748:. Here the British would be tied down, while maneuvering wing elements circled to the rear, trapping and cutting them off. Some historians (Farwell 2001) note that this was approach was a traditional Asante battle strategy, and was common in some African armies as well. At the village of Amoaful, the Asante succeeded in luring their opponents forward, but could not make any headway against the modern firepower of the British forces, which laid down a barrage of fire to accompany an advance of infantry in squares. This artillery fire took a heavy toll on the Asante, but they left a central blocking force in place around the village, while unleashing a large flanking attack on the left, that almost enveloped the British line and successfully broke into some of the infantry squares. Asante weaponry however, was poor compared to the modern British guns. As one participant noted:
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embroidered cases of almost every colour, which flapped against their bodies as they moved, intermixed with small brass bells , the horns and tails of animals, shells and knives; long leopard tails hung down their backs, over a small bow covered with fetishes. They wore loose cotton trousers, with immense boots of dull red leather, coming half way up the thigh, and fastened by small chains to their cartouch or waist belts; these were also ornamented with bells, horse tails, strings of amulets, and innumerable shreds of leather; a small quiver of poisoned arrows hung from their right wrist, and they held a long iron chain between their teeth, with a scrap of
587:. However, Asante guns were obsolete compared to first rank European firearms. General Nkwanta, head of the Asante army's general council is reported to have done a detailed assessment of new breech-loading European firearms in 1872–73 and was alarmed by the obsolescence of Asante muskets in comparison to their European counterparts. Good quality powder was in short supply. Most of the gunmen did not use wadding to compact the powder down into the barrels but simply dumped in it while adding a variety of lead slugs, nails, bits of metal or even stones. This made an impressive pyrotechnic display but demanded opponents to be in close range.
461:
550:
680:. The growth of jungles often hindered large scale clashes involving thousands of soldiers in the open. Asante tactical methods involved smaller sub units, constant movement, sub movement, ambushes and more dispersed strikes and counter-attacks. In one unusual incident in 1741 however, the armies of Asante and Akyem agreed to schedule a battle while they jointly assigned some 10,000 men to cut down trees to make space for a full scale clash. The Asante won this encounter.
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744:, armed with modern rifles and artillery, invaded the territory of the Asante Empire. The Asante did not confront the invaders immediately, and made no major effort to interdict their long, vulnerable lines of communication through the jungle terrain. Their plan appeared to be to draw the British deep into their territory, against a strong defensive anvil centred at the town of
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trees as if someone were in them. Scouts were precluded from an involvement in prolonged fighting. After exchanging a few shots with the enemy, they withdrew through the next wave of troops which was the advanced guards. The advanced guard could also serve as initial storm troops or bait troops to get the enemy to reveal their position and strength. The
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Scholar Manu-Osafo argues that the myth over the invulnerability of the batakari to repel bullets was fueled by the poor accuracy of firearms during that period. In addition, the leather pouches and metal cases of the attire presented the war dress to be heavy, dense and impenetrable. Edgerton on the
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Individualized acts of daring were encouraged, such as rushing out into the open to behead dead or wounded enemies. A tally of these trophies was presented to the commanding general after the end of the engagement. Soldiers who tried to flee from battle were kept in check by sword-bearers who whipped
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at advancing enemy forces in response to detection by the enemy. This was executed often from a perch high in trees. In order to draw the enemy's force and compel them to reveal their positions in the jungle foliage, the scouts carried long wooden sticks with hooks on the end which they used to shake
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were produced in some states in the Gold Coast including the Asante Empire around the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Various accounts indicate that Asante blacksmiths were not only able to repair firearms, but that barrels, locks and stocks were on occasion remade. Besides the local production
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Wolesey had anticipated the Asante "horseshoe" formations, and had strengthened the
British flanks with the best units and reinforced firepower. He was able to shift this firepower to threatened sectors to stymie enemy maneuvers, defeating their hammer and anvil elements and forcing his opponents to
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on command. Scouts screened the army of the enemy as it marched in its columns, then withdrew as the enemy became close. At the beginning of combat, the advance guard moved up in 2 or 3 long lines, discharged its muskets and paused to reload. The second line would then advance to fire and reload. A
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The dress of the captains was a war cap, with gilded ram horns projecting in front, the sides extended beyond all proportion by immense plumes of eagle feathers, and fastened under the chin with bands of cowries. Their vest was of red cloth, covered with fetishes and saphies in gold and silver; and
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collars dignified the most daring, who were prouder of them than of gold; their muskets had rests affixed of leopard's skin, and the locks a covering of the same; the sides of their faces were curiously painted in long white streaks and their arms also striped, having the appearance of an armour....
