1656:
709:. Open to black South Africans, there was large scale opposition from many sections of South African society, including black opposition itself. Although paid around 10% more a month than average labourers, sections of the black population feared that the man's absence might make it easier for his family to be evicted at home. Meanwhile, white society feared the loss of cheap labour and the effect that exposure to Europe and liberal ideas politics would have on the attitudes of the black population once they to South Africa returned. Nevertheless, the SANLC went on to recruit 25,000 men, with 21,000 being transported for duties in France.rance.
619:
1404:
743:
462:
782:, a famous Boer military commander, was shot and killed after his car failed to stop at a police checkpoint. A further military coup took place a month later after a military force, led by Manie Maritz, refused to advance his column into German South-West Africa, leaving the second column dangerously exposed. After disarming loyalist soldiers, Maritz declared South Africa to be independent and opened communications the Germans.
1541:
872:
638:, which was made up of a Permanent Force of career soldiers, an Active Citizen Force of conscripts and volunteers, as well as a Cadet force. It was not considered financially or practically realistic at this time for South Africa to undertake naval responsibility as well, and continued to rely on the
1702:
The assistance that South Africa gave the
British Empire was significant. Two German African colonies were occupied, either by South Africa alone or with significant South African assistance. Manpower, from all races, helped Allied operations not just on the Western Front and Africa, but also in the
1679:
of military age served during the war. More than 146,000 whites, 83,000 black
Africans and 2,500 Coloureds and Asians served in either German South-West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. Suffering roughly 19,000 casualties, over 7,000 South Africans were killed
1426:
Soon after the outbreak of war, the need for airpower in
Southern Africa became acute after German reconnaissance aircraft were routinely spotted, and advancing South African columns in German South-West Africa attacked by hostile aircraft. On 29 January 1915, the South African Aviation Corp at long
982:
South Africa committed over 70,000 men to the campaign - 45,000 Whites and 33,000 African, Coloured, and Indian, armed volunteers that worked as general labour, drivers, and railway workers. Despite South
African racial regulation, a Coloured armed scout detachment was formed by those familiar with
809:
Over 1,000 people were killed or wounded during the rebellion, however, Prime
Minister Botha encouraged national reconciliation and often showed mercy. Of the 239 rebels that faced trial, only around 50 remained in prison by the end of 1915. Van Rensburg received an 18-month sentence, Kemp served a
658:
were allowed to be armed and serve in combat roles due to fears that a multi-racial army would undermine racial separation in wider South
African society at home. In peacetime all white males aged between 17 and 25 were eligible for compulsory military service, although only around half were chosen
666:
At the outbreak of the First World War, the Union
Defence Force of South Africa consisted of the small, but professional, Permanent Force of 2,500 South African Mounted Riflemen in five regiments with artillery sections, alongside an Active Citizen Force of nearly 23,000 conscripts and volunteers.
503:
to negotiate with the strikers directly, and although Smuts despised the agreement that stated workers grievances would be investigated and those dismissed would be reinstated, he eventually signed after being informed that government troops were beginning to lose control. Later in 1913, the South
1040:
was established in July 1915. Formed with volunteers from the UDF, the SAOEF instead had the status of
Imperial troops under British command, rather than as independent South African units. As there was no formal link between the UDF and the SAOEF, South African forces deployed overseas were not
559:
as an organisation that could defend and advance black rights and freedoms on a national scale. As the first western-styled
African political organisation, the founding members, who themselves were members of the elite and saw themselves as gentlemen, almost exclusively undertook legal campaigns
494:
in July 1913 deployed troops to quell a strike of over 18,000 white workers. After requesting Police, Mounted
Riflemen, and even British garrison forces, the strike escalated into a wider industrial riot and then a quasi-uprising against the Government. With increased violence and deaths being
489:
within the Empire, and was generally supported by moderates from both ethnicities (Afrikaner and English speakers). In the immediate years before the First World War, South Africa routinely used force to suppress both black and white labour unrest, particularly in the economically vital mining
785:
By late October, over 12,000 armed Boer rebels had been recruited and had gone on to occupy local towns, launching uncoordinated attacks on trains. Rejecting outside British or Imperial assistance, Botha decided to confront the rebellion with his own force of 32,000 loyalists, who were mostly
499:, martial law was declared after public property was destroyed and troops responded with live fire. More than 20 people were killed and fears were so great that it was thought that Johannesburg, and critical mining infrastructure, would be completely destroyed. Botha and Smuts hurried from
275:
The declaration of war was met with a wide variety of public opinion. Predominantly, English-speaking whites of typically of British descent were largely enthusiastic and strongly backed the mother country, volunteering in their tens of thousands. A minority of pro-republican
2154:
Nohlen, Professor of Political Science Dieter; Nohlen, Dieter; Krennerich, Michael; Krennerich, Research Associate Institute for Political Science Michael; Thibaut, Bernard; Thibaut, Research Associate Institute for Political Science Berhard (22 July 1999).
449:. It was soon agreed with London that South Africa was able to adequately defend herself, and that British garrison forces could be withdrawn to fight in Europe. Further discussions acknowledged that South Africa would be well placed to mount an invasion of
930:
Despite German Colonial Forces offering terms of surrender after Windhoek fell, Botha rejected these calls and continued the offensive after dividing his force into four sections under Brits, Lukin, Manie Botha, and Myburgh. Brits marched north to the
571:, as well as sympathetic newspapers, proposed that black Africans could volunteer to fight for South Africa in exchange for an improvement in civil rights. Denied permission to carry weapons, the SANNC supported the creation of the unarmed
599:
establishment had hoped that enthusiastic and genuine support for the war would be an opportunity to gain equal status, they were to be left bitterly disappointed as they went unrewarded and civil rights continued to be denied after the
1376:
A Demobilisation Board and over 50 'Returned Soldiers Committees' were established to help reintegrate white servicemen back into civilian life. Many returned to jobs that had been reserved by their employers, whilst others joined the
272:(1899-1902) had not healed the deep and traumatic ethnic divisions between English-speakers and Afrikaners, whilst non-white racial groups increasingly found legalised discrimination being used against them for the benefit of whites.
