1327:
1482:
1403:
1706:
2906:
59:
1690:, and de facto foreign minister for Japan was allegedly a staunch opponent of militarism. Concerned that his Judo school, the Kodokan, would be used as a military training center, he obtained a promise from the Emperor that it would not be. Alternate sources list different causes of death, and some consider his passing to be suspicious.
1208:
minister resign if he could not fill all of his cabinet posts, both the Army and the Navy had final say on the formation of a cabinet, and could bring down the cabinet at any time by withdrawing their minister and refusing to nominate a successor. In reality, while this tactic was used only one time (ironically to prevent a
General,
1443:. Despite public dismay over these events and the discredit they brought to numerous military figures, Japan's civilian leadership capitulated to the army's demands in the hope of ending domestic violence. Increases were seen in defense budgets, naval construction (Japan announced it would no longer accede to
1599:
followed a non-interventionist policy toward China, attempting to stabilize its relations with Great
Britain and the United States. The term "Shidehara diplomacy" came to describe Japan's liberal foreign policy during the 1920s, and was assailed by military interests who believed it was weakening the
992:
in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading modern industrial and military power. He accepted
Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. The Prussian model also devalued the notion of civilian control over the independent
1729:
and the breaking off of negotiations between Japan and the United States. Japan had plans to take over other Asian countries, which resulted in the US stripping any war materials and resources to be sold to the
Japanese and freezing all Japanese assets and bank accounts in the US. The US fleet moved
1493:
Despite the military's long tradition of independence from civilian control, its efforts at staging a coup d'état to overthrow the civilian government, and its forcing Japan into war through insubordination and military adventurism, the military was ultimately unable to force a military dictatorship
1671:
to compile a report analyzing
Japanese defeats during the Pacific campaign of 1942. His analysis convinced Takagi of Japan's inevitable defeat. Believing that the only solution for Japan was the elimination of the Tojo-led government and a truce with the United States, Takagi began planning for the
1625:
declared the emperor to be a part of the constitutional structure of Japan rather than a sacred power beyond the state itself in 1935. His constitutional interpretation was overwhelmingly accepted by bureaucrats until the 1930s. In the increasingly militant 1930s, these ideas led to attacks against
1207:
The Army and the Navy also had decisive say on the formation (and survival) of any civilian government. Since the law required that the posts of Army
Minister and Navy Minister be filled by active-duty officers nominated by their respective services, and since the law also required that a prime
1061:) in a process of refining tactics. By training some sixty of the highest-ranking Japanese officers of the time in tactics, strategy and organization, he was able to replace the previous influences of the French advisors with his own philosophies. Meckel especially reinforced
1551:
and tanks. These designs were not on public display but on linings and undergarments. They symbolised – or in the case of boy's clothes, were hoped to bring about – the alignment of the individual's goals with those of Japan as a whole.
1399:, waging a three-month undeclared war there before a truce was reached. The civilian government in Tokyo was powerless to prevent these military adventures, and instead of being condemned, the Kwangtung Army's actions enjoyed considerable popular support.
1117:, Japan joined the imperialist powers. The need for a strong military to secure Japan's new overseas empire was strengthened by a sense that only through a strong military would Japan earn the respect of western nations, and thus revision of the
1426:
and generally approved the army's actions in securing
Manchuria as an industrial base, an area for Japanese emigration, and a potential staging ground for war with the Soviet Union. Various army factions contended for power amid increasing
1318:. Although the assassins were put on trial and sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, they were seen popularly as having acted out of patriotism and the atmosphere was set where the military was able to act with little restraint.
1200:. These General Staff offices were responsible for the planning and execution of military operations, and reported directly to the emperor. As the Chiefs of the General Staff were not cabinet ministers, they did not report to the
1730:
from being stationed in
California to be moved in Pearl Harbor to somewhat control Japan's aggression and imposed on an embargo of essential materials, because Japan was trying to take over and control more territories.
979:
in 1882 enabled the military to indoctrinate thousands of men from various social backgrounds with military-patriotic values and the concept of unquestioning loyalty to the
Emperor as the basis of the Japanese state
1296:
party agreed to a treaty which would severely limit
Japanese naval power. This treaty was strongly opposed by the military, who claimed that it would endanger national defense, and was portrayed by the opposition
1253:
by ultra-nationalist secret societies) led to a resurgence of so-called "jingoistic" patriotism, a weakening of democratic forces and a belief that the military could solve all threats both domestic and foreign.
1105:(rich nation, strong army) was created during this time and shows how Japanese officials saw imperialism as the way to gain respect and power. With a more aggressive foreign policy, and victory over China in the
1525:, the military was still unable to do away with the last vestiges of party politics. This was partly due to the fact that the military itself was not a monolithic structure, but was rent internally with its own
3920:
963:
policy ("Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces") was to strengthen Japan's economic and industrial foundations, so that a strong military could be built to defend Japan against outside powers.
1653:
1248:
by western nations and an increasing radicalism in Japanese politics including issues of domestic terrorist violence (including an assassination attempt on the emperor in 1932 and a number of attempted
3193:
3111:
2141:
3915:
1051:
Although his period in Japan (1885–1888) was relatively short, Meckel had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military. He is credited with having introduced
3346:
2853:
2161:
3804:
1012:'s views on the superiority of the German military model over the French system as the reason for German victory. In response to a Japanese request, Prussian Chief of Staff
2136:
3950:
1439:
staged an attempted coup d'état in yet another effort to overthrow civilian rule. The revolt was put down by other military units, and its leaders were executed after
2880:
993:
military, which meant that in Japan, as in Germany, the military could develop into a state within a state, thus exercising greater influence on politics in general.
