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military force can never bring about by itself a valid transfer of sovereignty. Because occupation does not transfer sovereignty over the territory to the occupying power, international law must regulate the inter-relationships between the occupying force, the ousted government, and the local inhabitants for the duration of the occupation. From the principle of inalienable sovereignty over a territory springs the basic structural constraints that international law imposes upon the occupant. The occupying power is thus precluded from annexing the occupied territory or otherwise unilaterally changing its political status; instead, it is bound to respect and maintain the political and other institutions that exist in that territory for the duration of the occupation. The law authorizes the occupant to safeguard its interests while administering the occupied area, but also imposes obligations on the occupant to protect the life and property of the inhabitants and to respect the sovereign interests of the ousted government.
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publishing to all living in the district occupied those rules of conduct which will govern the conqueror in the exercise of his authority. Wellington, indeed, as previously mentioned, said that the commander is bound to lay down distinctly the rules according to which his will is to be carried out. But the laws of war do not imperatively require this, and in very many instances it is not done. When it is not, the mere fact that the country is militarily occupied by the enemy is deemed sufficient notification to all concerned that the regular has been supplanted by a military government. (p. 61)
2171:, in The Law of Nations (1758), presented an early codification of the distinction between annexation of territory and military occupation, the latter being regarded as temporary, due to the natural right of states to their "continued existence". According to Eyal Benvenisti's The International Law of Occupation, Second Edition (2012), "The foundation upon which the entire law of occupation is based is the principle of inalienability of sovereignty through unilateral action of a foreign power, springs the basic structural constraints that international law imposes upon the occupant."
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2135:, the property rights of the populace, the handling of cultural and art objects, the management of refugees, and other concerns that are highest in importance both before and after the cessation of hostilities during an armed conflict. A country that engages in a military occupation and violates internationally agreed-upon norms runs the risk of censure, criticism, or condemnation. In the contemporary era, the practices of occupations have largely become a part of
2415:, occupation can end in a number of ways, such as: "loss of effective control, namely when the occupant is no longer capable of exercising its authority; through the genuine consent of the sovereign (the ousted government or an indigenous one) by the signing of a peace agreement; or by transferring authority to an indigenous government endorsed by the occupied population through referendum and which has received international recognition".
2042:
3494:’. A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades, such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia, as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history, has already entered its fifth decade.
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annexation (formal or otherwise) and refusing to recognize itself as an occupant. Additionally, the question of whether a territory is occupied or not becomes especially controversial if two or more powers disagree with each other on that territory's status; such disputes often serve as the basis for armed conflicts in and of themselves.
2306:
Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the
Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive. ... The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts
2260:
states "the law of belligerent occupation generally does not apply to (1) mere invasion; (2) liberation of friendly territory; (3) non-international armed conflict; or (4) post-war situations (except for certain provisions of the GC )." The DOD's statement is consistent with the definitions provided
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The survey of the case-law regarding
Article 42 of the 1907 Fourth Hague Convention reveals that the duration of effective control by the occupying power and its encounter with insurgents, terrorists or guerrillas that are able to exercise control over certain areas of the country are immaterial to
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occupied territory or in the home territory of a belligerent nation if their country of origin has no diplomatic ties. It was never intended to protect such nationals anywhere else in the world. Thus, the protection of neutral nationals who are outside the two locations mentioned in the preceding
2294:
Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall not be deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the benefits of the present
Convention by any change introduced, as the result of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or government of the said territory, nor by any
2277:
In the case of occupied territory, the application of the present
Convention shall cease one year after the general close of military operations; however, the Occupying Power shall be bound, for the duration of the occupation, to the extent that such Power exercises the functions of government in
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The conditions that define when occupation begins also identify when it ends. Obviously, occupation can end in a number of ways: with the loss of effective control, namely when the occupant is no longer capable of exercising its authority; through the genuine consent of the sovereign (the ousted
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No proclamation of part of the victorious commander is necessary to the lawful inauguration and enforcement of military government. That government results from the fact that the former sovereignty is ousted, and the opposing army now has control. Yet the issuing such proclamation is useful as
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submission to the authority" of the occupant. Article 2 of the Geneva
Conventions indicates that the definition applies to "all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting party", even if no armed resistance is encountered. The form of administration by which an
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The foundation upon which the entire law of occupation is based is the principle of inalienability of sovereignty through unilateral action of a foreign power, whether through the actual or the threatened use of force, or in any way unauthorized by the sovereign. Effective control by foreign
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The authority of the legitimate power having in fact passed into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall take all the measures in his power to restore, and ensure, as far as possible, public order and safety, while respecting, unless absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country.
