311:
607:
advanced trainer was often seen as a stepping stone by most nations in developing a fast jet design and manufacturing capability. With increasing costs, even major air forces will have difficulty reaching the economies of scale to justify development of new advanced trainers. Nations will be required to continue to push the modernisation of existing aircraft (some such as the Hawk dating from the 1970s) or co-operate in the development and procurement of advanced training aircraft. Furthermore, they must better utilise funding available by developing aircraft with an enhanced combat capability by producing operational single-seat variants, and better utilise aircraft on inventory incorporating operational systems either within the aircraft or as external pods.
135:
489:
628:
31:
302:
on-board avionics system may be linked to ground-based systems, and together they can simulate situations such as infrared or radar guided missile, interceptors, air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft batteries, radars, chaff and flare countermeasures and collision warnings, in low or dense electronic warfare environments. Systems may also be able to re-enact true-to-life combat situations.
70:
220:
199:. Modern turboprop trainers can replicate the handling characteristics of jet aircraft as well as having sufficient performance to assess a candidate's technical ability at an aircraft's controls, reaction speed and the ability to anticipate events. Prior to the availability of high performance turboprops, basic training was conducted with jet aircraft such as the
395:. Once they have mastered this, they may begin to fly in the right-hand seat of an operational type. Some air forces will seek to use a restricted number of multi-engined aircraft, with the derivatives of a basic aircraft filling different roles so that a pilot qualified on one of its types can easily convert to others in the same family. For example, the
384:
480:. As air forces' combat fleets were scaled-down, it made sense for most national display teams to change to lighter training types. A few modifications may be needed to enable coloured smoke to be emitted during displays, but essentially these airframes can still perform their pilot training function.
681:
Between the World Wars, purpose built trainers covering a variety of specialties largely replaced obsolete types in the
Western armed forces, including aircraft specifically for bombing and gunnery and navigational training. When Germany began rearming in the 1930s, many of the initial aircraft were
610:
The trend of programmable electronic systems and datalinks is likely to continue with the possibility that ground-based radar systems and processing systems will allow advanced training aircraft to function as if they truly had onboard radar systems, with the cockpit closely replicating the look and
606:
As the capabilities of front-line aircraft have increased, this has been reflected in increasingly sophisticated advanced trainers. As the costs of developing new aircraft have risen in real terms, it has become more likely that fewer aircraft will be designed specifically for the training role. The
337:) or the cockpit can be extended to place the instructor in a second seat behind the pilot. Once they are qualified to fly a specific type of aircraft, pilots will continue with regular training exercises to maintain qualifications on that aircraft and to improve their skills, for example the USAF's
274:
Effective combat aircraft are a function now of electronics as much as, if not more so than, the aerobatic ability or speed of an aircraft. It is at this stage that a pilot begins to learn to operate radar systems and electronics. Modern advanced trainers feature programmable multi-function displays
162:
and the
Initial Flight Training (IFT) program. At the end of this stage, pilot trainees are assessed and those who pass advance to the full pilot training program. Those who are judged unsuitable for a pilot commission, but show other attributes, may be offered the chance to qualify as navigators
84:
configuration has the advantage that the pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet
343:
exercises. Deployments of small flights of aircraft together with support staff and equipment to exercises conducted by other nations can be used to develop fighting skills and interservice and inter unit competitions in bombing and gunnery between units can also be used to develop those skills.
230:
Those that progress to training for fast jet flying will then progress to an advanced trainer, typically capable of high subsonic speeds, high-energy manoeuvers, and equipped with systems that simulate modern weapons and surveillance. Examples of such jet trainer aircraft include the supersonic
301:
Lead-in fighter training (LIFT) utilises advanced jet trainer aircraft with avionics and stores-management capability that emulate operational fighter planes, to provide efficient training in combat scenarios with reduced training costs compared to moving straight to operational conversion. The
558:
Despite their vulnerability, even small numbers of weapons-carrying trainer aircraft may achieve a disproportionate effect due to the element of surprise, especially when the attacked side believes to hold air supremacy. Forces that have used light trainer aircraft to great effect include the
431:
designs to train navigators and other rear crews operators. As these navigational trainees are normally learning how to navigate using instruments, they can be seated at consoles within the aircraft cabin and do not require a direct view of the landscape over which the aircraft is flying. The
325:
Most military jet-powered combat aircraft have two-seat trainer versions. These are combat capable operational conversion aircraft types to provide on the job training to pilots who have graduated to this level, and are usually available with little conversion in times of emergency to a
53:
of pilots and aircrews. The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characteristics and a simplified cockpit arrangement—allows pilots-in-training to safely advance their skills in a more forgiving aircraft.