1040:
and regiments, thus increasing mobility, strengthening the army logistics and transportation structure with the major army bases connected by railways, establishing
1565:
1526:
1373:
of September 1931 did not fail, and it set the stage for the Japanese military takeover of all of Manchuria. Kwantung Army conspirators blew up a few meters of
3822:
1722:
272:
3955:
3336:
3267:
848:
788:
2606:
Militarismus des Zivilen in Japan 1937–1940: Diskurse und ihre Auswirkungen auf politische Entscheidungsprozesse, (Reihe zur Geschichte Asiens; Bd. 19)
3670:
3280:
3162:
2790:
2086:
976:
546:
1560:
Despite the apparently monolithic national consensus on the official aggressive policies pursued by the Imperial government in the first part of the
3063:
3053:
1743:
1611:
Bank, was an important opponent of Japan overseas interventions and was known for his pro-American views. He was murdered on March 5, 1932, in the
2858:
1575:. In the early 1930s Communist activists attempted to influence army conscripts, but the party was suppressed during the mid-1930s within Japan.
1073:, by teaching his pupils that Prussian military success was a consequence of the officer class's unswerving loyalty to their sovereign Emperor.
3868:
3842:
2167:
2151:
1767:
1537:
1486:
914:
3812:
2763:
2705:
2685:
2665:
2559:
2539:
2475:
798:
723:
618:
3640:
1076:
The rise of political parties in the late Meiji period was coupled with the rise of secret and semi-secret patriotic societies, such as the
3396:
3272:
3172:
3157:
3068:
3028:
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Japan's Military Masters: The Army in Japanese people not live with farm on hilltop when fish swim in moist creek with bottletop bill. Life
2156:
1510:
1326:
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system to abolish virtually all exceptions. A bust of Meckel was sited in front of the Japanese Army Staff College from 1909 through 1945.
3655:
1982:
3940:
3935:
3152:
894:
239:
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of July 7, 1937 in which a clash near Beijing between Chinese and Japanese troops quickly escalated into the full-scale warfare of the
1362:
embarked on unauthorized initiatives to protect Japanese interests in Manchuria, including the assassination of a former ally, warlord
1212:, from becoming Prime Minister in 1937), the threat always loomed large when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership.
1148:(1895) and Korea (1910) had brought Japan primarily agricultural colonies. In terms of resources, the Japanese military looked towards
3507:
3502:
3401:
3341:
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3122:
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396:
371:
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2639:
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2512:
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2405:
2315:
623:
1459:
2294:
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1036:. Meckel made numerous recommendations which were implemented, including reorganization of the command structure of the army into
3847:
3832:
3827:
3537:
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3229:
3018:
2838:
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Personal opposition included individuals from the fields of party politics, business and culture. Some notable examples include:
1255:
1173:
746:
454:
3530:
2371:
3552:
2675:
1267:
Those who continued to resist the "military solution" including nationalists with unquestionable patriotism, such as generals
421:
3910:
3253:
3023:
2828:
2212:
841:
501:
459:
3837:
3262:
3177:
3167:
3073:
2783:
1714:
1521:. Even so, there was much entrenched opposition from the government bureaucrats, and in the 1942 general election for the
713:
3976:
3817:
3688:
3142:
3083:
2102:
2094:
1164:
financial and industrial corporations on how to manage economic expansion, a conflict also affecting domestic politics.
1013:
822:
812:
756:
741:
698:
3492:
1540:, which was to have integrated Asia politically and economically—under Japanese leadership—against Western domination.
1536:
Japan's overseas possessions, greatly extended as a result of early successes in the Pacific War were organized into a
3311:
3182:
1963:
1471:
1402:
688:
651:
581:
2396:
Jackson, Anna (2015). "Dress in the Taishō and early Shōwa periods: traditions transformed". In Jackson, Anna (ed.).
2345:
1633:
260:
2749:
2691:
2461:
3779:
3748:
1687:
1463:
1454:, an agreement to exchange information and collaborate in preventing communist activities, was signed by Japan and
793:
646:
401:
3986:
3738:
3733:
3660:
3615:
3595:
3406:
3093:
2885:
2833:
2627:
2531:
2131:
1739:
1622:
1502:
1304:
834:
768:
751:
703:
576:
531:
486:
426:
206:
168:
42:
31:
1481:
3991:
3981:
3852:
3635:
3577:
3525:
3147:
2975:
2776:
1910:
1833:
1932: After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai (January 18), Japanese forces shell the city (January 29).
1649:
1612:
1572:
1467:
1385:
1374:
1189:
1001:
608:
526:
491:
449:
3675:
2545:
2090:
1228:(the so-called "Taisho democracy"), and several diplomatic attempts were made to encourage peace, such as the
551:
366:
3547:
3477:
3286:
3038:
2965:
2467:
2118:
2025:
1948:
1864:
1799:
1627:
1590:
1396:
1229:
1201:
1106:
1021:
953:, and shared a set of values and outlooks. The early Meiji government viewed Japan as threatened by western
733:
381:
3316:
3625:
3387:
3351:
3327:
3224:
3209:
3058:
2970:
1994:
1914:
1705:
1700:
1593:
in 1918 with the rallying cry of "Militarism is dead." Three years later, however, Hara was assassinated.
