN-KK) ;
416:Examples of court decisions
378:Manual of Armed Forces Law,
315:Central African Republic's
1864:
925:, 5 August 2013, para. 16.
1297:10.1017/S1816383119000584
817:10.1163/18781527-00202001
488:People’s Protection Units
1818:Safe Schools Declaration
1618:. Supreme Court of India
779:"Resolution 2143 (2014)"
744:"Resolution 1998 (2011)"
628:"Resolution 2225 (2015)"
565:Safe Schools Declaration
496:Kurdistan Worker’s Party
492:Women’s Protection Units
209:Fourth Geneva Convention
159:monitoring and reporting
121:in the Philippines; the
107:Nigerian security forces
524:University of Greenwich
304:Examples of legislation
28:Military use of schools
18:Military Use of Schools
431:Supreme Court of India
216:Additional Protocol II
99:Congolese armed forces
317:Child Protection Code
1391:"Defence Act (1954)"
941:. Human Rights Watch
573:Human Rights Council
528:British Armed Forces
324:Higher Education Law
310:Higher Education Law
253:provided for by the
123:Somali National Army
53:According to the UN
1440:. January 10, 2019.
662:on 29 November 2014
46:The United Nations
1507:. January 8, 2019.
1481:Human Rights Watch
837:on 4 November 2013
251:right to education
202:Human Rights Watch
91:Colombian military
59:right to education
1838:Children's rights
151:international law
144:Secretary-General
97:in Colombia; the
69:According to the
55:Secretary-General
16:(Redirected from
1855:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1393:. Archived from
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1291:(911): 665–684.
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
940:
932:
926:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
833:. Archived from
827:
821:
820:
800:
791:
790:
788:
786:
775:
766:
765:
763:
761:
755:
748:
740:
734:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
710:
702:
696:
695:
693:
691:
686:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
661:
654:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
624:
615:
614:
612:
610:
604:
596:
451:Free Syrian Army
125:in Somalia; the
113:in Nigeria; the
48:Security Council
21:
1863:
1862:
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1833:Children in war
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1397:on 2 April 2015
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756:on 4 March 2016
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1843:Youth rights
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257:, the UN's
1827:Categories
634:11 January
587:References
561:Guidelines
556:Guidelines
544:The final
539:Guidelines
369:Colombia,
336:Ireland's
322:Ecuador's
207:Under the
111:Boko Haram
1305:1816-3831
552:Argentina
357:Poland's
1807:See also
1795:23 March
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923:A/68/267
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760:23 March
715:23 March
666:23 March
609:23 March
329:India's
168:Legality
103:Tatmadaw
93:and the
37:barracks
1848:Schools
1774:16 June
690:16 June
95:FARC-EP
81:and an
79:Taliban
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554:. The
535:Norway
512:Lucens
214:Under
180:, and
138:Under
87:Séléka
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410:27-10
41:bases
1797:2015
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1377:2015
1356:2015
1326:2015
1301:ISSN
1266:2015
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636:2016
611:2015
449:The
276:The
265:The
221:The
109:and
83:ISIL
1293:doi
1289:101
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