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and leopard, the tails hanging down behind; their cartouch belts (composed of small gourds which hold the charges, and covered with leopard or pig's skin) were embossed with red shells, and small brass bells thickly hung to them; on their hips and shoulders was a cluster of knives; iron chains and
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muskets which he states to have brought a change in warfare around the hinterland of the Gold Coast in the 1740s. Around 1742,the Asante army defeated the Akyem with Dutch muskets whose barrels were 5–6 feet long in comparison with Akyem's short barrels 3–4 feel long. This victory led to the large
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to block
British advances. Some of these fortifications were over a hundred yard long, with heavy parallel tree trunks. They were impervious to destruction by artillery fire. Behind these stockades, numerous Asante soldiers were mobilized to check enemy movement. While formidable in construction,
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A small core of professional warriors was supplemented by peasant levies, volunteers and contingents from allied forces or tributary kingdoms. Grouped together under competent commanders such as Osei Tutu and Opoku Ware, such hosts began to expand the Asante empire in the 18th century on into the
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Osei Tutu centralized the loose confederation of Akan states in order to organize and professionalize the military. He also expanded the powers of the
Judiciary system within the Centralized government. Eventually, the loose confederation of small city-states unified as a kingdom and grew into an
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The Asante army prior to the 18th century used predominantly bows with poisoned arrows, swords, spears and javelins. King Osei Tutu I instituted reforms in the army such as the adoption of military tactics used by other Akan kingdoms. Through trade with
Europeans at the coast, the Asante acquired
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Before the unification of the Asante clans as one kingdom and empire, the bow, shield and arrow were the weapon of choice. After the 1701 conquest of
Denkyira, Osei Tutu I established trade contacts with European merchants at the coast through which he enabled the supply of firearms. The Asante
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was the commander-in-chief of the Asante military. A war-tax was paid by all Asante citizens over the age of 18 to cover the expenses of warfare. The army of the Asante Empire was organized into 6 parts. Each had various sub divisions. The organization of the Asante army was based on local Akan
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Available guns as well as pouches for ammunition were carefully protected with leopard or leather skin covers. Soldiers carried thirty to forty gunpowder charges within reach, which was individually packed in small wooden boxes for quick loading. The buckskin belt worn by the soldiers provided
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in the 18th century. This attempt at forming a cavalry was ineffective which
Thornton puts up as; "...though they can be hardly an effective cavalry and reportedly all were killed in one engagement." Canoes were used for troop transport across rivers. British captain, Brackenbury described an
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with 12,000 men in five days with 30 men per boats and four trips an hour. In a feature seldom seen among
African armies, the Asante also deployed units of medical personnel behind the main forces, who were tasked with caring for the wounded and removing the dead. A full time
763:"The great Chief Amanquatia was among the killed. Admirable skill was shown in the position selected by Amanquatia, and the determination and generalship he displayed in the defence fully bore out his great reputation as an able tactician and gallant soldier."
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19th, moving from deep inland to the edges of the
Atlantic. One British source in 1820 estimated that the Asante could field into battle a potential 80,000 troops, and of these, 40,000 could in theory, be outfitted with muskets or blunder-busses.
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many of these strongpoints failed because Asante guns, gunpowder and bullets provided little sustained killing power in defense. British troops overcame or bypassed the stockades by mounting bayonet charges, after laying down some covering fire.
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was not adopted alongside the Asante infantry. In order to mobilize personnel for the army, volunteers and contingents from tributaries were supplemented with a core of professional soldiers. The Asante developed various tactics such as
753:"The Ashantees stood admirably, and kept up one of the heaviest fires I ever was under. While opposing our attack with immediately superior numbers, they kept enveloping our left with a constant series of well-directed flank attacks."
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or personal guards protected the king or high ranking nobles on the battlefield. The rear guard however, might function for pursuit or as a reserve echelon. The two wings aided in the tactics of the Asante during battle through the
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whereby soldiers attacked from the left, right and rear. This formation was later adopted by several other kingdoms in the Gold Coast. The Asante military declined in 1901 after the empire was defeated by the
British following the
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writing affixed to the end of it. A small spear was in their left hands, covered with red cloth and silk tassels; their black countenances heightened the effect of this attire, and completed a figure scarcely
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for suppressing rebellion. Horses were introduced into the state around the 18th century. Horses were recorded to have survived in Kumasi in contrast to the forest zone in the south due to the presence of the
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which was made out of materials including charms and amulets originally from Dagbon. The Asante believed these charms made them invulnerable. Bowdich described the ordinary soldier in the 19th century as;
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in the bush in order to approach and encircle the enemy force. The Asante army formed in line and attacked the enemy upon reaching the initial jump-off point. Other
British accounts describe the use of
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and artillery. By the 19th century, the army was primarily equipped with muskets and rifles. Transportation across water bodies was achieved through the use of canoes. The army was also accompanied by
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Slaves marched behind the main body of the army, carrying supplies on their head. The army was also accompanied by carpenters responsible for building shelters, blacksmiths to repair weapons and
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In battle, the army used advanced guard, main body, rear guard and right and left wings on the move. This organization enabled the Asante generals to maneuver their forces with flexibility.
704:. These standardized tactics had often yielded the Asante victory. In battle, the Asante troops carried their guns exactly at the same angle, before they turned towards the enemy and fired
990:’The Location of Administrative Capitals in Ashanti, Ghana, 1896-1911’ by R. B. Bening in The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1979) pg. 210
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Osei Tutu placed strong emphasis on the military organization of the Akan Union states prior to the war with Denkyira. He adopted the military organization of Asante allies,
615:. There existed in Kumasi, a Cannon-square that housed a trophy of Dutch Cannons. They were captured from Denkyira after Asante emerged victorious at the Battle of Feyiase.