1428:
1381:, blamed it on Chinese saboteurs, and used the event as an excuse to invade and seize the vast territory.
1193:
1177:
773:
536:
328:
2525:
1596:
1276:
1144:, raw materials such as iron, oil, and coal largely had to be imported. The success of Japan in securing
3411:
2873:
2098:
1933:
1771:
1389:
1347:
1141:
1137:, both as a source of raw materials for military and industrial production, and international prestige.
1091:
1045:
968:
918:
386:
1902:
1738:
Despite efforts to totally militarize Japanese society during the war, including such measures as the
3542:
3366:
3356:
2868:
2609:
2146:
2044:
1944:
1871:
1819:
1668:
1432:
1185:
1081:
893:
should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the
656:
511:
416:
277:
173:
80:
3774:
3721:
3694:
3684:
3630:
3620:
3605:
3557:
3482:
3306:
2985:
2980:
2114:
2106:
1883:
1759:
1751:
1451:
1370:
1283:
1052:
1037:
997:
561:
516:
391:
2601:
1667:, an opponent of Japan's decision to declare war on the United States, was asked by Navy Minister
1303:
party as having been forced upon Japan by a hostile United States, which further inflamed growing
3743:
3680:
3497:
3467:
3008:
2567:
Military Intervention in Pre-War Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato Kanji and the Washington System'
2481:
2110:
2070:
2066:
1962:
becomes prime minister (January 16). Konoe becomes prime minister for his second term (July 22).
1755:
1652:. He was expelled from the Diet on March 7, 1940, and his speech also led to the creation of the
1114:
1070:
1017:
906:
728:
556:
411:
308:
303:
1586:
3784:
3472:
3452:
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2716:
2701:
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2681:
2661:
2635:
2613:
2589:
2570:
2555:
2535:
2508:
2489:
2471:
2411:
2401:
2311:
2082:
2074:
2017:
2013:
1986:
1853:
1846:
1788:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1618:
1530:
1506:
1342:
Japan had been involved in the Asian continent continuously from the First Sino-Japanese War,
1250:
1233:
1225:
935:
902:
778:
761:
708:
693:
376:
338:
216:
3925:
3900:
3645:
3361:
3033:
2055:
2048:
2037:
1967:
1926:
1809:
1436:
1415:
1287:
1241:
1221:
1118:
1102:
1066:
1029:
972:
817:
323:
232:
50:
1314:
in 1932, when a group of junior naval officers and army cadets assassinated Prime Minister
3945:
3650:
3567:
3487:
2960:
2799:
2078:
1971:
1959:
1827:
1823:
1641:
1637:
1518:
1514:
1407:
1355:
1343:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1292:
1272:
1268:
1209:
1134:
1110:
1062:
1033:
988:. Yamagata, like many Japanese, was strongly influenced by the recent striking success of
886:
718:
521:
506:
496:
406:
194:
3895:
3562:
1842:
1077:
1025:
201:
92:
2089:. Telegram sent to Allied Nations agreeing Potsdam terms (7am August 10). USSR declares
1101:
Japan felt looked down on by Western countries during the late 19th century. The phrase
3930:
3905:
3789:
3610:
3600:
3457:
3421:
2843:
2021:
1906:
1895:
1879:
1763:
1726:
1657:
1501:, the Japanese government was streamlined to meet war-time conditions, and through the
1498:
1245:
783:
313:
244:
1826:
becomes prime minister (December 13) and increases funding for the military in China.
3970:
3517:
3416:
3219:
3137:
3127:
2955:
2920:
2551:
2521:
2463:
Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945.
2059:
2029:
1860:
1795:
1645:
1522:
1392:, but again the news was suppressed and the military perpetrators were not punished.
1359:
1351:
1005:
959:
571:
566:
442:
2266:
Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945
3013:
2890:
1990:
1978:
1952:
1747:
1582:
1455:
1440:
1363:
1331:
1095:
1087:
1009:
939:
910:
898:
603:
267:
161:
133:
119:
105:
3587:
3204:
1561:
1237:
474:
211:
1447:
treaties), and patriotic indoctrination as Japan moved toward a wartime footing.
1172:
Also forming part of the basis for the growth of militarism was the freedom from
3665:
3214:
2033:
1998:
1947:
becomes prime minister (January 5). Japanese forces suffer a military defeat at
1838:
1475:
1444:
1260:
1130:
1057:
954:
541:
147:
17:
58:
3462:
3371:
3078:
2648:
Kitaoka, Shin'ichi. "The army as bureaucracy: Japanese militarism revisited."
1604:
897:
is equal to the strength of a nation. It was most prominent from the start of
890:
613:
596:
343:
292:
178:
2751:
Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries.
2415:
2198:
Shin'ichi Kitaoka, "The army as bureaucracy: Japanese militarism revisited."
1204:, and were thus completely independent of any civilian oversight or control.
3794:
3769:
3764:
3572:
3443:
3376:
3048:
2251:
Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries
2009:
2002:
1937:
1891:
1834:
1746:, Japanese militarism was discredited by the failure of Japan's military in
1423:
1153:
1149:
1041:
639:
359:
333:
1841:
as emperor (February 29). Inukai is assassinated during a coup attempt and
2433:"The Rise of Militaristic Nationalism - November '96 World War II Feature"
2233:
Japanese and European Private International Law in Comparative Perspective
1564:, some substantial opposition did exist. This was one of various forms of
3873:
3301:
2992:
2936:
2693:
Collection, Laboratory, Theater: Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century.