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The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into
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In the situation of a territorial cession as the result of war, the specification of a "receiving country" in the peace treaty merely means that the country in question is authorized by the international community to establish civil government in the territory. The military government of the
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for occupied territory to continue to be widely recognized as occupied in cases where the occupant attempts to alter—with or without support or recognition from other powers—the expected temporary duration of the territory's established power structure, namely by making it permanent through
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The majority of the international community (including the UN General
Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East
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Today, the widely accepted definition of occupation is 'the effective control of a power (be it one or more states or an international organization, such as the United
Nations) over a territory to which that power has no sovereign title, without the volition of the sovereign of that
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Nationals of an enemy state not a signatory or acceded to GCIV are not protected by it. Neutral citizens who are in the home territory of a belligerent nation if their country of origin has diplomatic ties or elsewhere outside occupied territory are not protected. Nationals of a
2361:
Article 42 under
Section III of the 1907 Fourth Hague Convention specifies that a "erritory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army." This definition does not rely on a subjective perception, but rather on the "territory's
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According to article 42 of the 1907 Fourth Hague
Convention, "erritory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation applies only to the territory where such authority is established, and in a position to assert
3979:
FM 27-10 "The Law of Land
Warfare", Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 18 July 1956. (This manual supersedes FM 27–10, 1 October 1940, including C 1, 15 November 1944. Changes required on 15 July 1976, have been incorporated within this document.) Chapter 6,
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of the occupying power prior to hostilities who cannot be arrested, prosecuted, or deported from occupied territory except for crimes committed after the conflict or beforehand which are also crimes under the law of the occupied state that would permit peacetime
2092:, is temporary hostile control exerted by a ruling power's military apparatus over a sovereign territory that is outside of the legal boundaries of that ruling power's own sovereign territory. The controlled territory is then known as the
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These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old, pushing the
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codified these customary laws, specifically within "Laws and Customs of War on Land" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: "Section III Military Authority over the territory of the hostile State". The first two articles of that section state:
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government or an indigenous one) by the signing of a peace agreement; or by transferring authority to an indigenous government endorsed by the occupied population through referendum and which has received international recognition.
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There does not have to be a formal announcement of the beginning of a military government, nor is there any requirement of a specific number of people to be in place, for an occupation to commence. Birkhimer writes:
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those "who ... find themselves ... in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals". This generally refers to civilians of an enemy state, including refugees, and stateless
3299:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.: Commentary of 1958: Article 70 - Penal legislation. VII. Offences committed before occupation"
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The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see
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In belligerent occupation the occupying power does not hold enemy territory by virtue of any legal right. On the contrary, it merely exercises a precarious and temporary actual control.
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agreement concluded between the authorities of the occupied territories and the Occupying Power, nor by any annexation by the latter of the whole or part of the occupied territory.
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This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s
2127:, and various treaties by military scholars provide guidelines on topics concerning the rights and duties of the occupying power, the protection of civilians, the treatment of
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of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts" has additional articles which cover occupation but many countries including the
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Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation, modern occupations have well demonstrated that ‘
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such territory, by the provisions of the following Articles of the present Convention: 1 to 12, 27, 29 to 34, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 61 to 77, 143.
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In the territory of Parties to the conflict, the application of the present Convention shall cease on the general close of military operations.
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MEMORANDUM FOR THE FILES: Whether Persons Captured and Detained in Afghanistan are "Protected Persons" under the Fourth Geneva Convention
2290:, the first paragraph in Section III: Occupied territories, restricted the territorial gains which could be made through war by stating:
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in that it is a power structure that the occupant intends to keep in place only temporarily. In many cases, the occupant may establish a
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principal occupying power will continue past the point in time when the peace treaty comes into force, until it is legally supplanted.
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The Law of Occupation Continuity and Change of International Humanitarian Law, and its Interaction with International Human Rights Law
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the applicability of the law of occupation and do not alter the legal status of the occupied territory. For example, in 1948 the U.S.
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to facilitate the administration of the occupied territory, though this is not a necessary precondition for occupation to take place.
1970:
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by the United States (1893). The War Report makes no determination as to whether belligerent occupation is occurring in these cases.
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In 1949 these laws governing the occupation of an enemy state's territory were further extended by the adoption of the
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1975:
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2249:(allied) state which holds diplomatic ties with a belligerent nation are excluded from protection in both locations.
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3918:, legal provisions regarding occupation of territory by hostile power and implications for people protected by IHL.
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The occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised.
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Ferraro, Tristan. "Determining the beginning and end of an occupation under international humanitarian law".
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A dominant principle that guided combatants through much of history was "to the victory belong the spoils".
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Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades
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The present Convention shall apply from the outset of any conflict or occupation mentioned in Article 2.
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Some examples of military occupation came into existence as an outcome of World War I and World War II:
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3243:"The Avalon Project – Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907"
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prohibits the forced mass movement of protected civilians out of or into occupied state's territory:
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Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army.
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What Constitutes Occupation? Israel as the occupying power in the Gaza Strip after the Disengagement
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The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.
2951:
Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967".
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3574:...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year
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by Article 42 of the 1907 Fourth Hague Convention and Article 4 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
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3976:, by William E. Birkhimer, 3rd ed., rev. (1914), Kansas City, MO, Franklin Hudson Publishing Co.
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3203:. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 6.