362:
In some air forces that have a mix of high- and low-performance aircraft, pilots can be first be assigned to aircraft with a lower level of performance before moving on to the most demanding aircraft. For example, in the
Italian Air Force a pilot may begin his service career on the
88:
It is now the norm for pilots to begin their flight training in an aircraft with side-by-side seating and to progress to aircraft with tandem seating. This, however, has not always been the case. For example, it was usual to find tandem seating in biplane basic trainers such as the
109:
Given the expense of military pilot training, air forces typically conduct training in phases to eliminate unsuitable candidates. The cost to those air forces that do not follow a graduated training regimen is not just monetary but also in lives. For example, for many years the
326:
reconnaissance or combat role. Most operational conversion aircraft retain the full functionality of the operational version with slight degradations to performance due to increased weight and drag, and possibly reduced range due to a reduced internal fuel load.
145:
Typically, contemporary military pilots learn initial flying skills in a light aircraft not too dissimilar from civilian training aircraft. In this phase pilot candidates are screened for mental and physical attributes. Aircraft used for this purpose include the
682:
designed with a dual role, so that when they were obsolete in their combat role they would be used as trainers. By World War II, however, their needs exceeded what could be spared from production and although using a number of purpose built designs such as the
615:
flight control systems will allow an aircraft to mimic the flight characteristics of frontline aircraft with actual performance being restricted to a pilot's level of ability, with more power and greater agility becoming available as a pilot's skill improves.
511:
Most advanced trainers are capable of carrying and delivering war loads. However, most of these aircraft do not have the counter measures and sensors required to survive alone in a modern high intensity war fighting scenario, for example being vulnerable to
639:
Early trainers were often sport aircraft or obsolete combat aircraft. The French used a graduated system in which a pilot learned in progressively more capable aircraft, starting with aircraft that had been modified to prevent them from flying – called
1314:
125:
and operational training. In flight training a candidate seeks to develop their flying skills. In operational training the candidate learns to use their flying skills through simulated combat, attack and fighter techniques.
702:
as the
Harvard. In addition, production of various combat types was diverted to training although considerable effort was made to cover all possible types of training with purpose built types. The British organized the
275:
which can be programmed to simulate different electronic systems and scenarios. Most advanced trainers do not have radar systems of their own, but onboard systems can be programmed to simulate radar contacts. With
644:
or penguins. Pilots who had mastered ground handling would then graduate to lower powered two seaters, before finishing on obsolete fighters. The supply of obsolete aircraft proved inadequate and production of
333:(OCU) aircraft can be created by duplicating flight controls in the rear cockpit. In a normally single-seat aircraft, a second cockpit can be built behind the original cockpit (e.g. the TA-4S variant of the
661:
became the primary trainers, supplemented until the end of the First World War with obsolete combat aircraft for advanced training. To train the many potential aviators coming from Canada and the US, the
1347:
1311:
653:
and other types specifically for training was undertaken. In the United
Kingdom, a different training system was used, although it too started out with obsolete aircraft before the
293:
based on this information. The aim of programmable displays is to speed pilot training by replicating as far as possible the systems a pilot will find in an operational aircraft.
574:
In high-intensity conflicts, advanced trainer type aircraft can have a military utility if they operate under an umbrella of other aerial assets. For example, the Franco-German
80:
The two seating configurations for trainer aircraft are: pilot and instructor side by side, or in tandem, usually with the pilot in front and the instructor behind. The
935:
432:
operators of airborne weapons or radar-related systems can be similarly trained, either in training aircraft or in an operational aircraft during training flights.