902:
As the home front became more secure, South African forces began to occupy German South-West Africa from March 1915. Prime Minister Botha personally took command of the northern invasion force that had landed at the coastal town of
1711:. South Africa's ports and infrastructure on the Home Front were a crucial strategic asset for war on a global scale. Providing important rest and refuelling stations, the Royal Navy could ensure vital sea lane connections to the
822:. English-speaking whites considered the sentences scandalous and far too lenient. Black leaders of emerging political organisations noticed the double standard in comparison to the harsh justice handed to the rebels of the
523:
during the First World War, as well the perception that Afrikaner culture was being neglected and should develop separately from English-speakers. They were influenced by recent memories of the Second Boer War, in which the
2788:
Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the circumstances leading up to and attending upon the deaths of Senator General the Honourable J.H. de la Rey and Dr. G. Grace : report of the commissioner, the Hon. Mr. Justice
642:
for protection. Although the UDF had been intended to blend British and Boer military traditions together, the reality saw the organisation draw heavily on British tradition and alienated Afrikaners by favouring the
328:
978:
on 26 May after two days fighting. German forces retreated north seeking support from Windhoek, unknown the settlement had fallen. When meeting General Botha after their arrival instead, they duly surrendered.
512:. When another general strike occurred the following year in January 1914, Smuts, who was determined not to concede again, crushed the walkout with over 10,000 troops, with the use machine guns and artillery.
2619:
A century of postgraduate Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) studies : masters' and doctoral studies completed at universities in South Africa, in English-speaking countries and on the European continent,
284:
against the Government in an attempt to establish an independent South Africa outside of the British Empire. Black South Africans were largely apathetic to the declaration of war. Although barred by
1009:
to administer the colony until ready for self-government. Despite this, South-West Africa became a de facto 'fifth province', as well as having representation in the South African Parliament, until
986:
German Colonial Forces, although believed by Botha to be much larger than officially claimed, had a mixture of 3,000 mounted European infantry, and a reserve of over 3,000 volunteers supported by
659:
for call up by the use of a lottery system. Compulsory cadet training was organised for white males between the ages of 13 and 17, and a General Reserve of local rifle associations and former
1431:
aircraft. Issues over the use of wooden aircraft from Britain and the USA had dictated the need to buy French due to the concerns of wooden planes in the hot dry climate of Southern Africa.
227:
1453:
Soon after the South West African campaign had ended, an independent squadron of mixed British and South African pilots was stood up and deployed to support operations in East Africa.
1438:(then a South African enclave in German South-West Africa), and recruitment expanded to 75 prospective pilots. By the end of June the SAAC possessed six Henri Farman's and two British
4015:
1681:
826:
in 1906. Afrikaner nationalists continued to celebrate the rebels well into the 20th Century, and in August 1915, 7,000 Afrikaner women marched in Pretoria to demand total amnesty.
268:
in Southern Africa had occurred just four years earlier, and South Africa did yet not possess a singular national identity nor united population. The years of peace following the
262:, South Africa, whilst having significant levels of self-autonomy, did not have the legal power to exercise an independent foreign policy and was tied to the British declaration.
1560:: defending port approaches, deterring German surface raiders, and engaging in local mine clearance - particularly in response to the operations of the highly successful raider
300:, the forerunner of the African National Congress, publicly announced the cessation of law action against the government, pledging complete national support for the war effort.
92:
883:
which caused a serious disruption within South Africa, German forces undertook a pre-emptive invasion alongside Boer rebels. In December 1914 a German offensive crossed the
634:
placed a high priority on establishing a unified military force that would be responsible for national defence. The Defence Act (No. 13) of 1912 saw the creation of the
1587:
A total of 412 South Africans served in the RNVR (SA) during the war, with 164 members volunteering for the Royal Navy directly. Many would see service in British and
667:
Due to the perceived political sensitivity within South Africa regarding Afrikaner loyalty to the Empire, enforced conscription would never be enacted during the war.
303:
Between 1914 and 1918, over 250,000 South Africans of all races, from a population of 6 million, volunteered to serve the Allied cause. Thousands more enlisted in the
1663:
With a population of roughly 6 million, between 1914 and 1918 over 250,000 South Africans of all races voluntarily served their country. Thousands more served in the
891:. After numerous disagreements between German and Boer commanders, a badly coordinated attack at Upington in January 1915 was repulsed by South African forces under
1146:, commanded the operations. Their major battles were: Salaita Hill, Kilimanjaro, and Kondoa-Irangi in 1916; and Behobeho, Narungombe, and Nyangao in 1917. Captain
840:
On 7 August 1914, three days after the declaration of war, Britain requested that South African troops capture the three German wireless communication stations at
705:
In 1916, the Government responded to British requests for manual workers to help operate French infrastructure due to a severe labour shortage by establishing the
2140:
220:
1389:
Due to South African racial policies, employment support and official gratitude was never given to the Coloured, Black and Indian racial groups that had served.
868:
on 26 September 1914, with German troops inflicting heavy casualties on the advancing South Africans, however, later allowing survivors to escape without harm.
1537:
During the First World War, South Africa could offer a limited, but strategically important, naval contribution despite not operating any vessels of its own.