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by the Asante army whereby several marching parallel columns joined into one general strike force, maneuvering before combat. The converging column strategy was used by
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became familiar with firearms in the 18th century. Majority of the Asante troops were armed with a variety of guns and this includes the standard European trade musket;
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495:. Edgerton writes that although Asante high-ranking officers rode horses with the hauteur of European officers, a cavalry was not developed for the Asante military.
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267:. The clans did not have a standing and organized army that operated on a centralized chain of command. The Asante clans became tributaries of another Akan state,
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rifles. British reports from 1878 to 1881, estimated that the Asante had a total of 1000–5000 modern rifles. In addition, they employed 1000 well-worn French
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to sell food and drink. Some wives followed their husbands to war where they cooked for them at camp and provided water during battle. For Thornton, the
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played a role in Asante warfare. These roads allowed for the rapid deployment of the army and they negated the tactics of Asante's opponents who took
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319:, and honed the Union army into an effective fighting unit. Osei Tutu improved the battle strategy of the union army through the introduction of the
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1789:"'The Days of their Heedless Power Were Over and Done': Dynamics of Power in the Military Structures of the Precolonial Asante State, 1874–1900"
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as well as the British in their war with the Asante around 1873–4. The 'march divided, fight together' was the original raison d'etre of the
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third rear line would then repeat the advance – fire-reload cycle. This "rolling fire" tactic was repeated until the advance halted.
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retreat. One British combat post-mortem pays tribute to the slain Asante commander for his tactical leadership and use of terrain:
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in exchange for Dutch artillery pieces. The Dutch suppliers provided the Asante king with immobile cannons on ships rather than
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and pursuit operations were carried out by the scouts. The scouts were made up of professional hunters who used their skill of
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The Ashanti campaign of 1900, (1908) By Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, Arthur Forbes Montanaro, (1901) Sands and Co. pgs 130–131
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other hand, states that the Asante army did not have a single formal uniform for warfare as its forces dressed distinctively.
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Kea, R. A. (1971). "Firearms and Warfare on the Gold and Slave Coasts from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries".
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1352:, Published 1834, Printed for C. & J. Rivington, and J. Mawman, p. 165-172. Can be found on Google Books.
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empire. Newly conquered areas had the option to either join the Asante Empire or become tributary states.
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of Asante troops in the late 19th century on Assin. He estimated that two ferries of boats crossed the
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The Horse in West African History: The Role of the Horse in the Societies of Pre-colonial West Africa
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military systems such as the organization of the Akwamu army. The six parts of the Asante army were:
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776:, the Asante sniped at the defenders, cut the telegraph wires as a means of curbing communication,
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456:"If I go forward, I die; if I flee, I die. Better to go forward and die in the mouth of battle."
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Caboceer (Chief) of Asante equipped for war. Image was engraved in the early nineteenth century
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led a coalition of Asante city-states against Denkyira. The coalition defeated Denkyira at the
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wrote that the Asante were "trained to firing with celerity as we ourselves use the musquet."
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Richards, W. A. (1980). "The Import of Firearms into West Africa in the Eighteenth Century".
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clans. He sought cooperation via diplomacy and warfare. Osei Tutu I and his chief advisor,
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Byron Farwell. 2001. The encyclopedia of nineteenth-century land warfare. WW Norton. p 56.
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tactics in wars such as the third Anglo-Ashanti war. In 1874 a strong British force under
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The Asante tactical system was decentralized in order to suit the thick forest terrain of
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Yarak, Larry W. (1986). "The Elmina Note: Myth and Reality in Asante-Dutch Relations".
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first came into formation around the 17th century AD in response to subjugation by the
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A British commentary in 1844 stated that Asante tactics involved cutting a number of
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206:. It served as the main armed forces of the empire until it was dissolved when the
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Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order
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food supplies, and attacked relief columns. The Asante Empire built powerful log
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have commented that some Asante forces could fire from the shoulder. In 1820,
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them with heavy swords. Asante soldiers had to memorize the following saying:
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The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History
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The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast
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The British Critic, Quarterly Theological Review, and Ecclesiastical Record
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who exerted influence over much of the region. In the mid-17th century the
2300:
1470:
Kwame Arhin (1967). "The Financing of the Ashanti Expansion (1700–1820)".
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Kwame Arhin (1967). "The Financing of the Ashanti Expansion (1700–1820)".
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was established as a branch of the Asante army by the late 19th century.
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He also described the appearance of the war captain in 1817 as follows;
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adds that the Asante captured and rode horses after a campaign against
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In the 1670s the head of the Oyoko clan and successor to Nana Akenten,
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Law, Robin (1980). "Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa".
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Wilks, Ivor (1957). "The Rise of The Akwamu Empire, 1650-1710".
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alternate weapons such as several types of knives and machete.