996:
1044:
391:
Those pilots who train to fly transports, tankers and other multi-engine aircraft begin with small multi-engine aircraft such as the T-44A Pegasus variant of the
310:
1340:
211:. Those candidates who are not suitable to continue training as fast jet pilots may be offered flying commissions and be trained to fly multi-engined aircraft.
686:, relied largely on captured aircraft and obsolete combat types. The United States armed forces standardized on three types – a Primary trainer, of which the
578:
had an anti-shipping and light strike role when operating under an air umbrella provided by fighter aircraft, while the RAF planned to use pairs of gun- and
594:
system. Although never tested it was believed that the Hawk, combined with AIM-9L and flown by some of the best pilots in the RAF including those from the
1333:
704:
1135:
287:
systems can be created with similarly equipped aircraft relaying to each other their positions in real time and onboard computers creating a
1428:
976:
591:
1186:
863:
1217:
587:
516:. However, they may still have a war fighting role in low intensity theatres if operated in conjunction with more capable aircraft.
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134:
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operated without a suitable advanced training aircraft, leading to a high casualty rate as pilots moved to high performance
707:, which moved the bulk of aircrew training away from active war zones to Canada and elsewhere, where pilots started on the
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803:
256:
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capability, such trainer derived attack aircraft could perform adequately. For example, Impala aircraft derived from the
236:
1081:
1036:
488:
1628:
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330:
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In smaller air forces basic trainers, in addition to being used for training, are used to provide air support in the
347:
The two-seat aircraft may itself become the basis of an operational aircraft, the second seat being used to create a
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892:
748:
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473:
244:
98:
821:
1653:
1548:
663:
420:
155:
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548:
97:, and the British used side-by-side seating in the operational conversion of some of its fast jets such as the
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1516:
1397:
708:
674:. In Germany, various obsolete two seaters were produced for training purposes, the most numerous being the
544:
90:
30:
1103:
627:
1488:
740:
699:
632:
493:
348:
196:
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feel of an air force's more capable aircraft for maximum familiarity. Programmable engine management and
371:. Other air forces, such as Canada, do not do this, and assign first-tour pilots to aircraft such as the
1601:
1579:
1506:
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744:
536:
364:
260:
147:
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After the ab-initio phase a candidate may progress to basic, or primary, trainers. These are usually
81:
1392:
736:
724:
695:
505:
392:
334:
232:
164:
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683:
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of the RAF. The U.S. replaced the
Firefly and the Enhanced Flight Screen Program (EFSP) with the
94:
797:
501:
352:
168:
670:(Can) trainers until the United States began its own training program, using Curtiss JN-4s and
1526:
1493:
1382:
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1213:
732:
477:
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attack aircraft, and as their experience grows, progress to more capable aircraft such as the
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1613:
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111:
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were used for wireless operator (radio) training. Postwar, the United States operated the
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339:
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122:
50:
17:
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Historically many jet trainers were marketed with specialised attack variants e.g. the
457:
208:
58:
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728:
646:
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412:
314:
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basic trainers before continuing on North
American Harvards for advanced training,
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453:
441:
372:
264:
192:
172:
159:
138:
69:
34:
535:. Especially against opponents operating without a fighter screen or an effective
163:
and weapons officers. Smaller and more financially restricted air forces may use
1606:
1553:
712:
650:
612:
552:
424:
351:
or navigators station in aircraft with originally only a pilot, for example the
318:
176:
73:
219:
175:
for this role. The USAF Academy uses light piston-powered aircraft such as the
1016:
716:
658:
595:
528:
449:
396:
356:
204:
118:
aircraft without suitable assessment of their aptitude for supersonic flight.
1177:
1145:
1108:
1072:
1067:
465:
428:
248:
188:
355:
is a development of the F-15D which is a two-seat training version of the
727:
for multi-engine as well as bombing training. Obsolete types such as the
654:
276:
240:
46:
888:
817:
468:
teams. Early jet aerobatic teams tended to use combat types such as the
1444:
1372:
383:
1451:
560:
115:
626:
555:
are being acquired for the attack role in low intensity theatres.
