672:. Though (the utterances of some to the contrary notwithstanding) things in this country at the present time are, by the Grace of the Almighty, not at all comparable to the perilous times in which Lord Atkin protested (“even though I do it alone”), in their own way the issues raised are nonetheless stark and compelling. For the question put to the Court is this: in respect of fundamental rights, in relation to the trial of civilians by courts martial whatever the circumstances may be, what is the language of the Constitution? What language should—nay, must—the Constitution speak? Very respectfully, the petitioners ask: what says the Court?"
39:
438:: “Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in any other law for the time being in force a person who becomes subject to this Act by reason of his being accused of an offence mentioned in clause (d) of subsection (1) of section 2 shall be liable to be tried or otherwise dealt with under this Act for such offence as if the offence were an offence against this Act and were committed at a time when such person was subject to this Act ; and the provisions of this section shall have effect accordingly.”
362:
430:: “persons not otherwise subject to this Act who are accused of seducing or attempting to seduce any person subject to this Act from his duty or allegiance to government, or having committed, in relation to any work of defence, arsenal, naval, military or air force establishment or station, ship or aircraft or otherwise in relation to the naval, military or air force affairs of Pakistan” can be tried under the secrets act.
603:"rose" from the bench and stated that he did not "consider the 9-member bench a bench" and left the hearing. He was of the view that the Chief Justice should first decide the matter of Supreme Court Practice and Procedure Bill, 2023 before constituting new benches. He was supported by fellow sitting judge,
525:. The proceedings were conducted within military establishments in secrecy and defendants only had the right to appeal the verdict of a military court to a military appellate tribunal, whose decision in turn would be deemed final and beyond challenge in Pakistan's superior courts.
734:, passed a resolution against the verdict. The resolution was not part of the daily agenda and was tabled when most of the senate's members were absent from the floor. In the ensuing sessions, on 18 and 22 November, senators protested the hasty passage of the resolution. Senator
295:
enabling such trials was unconstitutional. It also held that the accused 103 persons would be tried by civilian courts under ordinary criminal law. The decision was widely hailed by legal experts, human rights groups, and civil society as 'brave' and 'truly historic'.
610:
On 26 June 2023, Justice
Mansoor Ali Shah recused himself from the bench after the Federal Government, represented by Attorney General, Mansoor Awan, raised objection over him being related to one of the petitioners, former Chief Justice of Pakistan,
540:. However, their petitions were dismissed by a majority of 11 to 6, allowing for military courts to complete two consecutive two-year terms. Among the dissident judges who ruled against the court-martial of civilians was Jawwad S. Khawaja.
325:
The
Supreme Court (SC) provisionally permitted military courts to issue their pending decisions on the trials of civilians.This matter was addressed during intra-court appeals by a six-member Supreme Court bench led by
715:(HRCP) warmly welcomed the decision, saying in a tweet: “Military courts do not meet the standards of fair trial, nor are such trials likely to be impartial or independent, as the administration of justice warrants.”
517:(JAG) branch of the Pakistan Army in which the judges and prosecutors were all serving military officers with no formal legal training. The opaqueness of the military justice system was also pointed out by the
442:
Military tribunals would continue trying civilians under the martial law of military dictator Zia-ul-Haq; prominent among them were influential persons involved in the dacoity and assault case of film actress
660:, that they spoke the same language in peace and in war. Delivered in 1941, the opinion has resounded through the decades and is set to echo down the ages. It was the direst of times, the darkest of hours.
1141:
817:
who was part of the 3-member committee to fix benches, stating that he was bypassed by J. Isa in violation of section 2 of the
Supreme Court Practices and Procedure Act, 2023. Former Chief Justice,
821:, a petitioner in the case, objected to the inclusion of J. Tariq Masood as head of the new bench, stating that he had earlier recused himself from the bench hearing the original petition.
330:, challenging the trial of civilians in military courts.The bench also included Justices Muhammad Ali Mazhar, Hasan Azhar Rizvi, Shahid Waheed, Musarrat Hilali, and Irfan Saadat Khan.