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4000:- Interdisciplinary hub for the global community of scholars working on military occupation
2123:, and also by long-established state practice. The relevant international conventions, the
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3170:
Cole, Babaloba (1974). "Property and the Law of Belligerent Occupation: A Reexamination".
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is a specific section covering the issue. Under GCIV, protected civilians in general are:
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Eyal Benvenisti. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004.
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The rules of occupation are delineated in various international agreements—primarily the
34:
33:"Occupied zone" redirects here. For the Occupied Zone in France during World War II, see
2923:
Transitional Justice for Israel/Palestine: Truth-Telling and Empathy in Ongoing Conflict
2555:
Examples of occupation which took place in the second half of the 20th century include:
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4140:
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3242:
2585:
2514:
2286:(June 26, 1945) had prohibited war of aggression (See articles 1.1, 2.3, 2.4) and GCIV
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1990:
1980:
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Effective provisional control of one sovereign power over another sovereign's territory
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during 1917–1920 – separated to French (OETA North) and British (OETA South) domains;
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On whether the definition of military occupation applies to anywhere else, the 2023
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3857:
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A number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than 20 years, such as those of
2485:
2479:
2329:"Military government continues until legally supplanted" is the rule, as stated in
2147:
2046:
2014:
1940:
1920:
1915:
1810:
1755:
1389:
1384:
1207:
1122:
870:
604:
505:
302:
206:
3973:
3749:"UNTEA and UNRWI: United Nations Involvement in West New Guinea During the 1960's"
3755:
3442:
3198:
2926:. Springer series in transitional justice. Springer International Publishing AG.
2367:
occupying power exercises government authority over occupied territory is called
4327:
4251:
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Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories.
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191:
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26:"Occupied territories" redirects here. For a list of occupied territories, see
19:
This article is about territorial occupation. For the ranks and positions, see
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4102:
4044:
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3525:
Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza
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2522:
2506:
2311:
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2101:
1882:
1852:
1574:
943:
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2395:
1872:
1696:
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1596:
1586:
1581:
1446:
1237:
1232:
1197:
639:
325:
292:
181:
2544:/Malvinas, claimed by Argentina, by the United Kingdom (1833–present), of
2267:
of GCIV restricts the length of time that most of the convention applies:
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4256:
4082:
2645:
2626:
1887:
1862:
1495:
1127:
1102:
720:
275:
149:
3183:
2772:
Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)
2540:
Other prolonged occupations that have been alleged include those of the
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3023:
2980:
2229:
2050:
1897:
1857:
1621:
1455:
1451:
798:
783:
659:
320:
315:
285:
224:
186:
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The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law
3366:
Department of Defense Law of War Manual: June 2015 (Updated July 2023)
4241:
4171:
3956:
2695:
2691:
2448:
1404:
805:
622:
358:
2964:
3798:"Israel's Occupation of the Golan Heights Is Illegal and Dangerous"
2890:
sentence are governed by the 1907 Fifth and 13th Hague Conventions.
3612:"The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel"
2484:
2438:
2417:
2350:
2340:
2060:
2040:
880:
416:
411:
3024:"Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail"
2670:
2637:
176:
171:
4007:
3835:"Saharan provinces – Taking Cherry Blossom Case as an Example"
2519:
Israel's occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem
2517:
by Morocco. One of the world's longest ongoing occupations is
2307:
of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
2282:
GCIV emphasised an important change in international law. The
2224:
citizens in occupied territory regardless of diplomatic status
49:
3079:"Living with the enemy: the ethics of belligerent occupation"
2641:
3816:"Cyprus may have missed its last chance for reunification"
3655:
Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said
3780:"Freedom of the press in Indonesian-occupied West Papua"
3601:...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age
3140:
Roberts, Adam (1985). "What is a Military Occupation?".
2885:
GCIV only applies the protection of neutral citizens in
3510:
International views on the Israeli-occupied territories
2131:, the coordination of relief efforts, the issuance of
3970:, Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army
2633:
Examples of occupation in the 21st century include:
4361:
4305:
4224:
4149:
4126:
4043:
3200:
The International Law of Occupation, Second Edition
2698:in Ukraine by Russia since 2014, followed by its
3964:Michal N. Schmitt (regarding occupation of Iraq)
3725:Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961
2489:An Israeli soldier managing Palestinians at the
2959:(1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 44–103.
2580:Israeli occupation of the Western Golan Heights
2400:
2322:are not signatory to this additional protocol.
3909:Understanding Resistance to Foreign Occupation
3528:. University of California Press. p. 96.
3409:
3407:
3405:
2857:List of countries with overseas military bases
4019:
2333:, by William E. Birkhimer, 3rd edition 1914.
2022:
8:
3586:Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation
3376:. July 31, 2023. p. 771-772 & 778.
2096:territory, with the ruling power being the
4026:
4012:
4004:
3987:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3925:State University of New York Press, 2002.
3677:Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (24 January 2012),
3165:
3163:
3115:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44.