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1846:
J. R. McNeill (2004). "Woods and Warfare in World History".
1375:. Vol. 1. International African Institute. p. 16.
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at key points. This was employed in later wars against the
410:). Each wing having two formations: right and right-half (
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which involved the yearly supply of Asante troops to the
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A handful of the Asante had modern breechloading British
553:"Weapons of the Ashanti" engraved in 1824 by James Wyld I
1759:
Human Sacrifice and the Supernatural in African History
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Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present
1983:
1981:
2001:
A Memoir of Lieutenant-General Sir Garnet J. Wolseley
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A Memoir of Lieutenant-General Sir Garnet J. Wolseley
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of guns, gunpowder may have been prepared in Asante.
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Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa
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1196:William Tordoff (1962). "The Ashanti Confederacy".
303:in 1701 which marked the rise of the Asante state.
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866:
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1134:, New York: St. Martin's, 1995 (1989), p. 194.
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1937:
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1933:
567:. Richards argues on Asante's success with long-
1026:"Denkyira in the Making of Asante c. 1660-1720"
966:Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana
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572:demand for such kind of muskets in the region.
450:of the opposing force or striking at the rear.
2279:Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa: 1830–1914
1671:Journal of the International African Institute
1472:Journal of the International African Institute
1266:Journal of the International African Institute
486:to the Asantehene. They served as a source of
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214:won Asante independence from Denkyira at the
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2127:The Ashanti War (1874) Volume 1: A Narrative
2103:Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007).
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1237:. Excellent Pub. and Print. pp. 91–92.
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1730:. Cambridge University Press. p. 205.
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3455:Rulers of the Akan state of Assin Atadanso
3450:Rulers of the Akan state of Assin Apimenem
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1150:Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1
772:In one siege of a British Fort during the
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3460:Rulers of the Akan state of Bono-Tekyiman
3418:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Anafo
3413:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Okere
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354:
3445:Rulers of the Akan state of Akyem Kotoku
3440:Rulers of the Akan state of Akyem Bosume
3423:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Guan
1900:
1888:
1833:
1727:State and Society in Pre-colonial Asante
1608:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1457:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1332:
727:
548:
335:
3475:Rulers of the Akan state of Manya Krobo
2509:Owabi Forest Reserve and Bird Sanctuary
858:
583:muskets originally used in 1814 at the
521:Mobilization, recruitment and logistics
291:, began another rapid consolidation of
1924:
847:Political systems of the Asante Empire
732:Scene from Third Anglo-Asante War 1874
541:in their campaigns against the state.
2254:Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800
1987:
870:
7:
2555:Ashanti parliamentary constituencies
812:African military systems (1800–1900)
713:also formed part of Asante tactics.
208:Asante became a British crown colony
3408:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem
2404:1733 slave insurrection on St. John
1431:C. Henry Brackenburg (1874), p. 56.
1234:History of Ghana: Since Pre-history
894:from the original on March 13, 2016
817:African military systems after 1900
3470:Rulers of the Akan state of Dwaben
609:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
255:The Asante originally centered on
25:
3485:Rulers of the Fante Confederation
2494:Bobiri Forest Butterfly Sanctuary
1112:from the original on 3 March 2016
886:The Newfoundlander - Dec 16, 1873
27:Armed forces of the Asante Empire
4086:1902 disestablishments in Africa
4045:
4044:
3430:Rulers of Akwamu and Twifo-Heman
2772:
2771:
1106:"Ghana - THE PRECOLONIAL PERIOD"
807:African military systems to 1800
38:
2105:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa
1756:Mbogoni, Lawrence E.Y. (2013).
632:Their caps were of the skin of
4071:Military of the Ashanti Empire
2090:African Civilization Revisited
2036:The Journal of African History
1794:The Journal of African History
1787:Manu-Osafo, Manuel J. (2021).
1320:, R. Bentley: 1878, pp. 57–176
1198:The Journal of African History
1033:The Journal of African History
275:, an Asante clan led by Chief
18:Military of the Ashanti Empire
1:
4096:History of the Ashanti Empire
4081:1670 establishments in Africa
2218:– via Books.google.com.
1253:– via Books.google.com.
1231:Seth Kordzo Gadzekpo (2005).
1001:History of the Ashanti Empire
200:military of the Asante Empire
48:
2979:Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans
2603:Economy of the Asante Empire
2596:Kumasi International Airport
2504:Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve
2499:Bomfobiri Wildlife Sanctuary
2469:Districts and Municipalities
2140:Edgerton, Robert B. (2010).
2129:, Andrews UK Limited: 2012
2092:, Africa World Press: 1991
4112:
4091:Military history of Africa
3992:Ashanti Empire (Asanteman)
3387:Akan Orthography Committee
2967:Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)
2276:Vandervort, Bruce (2006).
2176:Cambridge University Press
2109:Cambridge University Press
2012:Robert B. Edgerton (2010).
1803:Cambridge University Press
1564:Journal of African History
4042:
2769:
2622:
2581:
2543:Emperor-King Osei Tutu II
2533:
2453:
2223:Raugh, Harold E. (2004).