1997:), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8) (see
1875:
1784:
1710:
1419:
1161:
1160:, and China's vast resources. However, the army was at variance with the
882:
2346:"Omoshirogara Textile Design and Children's Clothing in Japan 1910–1930"
1543:
Militarism was even reflected in the clothing trends of the 1930s. Male
1310:
The Japanese system of party government finally met its demise with the
1188:. This office was independent of, and equal (and later superior) to the
3043:
2593:
1922:
1918:
1887:
1335:
989:
983:
945:
1766:. Furthermore, its government and educational system were revised and
1354:
from 1927 to 1929, Japan sent troops three times to China to obstruct
3726:
2895:
1815:
1930: Hamaguchi is wounded in an assassination attempt (November 14).
1608:
1548:
1547:
designs adopted explicitly militaristic imagery, including soldiers,
1544:
1505:, it was given absolute power over the nation's assets. In 1940, all
1378:
1157:
1145:
318:
1648:
in which he sharply questioned the prosecution and justification of
1044:
and engineering regiments as independent commands, and revising the
1358:'s unification campaign. In June 1928, adventurist officers of the
3088:
2768:
1989:
becomes prime minister (October 18). Japanese naval forces attack
1721:
The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor happened on December 7, 1941.
1704:
1480:
1401:
1325:
1686:
and founder of the modern Japanese educational system, member of
934:
The military had a strong influence on Japanese society from the
1683:
1020:(foreign advisor). In Japan, Meckel worked closely with future
2772:
2713:
Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000
1970:
in the wake of the fall of Paris to the Germans, and signs the
1654:
League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War
1571:
The most organized open opposition to militarism was from the
1462:
joined a year later). War was launched against China with the
2632:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present
1279:
were driven from office or an active role in the government.
1240:, the apparent collapse of the world economic order with the
2690:
Schramm, Helmar, Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig. (2005).
1055:'s military theories and the Prussian concept of war games (
27:
Militaristic ideology espoused by Imperial Japan (1873–1945)
2507:. New York, New York: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110.
2310:. New York, New York: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110.
1533:, had difficulty controlling portions of his own military.
2350:
Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. Paper 77
1863:
becomes prime minister (July 8). Japan withdraws from the
1845:
becomes prime minister (May 15). Japan is censured by the
1395:
In January 1932, Japanese forces attacked Shanghai in the
2586:
Militarization and Demilitarization in Contemporary Japan
2372:"The Propaganda Kimonos Japan Kept Hidden From Outsiders"
1805:
1928: Hirohito is enthroned as the Emperor (November 10).
1264:, or a divine mission to unify Asia under Japanese rule.
2142:
List of Japanese political figures in early Shōwa period
1388:, military figures failed in an attempt to establish a
942:(whether in the military, politics or business) were ex
1758:, many of its former military leaders were tried for
2527:
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II.
2087:
on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki bomb (August 9)
1644:
party. On February 2, 1940, he made a speech in the
938:. Almost all leaders in Japanese society during the
3888:
3861:
3803:
3757:
3714:
3707:
3586:
3516:
3441:
3434:
3385:
3325:
3251:
3244:
3191:
3109:
3102:
3001:
2948:
2913:
2806:
2032:implemented in North China. American forces in the
1176:enjoyed by the Japanese armed forces. In 1878, the
1098:overseas as a solution to Japan's domestic issues.
1069:, as expressly codified in Articles XI-XIII of the
1882:becomes prime minister (March 9). Japan signs its
1282:A turning point came with the ratification of the
2398:Kimono: the art and evolution of Japanese fashion
2162:Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period
2137:List of Japanese political and military incidents
1244:starting in 1929, coupled with the imposition of
1133:status was considered dependent on resource-rich
3951:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1086:(1901), which coupled political activities with
3921:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
872:
2905:
2164:for Japanese opponents to Japanese militarism.
1725:, such as the Japanese peoples' opposition to
866:
2784:
842:
8:
2505:Fukuzawa yukichi: from samurai to capitalist
2400:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 165.
2308:Fukuzawa yukichi: from samurai to capitalist
1905:becomes prime minister (February 2). Prince
1676:before his removal from office in July 1944.
1414:Inukai's successors, military men chosen by
975:in 1873, along with the proclamation of the
3268:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
1566:Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period
1366:, in hopes of sparking a general conflict.
957:, and one of the prime motivations for the
3711:
3438:
3248:
3106:
2791:
2777:
2769:
1346:, Russo-Japanese War, World War I and the
849:
835:
37:
3671:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3281:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
2036:surrender (May 8). Japan defeated at the
977:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
3054:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
2344:Atkins, Jacqueline M. (September 2008).
2187:The dark valley: A panorama of the 1930s
1744:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
1585:, a commoner and liberal thinker of the
2178:
2117:begins (until April 28, 1952, upon the
1529:. Even Japan's wartime Prime Minister,
49:
3869:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2677:Japan and Germany in the modern world.
2168:Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution
2152:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2103:Hirohito broadcasts Japan's acceptance
1951:against Soviet forces (September 15).
1940:falls to Japanese forces (October 21).
1538:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1487:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1338:after capturing the city in July 1937.