3336:
2536:
1378:
735:, or the Boer Revolt, around 12,000 Afrikaners undertook an armed insurrection against the South African Government in October 1914 after refusing to invade
352:
251:
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coast, as well as denying a base where German land forces could conduct cross border raids into neighbouring British or Allied colonies. After a disastrous
1855:
1320:
1228:
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670:
As the war progressed and casualties mounted, in September 1915 the Government changed slightly from its strict racial principals and decided to raise
2023:
Ian van der Waag (2012) "All splendid, but horrible: The Politics of South Africa's Second "Little Bit" and the War on the Western Front, 1915-1918",
935:
which cut German interior forces from access to coastal regions, while the other three sections marched northeast roughly following the Swakopmund to
213:
22:
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From April 1916 until the war in Europe ended on 11 November 1918, South Africa fought alongside other Imperial and Allied nations at battles of the
2933:
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2405:
Defence act no. 13 of 1912 (As amended by act 43 of 1917 and act 22 of 1922): Defence act amendment act No. 22 of 1922, as amended by act 35 of 1923
1419:
at Alexandersfontein, near Kimberley, to train pilots for the proposed South African Aviation Corps (SAAC). South Africa's first military pilot was
1363:
units which had provided their initial manpower, the SAOEF's war record, including its many honours, was not perpetuated by the UDF (except for the
2486:
2156:
394:
that the war offered an opportunity for territorial expansion, and that South Africa could possibly incorporate the small neighbouring colonies of
1617:
384:
1473:. The independent squadron flew close reconnaissance and observer missions throughout the campaign until February 1918 when it was withdrawn to
437:
Although Britain refused to cede colonies to South Africa, and was equally reluctant to discuss any post-war territorial claims, Prime Minister
1655:
1398:
132:
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3320:
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3214:
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998:. Germany suffered over 1,000 casualties, with 103 killed. Around 4,000 soldiers surrendered, along with 37 field and 22 machine guns.
320:
200:
144:
1628:
were equally important to the war effort. As rest stops, refuelling stations, and offering repair facilities, the Imperial sea lanes to the
4020:
682:
was so overwhelmed with applicants that it later required police assistance to control the crowd. Recruiting stations were later opened in
112:
1594:
In conjunction with limited manpower contributions, South Africa offered to the Allies the crucial strategic position of controlling the
2884:
Vaalrivier die broederstroom, of, Die uiteinde van generaal C.F. Beyers / deur S.P.E. Boshoff ; met portrette, plate en prente, ens
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being mostly open desert and absent of water, this difficult terrain allowed the German colonial forces, numbering around 3,000 regular
802:. By December 1914, the rebellion had been effectively crushed within South Africa. Kemp and several hundred rebels had fled across the
728:
537:
478:
190:
3032:
1488:
directly. Over 3,000 men flew with the RFC in Europe, suffering 260 active-duty fatalities. Forty-six pilots became fighter aces, with
67:
3337:"South African Invasion of German South-West Africa (Union of South Africa) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
2537:"South African Troops in Europe and the Middle East (Union of South Africa) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
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the terrain. During the course of the campaign, South Africa lost 113 men with 263 wounded. Another 153 died of disease or accidents.
635:
613:
167:
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outside of South Africa and its immediate surrounding territories. In order to support the war effort on a wider scale, the separate
296:
would be rewarded, and that political and economic freedoms would be granted once the war had been won by a grateful government. The
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waters, whilst others participated in the support of the land campaigns of South West Africa and East Africa against German forces.
1303:. Occupying front-line trenches throughout May, and then later in reserve, the Brigade reportedly gained a reputation for imitating
706:
572:
2803:
794:, 5,000 rebels under de Wet were encircled and later surrendered on 12 November. Shortly after, loyalist forces routed Beyers at
248:
97:
30:
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and 7,000 militia to deploy defensively along probable lines of attack. The first invasion attempt of the colony failed at the
304:
195:
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1856:"Pre-war Military Planning and War Aims (Union of South Africa)Pre-war Military Planning and War Aims (Union of South Africa)"
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year and nine months out of seven years, and de Wet served six months of his six-year sentence. Maritz had initially fled to
576:
3750:
2088:
1450:
in South West Africa, the SAAC flew reconnaissance, leaflet dropping and improvised bombing missions against German forces.
731:
still fresh, there was a significant level of opposition against the declaration of war in support of Britain. Known as the
3458:"'Stumbling on Civvy Street': The re-adjustment of white South African war veterans to life in post-war society, 1918-1928"
596:
545:
533:
1503:, which had a Royal Air Force detachment (previously the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service), disembarked at
1138:(now Tanzania) from January 1916 until the war in Africa ended on 25 November 1918. Two South African generals, Lt. Gen.
908:
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had ended just twelve years previously in 1902, and with the memories of the suffering experienced by some Afrikaners in
1739:
1458:
1439:
1336:
1143:
892:
787:
149:
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1224:
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564:(which banned Africans from purchasing land outside the reserves) and declared nationwide support for the war effort.
324:
172:
2653:"Women and Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online"
943:, the sections moved extremely swiftly despite the harsh landscape conditions. German forces had made a stand at the
288:
from being allowed to carry weapons, many still joined the National Labour Service, with thousands being deployed to
622:
Troops of the 4th South African Regiment (South African Scottish) during a rest period at Blangy, France. 3 May 1917
485:, the SAP pursued a reconciliatory relationship with Britain, was favourable to South Africa being a self-governing
3085:"'A boer and his gun and his wife are three things always together': republican masculinity and the 1914 rebellion"
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be occupied, the territory could be used in negotiations with the Portuguese in exchange for the southern half of
3699:
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1500:
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The SAOEF units and formations were disbanded in 1919. As there were no formal links between SAOEF units and the
1254:
1006:
583:, had organised over 10,000 potential volunteers as early as December 1914. In 1918 the SANNC sent a petition to
552:
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297:
1544:
Map showing the course of SMS Wolf, a German armed merchant raider that took the war to the South African coast.
