763:. Students, both male and female, are required to attend the Sawa Training Centre to complete the final year of their secondary education, which is integrated with their military service. If a student does not attend this period of training, he or she will not be allowed to attend university - many routes to employment also require proof of military training. However, they may be able to attend a vocational training centre, or to find work in the private sector. At the end of the 1œ-year national service, a conscript can elect to stay on and become a career military officer. Conscripts who elect otherwise may, in theory, return to their civilian life but will continue to be reservists. In practice, graduates of military service are often chosen for further national service according to their vocation - for example, teachers may be compulsorily seconded for several years to schools in an unfamiliar region of the country. According to the Government of Eritrea, "The sole objective of the National Service program is thus to cultivate capable, hardworking, and alert individuals."
601:
59:
472:
1503:
751:
on 1995-10-23. However, the period of enlistment may be extended during times of national crisis and the typical period of national service is considerably longer than the minimum. Since the 1990s, conscription has been effectively open-ended; this draft policy has been likened to "slavery" and has
775:
In 2012 the government created People's
Militia (known natively as the "Hizbawi Serawit"), to provide additional military training to civilians and assist in development work. Many elderly citizens have been forced to join. Its organizational structure is set up by profession and/or geographic. It
746:
Every able bodied man and woman is required to serve ostensibly for 18 months. In this time they receive six months of military training and the balance is spent working on national reconstruction projects. This program allegedly aims to compensate for
Eritrea's lack of capital and to reduce
766:
Eritrean conscripts are used in non-military capacities as well. Soldiers are often used as supplemental manpower in the country's agricultural fields picking crops, though much of the harvested food is used to feed the military rather than the general population.
527:
During the first two decades of independence, the EDF formally had the power to detain and arrest civilians, and used this power to help police detain and arrest civilians, which systematically happened for arbitrary reasons. Together with police,
747:
dependence on foreign aid, while welding together an ethnically diverse society, half
Christian and half Muslim, representing nine ethnic groups. This is outlined in both the Constitution of Eritrea and Proclamation 82 issued by the
683:
list for being "a government entity that has engaged in, or whose members have engaged in, activities that have contributed to the crisis in northern
Ethiopia or have obstructed a ceasefire or peace process to resolve such crisis".
667:
had not received responses from
Eritrean officials, but commented that the Eritrean Minister of Information had stated in January 2021 that "the rabid defamation campaign against Eritrea on the rise again".
732:. The size of Eritrea's population is small, particularly when compared to its neighbors. During peacetime the military of Eritrea numbers approximately 45,000 with a reserve force of approximately 250,000.
1989:
1160:
431:
was used by the
Ottomans to protect sea lanes from disruption, while more recently it was used by the Italians during their colonial occupation. The kingdom of Medri Bahri was dissolved and the
1979:
969:
1638:
1046:
1128:
906:
1307:
443:) supported the invading force. However, this was reversed by British and Ethiopian troops in 1941. The Eritrean infantry battalions and cavalry squadrons of the "
1783:
1014:
416:
stretches back for thousands of years; from ancient times to present day, the society of the
Eritreans have dealt with both war and peace. During the kingdom of
1352:
1150:
1560:
705:
149:
1703:
1334:
1643:
458:) used volunteers. In the final years of the struggle for independence, the EPLF ranks grew to 110,000 volunteers (some 3% of the total population).
672:
323:
1984:
1858:
1335:""They Are Making Us into Slaves, Not Educating Us": How Indefinite Conscription Restricts Young People's Rights, Access to Education in Eritrea"
979:
1813:
1094:"Ethiopia-Related Designations; Kingpin Act Designations Removals; Issuance of Ethiopia-Related General License and Frequently Asked Questions"
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302:
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group of ministers who called for political change in
Eritrea. A prison guard stated that Ogbe died in prison in 2002 from
793:
136:
1004:
1974:
1623:
756:
748:
117:
1518:
1466:
Warner, Jason (October 2013). "Eritrea's military unprofessionalism and US security assistance in the Horn of Africa".
1753:
1546:
1093:
833:
729:
1378:
760:
319:
1743:
858:
447:" (Royal Colonial Corps) saw extensive service in the various Italian colonial territories between 1888 and 1942.