2732:Japanese Militarism, Past and Present
2658:Japanese Militarism, Past and Present
2427:
2425:
2214:Japan and Germany in the Modern World
2113:in Tokyo bay follows on September 2:
1909:becomes prime minister (June 4). The
1236:. However, with the beginning of the
7:
3273:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
3029:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
2244:
2242:
2157:Imperialism in Asia (disambiguation)
2097:(August 9) and break through at the
2067:firebombing of major Japanese cities
1787:(Emperor Shōwa) became emperor upon
1511:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
1350:. During the term of Prime Minister
1198:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
1182:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
996:Following the German victory in the
913:, roughly 1873 to 1945. Since then,
3941:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
3183:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
2680:Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books.
2085:(June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs
2014:Japan bombs Australia (February 19)
2012:surrenders to Japan (February 15).
1966:(August–September). Japan occupies
1955:becomes prime minister (August 30).
1822:becomes prime minister (April 14).
1630:and his resignation from that body.
1032:, and with army strategist General
2756:State University of New York Press
2370:Perkins, Sam (November 16, 2016).
2077:becomes prime minister (April 7).
1921:(July 31). Japanese troops occupy
1509:were ordered to dissolve into the
1016:sent Meckel to Japan to become an
917:has been enshrined in the postwar
25:
2062:becomes prime minister (July 22).
1723:Multiple events led to the attack
1384:In Tokyo one month later, in the
1258:also strengthened the sense of a
3641:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2904:
2189:(Knopf, 2000) pp 438–64, 633–60.
1812:becomes prime minister (July 2).
1740:National Service Draft Ordinance
1672:assassination of Prime Minister
1431:and more assassinations. In the
1140:Due to the lack of resources in
1065:'s ideal of subservience to the
889:which advocated the belief that
57:
3656:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2748:Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976).
2460:Bassford, Christopher. (1994).
2281:Collection, Laboratory, Theater
2263:Bassford, Christopher. (1994).
2248:Welch, Claude Emerson. (1976).
3911:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
3024:Imperial Rescript on Education
2486:Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945
2455:References and further reading
1322:Growth of military adventurism
1224:, Japan saw a short period of
1008:paid close attention to Major
1:
3357:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
3263:Imperial General Headquarters
2854:Foreign commerce and shipping
2730:Sunoo, Harold Hwakon (1975).
1925:(December 13), beginning the
1770:was written into the postwar
1715:Imperial General Headquarters
3689:Hirohito surrender broadcast
3084:Greater East Asia Conference
1884:first pact with Nazi Germany
1695:Japan attacking Pearl Harbor
1168:Independence of the military
3069:Supreme Court of Judicature
2650:Journal of Military History
2634:. Oxford University Press.
2488:. Oxford University Press.
2200:Journal of Military History
2058:(July 9). Tojo resigns and
1993:, Hawaii (December 7) (see
1964:Hundred Regiments Offensive
1886:(November 25) and occupies
1650:Japan's "holy war" in China
1621:, a respected professor at
1472:Soviet-Japanese Border Wars
1330:Japanese troops march into
1192:in terms of authority. The
1184:office, modelled after the
873:
4008:
3780:Second Philippine Republic
3553:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
2532:W. W. Norton & Company
2109:(August 15). The official
1774:as one of its key tenets.
1698:
1464:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
1435:of 1936, the Army's elite
921:as one of its key tenets.
29:
3661:Japan during World War II
3616:Pacification of Manchukuo
3508:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
3503:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3372:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
3094:Imperial Japanese Airways
2902:
2547:Japan in War & Peace.
2334:Washington 1943 pp127-130
2278:Schramm, Helmar. (2005).
2065:1945: U.S. bombers begin
1917:(July 7). Japan captures
1818:1931: Hamaguchi dies and
1688:Japan's Olympic Committee
1623:Tokyo Imperial University
1503:National Mobilization Law
1232:and participation in the
1129:During the 19th century,
867:
397:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
372:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3636:Second Sino-Japanese War
3578:Racial Equality Proposal
3158:Agriculture and Commerce
2588:. Taylor & Francis.
2054:1944: Japan defeated at
2043:1943: Japan defeated at
1911:Second Sino-Japanese War
1870:1936: Coup attempt, the
1613:League of Blood Incident
1573:Japanese Communist Party
1556:Opposition to militarism
1468:Second Sino-Japanese War
1386:Imperial Colors Incident
1375:South Manchurian Railway
1286:of 1930. Prime Minister
1275:and ex-Foreign Minister
1190:Ministry of War of Japan
609:Great Hanshin earthquake
527:Second Sino-Japanese War
3548:Washington Naval Treaty
3493:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
3478:First Sino-Japanese War
3297:Nuclear weapons program
3039:Great Japan Youth Party
2966:National seals of Japan
2674:Martin, Bernd. (1995).
2544:Dower, John W. (1995).
2468:Oxford University Press
2119:Treaty of San Francisco
2026:Battle of the Coral Sea
1949:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1865:Washington Naval Treaty
1852:1933: Japan leaves the
1791:'s death (December 25).
1437:First Infantry Division
1397:First Shanghai Incident
1230:Washington Naval Treaty
1202:Prime Minister of Japan
1196:soon followed with the
1107:First Sino-Japanese War
455:Intervention in Siberia
382:First Sino-Japanese War
3626:Motherland controversy
3596:Shōwa financial crisis
3388:Imperial Japanese Navy
3328:Imperial Japanese Army
3059:Peace Preservation Law
2715:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2711:Sims, Richard (2001).
2584:Hook, Glenn D (2007).
2503:Hopper, Helen (2005).
2306:Hopper, Helen (2005).
2132:Statism in Shōwa Japan
2020:(March 31-April 10).