828:
dissenting, stating that the trials of 103 civilians will continue in military courts. Meanwhile, stating that military courts would not issue a final verdict against the suspects.
507:
499:
1468:
719:(PTI) spokesperson Raoof Hassan hailed the judgement saying the order will help transfer cases of their workers from the military courts to the ordinary criminal courts.
1727:
1402:
510:
was made to the constitution to allow the military courts to function for two more years. That provision of the amendment expired in
January 2019 and was not renewed.
300:
248:
291:
On 23 October 2023, the Court issued a unanimous decision striking down ongoing trials by military courts and, by a majority of 4-1, held that § 2(1)(d) of the
1149:
1520:
381:. The provisions were applied shortly thereafter to retired Brigadier F. B. Ali, who was handed a life sentence for attempting to overthrow prime minister
322:
On 13 December 2023, the new bench suspended the earlier ruling by a 5–1 majority, stating that the trials of civilians would continue in military courts.
299:
The judgment was challenged by federal and provincial caretaker governments before a larger bench, in the first appeal of its kind under the newly passed
1059:
400:; the decision would be used to justify the court-martial of civilians in subsequent cases, and formed the subject of extensive judicial discussion in
1857:
1008:
1416:
1919:
514:
746:
decried the way the resolution was "bulldozed" through the senate with only 12 of the 100 senators present when it was tabled. Chairman of Senate,
635:
161:
1295:
1266:
1377:
1241:
561:
712:
522:
754:
581:
770:
1804:
860:
599:
initially formed a 9-member larger bench to hear the case. However, upon the onset of proceedings on 23 June 2022, Justice
1086:
964:
569:
491:
1111:
727:
657:
126:
Trial of civilians by court martial are declared unconstitutional; all ongoing trials by military courts are set aside;
350:
and the imposition of city-wide martial law (the sentences were nullified when martial law was lifted the same year).
1543:
750:, prevented the tabling of a resolution in support of the verdict, stating that the matter has now become subjudice.
703:
and “of no legal effect”. The court also declared
Section 59(4) (civil offences) of the Act to be unconstitutional.
587:
This move was subsequently challenged by several petitioners as unconstitutional and formed the basis of the case.
495:
343:
271:
266:
The case concerned the constitutionality of military courts set up to try protestors accused of involvement in the
560:, protests spread across the country. In some instances protestors targeted military installations, including the
1215:
723:
282:
252:
49:
1914:
1189:
773:, under Lieutenant General (r) Anwar Ali Hyder. On 22 November 2023, the caretaker government of Punjab, under
716:
700:
656:, in one of his most well-known speeches (a famous dissent instantly recognizable), said that in England, even
577:
256:
223:
240:
89:
38:
761:, filed an intra-court petition against the verdict. Related appeals were filed by caretaker governments of
731:
696:
653:
378:
292:
206:
455:. Their death sentences were later commuted by Zia owing to a plea of clemency by Shabnam's own counsel,
965:"Letter to the Secretary of the Committee constituted under Section 2 of the Practice and Procedure Act"
766:
683:
370:
1595:
1469:"CHIEF JUSTICE TO HEAD NINE-MEMBER LARGER BENCH: SC takes up pleas against military court trials today"
891:"Lieutenant general among 3 sacked as part of army's self-accountability into May 9 incidents: DG ISPR"
1568:
498:, with the aim of dispensing speedy justice to terrorists. The move was enabled by the passage of the
1164:
557:
549:
347:
113:
580:
leaders and workers were arrested in response, of which 102 defendants had their cases shifted from
798:
790:
758:
604:
529:
412:
382:
316:
762:
735:
824:
On 13 December 2023, the bench suspended the earlier ruling in a 5–1 majority decision, with J.