2029:
2015:
39:
3551:"Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem"
3514:Status of territories captured by Israel
3351:International Committee of the Red Cross
3303:International Committee of the Red Cross
3274:International Committee of the Red Cross
2796:United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra
2704:Russian military intervention in Ukraine
2600:, followed by the annexation (1975–1999)
2337:Qualification of a territory as occupied
2125:International Committee of the Red Cross
993:List of military strategies and concepts
3478:. Oxford University Press. p. 22.
3344:"THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT: Neutrality"
3264:
3262:
2912:
2878:
2681:Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
2592:Somali occupation of Ogaden in Ethiopia
2466:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
47:
3985:The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2014
3220:
2847:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
2565:Indian occupation of Goa, followed by
2207:civilians in occupied territories and
3916:Occupied territory – the legal issues
3619:International Review of the Red Cross
3142:British Yearbook of International Law
2953:American Journal of International Law
2586:Turkish occupation of Northern Cyprus
2443:German postage stamp inscribed with "
2407:End of occupation and authority shift
7:
3441:Eyal Benvenisti (23 February 2012).
3017:
3015:
2786:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
2738:partial annexation of occupied areas
2617:, followed by its annexation as the
2314:(1977): "Protocol Additional to the
2203:(GCIV). Much of GCIV is relevant to
3998:Occupation Studies Research Network
3974:Military Government and Martial Law
3962:"The Law of Belligerent Occupation"
3943:, Leiden: Jongbloed 2008, 110 pp.,
3444:The International Law of Occupation
3374:United States Department of Defense
3330:United States Department of Justice
3112:The Politics of Military Occupation
2598:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
2576:, followed by its annexation (1963)
2331:Military Government and Martial Law
2254:United States Department of Defense
2100:. Occupation is distinguished from
3912:. PhD thesis, Columbia University.
3891:The Presidential Office of Ukraine
3887:"УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №32/2019"
3853:"Ethiopia ends Somalia occupation"
14:
3128:something else, namely annexation
2533:, which was occupied in 1967 and
2468:(OETA), encompassing much of the
2209:Section III: Occupied territories
2154:, it has been common practice in
3723:Couto, Francisco Cabral (2006).
3492:rien ne dure comme le provisoire
2832:Intervention (international law)
67:
4034:Autonomous types of first-tier
2862:Lists of military installations
2656:Ethiopian occupation of Somalia
2650:Coalition Provisional Authority
3589:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2742:Former partial occupations of
2673:occupied by Russia during the
2478:(1945–49) in the aftermath of
2163:Occupation and the laws of war
1:
3968:Law of Belligerent Occupation
3700:"The War Report 2014 | Rulac"
2663:Russian occupation of Georgia
2623:Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District
2572:Indonesian occupation of the
2355:Prussian occupation of France
2150:and the establishment of the
3983:Bellal, A. (editor). (2015)
3906:Simon Collard-Wexler. 2013.
3022:Edelstein, David M. (2004).
2867:List of military occupations
2609:most areas by its annexation
2457:List of military occupations
2428:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
2385:Concept of effective control
28:List of military occupations
3679:"The Justice of Occupation"
3658:. Pluto Press. p. 33.
2715:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2560:Egyptian occupation of Gaza
2548:by PR China (1950), and of
2422:Lebanese protesters of the
2137:customary international law
1486:Military–industrial complex
965:Operational manoeuvre group
4458:
3447:. OUP Oxford. p. 56.
2852:Status of forces agreement
2837:Interventionism (politics)
2615:Iraqi occupation of Kuwait
2454:
2075:Allied occupation of Japan
32:
25:
18:
4118:List of federal countries
3939:Sander D. Dikker Hupkes,
3631:10.1017/S1816383112000446
3197:Benvenisti, Eyal (2012).
2139:, and form a part of the
1550:Loss-of-strength gradient
407:Combat information center
3851:Rice, Xan (2009-01-26).
3227:: CS1 maint: location (
3040:10.1162/0162288041762913
2529:, as well as the Syrian
2201:Fourth Geneva Convention
2176:Hague Convention of 1907
2117:Hague Convention of 1907
1868:Military science fiction
1353:Technology and equipment
774:List of military tactics
3727:. Tribuna da Historia.
3420:. BRILL. pp. 6–8.
2817:Allied-occupied Germany
2713:Occupations during the
2690:Occupation of parts of
2603:Moroccan occupation of
2527:Palestinian territories
2521:(1967–present) and the
2476:Allied-occupied Germany
2435:Examples of occupations
2067:5th Royal Gurkha Rifles
1936:Wartime sexual violence
1692:Full-spectrum dominance
1503:Supply-chain management
4437:Military dictatorships
4068:Corporative federalism
4063:Cooperative federalism
3957:Belligerent Occupation
3472:Weill, Sharon (2014).