1995:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1915:Battle of Lugou Bridge
1830:occurs (18 September).
1718:
1701:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1490:
1450:In November 1936, the
1429:suppression of dissent
1411:
1339:
1305:anti-foreign sentiment
1194:Imperial Japanese Navy
1178:Imperial Japanese Army
1046:universal conscription
967:The rise of universal
789:Science and technology
537:Attack on Pearl Harbor
460:Great Kantō earthquake
402:Colonization of Taiwan
329:Convention of Kanagawa
169:Former Nine Years' War
112:1000 BC – 300 AD
98:14,000 – 1000 BC
32:Statism in Shōwa Japan
3538:Siberian Intervention
3347:Railways and Shipping
3163:Commerce and Industry
2859:Industrial production
2656:Maki, John M (2007).
2099:Battle of Mutanchiang
2024:on Tokyo (April 18).
1934:Battle of Taierzhuang
1772:Constitution of Japan
1708:
1497:Under Prime Minister
1484:
1418:, the last surviving
1405:
1390:military dictatorship
1348:Siberian Intervention
1329:
1142:Japanese home islands
1092:military intelligence
969:military conscription
919:Constitution of Japan
502:Invasion of Manchuria
427:Colonization of Korea
387:Treaty of Shimonoseki
126:300 AD – 538 AD
3956:Political dissidence
3805:Occupied territories
3543:General Election Law
3367:Taiwan Army of Japan
2147:Japanese nationalism
2081:. Japan defeated at
2073:(March 26). Admiral
2069:. Japan defeated at
2045:Guadalcanal campaign
1985:(April 13). General
1872:February 26 Incident
1837:is established with
1640:was a member of the
1433:February 26 Incident
1186:German General Staff
799:World Heritage Sites
512:February 26 incident
417:Treaty of Portsmouth
278:Battle of Sekigahara
174:Later Three-Year War
3977:Japanese militarism
3775:Wang Jingwei regime
3685:Potsdam Declaration
3676:Soviet–Japanese War
3631:Anti-Comintern Pact
3621:January 28 incident
3606:London Naval Treaty
3483:Triple Intervention
3312:Supreme War Council
3196:deliberative bodies
2734:. Burnham Inc Pub.
2569:. RoutledgeCurzon.
2482:Beasley, William G.
2115:Occupation of Japan
2107:Potsdam Declaration
1983:non-aggression pact
1752:American occupation
1519:totalitarian values
1452:Anti-Comintern Pact
1377:Company track near
1371:Manchurian Incident
1284:London Naval Treaty
1256:Patriotic education
998:Franco-Prussian War
874:Nihon gunkoku shugi
862:Japanese militarism
624:Imperial transition
562:Occupation of Japan
552:Soviet–Japanese War
517:Anti-Comintern Pact
392:Triple Intervention
3498:Russo-Japanese War
3468:Two Lords Incident
3123:Imperial Household
2660:. Thompson Press.
2111:surrender ceremony
2071:Battle of Iwo Jima
2001:). Japan conquers
1756:surrender of Japan
1719:
1527:political factions
1491:
1470:, followed by the
1412:
1340:
1152:'s iron and coal,
1115:Russo-Japanese War
1071:Meiji Constitution
1018:O-yatoi gaikokujin
1014:Helmuth von Moltke
1002:Army Staff College
949:or descendants of
930:Rise of militarism
689:Capital punishment
665:2019–present
582:Asset price bubble
557:Surrender of Japan
422:Japan–Korea Treaty
412:Russo-Japanese War
367:Ryūkyū Disposition
309:Invasion of Ryukyu
304:Tokugawa shogunate
240:Nanboku-chō period
3964:
3963:
3936:Socialist thought
3884:
3883:
3823:Dutch East Indies
3785:Empire of Vietnam
3703:
3702:
3473:Satsuma Rebellion
3453:Meiji Restoration
3430:
3429:
3240:
3239:
3178:Greater East Asia
3064:Political parties
3019:Foreign relations
2764:978-0-87395-348-1
2706:978-3-11-017736-7
2698:Walter de Gruyter
2686:978-1-84545-047-2
2667:978-1-4067-2272-7
2652:57.5 (1993): 67+.
2565:Gow, Ian (2004).
2560:978-1-56584-279-3
2540:978-0-393-32027-5
2476:978-0-19-508383-5
2439:. August 19, 1996
2202:57.5 (1993): 67+.
2095:invades Manchuria
2083:Battle of Okinawa
2047:(February 9) and
2018:Indian Ocean raid
1945:Hiranuma Kiichirō
1854:League of Nations
1847:League of Nations
1820:Wakatsuki Reijirō
1709:Japanese Emperor
1669:Shigetarō Shimada
1619:Minobe Tatsukichi
1507:political parties
1234:League of Nations
1004:and the Japanese
936:Meiji Restoration
903:Meiji Restoration
859:
858:
724:Foreign relations
669:
668:
652:Abe assassination
647:COVID-19 pandemic
619:Tōhoku earthquake
377:Satsuma Rebellion
339:Meiji Restoration
217:Kenmu Restoration
16:(Redirected from
3999:
3926:Shinmin no Michi
3916:Internment camps
3828:French Indochina
3712:
3558:Taishō Democracy
3439:
3362:Japanese holdout
3249:
3173:Colonial Affairs
3107:
3034:Yokusan Sonendan
2940:
2932:
2924:
2908:
2907:
2834:Economic history
2793:
2786:
2779:
2770:
2745:
2726:
2671:
2645:
2623:
2597:
2580:
2518:
2499:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2226:Nishitani, Yuko
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2101:(August 12–16).