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as non-combatants. Whilst some saw it as a purely 'white man's war', others were convinced that loyalty to the
102:
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2934:"Afrikaner (Boer) Rebellion (Union of South Africa) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
2804:"Afrikaner (Boer) Rebellion (Union of South Africa) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
2260:"The United States and South Africa: History, Civil Rights and the Legal and Cultural Vulnerability of Blacks"
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The South African Navy and its Predecessors, 1910–2010: A Century of Interaction with Commonwealth Navies"
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335:. Two events have since become part of the nation's consciousness, and are still commemorated today - the
2960:"The doctor and the rebels--the diary of Charles Molteno Murray, recorded during the 1914 Boer rebellion"
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62:
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2322:
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766:, including many other senior military officers had resigned their commissions and gathered around the '
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was generally expected to undertake non-combatant roles such as transport, pioneers, and guard details.
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against racial discrimination. In August 1914, the SANNC temporarily suspended its campaign against the
470:
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285:
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Black valour : the South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916-1918, and the sinking of the Mendi
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and East Africa, thousands of South Africans travelled to Britain and volunteered for service with the
1265:
in 1918. Two events of the campaign are still commemorated today and are a symbol of remembrance - the
1212:
1208:
954:
During these actions, General Smuts had landed with another South African force at the coastal town of
806:, riding over 800 miles, into German territory where they were warmly welcomed and joined with Maritz.
1001:
Although South Africa had desired to incorporate the territory into the Union officially, in 1919 the
461:
3279:
The horns of the beast : the Swakop River Campaign and World War I in South-West Africa, 1914-15
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Andrew Beauchamp-Proctor VC, South Africa's highest-scoring fighter ace during the First World War
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Dorning, Major W.A. (1987). "A concise history of the South African Defence Force (1912-1987)".
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men wishing to serve. Open from 25 October 1915, the first recruitment station at City Hall in
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2234:"Early Resistance, the 1913 Land Act and deputations to London | South African History Online"
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South African military officers pose with German flag at governor's residence, Windhoek - 1915
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International law from below : development, social movements, and Third World resistance
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With the conclusion of hostilities in 1918, members of the RNVR(SA) were demobilised and all
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3527:"South African Military History Society - Journal - THE SOUTH AFRICAN AVIATION CORPS (SAAC)"
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1915:"Samson, A. (2013). World War I in Africa: The Forgotten Conflict Among the European Powers"
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on 4 August 1914, South Africa consequently was part of the conflict due to her status as a
311:. More than 146,000 Whites, 83,000 Blacks, and 2,500 Coloureds and Indians fought in either
281:
3964:"War and Gold-The Bank of England, the London Gold Market and South Africa's Gold, 1914-19"
2184:"'The sacred tie': Sir Thomas Smartt, the Unionist Party and the British Empire, 1912–1920"
1738:, at prices set by the Treasury. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food from the
895:. A supporting German offensive was later halted and pushed back on 4 February 1915 at the
544:
for the rest of the war, relying on parliamentary support from the pro-British Natal based
3592:
Urgent imperial service : South African forces in German South West Africa, 1914-1915
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Urgent imperial service : South African forces in German South West Africa, 1914-1915
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The East African Campaign was a series of battles and guerrilla actions which occurred in
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South African Overseas Expeditionary Force § German East Africa campaign (1916–1918)
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1620:" from where German trade could be intercepted and commerce raiders attacked. Similarly,
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highlighting black contributions to the war effort and requesting equality. Although the
3100:
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to name a few, all with similar levels of high interest by the Coloured population. The
3948:
Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920
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1862:. Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer.
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2462:"About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
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South African Overseas Expeditionary Force § Western Front campaign (1916–1918)
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on 20 May, Smuts was met by two other South African columns that had pushed up from
453:, particularly to seize key naval installations and wireless communication centres.
3892:"The Long Haul: The Evolution and Development of an Independent South African Navy"
3858:"The Long Haul: The Evolution and Development of an Independent South African Navy"
3804:
German raiders : a history of auxiliary cruisers of the German Navy, 1895-1945
2694:
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requisitioned South African ships were promptly returned to their civilian owners.
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being the British Empire's fourth most successful ace with 54 confirmed victories.
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last became operational and was initially equipped with twelve steel-framed French
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parliamentary seats available in the 1910 election. Led by the former Boer veteran
240:
3499:"How the First World War rewarded white South Africans, but not black compatriots"
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1960:
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They fought for King and Kaiser : South Africans in German East Africa, 1916
2424:"A Springbok on the Somme: Joe Samuels, a South African Veteran of the Great War"
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1889:"Union of South Africa | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
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South African Overseas Expeditionary Force § Palestine campaign (1917–1918)
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2512:"The Cape Coloured Corps and the First World War | South African History Online"
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1457:(also known as 'The South African Squadron"), had eight aircraft of an F-27 and
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from August 1917 until the end of the war in November 1918. They fought in the
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532:, another Boer veteran and former Minister of Justice under Botha, formed the
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395:
277:
57:
3987:
3526:
3483:
3442:
3224:
3116:
2975:
2724:
2702:
2638:
2586:
2439:
2126:
2010:
1938:
1815:
1726:, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. At the start of the war,
1688:
for gallantry, the Empire's highest and most prestigious military medal. The
3685:
3650:
3610:
3575:
3407:
3259:
3189:
3154:
3084:
3018:
2919:
2771:
2368:
1986:
1961:"The Imperial Strategist - South African Military History Society - Journal"
1780:
1621:
1581:
1474:
1139:
987:
920:
679:
671:
651:
631:
588:
580:
491:
442:
411:
368:
293:
3822:
3277:
2983:
2959:
1556:
manned a small number of converted whalers and trawlers that patrolled the
3422:
3204:
2792:. University of California Libraries. Cape Town : Cape Times Limited.
2617:
2106:
1867:
1795:
575:
as a way to participate in the war and serve South Africa. Similarly, the
3665:
3630:
3590:
3555:
3387:
3239:
3169:
3134:
2998:
2899:
2751:
2348:
1760:
1693:
1567:
in 1917. The heaviest loss of life caused by Wolf was the sinking of the
1504:
1423:
who qualified on 2 June 1914, with four others following him days later.