2171:Honour in African History
2048:10.1017/S002185370001063X
1812:10.1017/S0021853721000281
1577:10.1017/S0021853700017850
1210:10.1017/S0021853700003327
1045:10.1017/S0021853706002507
307:Reforms under Osei Tutu I
37:
1361:Davidson (1991), p. 240.
3435:Rulers of Akyem Abuakwa
3377:Adamorobe Sign Language
2752:(Ghana National Anthem)
2561:Governance and politics
2434:War of the Golden Stool
1953:Univ of Wisconsin Press
1074:Briggs, Philip (2014).
1024:McCaskie, T.C. (2007).
539:advantage of the forest
416:), left and left-half (
326:War of the Golden Stool
259:which were headed by a
210:in 1901. In 1701, King
191:War of the Golden Stool
110:capable of 200,000 men.
3178:Central Tano languages
2371:Ashanti independentism
2125:C. Henry, Brackenbury
1999:Charles Rathbone Low.
1724:T.C. McCaskie (2003).
733:
665:
645:
554:
470:
465:
441:
418:
412:
406:
400:
391:
382:
373:
364:
355:
341:
3750:Ashantiland Peninsula
3382:Nanabin Sign Language
2845:Ashantiland Peninsula
1848:Environmental History
768:Siege and engineering
736:The Asante also used
731:
623:Most fighters wore a
552:
463:
339:
4034:Akan Knowledge (XXG)
3708:Fetu Afahye Festival
3678:Fancy Dress Festival
3663:Ashanti Yam Festival
2361:Ashanti protectorate
2148:Simon & Schuster
1943:Smith, Robert Sydney
1312:Charles Rathbone Low
1155:Taylor & Francis
1130:Kevin Shillington,
380:Personal bodyguard (
152:Ga-Adangbe alliances
70:(commander-in-chief)
3861:Western Ashantiland
3851:Eastern Ashantiland
3846:Central Ashantiland
3759:Geographic entities
3522:New Patriotic Party
2984:Antigua and Barbuda
2868:List of Akan people
2591:Boankra Inland Port
2389:Battle of Nsamankow
1371:Law, Robin (1980).
1082:Bradt Travel Guides
742:Sir Garnet Wolseley
340:Asante foot soldier
283:War of Independence
220:expansionist policy
218:and carried out an
183:Battle of Nsamankow
85:Active regions
3733:Mmoaninko Festival
3713:Fofie Yam Festival
3658:Akwasidae Festival
3465:Rulers of Denkyira
2586:Economy of Ashanti
2538:Ashanti Asantehene
2429:Anglo-Ashanti wars
2424:Battle of Atakpamé
1766:. pp. 36–38.
1145:Shillington, Kevin
1008:2012-04-13 at the
884:"News.google.com:
822:Anglo-Ashanti wars
774:Anglo-Ashanti wars
734:
711:Flanking maneuvers
694:Napoleon Bonaparte
690:converging columns
605:military agreement
585:battle of Waterloo
555:
506:amphibious landing
466:
342:
232:military engineers
187:Battle of Atakpamé
160:Kingdom of Dahomey
4058:
4057:
4006:
4005:
3885:
3870:Major settlements
3810:Cape Three Points
3806:
3790:
3778:
3741:
3740:
3683:Aboakyer Festival
3673:Awukudae Festival
3586:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3507:
3480:Rulers of Gyaaman
3342:
3335:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2951:
2943:Afro–Costa Ricans
2939:
2927:
2915:
2907:
2895:
2841:
2780:
2779:
2765:
2764:
2750:Yen Ara Asaase Ni
2698:Anansi the spider
2611:
2610:
2570:
2569:
2522:
2521:
2514:Kumasi Metropolis
2442:
2441:
2419:Second Maroon War
2399:Battle of Feyiase
2249:Thornton, John K.
