406:
military leaders. They initiated planned revolutionary steps within lodges, while the war against the French occupation continued. San Martín joined the army of
Andalucía, and moved first to Sevilla and then to Jaén. In June 1808, he joined a force combining regiments and militias, organized by Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón, thus learning further ways to wage war beyond the classic military discipline. This would influence him in the future to have a good opinion of Güemes and Artigas. By this time, San Martín was becoming a renowned military leader. Spanish historian Barcia y Trelles considers that San Martín is a new man since May 1808, but this turning point of his life was overlooked by both the Argentine and Spanish historians. Argentine historians talk in little detail about San Martín's military career is Spain, because they were unrelated with the Argentine War of Independence, and the Spanish ones would not be much interested in him because he departed to America in the middle of the war.
221:
491:". Besides extrapolating future events (the defeat of Napoleon and the independence of South America), Mitre provided a long-standing explanation: San Martín returned because he missed South America, and the war of independence justified changing sides to support it. This perspective was held by mitrist historians, rosist revisionists and socialists. Those groups shared a common perspective about the revolutions and rebellions that took place in the Americas between 1809 and 1811: they considered that they were, from this early stage, separatist wars, intending to create new countries apart from Spain.
321:
502:, consider this to be unlikely. San Martín was thirty-five years old by then, and left America when just seven years old. He was completely Spanish, and ideas such as "the call of the jungle" or the "telluric forces" have no room in modern psychology to explain a change like this. They consider instead, that the wars in the Americas were not initially separatist, but instead wars between supporters of absolutism and liberalism. This fight took place in both Spain and the Americas, and became independentist when
270:, son of Juan de San Martín and Gregoria Matorras del Ser. The exact year of Martín's birth is unknown, and historians are divided between 1777 and 1778. An officer in the military, Juan de San Martín requested a new deployment, and in 1781, he moved his family from Yapeyu to Buenos Aires. In 1783, the family moved to Madrid, where Juan made several requests for military promotion. In 1785, they moved to Málaga. Three years later, José de San Martín reached the age to join the army.
454:
66:
913:
25:
394:. Some historians consider him an afrancesado, others just hesitant. A popular uprising overran the barracks, killed him and dragged his corpse in the streets. San Martín was nearly killed as well during the uprising. He would keep an image of him for years, because of their friendship, although he fully supported the popular uprising. He would say years later that
161:
558:". This quote is more strange, as it does not mention an ongoing conflict, but a conflict that would be waged soon (but not by then). Such a conflict may be a possible absolutist restoration, which took place when Ferdinand VII returned to the throne, but could also happen if the Regency Council prevailed over the Junta of Seville.
445:, with the exception of Cádiz. San Martín would leave the Peninsular War by this point, but the exact nature of his resignation is unknown because it was lost from the Spanish records, and San Martín himself did not keep a copy of it among his documents. He moved briefly to Britain, and then to Buenos Aires.
405:
After those events, San Martín became involved into the democratic revolution that moved across Europe. Cádiz was by then a very active city, with discussions about
Jovellanos, Flórez Estrada, the French and British democratic advances, popular intervention in politics, the role of the Juntas and the
378:
supported the French invasion as a way to remove the absolutist
Spanish monarchy and replace it with a liberal monarchy, even if a foreign one. A higher portion of the enlightened Spanish rejected such a perspective, and opposed both the French invasion and an absolutist restoration. San Martín was
515:
hinted the similarities of both fights, but avoid giving clear or deep explanations in order to avoid a conflict with the
Mitrist perspective. Most Spanish historians, with a deeper understanding of the conflicts of the Peninsular War, endorse this point of view. José de San Martín moved to Buenos
488:
the
American criollo had paid with usury his debt to the mother country, joining her during her conflicting days, and could consequently separate himself from her without deserting during an hour of need, leaving her protected by the powerful aegis of Great Britain that guaranteed the definitive
581:
pointed similar causes but arriving to a different conclusion: San Martín may have moved to South
America in order to get higher military promotions, which would be more difficult to get at the Peninsular War. However, the author does not include the promotions (including promotions to national
548:
Here, San Martín does not talk about emancipation from Spain itself, but from its government, capitaling "tyranic". He also mentions that, even if preferred returning to his native country, he could have been destined to either South or
Central America. An 1848 letter to the president of Perú
278:
José de San Martín joined Murcia's
Infantry Regiment of Line on July 15, 1789. The minimum age to join the army was 16 years old, unless the person was the son of an official. In that case, the minimum age was 12 years old. In his incorporation, he declares being the son of an official, of a
282:
He was destined to
Melilla, an African Spanish city, the following year. In June 1791, he was among the Spanish forces under siege by Moors in Orán. The siege lasted for 33 days, and he was promoted to grenadier. In June 1793, he was promoted to second sublieutenant, in July 1794 to first
409:
San Martín took part in the combat of
Arjonilla, being promoted to First Captain for his brave actions. In the battle, a French officer nearly killed him with his sword, but he was saved by Sargeant Juan de Dios, who died in the effort. The following July 19 he took part in the
545:
From that moment on, I decided to employ my short services to either point that stand insurgent: I preferred to return to my native country where I had been employed at anything within my reach, my nation has rewarded my short services giving me plenty of honours that I do not
489:
triumph under the command of the future victor of Waterloo. Then, he turned his eyes to South America, whose independence he had presaged and decided to return to his distant nation, which he had always loved as a true mother, to offer her his sword and devote her his life
248:. In 1795 he was promoted to second lieutenant and during the Peninsular War he reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. However, San Martín ended up resigning his position and moved briefly to Britain, and then to Buenos Aires. In 1811, he participated in the
311:
The following reports of San Martín are found months later, then fighting against Portugal. He was attacked by thieves on his way from Valladolid to Salamanca, receiving great injures in his chest and throat. He received medical aid in a nearby village.