1385:, and some became part of the radical mineworkers' movement that led the
1299:
was deployed to France in mid-April 1916 in anticipation of the upcoming
1270:
1135:
924:
888:
841:
818:, a rebel who had not resigned his military commission, was executed for
584:
500:
486:
403:
356:
340:
255:
3802:
2964:
South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde
2447:
2423:
1730:
officials in London worked with South Africa to block gold shipments to
1168:
South African Overseas Expeditionary Force § Egypt campaign (1916)
871:
3995:
3963:
1470:
1447:
916:
819:
791:
551:
In 1912, the South African Native National Congress, later renamed the
3703:
3474:
2710:
2678:
2594:
2562:
2283:
2259:
1584:
on 26 May 1917, with 134 passengers and crew killed and 25 survivors.
1625:
1103:, South Africa was requested by Britain to lead the campaign, defeat
936:
568:
431:
376:
289:
280:, outraged by British influence over South Africa affairs, staged an
2323:"African People's Organisation (APO) | South African History Online"
1041:
entitled to retain regimental colours awarded to them after battle.
2275:
327:. Over 7,000 South Africans were killed, and 12,000 wounded, with
1654:
1568:
1402:
1242:
1204:
767:
741:
460:
3925:"South African forces in the British Army – The Long, Long Trail"
3632:
On Wings of Eagles : South African military aviation history
3241:
The European powers in the First World War : an encyclopedia
3059:"Chief Bhambatha kaMancinza Zondi | South African History Online"
899:, a skirmish for control of two crossings over the Orange River.
465:
Prime Minister Louis Botha and Jan Smuts in British Uniform, 1917
410:
similarly proved a tempting aspiration. Defence Minister General
1659:
Delville Wood South African National Memorial, Longueval, France
1188:
from the west and encourage mass insurrection in support of the
2298:"The formation of the SANNC/ANC | South African History Online"
3951:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London H.M. Stationery Off.
3282:. Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion & Company Ltd.
2487:"South Africa-Early Development of the South African Military"
1987:"The Outbreak of the First World War and the Botha Government"
3462:
Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies
2038:"The 1913 Mineworkers' Strike | South African History Online"
1680:
and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the course of the war.
1495:
Between 1918 and 1920, South African pilots took part in the
519:
increasingly resented the support that South Africa gave the
422:. Such an agreement would allow the industrial region of the
1032:
The Union Defence Act of 1914 forbade the deployment of the
814:
before returning to South Africa to serve three years. Only
445:
quickly became trusted and energetic members of the British
266:
Union between the British colonies and former Boer republics
3635:. Durban: Walker-Ramus Trading Co. South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
2756:. Laubscher, Lappe. (1. uitg ed.). : Protea Boekhuis.
3424:
A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1974-1990
1515:, and had a number of other South African pilots such as
1480:
Although the SAAC and the No. 26 Squadron was engaged in
1203:
was deployed in British operations against the Sanusi in
798:
where he himself drowned after trying to escape over the
379:, did not have the legal right to exercise an autonomous
2623:(1st ed.). Bloemfontein, South Africa: Sun Press.
2563:"The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916-1918"
1134:
fought in Imperial operations against German forces in
923:. On 5 May 1915 Botha occupied the colonial capital of
504:
African Mounted Rifles were again deployed to persuade
473:, the first South African government was formed by the
3209:. Olivier, Sandra. (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Struik.
2111:. William H. Worger (Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon.
1616:
in the Cape was the principal operating base for the "
1337:
British operations against Turkish forces in Palestine
1699:
being the greatest single incidents of loss of life.
528:
fought against Britain to retain their independence.
3362:"South-West African campaign | National Army Museum"
426:
to utilise the more immediate and adjacent ports of
1797:
1914-1918 : the history of the First World War
367:, South Africa, along with other dominions such as
2108:South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid
1718:Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of
1038:South African Overseas Expeditionary Force (SAOEF)
2904:(1ste uitg ed.). Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis.
2209:"African National Congress | History & Facts"
1800:. Stevenson, D. (David), 1954-. London: Penguin.
1618:Cape of Good Hope Station and West Africa Station
1446:pilots. From their first operational airfield at
3171:Great river : the story of the Orange River
970:. After marching along the railway line towards
3392:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
1765:. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
830:German South-West Africa Campaign (1914 - 1915)
4016:South African recipients of the Victoria Cross
2887:(in Afrikaans). Bloemfontein : Volksblad.
1667:directly, with over 3,000 joining the British
457:South African politics and African nationalism
307:directly, with over 3,000 joining the British
3780:National Museum of the Royal New Zealand Navy
3521:
3519:
2901:Generaal J.C.G. Kemp en die epiese woestyntog
1461:combination transported and later flown to a
1434:Airfield construction was soon undertaken at
1207:from January to March 1916. It fought in the
221:
8:
2879:Boshoff, S. P. E. (Stephanus Petrus Erasmus)
1715:and the Empire in the Far East stayed open.
1288:- the Empire's highest medal for gallantry.
579:, which was also founded in 1912 to promote
390:It was seen by South African Prime Minister
3000:The Afrikaners : biography of a people
2829:"Christiaan Rudolf de Wet | Boer statesman"
856:so as to isolate Germany further. With the
3427:. New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers.
2729:Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 - 1929)
2139:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1830:"Commonwealth | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
1734:and force mine owners to sell only to the
1651:South African contributions and casualties
1367:battle honours, which were allowed to the
1023:South African Overseas Expeditionary Force
1017:South African Overseas Expeditionary Force
228:
214:
17:
3807:. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press.