3154:10.1093/bybil/55.1.249
3028:International Security
2827:German-occupied Europe
2770:, in early 2022 (See:
2665:since 1992/2008 (See:
2498:
2452:
2445:Soviet Occupation Zone
2431:
2404:
2382:
2358:
2309:
2297:
2284:United Nations Charter
2280:
2197:
2189:
2086:belligerent occupation
2078:
2058:
2045:American tanks at the
1848:Awards and decorations
1821:Peace through strength
1796:Low-intensity conflict
1430:Conscientious objector
1303:Area of responsibility
4053:Asymmetric federalism
3522:Hajjar, Lisa (2005).
3317:Howard C. Nielson Jr.
3109:Stirk, Peter (2009).
2776:Snake Island campaign
2736:oblasts, followed by
2525:(1967–present), both
2488:
2442:
2421:
2377:
2345:German troops at the
2344:
2304:
2292:
2269:
2190:
2181:
2065:Indian troops of the
2064:
2044:
440:Torpedo data computer
430:Ship gun fire-control
4113:Symmetric federalism
3549:(July–August 2001).
3414:Yutuka Arai (2009).
2766:oblasts, as well as
2505:by South Africa, of
1966:Military occupations
1801:Military engineering
1703:Unrestricted Warfare
1560:Force multiplication
458:Military manoeuvrers
4432:Military occupation
4353:Territorial dispute
4333:Military occupation
4247:Dependent territory
4209:Supranational union
4184:Multinational state
3270:"Protected persons"
3247:avalon.law.yale.edu
2920:Bracka, J. (2021).
2798:in 2018 during the
2685:Russo-Ukrainian War
2648:of 2003–2011 (See:
2535:effectively annexed
2369:military government
2110:military government
2082:Military occupation
1652:Penal military unit
1637:Rules of engagement
1313:Command and control
938:Operations research
402:Director (military)
392:Fire-control system
162:Command and control
43:Part of a series on
4442:Military sociology
4411:Tribal sovereignty
4157:Composite monarchy
3833:Matsumoto, Shoji.
3804:. 5 February 2019.
3683:The New York Times
3319:(August 5, 2005).
2788:in support of the
2675:Russo-Georgian War
2619:Kuwait Governorate
2499:
2495:occupied West Bank
2453:
2432:
2359:
2316:Geneva Conventions
2121:Geneva Conventions
2079:
2059:
2055:occupation of Iraq
1761:Counter-insurgency
1682:Command of the sea
1627:Jewish laws on war
1602:Geneva Conventions
1138:Divide and conquer
933:Military operation
898:Tactical objective
397:Fire-control radar
374:Electronic-warfare
4419:
4418:
4214:Continental union
4108:Fiscal federalism
4078:Ethnic federalism
3949:978-90-70062-45-3
3454:978-0-19-163957-9
3427:978-90-04-18062-8
3210:978-0-19-958889-3
3007:978-0-691-12130-7
2933:978-3-030-89435-1
2822:Ex parte Milligan
2790:Syrian opposition
2700:Crimea annexation
2513:by Turkey and of
2509:by Indonesia, of
2491:Huwara checkpoint
2447:" in the city of
2392:Military Tribunal
2258:Law of War Manual
2237:as defined under
2156:international law
2039:
2038:
1931:Horses in warfare
1878:Anti-war movement
1781:Gunboat diplomacy
1771:Disaster response
1719:Philosophy of war
1714:Principles of war
1687:Deterrence theory
1632:Right of conquest
1555:Lanchester's laws
1323:Principles of war
1013:Counter-offensive
998:Military campaign
903:Target saturation
826:Counterinsurgency
435:Gun data computer
369:Close air support
331:Aircraft carriers
4449:
4396:Stateless nation
4381:Decentralization
4232:Associated state
4093:Federal republic
4088:Federal monarchy
4028:
4021:
4014:
4005:
3921:David Kretzmer,
3895:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3754:. Archived from
3753:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3673:
3645:
3625:(885): 207–236.
3616:
3603:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3561:. Archived from
3542:
3518:See for example:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3411:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3332:. p. 14-16.
3327:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3218:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3084:. Archived from
3083:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3019:
3010:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2917:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2800:Yemeni Civil War
2717:(2022–present):
2687:(2014–present):
2658:during 2006–2009
2542:Falkland Islands
2424:Cedar Revolution
2133:travel documents
2129:prisoners of war
2031:
2024:
2017:
1786:Humanitarian aid
1724:Security dilemma
1545:Power projection
1328:Economy of force
1308:Chain of command
1023:Defence in depth
1008:Commerce raiding
831:Defeat in detail
167:Defense ministry
71:
62:
61:
52:
40:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4374:Autonomous area
4357:
4301:
4292:Tributary state
4282:Satellite state
4220:
4194:Political union
4177:Colonial empire
4145:
4122:
4098:Federated state
4073:Dual federalism
4039:
4032:
3994:
3903:
3901:Further reading
3898:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3786:. 22 July 2019.
3778:
3777:
3773:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3708:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3648:
3646:
3614:
3610:(Spring 2012).