243:
was an Argentine-born general who moved to Spain during his childhood. He served in the Spanish army from 1789 to 1811. During that time he fought among Spanish forces under siege by Moors, in a naval battle against the British navy and in the
506:
returned to the throne and started the absolutist restoration. Under this logic, those historians consider that San Martín's move to the Americas to continue a fight about to be lost in Spain would make complete sense. Other historians like
555:
In a meeting of Americans in Cádiz, knowing about the first steps taken in Caracas, Buenos Aires, etc; we decided to return each one to our native countries, to offer them our services in the struggle that we calculated would be waged
475:
as a patriot remain contentious among historians. The action would seem contradictory and out of character, because if the patriots were waging an independentist and anti-Hispanic war, then that would turn him into a traitor or
373:
and the absolutists, but the French invasion divided the ideas even more. The Enlightenment was based in the ideas of the French revolution, but it was the French themselves who were invading the country. The Spanish
38:
536:". For the Mitrist perspective, "revolution" and "freedom" mean emancipation from Spain, for the later one, they mean the revolution against the absolutist status quo. Similarly, his resignation as head of the
531:
There are writings of San Martín that may clarify those reasons, but whose terms allow either interpretation. José Pacífico Otero found a report of a speech of San Martín to his soldiers, where he said that
1064:
283:
sublieutenant, and in May 1795 to second lieutenant. His father Juan died in 1796, and by that time he had his baptism of fire in a naval battle, against the British navy. He joined the staff of the
534:
I knew of the revolution in my country and, when I left my fortunes and my hopes, I only regretted not having anything else to sacrifice to the desire of contributing to the freedom of my country
414:, where 14,000 Spanish defeated 10,000 French. San Martín was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and his prestige continued to rise. This victory gave new hopes to the Spanish front, forcing
44:
569:
in 1957, and supported by Carlos Steffens Soler or J.C.J. Metford. This perspective, however, fails to give an explanation for the hostility between San Martín and the anglophile
134:
542:...I had the first news of the general movement at both Americas and that their original purpose was to emancipate themselves from the Peninsular Tyranic Government.
106:
113:
361:. Napoleon Bonaparte, whose troops were in Spain en route to Portugal, forced Ferdinand to abdicate as well, ending Bourbon rule and appointing his brother
120:
76:
438:
182:
169:
102:
418:
to leave Madrid and allowing later the liberation of Andalucía. However, San Martín was forced to take a license, because of a pulmonary affection.
528:, but also with Spanish born generals like Francisco Chilavert and Eduardo Kailitz, for whom the "telluric forces" would bear absolutely no value.
1125:
864:
425:, under the command of the marquis of Coupigny. He helped Torres Vedras at Portugal, and returned to Cádiz. By this point, San Martín joined the
83:
1042:
1027:
386:, governor of Andalucía and a close friend. Solano, influenced as well by the enlightenment ideas, had doubts about using his army to back the
261:
604:
472:
249:
466:
1098:
1032:
1130:
127:
1075:
207:
52:
1120:
433:
gave new strength to the French forces, leading them personally, and Joseph returned to Madrid. Despite the Spanish victory at the
1058:
220:
297:
passed review of the Spanish troops, and when he passed near San Martín, he saw his jacket and read "Murcia!" aloud. The ship
1006:
981:
91:
383:
1037:
892:
857:
174:
635:"Ser hijo de oficial, provenir de familia cristiana y haber cumplido los doce años" (San Martín) - Galasso, p. 24
521:
458:
284:
525:
873:
508:
229:
320:
850:
370:
346:
298:
674:"Hasta las piedras se levantaron España para arrojar al invasor extranjero" (San Martín) - Galasso, p. 29
1091:
971:
950:
566:
565:
may suggest that San Martín was actually a British agent or spy. This perspective was first proposed by
430:
294:
267:
902:
574:
570:
387:
324:
512:
976:
411:
354:
225:
289:
in 1798, disembarking at Toulon. He learned a bit of the French language, and became aware of the
1084:
350:
986:
483:
1011:
600:
578:
550:
537:
442:
434:
290:
592:
499:
495:
415:
391:
362:
302:
453:
369:, the Spanish resistance to the French invasion. Spain was already divided between the
366:
340:
245:
233:
1114:
955:
887:
562:
503:
426:
358:
328:
375:
65:
912:
332:
897:
477:
422:
480:. There are a variety of answers and explanations by different historians.