385:(Ali had also been linked earlier to sparking unrest within the military during the fall of the
346:
in 1951, followed by select military tribunals trying religious leaders in the aftermath of the
1884:"May 9 riots: SC suspends verdict nullifying military trials of civilians pending final ruling"
1035:"May 9 riots: SC suspends verdict nullifying military trials of civilians pending final ruling"
695:
suspects to be conducted in ordinary courts. The court further declared
Section 2(1)(d) of the
311:
was controversial and deemed violative of the
Procedure Act by the head of the original bench,
1396:
818:
810:
802:
774:
612:
285:
1142:"PTI expels Farooq Bandial only hours after welcoming him following outrage on social media"
1060:"SC conditionally allows military courts to announce reserved verdicts on civilians' trials"
619:
596:
553:
513:
The courts were subject to widespread procedural criticism: trials were conducted under the
304:
490:
Military courts were again instituted by the Nawaz Sharif ministry in the aftermath of the
361:
825:
806:
639:
397:
365:
Court-martial of civilians was passed into law in 1967, during Ayub Khan's military regime
166:
691:
On 23 October 2023, the bench announced a unanimous verdict that called for the trial of
338:
Military courts commenced in independent
Pakistan to try mostly army officers accused of
1728:"Interim Pakistan government challenges ruling on trial of civilians in military courts"
794:
747:
661:
518:
327:
1858:"Ex-CJP objects to inclusion of Justice Tariq in bench hearing military court appeals"
1009:"Ex-CJP objects to inclusion of Justice Tariq in bench hearing military court appeals"
1908:
786:
739:
711:
The verdict was widely hailed by lawyers, civil rights activists, and legal experts.
642:. J. Bandial retired on 17 September 2023 while the hearing of the case was ongoing.
600:
533:
503:
312:
308:
260:
17:
814:
743:
678:
631:
627:
623:
467:
278:
156:
151:
146:
938:"'Restoring people's faith in courts': Experts hail SC verdict on military trials"
837:
692:
669:
456:
448:
319:, whose inclusion was objected to as he had opposed the same petitions earlier.
267:
1521:"Justice Faez Isa's note on civilians' military trials removed from SC website"
1350:
506:
of 2 years. In
January 2017, at the end of the originally stipulated period, a
396:, his appeal was dismissed in 1975 by a 5-member bench headed by chief justice
789:, fixed a 6-member bench on 12 December 2023. The bench consisted of Justices
565:
479:
471:
386:
274:
785:
In response to the intra-court appeals filed against, the new Chief
Justice,
699:, which elaborates on persons subject to the Act, to be in violation of the
405:
374:
1831:
982:
369:
The trial of civilians by court martial was formalised in 1967 during the
277:. The Supreme Court was petitioned in its original jurisdiction by lawyer
1832:"Military courts, SJC notices: Judge objects to constitution of benches"
983:"Military courts, SJC notices: Judge objects to constitution of benches"
528:
The Twenty-first amendment was challenged in May 2015 by senior lawyers
444:
339:
303:. Whereas the original bench had been formed by outgoing chief justice
1677:"Resolution in support of military courts remains bone of contention"
1625:"May 9 riots: SC declares military trials of civilians null and void"
1417:"Pakistan says 102 in military court over ex-PM Khan arrest violence"
665:
573:
452:
116:. A larger bench suspended the original verdict by a majority of 5-1.
1883:
1779:
1753:
1702:
1676:
1650:
1624:
1496:"SC seeks full record of May 9 arrests after Isa 'rises' from bench"
1495:
1444:"SC rejects plea seeking full court on military trials of civilians"
1443:
1034:
937:
916:
890:
1324:
288:; arguments before the Court proceeded from June to October 2023.