3473:
3033:"IOL: SA to mark historic Zulu rebellion"
2386:South African Journal of Military Studies
947:on 1 July, however, later surrendered at
887:and threatened the South African town of
707:South African Native Labour Corps (SANLC)
508:into calling off an Indian led strike in
2854:"C.F. Beyers | South African politician"
1539:
1307:war songs and dances when at the front.
870:
650:Due to South Africa's attitudes towards
617:
1751:
1099:amphibious landing in November 1914 at
1045:German East Africa Campaign (1916-1918)
567:A SANNC delegation that was already in
254:in August 1914. Due to her status as a
181:
158:
111:
38:
29:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3549:
3547:
2132:
2100:
2098:
2089:"World War I in South Africa's Memory"
1399:History of the South African Air Force
363:. Although with significant levels of
298:South African Native National Congress
3890:du Toit, Allan (Summer–Autumn 2014).
3865:The Northern Mariner/Le Marin du Nord
3560:. Rivonia: Ashanti Pub. p. 273.
3271:
3269:
3128:
3126:
2417:
2415:
2380:
2378:
1164:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
958:and advanced inland. After capturing
7:
3856:du Toit, Allan (July–October 2014).
3174:. Natal : Drakensberg Publications.
3139:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
2158:Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1499:in Eastern Europe. In June 1918 the
1477:and later disbanded on 8 July 1918.
919:, Friedrichsfelde, Wilhelmsthal and
907:on 11 February. Advancing along the
577:African Political Organisation (APO)
3968:Journal of Southern African Studies
3089:Journal of Southern African Studies
2679:"The South African Rebellion, 1914"
1393:South African Aviation Corps (SAAC)
1269:, and the sinking of the troopship
1063:, before spreading to areas within
1051:East African campaign (World War I)
3945:Great Britain. War Office (1922).
3751:"World War I Aces of South Africa"
3456:Delport, Anri (12 December 2016).
1671:and over 100 volunteering for the
1351:1918, Sharon, and Nablus in 1918.
1297:South African 1st Infantry Brigade
1219:Western Front Campaign (1916–1918)
746:Flag of the Maritz Rebellion, 1914
614:Union Defence Force (South Africa)
515:By the end of 1914, disillusioned
353:declaration of war against Germany
14:
3497:Plaut, Martin (5 November 2018).
3386:Rajagopal, Balakrishnan. (2003).
3341:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
3083:Swart, Sandra (1 December 1998).
2938:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
2808:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
2541:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
1913:Killingray, David (3 July 2014).
1893:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
1501:North Russian Expeditionary Force
1107:, and occupy German East Africa.
573:South African Native Labour Corps
339:and the sinking of the troopship
2753:Die ware generaal Koos de la Rey
1991:South African Historical Journal
1985:Spies, S. B. (1 November 1969).
1675:. It is likely that near 50% of
1381:in Russia that was fighting the
974:, Smuts captured the village of
750:Nationalist republicans such as
490:industry. As Minister of Mines,
247:occurred automatically when the
3726:"World War I Aces by Victories"
3702:. 18 March 2012. Archived from
2408:. Cape Times Limite, Cape Town.
2063:"South Africa in World War One"
2027:, volume 40, number 3, pp71–108
1511:was commanded by South African
1370:SA Cape Corps Service Battalion
1105:General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
1083:. Britain was keen to deny the
469:After the establishment of the
3035:. 12 July 2006. Archived from
2731:. 17 September 1914. p. 7
2567:The Journal of African History
2350:Africa and the First World War
1794:Stevenson, D. (David) (2005).
1284:, would also go on to win the
1276:. Two South Africans, Private
911:, the northern force captured
786:Afrikaners themselves. In the
540:, forcing the SAP to become a
414:even mooted plans that should
1:
3670:. Johannesburg: Ashanti Pub.
3664:Brown, James Ambrose (1991).
3238:Tucker, Spencer, ed. (1996).
2898:Van Schoor, M. C. E. (2006).
2683:The English Historical Review
2347:Page, Melvin E., ed. (1987).
2182:Mouton, F.A (November 2012).
1742:and other neutral countries.
1180:, who held lands in formerly
536:which gained 20 seats in the
3801:Schmalenbach, Paul. (1979).
2958:Murray, R. (December 2000).
2695:10.1093/ehr/LXXVIII.CCCVI.73
2677:Davenport, T. R. H. (1963).
1931:10.1080/09592296.2014.936216
1176:persuaded the Grand Senussi
939:railway line. Led by former
4021:South Africa in World War I
2161:. Oxford University Press.
1225:Western Front (World War I)
1172:In the summer of 1915, the
1148:William Anderson Bloomfield
858:South African-German border
729:British concentration camps
626:After the formation of the
173:South African Defence Force
4037:
3776:"SMS Wolf - German Raider"
3421:James, W. Martin. (2011).
2997:Giliomee, Hermann (2003).
2750:de la Rey, Hennie (1998).
1919:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1854:Katz, David Brock (2015).
1834:thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
1530:
1396:
1379:Allied Expeditionary Force
1314:
1222:
1161:
1048:
1020:
909:Swakop valley railway line
836:South West Africa campaign
833:
716:
611:
385:that of the United Kingdom
3980:10.1080/03057079108708276
3899:Canadian Military History
3276:Stejskal, James. (2014).
3244:. New York: Garland Pub.
3203:Olivier, Willie. (2005).
3109:10.1080/03057079808708599
2579:10.1017/S0021853700015954
2258:Cornwell, JoAnne (1986).
2003:10.1080/02582476908671465
1965:www.samilitaryhistory.org
1759:Clothier, Norman (1987).
1311:Palestine Campaign (1918)
636:Union Defence Force (UDF)
553:African National Congress
475:South African Party (SAP)
432:Lourenco Marques (Maputo)
3595:. Rivonia: Ashanti Pub.
3315:. Kessinger Publishing.
2616:Wessels, André. (2010).
2105:Clark, Nancy L. (2016).