160:
561:
The similarity between San Martín's military campaign and the British
842:
582:
government) that were actually rejected by San Martín in her essay.
452:
319:
398:
even the rocks have risen in Spain to reject the foreign invader
846:
154:
59:
18:
486:, one of the earliest historians of San Martín, wrote that "
471:
The reasons that San Martín left Spain in 1811 to join the
1065:
Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana
87:
461:
to Buenos Aires, aboard the frigate "George Canning".
308:, and he was prisoner of the British for some time.
1074:
1051:
1020:
999:
964:
943:
927:
920:
880:
797:
795:
785:
783:
781:
779:
733:
731:
721:
719:
228:was one of the most important battles fought by
103:"Military career of José de San Martín in Spain"
396:
345:The Spanish monarchy entered crisis during the
858:
520:ship, with other American born generals like
441:, France prevailed and conquered most of the
8:
467:Revolutionary purposes of the May Revolution
357:to abdicate and give the throne to his son,
92:introducing citations to additional sources
682:
680:
661:
659:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
924:
865:
851:
843:
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
597:Seamos Libres y lo demás no importa nada
219:
185:of all important aspects of the article.
82:Relevant discussion may be found on the
619:
382:By this time, San Martín was second to
279:Christian family and twelve years old.
365:as monarch. This was the start of the
181:Please consider expanding the lead to
473:Spanish American wars of independence
384:Francisco María Solano Ortiz de Rosas
250:Spanish American wars of independence
7:
577:during his conflicts with Britain.
437:, where San Martín fought next to
14:
1099:Revolución: El cruce de los Andes
1033:María de los Remedios de Escalada
34:This article has multiple issues.
911:
262:Early life of José de San Martín
159:
75:relies largely or entirely on a
64:
23:
266:José de San Martín was born in
173:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
1126:Military careers by individual
1007:Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers
183:provide an accessible overview
1:
1059:San Martín National Institute
893:Revolution of October 8, 1812
390:, even when requested by the
293:. Oral tradition says that
1147:
494:Later historians, such as
464:
457:Arrival of San Martín and
338:
259:
1131:Military history of Spain
909:
599:. Buenos Aires: Colihue.
427:Lodge of Rational Knights
935:Military career in Spain
449:Return to South America
522:Carlos María de Alvear
462:
459:Carlos María de Alvear
439:William Carr Beresford
421:He resumed service in
403:
347:Abdications of Bayonne
336:
237:
1092:El Santo de la Espada
972:Crossing of the Andes
951:Battle of San Lorenzo
509:Tulio Halperín Donghi
456:
323:
223:
903:Guayaquil conference
575:Juan Manuel de Rosas
573:, or his support to
571:Bernardino Rivadavia
498:, Oriol Anguerra or
388:Dos de Mayo Uprising
379:part of this group.