463:
360:
1780:"Intra-court appeal against SC order on trial by military courts"
668:
were engaged upon a titanic, globe-spanning struggle against the
377:, in the form of § 2(1)(d) and § 59(4) being incorporated in the
1544:"SC bench hearing pleas against military courts dissolved again"
1378:"Imran Khan arrest updates: Protests after ex-Pakistan PM held"
1242:"Committee against Torture examines initial report of Pakistan"
538:
District Bar Association (Rawalpindi) v. Federation of Pakistan
1351:"Imran Khan: Mass protests across Pakistan after ex-PM arrest"
205:
Yahya Afridi to the extent of striking down § 2(1)(d) of the
1325:"Six judges declare 21st Amendment, military courts illegal"
104:
Supreme Court of Pakistan (intra-court appeal; larger bench)
813:. The composition of the bench drew criticism from Justice
474:
in 1998, but they were struck down by the Supreme Court in
1754:"Punjab latest to challenge SC verdict on military courts"
307:, the formation of the appellate bench by his successor
1805:"Punjab govt moves SC against military trials verdict"
1165:"Military Courts – Performance, Review and Challenges"
618:
The final bench consisted of 6 judges; Chief Justice
415:
regime in 1978, after serving five years in prison.
470:following the assassination of provincial governor
222:Articles 8(3), 8(5), 10A, 175(3) and 184(3) of the
216:
201:
193:
185:
175:
139:
134:
120:
108:
100:
95:
85:
67:
55:
45:
31:
1651:"Senators demand review of military trial verdict"
917:"SC strikes down 'military justice' for civilians"
658:amid the clash of arms, the laws were not silent
650:
392:When Ali eventually moved the Supreme Court in
1119:The Pakistan Code, Ministry of Law and Justice
556:on 9 May 2023 from within the premises of the
423:The Ayub-era inclusions to the Army Act read:
1703:"More clamour in Senate over military courts"
8:
1596:"Detailed verdict in Jawwad S. Khawaja case"
1401:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
112:Ruling challenged by federal and provincial
60:Jawwad S. Khawaja v. Federation of Pakistan
1216:"Former CJ also challenges military courts"
855:
853:
462:Military tribunals were also instituted in
236:Jawwad S. Khawaja v. Federation of Pakistan
32:Jawwad S. Khawaja v. Federation of Pakistan
932:
930:
28:
1830:Sigamony, Terence J. (12 December 2023).
1190:"Aitzaz Ahsan challenges military courts"
981:Sigamony, Terence J. (12 December 2023).
677:Justice Munib's opening reference was to
476:Liaquat Hussain v. Federation of Pakistan
1169:Center for Research and Security Studies
228:§ 2(1)(d) of the Pakistan Army Act, 1952
849:
478:, a decision authored by Chief Justice
189:Munib Akhtar, joined by unanimous bench
62:Aitzaz Ahsan v. Federation of Pakistan
1394:
861:"Supplementary Cause List 324 of 2023"
315:. The new bench was headed by Justice
270:that ensued from the arrest of former
7:
1882:Bhatti, Haseeb (13 December 2023).
1856:Rashid, Sohail (12 December 2023).
1303:International Commission of Jurists
1274:International Commission of Jurists
1033:Bhatti, Haseeb (13 December 2023).
1007:Rashid, Sohail (12 December 2023).
963:ul-Ahsan, Ijaz (11 December 2023).
713:Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
523:International Commission of Jurists
1623:Bhatti, Haseeb (23 October 2023).
1542:Ijaz, Raja Mohsin (26 June 2023).
25:
1778:Iqbal, Nasir (21 November 2023).
1752:Iqbal, Nasir (25 November 2023).
1121:. 19 August 2023. pp. 12, 33
607:, in exiting from the courtroom.
1701:Wasim, Amir (18 November 2023).
1675:Wasim, Amir (21 November 2023).
1649:Wasim, Amir (14 November 2023).
1569:"CJP Bandial hangs up his robes"
1442:Bhatti, Haseeb (2 August 2023).
1296:"Military Injustice in Pakistan"
1267:"Military Injustice in Pakistan"
915:Iqbal, Nasir (24 October 2023).
301:Practice and Procedure Act, 2023
128:Brigadier F. B. Ali v. The State
37:
1920:Supreme Court of Pakistan cases
1140:Chaudhry, Fahad (31 May 2018).
777:, also challenged the verdict.
255:in which it was held that the
1:
1494:Iqbal, Nasir (23 June 2023).