3608:Kretzmer, David
3606:
3604:
3597:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3555:New Left Review
3547:Anderson, Perry
3545:
3543:
3536:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3486:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3455:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3413:
3412:
3403:
3398:Article 2, GCIV
3396:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3287:Article 4, GCIV
3285:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3219:
3211:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3123:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3077:Fabre, Cécile.
3076:
3075:
3071:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3000:
2996:
2965:10.2307/2203016
2950:
2949:
2945:
2934:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2808:
2574:West New Guinea
2511:Northern Cyprus
2459:
2437:
2413:Eyal Benvenisti
2409:
2387:
2349:in the city of
2339:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2165:
2069:in the city of
2049:in the city of
2035:
2006:
2005:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1806:Multilateralism
1791:Law enforcement
1751:
1741:
1740:
1709:Just war theory
1667:
1657:
1656:
1607:Geneva Protocol
1577:
1567:
1566:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1173:Network-centric
1093:
1083:
1082:
990:
980:
979:
928:
918:
917:
866:Rapid dominance
771:
761:
760:
716:Electromagnetic
625:
615:
614:
601:
554:
502:
478:
468:
467:
463:Combat training
444:
421:
387:Combat systems:
383:
345:
341:Auxiliary ships
307:
267:
263:Military police
229:
152:
142:
141:
81:
55:
54:
53:
48:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Personal union
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4167:Dynastic union
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4141:Regional state
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:administration
4033:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3992:External links
3990:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3937:
3919:
3913:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3878:
3843:
3825:
3822:. 9 July 2017.
3807:
3802:Foreign Policy
3789:
3771:
3740:
3733:
3715:
3691:
3664:
3595:
3581:Makdisi, Saree
3535:978-0520241947
3534:
3498:
3484:
3464:
3453:
3433:
3426:
3401:
3390:
3379:
3356:
3335:
3308:
3290:
3279:
3258:
3234:
3209:
3189:
3159:
3132:
3121:
3101:
3069:
3011:
2994:
2943:
2932:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2748:Dnipropetrovsk
2740:
2711:
2702:in 2014 (See:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2631:
2630:
2612:
2605:Western Sahara
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:(1974–present)
2583:
2582:(1967–present)
2577:
2570:
2567:its annexation
2563:
2562:, 1949/59–1967
2515:Western Sahara
2483:
2482:
2473:
2455:Main article:
2436:
2433:
2408:
2405:
2386:
2383:
2347:Champs-Élysées
2338:
2335:
2247:co-belligerent
2242:
2241:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2169:Emer de Vattel
2164:
2161:
2152:United Nations
2084:, also called
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Military terms
1968:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:Tripwire force
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1251:Administrative
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:New generation
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:Fleet in being
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1091:Grand strategy
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:Scorched earth
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
991:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
955:Deep operation
952:
947:
940:
935:
929:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
884:
883:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
781:
772:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
756:Unconventional
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
704:
702:Disinformation
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
673:
672:
667:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
600:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
501:
500:
499:
498:
493:
488:
479:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
460:
455:
453:Basic training
450:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
382:
381:
379:Reconnaissance
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
306:
305:
300:
298:Special forces
295:
290:
289:
288:
278:
273:
266:
265:
260:
255:
253:Reconnaissance
250:
245:
240:
235:
228:
227:
218:
213:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
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159:
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
122:
121:
120:
115:
105:
104:
103:
96:Post-classical
93:
88:
82:
77:
76:
73:
72:
64:
63:
45:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4454:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
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4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Indirect rule
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
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4215:
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4210:
4207:
4205:
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4197:
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4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Dual monarchy
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4128:Unitary state
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:Confederation
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:0-7914-5337-5
3932:
3931:0-7914-5338-3
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3820:The Economist
3817:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3761:on 2018-02-05
3757:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3734:972-8799-53-5
3730:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3705:
3704:www.rulac.org
3701:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3665:9780745320175
3661:
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3651:
3644:
3640:
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3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3596:9780393338447
3592:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3565:on 2018-10-01
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
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3541:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3526:
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3511:
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3493:
3487:
3485:9780199685424
3481:
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3352:
3345:
3339:
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3323:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:World Affairs
3166:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3122:9780748636716
3118:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3102:
3091:on 2018-11-30
3087:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Police action
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:War in Donbas
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:Golan Heights
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2411:According to
2406:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Warrior caste
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:Show of force
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Peacebuilding
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:Air supremacy
1670:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Islamic rules
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Court-martial
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Arms industry
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Broken-backed
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
983:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Expeditionary
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
922:
921:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:Counterattack
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
770:
765:
764:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:Psychological
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:Combined arms
680:
678:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
624:
619:
618:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
555:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
521:Fortification
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
503:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
481:
480:
477:
472:
471:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
337:
336:Landing craft
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
222:
221:Standing army
219:
217:
214:
212:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
151:
146:
145:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
119:
116:
114:
113:pike and shot
111:
110:
109:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
80:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
59:
51:
46:
42:
41:
36:
29:
22:
21:Military rank
4401:Subsidiarity
4332:
4297:Vassal state
4277:Puppet state
4272:Protectorate
4237:Client state
3940:
3922:
3907:
3890:
3881:
3870:. Retrieved
3858:The Guardian
3856:
3846:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3784:The Guardian
3783:
3774:
3763:. Retrieved
3756:the original
3743:
3724:
3718:
3707:. Retrieved
3703:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3669:
3654:
3650:Said, Edward
3642:
3622:
3618:
3600:
3585:
3573:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:the original
3558:
3554:
3539:
3524:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3474:
3467:
3458:
3443:
3436:
3416:
3393:
3382:
3365:
3359:
3338:
3321:
3311:
3293:
3282:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:
3237:
3214:
3199:
3192:
3178:(1): 66–85.