2056:Battle of Saipan
2049:Battle of Tarawa
2038:Battle of Midway
1977:1941: Japan and
1968:French Indochina
1927:Nanjing massacre
1913:starts with the
1810:Osachi Hamaguchi
1717:on 29 April 1943
1636:, a graduate of
1597:Kijūrō Shidehara
1416:Saionji Kinmochi
1288:Osachi Hamaguchi
1277:Kijūrō Shidehara
1242:Great Depression
1180:established the
1174:civilian control
1135:colonial empires
1125:Economic factors
1119:unequal treaties
1094:, and supported
1030:Yamagata Aritomo
973:Yamagata Aritomo
971:, introduced by
880:
879:
876:
870:
869:
851:
844:
837:
681:
577:Economic miracle
492:Nanking incident
487:Financial crisis
324:Perry Expedition
298:
207:Mongol invasions
86:before 14,000 BC
76:
75:
71:
61:
51:History of Japan
38:
21:
18:Militarist Japan
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3992:New Imperialism
3982:Empire of Japan
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3946:Yasukuni Shrine
3880:
3857:
3799:
3753:
3699:
3651:Tripartite Pact
3646:Rape of Nanking
3582:
3568:Tapani incident
3512:
3488:Boxer Rebellion
3446:
3426:
3390:
3381:
3330:
3321:
3256:
3236:
3230:Representatives
3198:
3195:
3194:Legislative and
3187:
3153:Foreign Affairs
3116:
3113:
3098:
2997:
2976:Government Seal
2961:Rising Sun Flag
2944:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2909:
2900:
2802:
2800:Empire of Japan
2797:
2742:
2729:
2723:
2710:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2626:
2620:
2610:Iudicium Verlag
2600:
2583:
2577:
2564:
2515:
2502:
2496:
2480:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2211:Martin, Bernd.
2210:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2185:Piers Brendon,
2184:
2180:
2176:
2128:
2093:(August 8) and
2079:Manila massacre
1974:(September 27).
1972:Tripartite Pact
1960:Mitsumasa Yonai
1903:Senjūrō Hayashi
1894:established in
1828:Mukden Incident
1824:Inukai Tsuyoshi
1780:
1736:
1713:as head of the
1703:
1697:
1642:Rikken Minseito
1638:Yale University
1587:Rikken Seiyūkai
1558:
1515:one-party state
1408:Japanese Empire
1356:Chiang Kai-shek
1344:Boxer Rebellion
1324:
1316:Inukai Tsuyoshi
1312:May 15 Incident
1300:Rikken Seiyukai
1273:Tetsuzan Nagata
1269:Jotaro Watanabe
1226:democratic rule
1218:
1210:Kazushige Ugaki
1170:
1127:
1090:activities and
1063:Hermann Roesler
1034:Kawakami Soroku
1022:Prime Ministers
932:
927:
907:Japanese defeat
887:Empire of Japan
877:
864:
855:
805:
804:
803:
683:
682:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
657:Noto earthquake
632:1989–2019
629:
628:
589:1926–1989
586:
547:Atomic bombings
522:Tripartite Pact
507:May 15 incident
497:Mukden Incident
468:1912–1926
465:
464:
435:1868–1912
432:
431:
407:Boxer Rebellion
352:1603–1868
349:
348:
296:
286:1573–1603
283:
282:
261:Azuchi–Momoyama
253:1336–1573
250:
249:
225:1185–1333
222:
221:
184:
183:
154:710 – 794
151:
140:538 – 710
137:
123:
109:
73:
72:
69:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3790:State of Burma
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Musha Incident
3608:
3603:
3601:Jinan incident
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:Beipu uprising
3455:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3422:Treaty Faction
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Imperial Guard
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3112:Administration
3110:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2746:
2740:
2727:
2721:
2708:
2688:
2672:
2666:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2628:Gordon, Andrew
2624:
2619:978-3862052202
2618:
2598:
2581:
2575:
2562:
2542:
2522:Dower, John W.
2519:
2513:
2500:
2494:
2478:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2421:
2406:
2388:
2362:
2336:
2323:
2316:
2298:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2238:
2219:
2204:
2191:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2075:Kantarō Suzuki
2063:
2052:
2051:(November 23).
2041:
2022:Doolittle Raid
2006:
2005:(December 25).
1975:
1956:
1941:
1930:
1907:Konoe Fumimaro
1899:
1896:Inner Mongolia
1890:(December 3).
1868:
1867:(December 29).