2088:Basil, Davidson
1913:Vandervort (2006)
1712:Ivor Wilks (1989)
1657:Ivor Wilks (1989)
1645:Vandervort (2006)
1633:Ivor Wilks (1989)
1623:, p. 617–620
1621:Ivor Wilks (1989)
1549:Vandervort (2006)
1446:Vandervort (2006)
1132:History of Africa
1091:978-1-84162-478-5
915:History in Africa
827:Ashanti–Fante War
301:Battle of Feyiase
216:Battle of Feyiase
196:
195:
179:Battle of Feyiase
148:Fante Confederacy
56:Thomas E. Bowdich
16:(Redirected from
4103:
4048:
4047:
3999:
3879:
3796:
3784:
3768:
3756:
3703:Bakatue Festival
3693:Akwambo Festival
3688:Akrokre Festival
3580:
3557:Akan Goldweights
3542:
3524:
3512:
3504:Akan chieftaincy
3497:
3490:Rulers of Asante
3403:Rulers of Adanse
3372:Avatime language
3338:
3331:
3328:Avikam–Alladian
3304:Lagoon languages
3290:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3224:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2955:Afro-Panamanians
2945:
2933:
2921:
2913:
2901:
2877:
2831:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2620:
2579:
2531:
2451:
2414:First Maroon War
2344:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2297:
2272:
2244:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2189:
2161:
2122:
2076:
2075:
2031:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1193:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1030:
1021:
1012:
997:
991:
988:
982:
981:
961:
955:
954:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
880:
874:
868:
738:hammer and anvil
663:
643:
473:
444:
421:
415:
409:
403:
398:Two wings-left (
394:
385:
376:
367:
358:
321:pincer formation
289:Osei Kofi Tutu I
277:Nana Oti Akenten
212:Osei Kofi Tutu I
204:Denkyira Kingdom
175:Battles and wars
53:
50:
44:Asante Military
42:
30:
21:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4038:
4027:Knowledge (XXG)
4022:
4002:
3990:
3893:Historic states
3888:
3865:
3824:
3815:Bobowasi Island
3747:
3737:
3728:Kundum Festival
3723:Kobine Festival
3718:Gmayem Festival
3646:
3625:
3594:
3566:
3529:
3515:Political party
3510:
3391:
3355:Potou languages
3170:
3164:
3002:
2919:Afro-Barbadians
2849:
2817:
2811:
2781:
2776:
2761:
2737:
2607:
2566:
2518:
2438:
2382:Major conflicts
2377:
2335:
2329:
2294:
2275:
2269:
2247:
2241:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2202:. CUP Archive.
2192:
2186:
2164:
2158:
2139:
2119:
2102:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1990:, p. 29–37
1986:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1901:Edgerton (2010)
1899:
1895:
1889:Thornton (1999)
1887:
1883:
1860:10.2307/3985766
1845:
1844:
1840:
1834:Edgerton (2010)
1832:
1828:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1683:10.2307/1159117
1668:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1609:Edgerton (2010)
1607:
1600:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1537:Thornton (1999)
1535:
1531:
1525:Edgerton (2010)
1523:
1519:
1513:Edgerton (2010)
1511:
1507:
1484:10.2307/1158151
1469:
1468:
1464:
1458:Edgerton (2010)
1456:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1420:Edgerton (2010)
1418:
1414:
1410:, p. 72–73
1408:Thornton (1999)
1406:
1402:
1396:Edgerton (2010)
1394:
1390:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1339:
1333:Edgerton (2010)
1331:
1324:
1310:
1301:
1278:10.2307/1158151
1263:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1084:. p. 354.
1073:
1072:
1068:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1010:Wayback Machine
998:
994:
989:
985:
963:
962:
958:
927:10.2307/3171552
912:
911:
907:
897:
895:
882:
881:
877:
869:
860:
855:
803:
770:
698:Napoleonic Wars
674:
664:
661:
644:
641:
621:
613:field carriages
597:
560:
547:
523:
501:states up north
362:Advance guard (
334:
309:
285:
261:paramount chief
253:
245:pincer movement
59:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4109:
4107:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Ashanti Region
4073:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3988:
3983:
3978:
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3976:
3966:
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3962:
3961:
3951:
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3924:
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3922:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3791:
3779:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3500:Manhyia Palace
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
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3352:
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3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3233:Bia languages
3231:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3192:
3183:Akan languages
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2991:Afro-Jamaicans
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2931:Afro-Bahamians
2928:
2916:
2908:
2896:
2892:Coffy (person)
2872:
2871:
2870:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Kente clothing
2690:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2639:Asante dialect
2636:
2635:
2634:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2548:Manhyia Palace
2545:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2366:Ashanti Region
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334: articles
2332:Ashanti/Asante
2330:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2273:
2267:
2245:
2239:
2220:
2208:
2190:
2184:
2162:
2156:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2100:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2042:(2): 185–213.
2023:
2014:
2005:
2003:. 1878, p. 174
1992:
1977:
1968:
1961:
1955:. p. 85.
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1854:(3): 388–410.
1838:
1826:
1779:
1773:978-9987082421
1772:
1764:Mkuki na Nyota
1743:
1736:
1716:
1704:
1677:(3): 249–262.
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1598:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1478:(3): 283–291.
1462:
1450:
1433:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1381:
1363:
1354:
1337:
1322:
1299:
1272:(3): 283–291.
1256:
1243:
1223:
1204:(3): 399–417.
1183:
1177:Giblert, Erik
1170:
1163:
1157:. p. 60.