301:by the British ship
88:improve this article
526:José Matías Zapiola
325:Second of May, 1808
1121:José de San Martín
1085:Cerro de la Gloria
874:José de San Martín
567:Ricardo Piccirilli
463:
431:Napoleón Bonaparte
351:Mutiny of Aranjuez
337:
295:Napoleón Bonaparte
268:Yapeyú, Corrientes
241:José de San Martín
238:
230:José de San Martín
1108:
1107:
1012:Army of the Andes
995:
994:
764:Galasso, p. 42-43
746:Galasso, p. 34-35
606:978-950-581-779-5
593:Galasso, Norberto
579:Patricia Pasquali
538:Army of the Andes
443:Iberian Peninsula
435:Battle of Albuera
291:French Revolution
218:
217:
210:
200:
199:
153:
152:
138:
57:
1138:
925:
915:
881:Political career
867:
860:
853:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
820:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
790:
787:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
726:
723:
714:
711:
705:
702:
696:
693:
687:
684:
675:
672:
666:
663:
654:
651:
645:
642:
636:
633:
627:
624:
610:
500:Rodolfo Terragno
496:Norberto Galasso
416:Joseph Bonaparte
412:Battle of Bailén
392:Junta of Seville
363:Joseph Bonaparte
226:Battle of Bailén
213:
206:
195:
192:
186:
163:
155:
148:
145:
139:
137:
96:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
16:Military general
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1070:
1047:
1016:
991:
960:
939:
921:Military career
916:
907:
876:
871:
841:
836:
832:
827:
823:
818:
814:
809:
805:
800:
793:
788:
777:
772:
768:
763:
759:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
708:
703:
699:
694:
690:
685:
678:
673:
669:
664:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
630:
625:
621:
617:
607:
591:
588:
484:Bartolomé Mitre
469:
451:
343:
318:
276:
264:
258:
214:
203:
202:
201:
196:
190:
187:
180:
168:This article's
164:
149:
143:
140:
97:
95:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1052:Historiography
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
1000:Military units
997:
996:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
962:
961:
959:
958:
953:
947:
945:
941:
940:
938:
937:
931:
929:
922:
918:
917:
910:
908:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
882:
878:
877:
872:
870:
869:
862:
855:
847:
840:
839:
837:Galasso, 39-40
830:
828:Galasso, p. 38
821:
819:Galasso, p. 37
812:
810:Galasso, p. 35
803:
801:Galasso, p. 42
791:
789:Galasso, p. 41
775:
773:Galasso, p. 55
766:
757:
755:Galasso, p. 39
748:
739:
737:Galasso, p. 34
727:
725:Galasso, p. 33
715:
713:Galasso, p. 53
706:
704:Galasso, p. 31
697:
695:Galasso, p. 28
688:
686:Galasso, p. 30
676:
667:
665:Galasso, p. 29
655:
653:Galasso, p. 27
646:
644:Galasso, p. 26
637:
628:
626:Galasso, p. 24
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
605:
587:
584:
551:Ramón Castilla
518:George Canning
513:Ricardo Levene
450:
447:
367:Peninsular War
341:Peninsular War
317:
316:Peninsular war
314:
275:
272:
260:Main article:
257:
254:
246:Peninsular War
234:Peninsular War
216:
215:
198:
197:
177:the key points
167:
165:
158:
151:
150:
144:September 2013
86:. Please help
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:Personal life
1019:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
988:
985:
983:
982:Cancha Rayada
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
963:
957:
956:Yatasto relay
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
942:
936:
933:
932:
930:
926:
923:
919:
914:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:Lautaro Lodge
886:
885:
883:
879:
875:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
848:
845:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
796:
792:
786:
784:
782:
780:
776:
770:
767:
761:
758:
752:
749:
743:
740:
734:
732:
728:
722:
720:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
681:
677:
671:
668:
662:
660:
656:
650:
647:
641:
638:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
608:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:Maitland Plan
559:
557:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
516:Aires in the
514:
510:
505:
504:Ferdinand VII
501:
497:
492:
490:
485:
481:
479:
474:
468:
460:
455:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
407:
402:
401:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
377:
372:
371:enlightenment
368:
364:
360:
359:Ferdinand VII
356:
352:
348:
342:
334:
330:
329:Pedro Velarde
326:
322:
315:
313:
309:
307:
306:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
286:Santa Dorotea
280:
274:First battles
273:
271:
269:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
242:
235:
231:
227:
222:
212:
209:
194:
191:November 2011
184:
178:
176:
171:
166:
162:
157:
156:
147:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105: –
104:
100:
99:Find sources:
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
77:single source
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1063:
1038:Curved saber
934:
833:
824:
815:
806:
769:
760:
751:
742:
709:
700:
691:
670:
649:
640:
631:
622:
596:
586:Bibliography
560:
554:
544:
541:
533:
530:
517:
493:
487:
482:
470:
420:
408:
404:
399:
397:
381:
376:afrancesados
353:forced king
344:
310:
304:
299:was captured
285:
281:
277:
265:
240:
239:
204:
188:
172:
170:lead section
141:
131:
124:
117:
110:
98:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
429:. However,
349:, when the
1115:Categories
1043:Later life
1028:Early life
615:References
465:See also:
355:Charles IV
339:See also:
333:last stand
331:takes his
256:Early life
114:newspapers
39:improve it
977:Chacabuco
944:Argentina
898:Inca plan
423:Catalonia
175:summarize
84:talk page
45:talk page
595:(2009).
546:deserve.
478:deserter
232:at the
128:scholar
1076:Legacy
603:
553:says "
540:says "
130:
123:
116:
109:
101:
987:Maipú
965:Chile
928:Spain
135:JSTOR
121:books
601:ISBN
556:soon
305:Lion
303:HMS
224:The
107:news
524:or
511:or
90:by
1117::
794:^
778:^
730:^
718:^
679:^
658:^
400:".
327::
252:.
48:.
866:e
859:t
852:v
609:.
532:"
335:.
236:.
211:)
205:(
193:)
189:(
179:.
146:)
142:(
132:·
125:·
118:·
111:·
94:.
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.