487:
400:
382:
309:
218:
133:
68:
743:
for basic flight training, while the United
Kingdom operated the
496:, a single-turboprop trainer with counter-insurgency capability.
317:, a two-seat combat-capable training version of the single seat
61:, with two or more seats to allow for a student and instructor.
1329:
1312:"New simulators, online courses change face of flight training"
399:
was a popular airliner for conversion to tanker, transport and
1182:
1113:
1077:
864:"EAA News – USAF Academy Buys Cirrus SR-20s, Designates T-53A"
635:, and T-6 Texan were among the most widely used trainers built
280:
619:
Training is now also carried out on ground-based simulators.
932:"Lead-in fighter trainers – newcomers take on the old guard"
387:
A Beechcraft King Air, used for multi-engined pilot training
735:
were used for target towing, while other types such as the
329:
In some two-seat fighter aircraft such as the
Tornado, the
913:
IAR-99C Soim Lead In
Fighter Jet Trainer Aircraft, Romania
690:/PT-17 is the best known, a Basic trainer such as the
411:
A minority of military training aircraft, such as the
179:(designated T-53A) for basic cadet flight training.
27:
Aircraft designed for training of pilots and aircrew
1572:
1421:
1414:
1365:
698:Texan, which would also be widely exported to the
694:, and an advanced trainer such as the well known
586:role. Each pair of Hawks was to be teamed with a
598:, would have made a viable air defence fighter.
1276:MAKO advanced trainer and light attack aircraft
543:trainer formed the main strike strength of the
1341:
8:
1418:
1348:
1334:
1326:
1210:Aircraft of the Royal Air Force since 1918
840:
838:
785:. Archived from the original on 2008-04-27
751:replaced the T-6 in US service, while the
121:There are two main areas for instruction,
57:Civilian pilots are normally trained in a
571:use of covertly acquired light aircraft.
1068:"The 'trainer' jet the UK loves to hawk"
76:cockpit showing its side-by-side seating
29:
763:
1047:from the original on 20 September 2008
795:
705:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
1037:"China exports attack craft to Sudan"
866:. Eaa.org. 2011-07-06. Archived from
590:, in effect using the Phantoms as an
7:
1189:from the original on 7 February 2009
755:filled a similar role with the RAF.
49:designed specifically to facilitate
1173:"Tamil Tigers unveil latest tactic"
1136:"How to Build an Instant Air Force"
1104:"Sri Lankan rebels launch air raid"
1035:Chang, Andrei (17 September 2008).
889:"Phases of Military Pilot Training"
1429:Airborne early warning and control
592:Airborne Early Warning and Control
25:
1084:from the original on 16 June 2006
464:, are used by national formation
403:variants by numerous air forces.
569:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
1240:from the original on 2012-11-10
1171:Buerk, Roland (26 March 2007).
999:from the original on 2011-08-07
938:from the original on 2012-06-24
895:from the original on 2007-12-24
824:from the original on 2017-07-16
818:"USAF IFT | Doss Aviation"
771:Sharma, Ravi (June–July 2001).
152:United States Air Force Academy
1258:M-346 Advanced fighter trainer
974:5367 – Lead-In Fighter Project
85:pilot is likely to encounter.
1:
257:Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master
150:, as at one time used by the
1212:. Putnam. pp. 108–109.
1066:Dilley, Ryan (29 May 2002).
582:-armed Hawk trainers in the
1148:6 June 1969. Archived from
1017:The Border War, SAAF museum
551:, and aircraft such as the
331:operational conversion unit
1670:
1041:United Press International
749:North American T-28 Trojan
576:Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet
474:English Electric Lightning
245:Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet
156:Scottish Aviation Bulldogs
99:English Electric Lightning
1234:"Lead-In Fighter Project"
802:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
664:Royal Flying Corps Canada
226:two-seat military trainer
18:Military trainer aircraft
297:Lead-in fighter training
237:Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk
1208:Thetford, Owen (1995).