1136:
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992:
983:
956:
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875:
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769:
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764:
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673:
672:Battle tactics
670:
659:
639:
620:
617:
596:
593:
577:Snider–Enfield
559:
556:
546:
543:
522:
519:
480:special forces
478:functioned as
476:special police
428:Reconnaissance
424:
423:
396:
387:
378:
369:
360:
333:
330:
308:
305:
284:
281:
252:
249:
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168:British Empire
141:
137:
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86:
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43:
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3856:Greater Accra
3854:
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3811:
3808:
3804:
3803:Lake Bosumtwi
3800:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3787:Kwahu Plateau
3783:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3763:
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3724:
3721:
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3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Apoo Festival
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Adae Festival
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
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3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3578:Akan Religion
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3562:Akan calendar
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
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3540:
3536:
3523:
3520:
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2956:
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2932:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2914:(Ivory Coast)
2912:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2884:French Guiana
2881:
2876:
2873:
2869:
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2865:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
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2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:Asante people
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
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2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:Lake Bosumtwi
2478:
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2359:
2357:
2356:Asante Empire
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2295:
2293:9781135364656
2289:
2285:
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2280:
2274:
2270:
2268:9781135365844
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2240:9781576079256
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2209:9780521379946
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:9780521546850
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2157:9781451603736
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2135:9781781508992
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:9780521867467
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2098:9780865431232
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1962:9780299123345
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:Iliffe (2005)
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
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1827:
1822:
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1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
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1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:9780521894326
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1714:, p. 384
1713:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1659:, p. 198
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1635:, p. 617
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1611:, p. 138
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
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1566:
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1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1382:9780197242063
1378:
1374:
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1236:
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1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
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1174:
1171:
1166:
1164:9781579582456
1160:
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1127:
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1034:
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1020:
1018:
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1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
906:
893:
889:
887:
879:
876:
872:
867:
865:
863:
859:
852:
848:
845:
843:
842:Katamanso War
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
798:
795:
792:Brass barrel
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:
762:
761:
760:
754:
751:
750:
749:
747:
743:
739:
730:
726:
724:
723:Joseph Dupuis
720:
716:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
681:
679:
671:
669:
658:
655:
648:
638:
635:
629:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:Asante king,
594:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
573:
570:
566:
557:
551:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
520:
518:
516:
515:medical corps
511:
507:
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
462:
458:
457:
451:
449:
443:
437:
433:
429:
420:
419:benkum nnaase
414:
408:
404:) and right (
402:
397:
393:
388:
384:
379:
375:
370:
366:
361:
357:
352:
351:
350:
347:
338:
331:
329:
327:
322:
318:
313:
306:
304:
302:
298:
297:Okomfo Anokye
294:
290:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
119:Asante Empire
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
47:
46:Field Marshal
41:
36:
31:
19:
4049:
3771:Akosombo Dam
3590:Akan Judaism
3285:Jwira-Pepesa
3027:
3020:
3013:
2860:
2854:Demographics
2757:Golden Stool
2749:
2651:Demographics
2644:Twi language
2632:Asante names
2559:
2484:
2467:
2394:Komenda Wars
2278:
2253:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2198:
2170:
2166:Iliffe, John
2142:
2104:
2083:Bibliography
2039:
2035:
2017:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1988:Raugh (2004)
1971:
1947:
1927:, p. 85
1920:
1915:, p. 12
1908:
1903:, p. 63
1896:
1891:, p. 71
1884:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1836:, p. 69
1829:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1758:
1726:
1719:
1707:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1652:
1647:, p. 88
1640:
1628:
1616:
1571:(1): 43–59.
1568:
1562:
1556:
1544:
1539:, p. 73
1532:
1527:, p. 61
1520:
1515:, p. 55
1508:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1460:, p. 53
1453:
1448:, p. 16
1427:
1422:, p. 62
1415:
1403:
1398:, p. 56
1391:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1347:
1335:, p. 54
1316:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1248:. Retrieved
1233:
1226:
1201:
1197:
1178:
1173:
1149:
1139:
1131:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1100:
1076:
1069:
1036:
1032:
1000:
995:
986:
972:(2): 25–62.
969:
965:
959:
918:
914:
908:
896:. Retrieved
885:
878:
873:, p. 29
871:Raugh (2004)
832:Ga-Fante War
791:
771:
757:
752:
745:
735:
682:
675:
666:
650:
646:
631:
622:
598:
589:
574:
561:
528:
524:
488:intelligence
467:
455:
452:
448:encirclement
432:marksmanship
425:
389:Rear-guard (
343:
332:Organization
314:
310:
286:
254:
241:encirclement
224:
199:
197:
75:Headquarters
3942:Twifo-Heman
3841:Brong-Ahafo
3829:Territories
3820:Dodi Island
3794:Birim River
3782:Atewa Range
3169:Linguistics
2936:The Bahamas
2862:Akan people
2668:Health care
2475:Settlements
2409:Tacky's War
1805:: 254–270.
1551:, p. 8
1039:(1): 1–25.
921:: 363–382.
898:October 25,
794:blunderbuss
678:West Africa
535:Great Roads
413:nifa nnaase
371:Main body (
93:Ivory Coast
52: 1819
33:Asante army
4065:Categories
3495:Asantehene
3171:(language)
3115:Coromantee
2948:Costa Rica
2899:Coromantee
2829:Bono state
2723:Prempensua
2486:Lake Volta
2348:Chronology
2215:2020-12-29
2194:Ivor Wilks
1250:2020-12-27
1244:9988070810
1116:20 January
853:References
581:smoothbore
493:tsetse fly
484:bodyguards
356:akwansrafo
346:Asantehene
89:Gold Coast
68:Asantehene
3954:Mankessim
3799:Pra River
3775:Kpong Dam
3746:Geography
3651:Festivals
3642:Akan Drum
3272:South Bia
3237:North Bia
3045:Adjoukrou
3007:Subgroups
2734:Mythology
2718:Atenteben
2713:Aburukuwa
2656:Education
2463:Geography
2447:Geography
2284:Routledge
2259:Routledge
2072:163027192
2056:0021-8537
1876:145087553
1821:237296294
1699:148903113
1593:162846429
1500:145751403
1294:145751403
1218:159479224
1061:145702285
951:161210537
935:0361-5413
782:stockades
685:footpaths
657:human....