1698:
1618:
1603:
451:
347:
327:
311:
555:, for holding military prisoners (escaped conscripts and draft evaders) and members of unauthorised religions;
387:. The Army is by far the largest, followed by the Air Force and Navy. The Commander-in-Chief of the EDF is the
1308:"Issue 23: Open-Ended Conscription in Eritrea's National Military Service: Here is How to Improve the Policy"
1922:
1871:
1848:
1788:
1718:
1633:
741:
307:
720:
The
Eritrean Defence Forces are considerably small when compared to the largest in Africa such as those of
420:, the military fought numerous battles against the invading forces of the Abyssinians to the south and the
1763:
1748:
1733:
1598:
485:
242:
1416:
1876:
1843:
1833:
1828:
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1773:
1713:
1678:
1653:
1648:
1613:
1155:
974:
721:
709:
654:
642:
155:
142:
580:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1914:
1910:
1778:
1708:
1588:
252:
661:. As of 26 February 2021, just after the publication of the Amnesty International report,
1934:
1930:
1886:
1803:
1738:
1723:
1683:
1353:"Open-ended Conscription in Eritrea's National Military Service: Here is How to Improve the Policy"
911:
725:
572:
1768:
1688:
1628:
1593:
1483:
1041:
1009:
934:"The Lasting Struggle for Freedom in Eritrea â Human Rights and Political Development, 1991â2009"
663:
658:
380:
95:
1069:"Treasury Sanctions Four Entities and Two Individuals in Connection with the Crisis in Ethiopia"
58:
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879:
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serves as a form of national service. In 2013, it was led by
Brigadier General Teklai Manjus.
364:
331:
48:
1182:
1475:
933:
829:
217:
391:. Their military role stems from Eritrea's strategic geographical location, located on the
1575:
1233:
929:
432:
315:
232:
129:
77:
1285:
614:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
492:
1523:
1068:
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646:
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members and government officials, the EDF carried out widespread torture of Eritreans.
1968:
1487:
1445:
1259:
584:
421:
396:
384:
376:
342:
286:
90:
85:
439:. When Italian troops occupied Ethiopia in 1936, Eritrean native soldiers (known as
496:
175:
105:
17:
1479:
873:
1890:
693:
417:
638:
632:
436:
335:
807:
1502:
1123:
1906:
1538:
552:
428:
413:
392:
372:
1528:
435:
was founded by the Italians in 1890, shortly after the opening of the
701:
440:
282:
266:
110:
1902:
650:
278:
274:
270:
262:
696:, until 2000, when he was dismissed for his participation in the
529:
1542:
1519:
AFVID (Mika Golf's armored vehicles) Eritrean fighting vehicles
1037:"Killings in Axum by Eritrea troops 'may amount to war crimes'"
450:
During the war for Eritrea's independence rebel movements (the
1119:"Six Eritrean political leaders have died in prison: ex-guard"
594:
465:
641:, the EDF was attributed the main responsibility for the
1529:
Ascari: I Leoni di Eritrea/Ascari: The Lions of Eritrea.
924:
922:
1990:
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
1005:"Ethiopia: Eritrean Forces Massacre Tigray Civilians"
559:, in north-eastern Eritrea for religious prisoners;
1885:
1857:
1574:
649:, that mainly took place on 28â29 November 2020 in
341:
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76:
68:
34:
1534:Iran Deploys Troops, Ballistic Missiles To Eritrea
204:1,590,899 females, age 18â40 (2004 est.)
202:1,599,979 males, age 18â40 (2004 est.),
192:1,980,987 females, age 18â40 (2004 est.)
190:1,985,023 males, age 18â40 (2004 est.),
1980:Military units and formations established in 1991
1859:States and regions with limited or no recognition
543:) in the west of Asmara, holding 2000 detainees;
1379:"In Eritrea, youth frustrated by long service"
535:Military-run prisons included the underground
40:
1554:
808:"Eritrea | War Resisters' International"
8:
878:. University of Florida Press. p. 31.
1561:
1547:
1539:
495:. Please do not remove this message until
57:
853:
851:
515:Learn how and when to remove this message
491:Relevant discussion may be found on the
785:
907:"Eritrea Operating As a Land in Limbo"
371:) are the combined military forces of
31:
1524:Hazegray World Navies Today - Eritrea
1183:"Eritrea Appoints New Chief of Staff"
985:from the original on 26 February 2021
950:from the original on 13 February 2021
7:
681:Specially Designated Nationals (SDN)
427:During the 16th century the port of
752:earned international condemnation.
324:DjiboutianâEritrean border conflict
1049:from the original on 15 March 2021
755:Military training is given at the
25:
1333:Bader, Laetitia (8 August 2019).
1017:from the original on 8 March 2021
875:Eritrea: A Pawn in World Politics
830:"CIA - World Factbook -- Eritrea"
653:, according to investigations by
1867:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1639:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1501:
1210:Historical Dictionary of Eritrea
1163:from the original on 2 July 2021
1131:from the original on 2 July 2021
794:"2021 Eritrea Military Strength"
677:Office of Foreign Assets Control
645:of hundreds of civilians in the
599:
470:
1254:Connell, Dan (September 1997).