709:De Havilland Tiger Moth
545:South African Air Force
436:Aerobatic display teams
421:Hawker Siddeley Dominie
65:Tandem and side by side
1294:Yak 130 Combat trainer
741:Beechcraft T-34 Mentor
700:Commonwealth countries
666:was set up, operating
636:
633:North American Harvard
497:
494:Embraer EMB 312 Tucano
484:Combat use of trainers
462:British Aerospace Hawk
388:
322:
306:Operational conversion
227:
142:
77:
38:
745:De Havilland Chipmunk
630:
491:
476:, and North American
386:
379:Multi-engine trainers
313:
261:KAI T-50 Golden Eagle
222:
137:
72:
33:
725:Bristol Bolingbrokes
427:were developed from
165:ultra-light aircraft
141:, a trainer aircraft
82:side-by-side seating
37:, a trainer aircraft
1499:Electronic warfare
1152:on 14 December 2008
773:"On a crash course"
737:North American Yale
696:North American AT-6
506:forward air control
492:Peruvian Air Force
407:Navigation trainers
393:Beechcraft King Air
335:A-4SU Super Skyhawk
233:Northrop T-38 Talon
191:trainers, like the
1440:Counter-insurgency
1317:2007-10-08 at the
1299:2008-07-05 at the
1281:2011-04-03 at the
1263:2008-07-30 at the
1022:2007-09-04 at the
979:2016-03-04 at the
961:2008-05-18 at the
918:2008-05-18 at the
850:2008-06-10 at the
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502:counter-insurgency
498:
389:
353:F-15E Strike Eagle
323:
228:
143:
78:
39:
1641:
1640:
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1494:Close air support
1358:military aircraft
733:Westland Lysander
478:F-100 Super Sabre
215:Advanced training
16:(Redirected from
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1654:Trainer aircraft
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753:Percival Provost
721:Airspeed Oxfords
580:AIM-9 Sidewinder
541:Aermacchi MB-326
525:BAC Strikemaster
446:Aermacchi MB-339
269:Yakovlev Yak-130
224:Yakovlev Yak-130
148:Slingsby Firefly
112:Indian Air Force
21:
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1544:Maritime patrol
1517:Air superiority
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1360:types and roles
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1319:Wayback Machine
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1301:Wayback Machine
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1283:Wayback Machine
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1116:. 26 March 2007
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527:and the Cessna
521:BAC Jet Provost
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417:Vickers Varsity
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349:weapons officer
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201:BAC Jet Provost
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1559:Fighter-bomber
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688:Stearman PT-13
676:Albatros C.III
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533:A-37 Dragonfly
485:
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458:Fouga Magister
444:, such as the
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307:
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209:Fouga Magister
197:Embraer Tucano
184:
183:Basic training
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66:
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59:light aircraft
45:is a class of
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1470:
1468:
1467:Medium bomber
1465:
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1219:0-85177-865-8
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870:on 2012-10-25
869:
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730:
729:Fairey Battle
726:
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714:
710:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:BĂĽcker BĂĽ 131
679:
677:
673:
672:Standard J-1s
669:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:Caudron G.III
643:
634:
629:
622:
620:
617:
614:
608:
601:
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597:
593:
589:
588:Phantom FGR.2
585:
584:point defence
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:anti-aircraft
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
509:
507:
504:and airborne
503:
495:
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
470:Hawker Hunter
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