603:signed a
601:Kwaku Dua
595:Artillery
569:barrelled
565:Long Dane
545:Equipment
510:River Pra
140:Opponents
130:The Dutch
121:(Ashanti)
4051:Category
3996:Ashantis
3986:Denkyira
3766:Akosombo
3611:Asasa Ya
3552:Akan Art
3396:Politics
3333:Alladian
3120:Denkyira
2972:Dominica
2924:Barbados
2880:Suriname
2838:Denkyira
2728:Seperewa
2678:Alkayida
2673:Akrafena
2527:Politics
2251:(1999).
2231:ABC-Clio
2196:(1989).
2168:(2005).
1945:(1989).
1147:(2005).
1110:Archived
1006:Archived
978:41405705
892:Archived
801:See also
702:division
662:Bowdich.
660:—
642:Bowdich.
640:—
634:pangolin
625:batakari
497:Thornton
353:Scouts (
269:Denkyira
265:Amanhene
228:firearms
144:Denkyira
4018:Oheneba
3969:Gyaaman
3965:Dwabena
3932:Akuapem
3915:Abuakwa
3836:Ashanti
3637:Hiplife
3599:Deities
3538:Culture
3319:Adjukru
3257:Chakosi
3203:Akuapem
3155:Tchaman
3110:Chokosi
3090:Avatime
3022:Akuapem
3015:Ashanti
2996:Jamaica
2904:Jamaica
2834:Gyaaman
2822:History
2742:Symbols
2616:Society
2575:Economy
2458:Climate
2340:History
1868:3985766
1691:1159117
1492:1158151
1286:1158151
1053:4501014
943:3171552
786:British
778:blocked
746:Amoaful
706:volleys
696:in the
654:Moorish
531:sutlers
471:ankobia
374:adonten
251:History
236:Cavalry
115:Part of
101:Dahomey
64:Leaders
4011:Titles
3937:Akwamu
3927:Adanse
3920:Kotoku
3910:Bosome
3882:Obuasi
3877:Kumasi
3621:Anansi
3616:Abosom
3571:Faiths
3545:Topics
3365:M'Bato
3340:Avikam
3314:Abidji
3278:Ahanta
3250:Baoulé
3210:Asante
3140:Ndyuka
3135:M'Bato
3125:Evalue
3100:Baoule
3095:Avikam
3060:Akwamu
3055:Ahanta
3040:Abidji
2960:Panama
2911:Baoule
2888:Guyana
2875:Ndyuka
2816:topics
2709:Music
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715:Iliffe
619:Attire
401:benkum
392:kyidom
317:Akwamu
162:, the
134:Akwamu
126:Allies
79:Kumasi
3974:Abron
3959:Fante
3905:Akyem
3900:Efutu
3630:Music
3606:Nyame
3583:Nyame
3525:(NPP)
3360:Ebrié
3324:Attié
3292:Nzema
3264:Sehwi
3243:Anyin
3189:Fante
3150:Sefwi
3145:Nzema
3130:Kwahu
3085:Attie
3080:Assin
3075:Aowin
3065:Akyem
3050:Ahafo
3029:Fante
2703:Oware
2683:Adowa
2661:KNUST
2068:S2CID
2060:JSTOR
1872:S2CID
1864:JSTOR
1817:S2CID
1801:(2).
1695:S2CID
1687:JSTOR
1589:S2CID
1581:JSTOR
1496:S2CID
1488:JSTOR
1290:S2CID
1282:JSTOR
1214:S2CID
1077:Ghana
1057:S2CID
1049:JSTOR
1029:(PDF)
974:JSTOR
947:S2CID
939:JSTOR
719:Smith
442:gyase
436:snipe
383:gyase
365:twafo
273:Oyoko
257:clans
164:Danes
156:Akyem
54:, by
3981:Bono
3949:Asen
3226:Wasa
3217:Bono
3160:Wasa
3105:Bono
3070:Anyi
3035:Abbe
2886:and
2814:Akan
2288:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2052:ISSN
1957:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1181:2004
1159:ISBN
1118:2015
1086:ISBN
931:ISSN
900:2015
837:Impi
717:and
558:Arms
482:and
468:The
407:nifa
344:The
293:Akan
243:and
198:The
166:and
107:Size
97:Togo
3348:Ega
3309:Abé
3196:Twi
2688:Dwa
2044:doi
1856:doi
1807:doi
1679:doi
1573:doi
1480:doi
1274:doi
1206:doi
1041:doi
923:doi
474:or
434:to
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