1580:which struck a mine off
1490:Andrew Beauchamp-Proctor
1482:German South West Africa
1291:Attached to the British
1278:William Frederick Faulds
1124:3rd SA Infantry Brigades
879:As a consequence of the
854:German South-West Africa
737:German South-West Africa
451:German South-West Africa
408:German South-West Africa
313:German South West Africa
243:'s participation in the
3700:"Sqn Histories 26-30_P"
3589:L'Ange, Gerald (1991).
3554:L'Ange, Gerald (1991).
3311:Crafford, F.S (2005) .
3206:Touring in South Africa
3168:Willcox, A. R. (1986).
3133:Strachan, Hew. (2001).
2858:Encyclopedia Britannica
2833:Encyclopedia Britannica
2725:"Boer General Resigned"
2213:Encyclopedia Britannica
1692:and the sinking of the
1690:Battle of Delville Wood
1614:Simon's Town Naval Base
1442:along with three extra
1387:Rand Rebellion in 1922.
1347:in 1917; and Tel Asur,
1317:Battle of Nablus (1918)
1293:9th (Scottish) Division
1267:Battle of Delville Wood
1201:1st SA Infantry Brigade
1116:2nd SA Mounted Brigades
400:Bechuanaland (Botswana)
337:Battle of Delville Wood
252:declared war on Germany
3962:Ally, Russell (1991).
3313:Jan Smuts: A Biography
2561:Willan, B. P. (1978).
2402:Africa, South (1923).
1660:
1545:
1411:As early as 1912, the
1408:
1186:British-occupied Egypt
876:
778:on 15 September 1914,
774:. During an attempted
747:
623:
466:
351:Following the British
323:, or in Europe on the
113:National Defence Force
3629:Becker, Dave (1995).
3531:samilitaryhistory.org
2785:South Africa (1914).
2422:Nasson, Bill (1997).
2353:. London: Macmillan.
1868:10.15463/IE1418.10695
1658:
1543:
1406:
1158:Egypt Campaign (1916)
1065:Portuguese Mozambique
1011:Namibian independence
874:
866:Battle of Sandfontein
772:Nicolaas van Rensburg
745:
628:Union of South Africa
621:
538:1915 October election
464:
3755:www.theaerodrome.com
3730:www.theaerodrome.com
3063:www.sahistory.org.za
3003:. London: C. Hurst.
2657:www.sahistory.org.za
2516:www.sahistory.org.za
2327:www.sahistory.org.za
2302:www.sahistory.org.za
2238:www.sahistory.org.za
2042:www.sahistory.org.za
1682:Eight South Africans
1577:Carlos de Eizaguirre
1517:Kenneth van der Spuy
1421:Kenneth van der Spuy
1361:Union Defence Forces
1282:William Henry Hewitt
1089:Imperial German Navy
663:was also developed.
656:White South Africans
602:Treaty of Versailles
447:Imperial War Cabinet
434:rather than Durban.
396:Basutoland (Lesotho)
329:eight South Africans
3905:(3 & 4): 82–103
3871:(3 & 4): 82–103
3782:. 14 September 2012
3136:The First World War
3101:1998JSAfS..24..737S
2466:Library of Congress
1558:South African coast
1521:Pierre van Ryneveld
1509:No. 47 Squadron RAF
1413:Union Defence Force
1280:and Lance Corporal
1097:British Indian Army
1077:Uganda Protectorate
1073:British East Africa
672:infantry battalions
608:Union Defence Force
542:minority government
534:National Party (NP)
168:Union Defence Force
48:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
31:Military history of
2067:Talking Humanities
2025:Scientia Militaria
1669:Royal Flying Corps
1661:
1552:jurisdiction, the
1546:
1533:South African Navy
1527:South African Navy
1486:Royal Flying Corps
1467:German East Africa
1444:Royal Flying Corps
1409:
1327:SA Field Artillery
1144:Jacob van Deventer
1136:German East Africa
1128:SA Field Artillery
1091:facilities on the
1061:German East Africa
893:Jacob van Deventer
877:
748:
654:at the time, only
652:racial segregation
624:
467:
416:German East Africa
331:being awarded the
309:Royal Flying Corps
286:racial legislation
249:British Government
68:South African Wars
3475:10.5787/44-1-1164
3434:978-1-4128-1506-2
3322:978-1-4179-9290-4
3289:978-1-913118-21-1
3216:978-1-77007-142-1
2970:(12): 1195–1198.
2630:978-1-920383-09-1
2491:data.mongabay.com
2168:978-0-19-829645-4
2118:978-1-138-12444-8
2069:. 31 October 2018
1807:978-0-14-190434-4
1497:Russian Civil War
1429:Henri Farman F-27
1373:formed in 1973).
1349:Battle of Megiddo
1343:, El Mughar, and
1213:action of Agagiya
1209:action of Halazin
1190:Ottoman offensive
1142:and Lt. Gen. Sir
1069:Northern Rhodesia
1003:League of Nations
897:Battle of Kakamas
788:Orange Free State
756:Christiaan de Wet
725:South African War
555:, was founded in
479:won 67 of the 121
238:
237:
159:Historical forces
63:Ndwandwe–Zulu War
4028:
4000:
3999:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3862:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3836:Wessels, Andre.
3833:
3827:
3826:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3706:on 18 March 2012
3696:
3690:
3689:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3626:
3615:
3614:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3503:The Conversation
3494:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3333:
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3326:
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3264:
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3235:
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3228:
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3194:
3193:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2875:
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2850:
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2819:
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2816:
2814:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2649:
2643:
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2613:
2607:
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2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
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2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
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2508:
2502:
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2230:
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2221:
2219:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2179:
2173:
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2151:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1860:1914-1918-online
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1756:
1736:British Treasury
1640:were kept open.
1463:forward airfield
1085:merchant raiders
951:on 9 July 1915.