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413:Beechcraft 18
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327:
320:
316:
315:Douglas TA-4F
312:
305:
303:
296:
294:
292:
291:
290:radar display
286:
285:virtual radar
282:
278:
272:
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225:
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198:
194:
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182:
180:
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174:
173:motor gliders
170:
166:
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157:
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149:
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136:
129:
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119:
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104:
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64:
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60:
55:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
19:
1623:
1602:Surveillance
1580:Experimental
1462:Light bomber
1457:Heavy bomber
1307:
1289:
1271:
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1228:
1209:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1176:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:the original
1139:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1071:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1030:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
993:"Elbit ACTS"
987:
969:
951:
940:. Retrieved
926:
908:
897:. Retrieved
883:
872:. Retrieved
868:the original
858:
826:. Retrieved
812:
787:. Retrieved
776:
766:
692:Vultee BT-13
680:
668:Curtiss JN-4
641:
638:
618:
609:
605:
573:
557:
518:
510:
499:
454:Folland Gnat
442:jet trainers
439:
410:
390:
373:CF-18 Hornet
361:
346:
338:
328:
324:
300:
288:
273:
265:Guizhou JL-9
229:
193:Pilatus PC-9
186:
160:Diamond DA20
144:
139:Diamond DA20
120:
108:
87:
79:
56:
42:
40:
35:Grob G 120TP
1554:Interdictor
1522:Interceptor
1431:(AEW&C)
1193:14 November
1156:14 November
1120:14 November
1088:14 November
1051:14 November
717:Avro Ansons
713:Fleet Finch
651:Nieuport 83
613:fly-by-wire
553:Hongdu JL-8
425:Boeing T-43
369:Tornado IDS
319:A-4 Skyhawk
177:Cirrus SR20
74:Valmet L-90
1573:Non-combat
1549:Multi-role
1482:Pathfinder
1477:Penetrator
1393:Helicopter
1383:Fixed-wing
1244:2008-07-06
1003:2011-04-02
942:2011-04-02
899:2008-06-08
874:2018-09-18
828:2017-06-27
789:2008-06-30
759:References
659:Airco DH.6
623:Historical
602:The future
596:Red Arrows
529:T-37 Tweet
450:Casa C-101
397:Boeing 707
357:F-15 Eagle
253:Aero L-159
205:T-37 Tweet
154:, and the
91:Tiger Moth
1629:Transport
1527:Emergency
1472:Strategic
1398:Unmanned
1178:bbc.co.uk
1146:Time Inc.
1109:bbc.co.uk
1073:bbc.co.uk
798:cite news
778:Frontline
466:aerobatic
429:transport
277:datalinks
249:Aero L-39
189:turboprop
130:Ab initio
1648:Category
1507:Intruder
1315:Archived
1297:Archived
1279:Archived
1261:Archived
1238:Archived
1187:Archived
1082:Archived
1045:Archived
1020:Archived
997:Archived
977:Archived
959:Archived
936:Archived
916:Archived
893:Archived
848:Archived
845:Training
822:Archived
655:Avro 504
642:rouleurs
567:and the
549:Bush war
340:Red Flag
267:and the
241:BAE Hawk
95:Jungmann
93:and the
47:aircraft
1624:Trainer
1619:Testbed
1585:Liaison
1512:Fighter
1489:Carrier
1445:Gunship
1406:Stealth
1378:Balloon
1373:Airship
1356:Modern
563:use of
561:Biafran
547:in its
514:MANPADS
169:gliders
43:trainer
1614:Tanker
1532:Escort
1452:Bomber
1435:Attack
1422:Combat
1388:Glider
1216:
956:IAR 99
747:. The
565:MFI-9s
508:role.
263:, the
259:, the
255:, the
247:, the
243:, the
239:, the
207:, and
116:MiG-21
105:Phases
1607:Scout
1595:Scout
1537:Night
1415:Roles
1400:(UAV)
1366:Types
440:Some
401:ELINT
1501:(EW)
1214:ISBN
1195:2008
1158:2008
1141:Time
1122:2008
1090:2008
1053:2008
804:link
731:and
723:and
657:and
631:The
460:and
423:and
279:and
251:and
195:and
171:and
1183:BBC
1114:BBC
1078:BBC
711:or
365:AMX
281:GPS
1650::
1236:.
1185:.
1181:.
1175:.
1144:.
1138:.
1112:.
1106:.
1080:.
1076:.
1070:.
1043:.
1039:.
995:.
934:.
891:.
837:^
820:.
800:}}
796:{{
781:.
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1124:.
1092:.
1055:.
1006:.
945:.
902:.
877:.
831:.
806:)
792:.
531:/
523:/
321:.
20:)
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