3175:
3171:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3111:
3104:
3093:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3072:
3034:(1): 49–91.
3031:
3027:
2997:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2922:
2915:
2895:
2886:
2881:
2768:Snake Island
2730:Zaporizhzhia
2640:occupied by
2632:
2554:
2539:
2500:
2480:World War II
2460:
2410:
2401:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2166:
2148:World War II
2145:
2114:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2047:Victory Arch
1941:Fifth column
1921:War resister
1916:Women in war
1811:Peacekeeping
1756:Arms control
1701:
1390:Mobilization
1385:Conscription
1343:Intelligence
1296:Organization
942:
871:Encirclement
751:Radiological
687:Conventional
541:Subterranean
448:Development:
447:
424:
386:
348:
311:Naval units:
310:
303:Signal corps
270:
248:Intelligence
233:Specialties:
232:
157:Organization
108:Early modern
35:Zone occupée
4328:Irredentism
4306:Development
4287:Trusteeship
4252:Direct rule
4225:Subordinacy
4036:subdivision
3148:: 249–305.
2812:Banana Wars
2694:region and
2683:during the
2644:during the
2629:(1990–1991)
2625:during the
2607:, followed
2594:(1977–1978)
2470:Middle East
2426:during the
2398:held that:
2353:during the
2235:extradition
2106:colonialism
2073:during the
2053:during the
1926:War studies
1749:Non-warfare
1677:Appeasement
1642:Martial law
1481:War economy
1420:Transgender
1373:Recruitment
1133:Containment
1018:Culminating
926:Operational
846:Envelopment
789:Air assault
670:Air cavalry
630:Air defence
610:Information
511:Cold-region
476:Battlespace
425:Historical:
271:Land units:
197:Space force
192:Coast guard
125:Late modern
86:Prehistoric
4426:Categories
4406:Suzerainty
4348:Separatism
4323:Detachment
4313:Annexation
4204:Superstate
4199:Real union
4136:Devolution
4103:Federation
4045:Federalism
3980:Occupation
3872:2024-06-21
3765:2021-02-11
3709:2022-06-30
3569:2015-10-05
3506:Jerusalem.
3252:2022-06-30
3095:2018-11-30
2939:territory'
2908:References
2792:since 2016
2523:Gaza Strip
2507:East Timor
2312:Protocol I
2300:Article 49
2288:Article 47
2239:Article 70
2141:law of war
2102:annexation
2090:occupation
2088:or simply
1986:War crimes
1976:Operations
1883:Foot drill
1853:Battle cry
1766:deterrence
1425:Harassment
1400:Specialism
1223:Technology
1218:Succession
1163:Liberation
1098:Asymmetric
1033:Empty fort
944:Blitzkrieg
913:Withdrawal
876:Investment
655:Camouflage
650:Biological
588:Underwater
563:Amphibious
482:Aerospace
349:Air units:
326:Submarines
135:fourth-gen
130:industrial
118:napoleonic
4391:Home rule
4343:Secession
4338:Partition
3952:Openacces
3867:0261-3077
3223:cite book
3048:0162-2889
2989:145514740
2973:0002-9300
2744:Chernihiv
2720:Parts of
2537:in 1981.
2396:Nuremberg
2265:Article 6
2205:protected
2192:Art. 43.
2183:Art. 42.
1873:War novel
1776:Grey-zone
1736:War games
1697:Overmatch
1647:War crime
1597:Desertion
1587:Ceasefire
1582:Armistice
1469:Logistics
1447:Mercenary
1435:Volunteer
1366:Personnel
1338:Engineers
1283:Sociology
1238:World war
1233:Total war
1213:Strategic
1203:Religious
1188:Political
1183:Perpetual
1158:Irregular
1073:Offensive
1048:Defensive
1043:Deception
1003:Attrition
856:Guerrilla
851:Formation
794:Airbridge
726:Loitering
640:Artillery
293:Artillery
243:Engineers
211:Irregular
182:Air force
4386:Hegemony
4369:Autonomy
4362:See also
4257:Dominion
4083:Federacy
3652:(2003).
3639:32105258
3583:(2010).
3184:20671544
3064:57571525
2900:itself."
2806:See also
2764:Zhytomyr
2734:Mykolaiv
2646:Iraq War
2627:Gulf War
2621:and the
2364:de facto
2256:(DOD)'s
2230:refugees
2216:persons.