1112:"THE PAKISTAN ARMY ACT, 1952"
722:On 14 November 2023, Senator
500:21st Constitutional Amendment
492:2014 Peshawar school massacre
243:(commonly referred to as the
197:Ayesha A. Malik, Yahya Afridi
970:. Supreme Court of Pakistan.
726:with the support of the pro-
1092:. Supreme Court of Pakistan
550:Imran Khan's violent arrest
1936:
1376:Najjar, Hafsa Adil,Farah.
1305:. January 2019. p. 11
496:Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan
447:and her husband, composer
344:Rawalpindi conspiracy case
1603:Supreme Court of Pakistan
1276:. January 2019. p. 3
889:Dawn.com (26 June 2023).
868:Supreme Court of Pakistan
753:On 18 November 2023, the
742:" on the Senate. Senator
283:chief justice of Pakistan
253:Supreme Court of Pakistan
221:
180:
125:
50:Supreme Court of Pakistan
36:
717:Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf
578:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
411:Ali was released by the
354:Ayub-era inclusions and
257:Constitution of Pakistan
732:Balochistan Awami Party
636:Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi
379:Pakistan Army Act, 1952
293:Pakistan Army Act, 1952
259:does not allow for the
207:Pakistan Army Act, 1952
162:Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi
73:; 10 months ago
684:Liversidge v. Anderson
674:
515:Judge Advocate General
486:Twenty-first amendment
394:F. B. Ali v. The State
366:
328:Justice Aminuddin Khan
781:Suspension of verdict
584:to military courts.
582:anti-terrorism courts
570:Corps Commander house
466:by the government of
371:military dictatorship
364:
114:caretaker governments
71:October 23, 2023
1087:"Concurring opinion"
755:caretaker government
562:General Headquarters
558:Islamabad High Court
348:Lahore riots of 1953
245:military courts case
18:Military courts case
1809:The Express Tribune
1575:. 16 September 2023
1573:The Express Tribune
1220:The Express Tribune
1194:The Express Tribune
799:Muhammad Ali Mazhar
791:Sardar Tariq Masood
576:. Several thousand
494:carried out by the
383:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
317:Sardar Tariq Masood
209:and distinguishing
1811:. 21 November 2023
763:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
404:over its value as
367:
109:Subsequent actions
1382:www.aljazeera.com
1085:Malik, Ayesha A.
944:. 24 October 2023
819:Jawwad S. Khawaja
811:Irfan Saadat Khan
803:Hasan Azhar Rizvi
759:Anwarul Haq Kakar
613:Jawwad S. Khawaja
591:Bench composition
508:further amendment
402:Jawwad S. Khawaja
286:Jawwad S. Khawaja
249:landmark decision
232:
231:
130:is distinguished.
16:(Redirected from
1927:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1152:on 12 June 2018.
1148:. Archived from
1146:Dawn (newspaper)
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
978:
972:
971:
969:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
934:
925:
924:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
865:
857:
771:defense ministry
687:
620:Umar Ata Bandial
597:Umar Ata Bandial
552:by paramilitary
419:Legal provisions
305:Umar Ata Bandial
135:Court membership
81:
79:
74:
41:
29:
21:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1915:Military courts
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1594:Akhtar, Munib.
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1331:. 6 August 2015
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1066:. 28 March 2024
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
980:
979:
975:
967:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
936:
935:
928:
914:
913:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
863:
859:
858:
851:
846:
834:
826:Musarrat Hilali
807:Musarrat Hilali
783:
769:as well as the
709:
689:
681:-era precedent
676:
648:
640:Ayesha A. Malik
622:, and Justices
593:
546:
502:in 2015 with a
488:
421:
398:Hamoodur Rahman
359:
336:
263:of civilians.
241:PLD 2024 SC 337
227:
171:
167:Ayesha A. Malik
90:PLD 2024 SC 337
77:
75:
72:
61:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
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268:May 9 riots
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1013:Samaa News
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334:History
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