1098:U.S. Department of the Treasury
1073:U.S. Department of the Treasury
761:Kiloma Military Training Centre
673:U.S. Department of the Treasury
563:, mostly underground, near the
1985:1991 establishments in Eritrea
1:
1468:Small Wars & Insurgencies
1400:"Country Guidance on Eritrea"
692:The EDF was led from 1991 by
1480:10.1080/09592318.2013.857940
757:Sawa Defence Training Centre
679:added the EDF to its to its
445:Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali
375:composed of three branches:
63:Eritrean Defence Force badge
1704:Ivory Coast (CĂŽte d'Ivoire)
834:Central Intelligence Agency
497:conditions to do so are met
462:Independence (1991âpresent)
303:Military history of Eritrea
2006:
1444:This article incorporates
739:
630:
1417:"Eritrea - People's Army"
671:On 12 November 2021, the
608:This article needs to be
368:
348:Military ranks of Eritrea
328:2013 Eritrean Army mutiny
312:Second Sudanese Civil War
56:
41:
39:
27:Military force of Eritrea
1624:Central African Republic
571:in a desert next to the
1212:. The Scarecrow Press.
770:
742:Conscription in Eritrea
395:with a foothold on the
357:Eritrean Defence Forces
35:Eritrean Defence Forces
1421:www.globalsecurity.org
970:"The massacre in Axum"
551:, 32 km south of
320:EritreanâEthiopian War
1784:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1644:Republic of the Congo
1450:U.S. State Department
1208:Killion, Tom (1998).
1159:. 27 September 2019.
1156:Amnesty International
1151:"General Ogbe Abraha"
975:Amnesty International
872:Yohannes, O. (1991).
710:Filipos Woldeyohannes
655:Amnesty International
643:extrajudicial killing
308:Hanish Islands Crisis
156:Filipos Woldeyohannes
143:Filipos Woldeyohannes
1569:Militaries of Africa
1510:at Wikimedia Commons
1288:on 27 September 2007
1262:on 18 September 2006
1045:. 26 February 2021.
978:. 26 February 2021.
412:Military history in
389:President of Eritrea
1975:Military of Eritrea
1915:Plazas de soberanĂa
1508:Military of Eritrea
1359:. 25 September 2019
1314:. 20 September 2019
912:The Washington Post
861:. 14 December 2022.
484:of this article is
137:Minister of Defence
18:Military of Eritrea
1339:Human Rights Watch
1042:Al Jazeera English
1010:Human Rights Watch
704:. As of 2014, the
664:Al Jazeera English
659:Human Rights Watch
381:Eritrean Air Force
125:Commander-in-Chief
96:Eritrean Air Force
1962:
1961:
1955:
1939:
1927:
1919:
1659:Equatorial Guinea
1506:Media related to
1454:Background Notes.
1312:horninstitute.org
1234:"Asmara's Finest"
836:. 28 October 2009
749:National Assembly
629:
628:
525:
524:
517:
433:Colony of Eritrea
353:
352:
332:Battle of Tsorona
259:Foreign suppliers
247:10.9% (2019 est.)
218:Reserve personnel
167:Military age
16:(Redirected from
1997:
1954:(United Kingdom)
1953:
1951:Tristan da Cunha
1947:Ascension Island
1937:
1925:
1917:
1576:Sovereign states
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1304:
1298:
1297:
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1293:
1284:. Archived from
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1272:
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1269:
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1258:. Archived from
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1223:
1205:
1199:
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1013:. 5 March 2021.
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932:(22 July 2009).
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771:People's Militia
736:National service
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581:Berakit Mountain
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424:at the Red Sea.
408:Pre-independence
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369:ááááłá” áááá»á á€áá”á«
293:Related articles
237:US$ 640 million
209:Active personnel
199:military service
187:military service
78:Service branches
61:
52:
44:
43:
42:ááááłá” áááá»á á€áá”á«
32:
21:
2005:
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1189:. 19 March 2014
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567:military base;
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100:
64:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
2003:
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1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1967:
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1911:Alboran Island
1899:Canary Islands
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1127:. 7 May 2010.
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954:13 February
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587:detainees.
418:Medri Bahri
227:Expenditure
72:24 May 1991
1969:Categories
1926:(Portugal)
1889:and other
1872:Somaliland
1794:Seychelles
1759:Mozambique
1744:Mauritania
1729:Madagascar
1684:The Gambia
1619:Cape Verde
1448:text from
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780:References
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633:Tigray War
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505:March 2021
482:neutrality
437:Suez Canal
336:Tigray War
180:Open-ended
118:Leadership
1749:Mauritius
1488:145445986
1282:"Eritrea"
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859:"Eritrea"
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545:Adi Abeto
493:talk page
162:Personnel
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537:Track B
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403:History
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1819:Sudan
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1709:Kenya
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1484:S2CID
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579:near
343:Ranks
279:India
275:Japan
271:Egypt
263:China
1829:Togo
1739:Mali
1629:Chad
1514:ACIG
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