2098:occupant
2094:occupied
1888:War song
1863:War film
1496:Materiel
1415:Children
1395:Training
1333:Medicine
1318:Doctrine
1273:Training
1208:Resource
1193:Princely
1143:Economic
1128:Conquest
1123:Colonial
1118:Cold war
1103:Blockade
988:Strategy
960:Maneuver
721:Infantry
677:Chemical
531:Mountain
491:Airborne
354:Fighters
321:Warships
276:Infantry
202:Reserves
150:Military
4318:Cession
4267:Mandate
3671:record.
3056:4137547
3009:, p. 43
2981:2203016
2752:Poltava
2726:Kherson
2722:Kharkiv
2503:Namibia
2493:in the
2222:neutral
2051:Baghdad
2001:Writers
1996:Weapons
1961:Battles
1910:Related
1898:Wargame
1893:Uniform
1841:Culture
1622:Perfidy
1617:Justice
1538:Science
1523:Outpost
1476:History
1456:Warrior
1452:Soldier
1440:foreign
1378:counter
1278:Service
1228:Theater
1168:Limited
1148:Endemic
1063:Nuclear
836:Foxhole
811:Cavalry
799:Airdrop
784:Airlift
769:Tactics
741:Nuclear
731:Missile
660:Cavalry
645:Barrage
623:Weapons
583:Surface
364:Command
359:Bombers
316:Frogman
286:Cavalry
258:Medical
225:Militia
207:Regular
187:Marines
101:castles
91:Ancient
79:History
58:outline
4242:Colony
4172:Empire
4150:Unions
3947:
3929:
3865:
3731:
3662:
3637:
3593:
3532:
3482:
3451:
3424:
3207:
3182:
3119:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3005:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2930:
2887:either
2696:Crimea
2692:Donbas
2611:(1975)
2569:(1961)
2550:Hawaii
2497:, 2006
2451:, 1948
2449:Berlin
2430:, 2005
2357:, 1871
2146:Since
2119:, the
2077:, 1946
2057:, 2003
1981:Sieges
1665:Theory
1405:Morale
1263:Policy
1258:Branch
1038:Mosaic
1028:Fabian
975:Covert
908:Trench
893:Screen
816:Charge
806:Battle
779:Aerial
697:Denial
665:Horses
593:Seabed
546:Tunnel
526:Jungle
516:Desert
486:Aerial
3838:(PDF)
3759:(PDF)
3752:(PDF)
3635:S2CID
3615:(PDF)
3370:(PDF)
3347:(PDF)
3326:(PDF)
3180:JSTOR
3089:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
3060:S2CID
3052:JSTOR
2985:S2CID
2977:JSTOR
2873:Notes
2546:Tibet
2351:Paris
1954:Lists
1410:Women
1348:Ranks
1268:Staff
1198:Proxy
1113:Class
1068:Naval
1053:Depth
888:Swarm
881:Siege
861:Naval
841:Drone
736:Music
711:Robot
707:Drone
692:Cyber
635:Armor
605:Cyber
578:Green
573:Brown
536:Urban
496:Space
417:Radar
412:Sonar
281:Armor
238:Staff
216:Ranks
3945:ISBN
3927:ISBN
3863:ISSN
3729:ISBN
3660:ISBN
3591:ISBN
3530:ISBN
3512:and
3480:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3229:link
3205:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3044:ISSN
3003:ISBN
2969:ISSN
2928:ISBN
2762:and
2760:Sumy
2756:Kyiv
2732:and
2671:Poti
2669:and
2667:Gori
2661:The
2638:Iraq
2320:U.S.
2174:The
2104:and
2071:Kure
1991:Wars
1508:Base
1058:Goal
970:Raid
568:Blue
506:Land
177:Navy
172:Army
3627:doi
3176:137
3150:doi
3036:doi
2961:doi
2394:in
1575:Law
1518:FOB
1513:MOB
558:Sea
50:War
4428::
3933:,
3889:.
3861:.
3855:.
3818:.
3800:.
3782:.
3702:.
3685:,
3681:,
3668:.
3647:*
3641:.
3633:.
3623:94
3621:.
3617:.
3605:*
3599:.
3578:*
3572:.
3559:10
3557:.
3553:.
3544:*
3538:.
3520:*
3488:.
3457:.
3404:^
3372:.
3349:.
3328:.
3301:.
3272:.
3261:^
3245:.
3225:}}
3221:{{
3213:.
3174:.
3162:^
3146:55
3144:.
3125:.
3058:.
3050:.
3042:.
3032:29
3030:.
3026:.
3014:^
2983:.
2975:.
2967:.
2957:84
2955:.
2936:.
2774:,
2758:,
2754:,
2750:,
2746:,
2728:,
2724:,
2706:,
2642:US
2371:.
2143:.
1454:/
709:/
223:/
209:/
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3276:.
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3152::
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2778:)
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56:(
37:.
30:.
23:.
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