1857:
1850:
1831:
1816:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1800:prime minister
1792:
1779:
1776:
1764:Tokyo tribunal
1735:
1732:
1699:Main article:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1677:
1665:Sōkichi Takagi
1661:
1658:Fumimaro Konoe
1631:
1628:House of Peers
1626:Minobe in the
1616:
1607:, director of
1601:
1594:
1591:prime minister
1557:
1554:
1499:Konoe Fumimaro
1323:
1320:
1246:trade barriers
1217:
1214:
1169:
1166:
1126:
1123:
931:
928:
926:
923:
857:
856:
854:
853:
846:
839:
831:
828:
827:
826:
825:
820:
815:
807:
806:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
736:
734:Historiography
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
685:
684:
678:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
666:
663:
660:
659:
654:
649:
643:
637:
634:
633:
630:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
600:
594:
591:
590:
587:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
478:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
457:
452:
446:
440:
437:
436:
433:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
363:
357:
354:
353:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Siege of Osaka
311:
306:
300:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
270:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
247:
245:Sengoku period
242:
236:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
219:
214:
209:
204:
198:
192:
189:
188:
187:794–1185
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
165:
159:
156:
155:
152:
145:
142:
141:
138:
131:
128:
127:
124:
117:
114:
113:
110:
103:
100:
99:
96:
88:
87:
84:
74:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
47:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4004:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Shōwa Statism
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Fukoku kyōhei
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:Puppet states
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Fleet Faction
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:General Staff
3395:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:General Staff
3335:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:military code
3289:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:Imperial Diet
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Privy Council
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Home Ministry
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Imperial Seal
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Flag of Japan
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2741:0-88229-217-X
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2722:0-312-23915-7
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2641:0-19-511061-7
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:Ito, Tomohide
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2576:0-7007-1315-8
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:The New Press
2549:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2514:0-321-07802-0
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2495:0-19-822168-1
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2407:9780500518021
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2377:
2376:Atlas Obscura
2373:
2366:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:Hillis, Lory
2327:
2324:
2319:
2317:0-321-07802-0
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:Kuniaki Koiso
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Sanko sakusen
2028:(May 4 – 8).
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:, crushed by
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:Keisuke Okada
1858:
1855:
1851:
1849:(December 7).
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:Tanaka Giichi
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:Postwar Japan
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1682:, creator of
1681:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:, had become
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Japanese Diet
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:secret trials
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:, recognized
1421:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:Kwantung Army
1357:
1353:
1352:Tanaka Giichi
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Taishō period
1215:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:fukoku kyōhei
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:General Staff
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
985:
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:
961:
960:Fukoku Kyohei
956:
952:
948:
947:
941:
937:
929:
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
875:
863:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
832:
830:
829:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
808:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
675:
674:
664:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
641:
636:
635:
631:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
599:
598:
593:
592:
588:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Anpo protests
570:
568:
567:Postwar Japan
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
477:
476:
472:
471:
467:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
445:
444:
439:
438:
434:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
362:
361:
356:
355:
351:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
299:
295:
290:
289:
285:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
256:
252:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
235:
234:
229:
228:
224:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
197:
196:
191:
190:
186:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
164:
163:
158:
157:
153:
150:
149:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
116:
115:
111:
108:
107:
102:
101:
97:
95:
94:
90:
89:
85:
83:
82:
78:
77:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
33:
19:
3889:Other topics
3725:
3563:Taishō Roman
3317:Conscription
3287:
3279:
3254:Armed Forces
3114:(ministries)
3014:Charter Oath
3009:Constitution
2891:State Shinto
2874:Essentialism
2863:
2824:Demographics
2750:
2731:
2712:
2692:
2676:
2657:
2649:
2631:
2605:
2585:
2566:
2546:
2526:
2504:
2485:
2462:
2441:. Retrieved
2436:
2397:
2391:
2381:February 21,
2379:. Retrieved
2375:
2365:
2355:February 21,
2353:. Retrieved
2349:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2307:
2301:
2289:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2091:war on Japan
1991:Pearl Harbor
1979:Soviet Union
1953:Nobuyuki Abe
1936:(March 24).
1843:Saitō Makoto
1754:. After the
1748:World War II
1737:
1720:
1583:Hara Takashi
1577:
1570:
1559:
1542:
1535:
1513:, forming a
1496:
1492:
1449:
1413:
1394:
1383:
1368:
1364:Zhang Zuolin
1341:
1332:Zhengyangmen
1309:
1298:
1291:
1281:
1266:
1259:
1251:coups d'état
1219:
1216:Expansionism
1206:
1171:
1139:
1128:
1100:
1096:expansionism
1088:paramilitary
1082:
1075:
1056:
1050:
1028:and General
1026:Katsura Tarō
1010:Jakob Meckel
995:
981:
966:
958:
950:
943:
940:Meiji period
933:
911:World War II
899:conscription
861:
860:
747:Christianity
638:
604:Lost Decades
595:
532:World War II
481:
473:
441:
358:
293:
268:Nanban trade
259:
231:
193:
160:
146:
132:
118:
104:
91:
79:
35:
3931:Shōwa Modan
3906:Hakkō ichiu
3843:Philippines
3730:after 1943)
3708:Territories
3666:Pacific War
3526:World War I
3402:Air Service
3342:Air Service
3215:Gozen Kaigi
2931:(Yoshihito)
2923:(Mutsuhito)
2869:Nationalism
2814:Agriculture
2235:, p. 29 n6.
2034:Philippines
1999:Pacific War
1987:Hideki Tōjō
1880:Kōki Hirota
1856:(March 27).
1839:Henry Pu Yi
1802:(April 20).
1762:before the
1750:and by the
1680:Kanō Jigorō
1674:Hideki Tōjō
1634:Saitō Takao
1531:Hideki Tōjō
1476:Pacific War
1445:disarmament
1261:hakko ichiu
1220:During the
1131:Great Power
1080:(1881) and
1058:Kriegsspiel
955:imperialism
699:Earthquakes
542:Pacific War
450:World War I
81:Paleolithic
3971:Categories
3695:Occupation
3518:Taishō era
3463:Boshin War
3307:War crimes
3103:Government
3079:Tonarigumi
2986:Privy Seal
2981:State Seal
2939:(Hirohito)
2864:