881:Maritz Rebellion
733:Martiz Rebellion
719:Maritz rebellion
713:Maritz Rebellion
645:English language
562:Natives Land Act
406:into the Union.
230:
223:
216:
145:Medical Services
93:Second World War
18:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3961:
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3956:
3944:
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3929:
3927:
3923:
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3918:
3908:
3906:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3815:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3678:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3603:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3568:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3435:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3400:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3290:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3252:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3182:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3147:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3039:on 12 July 2006
3031:
3030:
3026:
3011:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2912:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2764:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2631:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2383:
2376:
2361:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2131:
2119:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1773:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1728:Bank of England
1720:gold production
1653:
1535:
1529:
1455:No. 26 Squadron
1401:
1395:
1357:
1341:battles of Gaza
1323:
1315:Main articles:
1313:
1301:Somme Offensive
1231:
1223:Main articles:
1221:
1170:
1162:Main articles:
1160:
1154:for gallantry.
1057:
1049:Main articles:
1047:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1013:in 1990.
1007:Class C mandate
1005:granted only a
945:Battle of Otavi
838:
832:
804:Kalahari Desert
721:
715:
616:
610:
581:Coloured people
459:
365:self-government
349:
347:Outbreak of war
282:armed rebellion
270:Second Boer War
245:First World War
234:
205:
201:Military chiefs
177:
154:
107:
88:First World War
83:Second Boer War
53:Napoleonic Wars
32:
12:
11:
5:
4034:
4032:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3974:(2): 221–238.
3954:
3937:
3916:
3882:
3848:
3828:
3813:
3793:
3767:
3742:
3717:
3691:
3676:
3656:
3641:
3616:
3601:
3581:
3566:
3543:
3515:
3489:
3448:
3433:
3413:
3398:
3378:
3353:
3328:
3321:
3303:
3288:
3265:
3250:
3230:
3215:
3195:
3180:
3160:
3145:
3122:
3095:(4): 737–751.
3075:
3050:
3024:
3009:
2989:
2950:
2925:
2910:
2890:
2870:
2845:
2820:
2795:
2777:
2762:
2742:
2716:
2689:(306): 73–94.
2669:
2644:
2629:
2608:
2553:
2528:
2503:
2478:
2453:
2411:
2394:
2374:
2359:
2339:
2314:
2289:
2276:10.2307/274624
2270:(4): 285–293.
2250:
2225:
2200:
2174:
2167:
2146:
2117:
2094:
2080:
2054:
2029:
2016:
1977:
1952:
1925:(3): 558–559.
1905:
1873:
1846:
1821:
1806:
1786:
1771:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1724:British Empire
1709:Ottoman Empire
1686:Victoria Cross
1652:
1649:
1604:maritime trade
1596:Cape Sea Route
1531:Main article:
1528:
1525:
1513:Samuel Kinkead
1415:established a
1397:Main article:
1394:
1391:
1356:
1353:
1312:
1309:
1286:Victoria Cross
1220:
1217:
1174:Ottoman Empire
1159:
1156:
1152:Victoria Cross
1046:
1043:
1029:
1026:
1021:Main article:
1018:
1015:
941:Boer Commandos
834:Main article:
831:
828:
824:Zulu Rebellion
780:Koos de la Rey
717:Main article:
714:
711:
692:Port Elizabeth
661:Boer commandos
612:Main article:
609:
606:
546:Unionist Party
530:J.B.M. Hertzog
526:Boer Republics
521:British Empire
506:Mahatma Gandhi
458:
455:
381:foreign policy
361:British Empire
348:
345:
333:Victoria Cross
260:British Empire
236:
235:
233:
232:
225:
218:
210:
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
179:
178:
176:
175:
170:
164:
161:
160:
156:
155:
153:
152:
150:Special Forces
147:
142:
137:
136:
135:
125:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
78:First Boer War
75:
73:Anglo–Zulu War
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4033:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3938:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3883:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3814:0-87021-824-7
3810:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3794:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3677:1-874800-32-4
3673:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3642:0-947478-47-7
3638:
3634:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3602:1-874800-22-7
3598:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3567:1-874800-22-7
3563:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3399:0-511-06520-5
3395:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3367:
3366:www.nam.ac.uk
3363:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3251:0-8153-0399-8
3247:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3181:0-620-09845-7
3177:
3173:
3172:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3146:0-19-820877-4
3142:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3010:1-85065-714-9
3006:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2911:1-919825-43-6
2907:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2763:0-620-22644-7
2759:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2360:0-333-40619-2
2356:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:0-86980-564-9
1768:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1740:United States
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1589:Mediterranean
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:flying school
1414:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:Passchendaele
1249:in 1917; and
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1196:in the east.
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Ottoman Libya
1179:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Belgian Congo
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:Luderitzbucht
847:
843:
837:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
781:
777:
776:military coup
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
744:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
720:
712:
710:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:Cape Coloured
673:
668:
664:
662:
657:
653:
648:
647:and culture.
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
620:
615:
607:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:King George V
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
502:
498:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
463:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Western Front
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
294:British Crown
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
231:
226:
224:
219:
217:
212:
211:
209:
208:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
163:
162:
157:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
114:
110:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
43:
42:
37:
34:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3947:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3902:
3898:
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3868:
3864:
3851:
3838:
3831:
3803:
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3779:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3754:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3729:
3720:
3708:. Retrieved
3704:the original
3694:
3666:
3659:
3631:
3591:
3584:
3556:
3534:. Retrieved
3530:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:
3492:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3423:
3416:
3388:
3381:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3340:
3331:
3312:
3306:
3278:
3240:
3233:
3205:
3198:
3170:
3163:
3135:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3037:the original
3027:
2999:
2992:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
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1608:sea control
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796:Bultfontein
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630:, in 1910,
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392:Louis Botha
373:New Zealand
359:within the
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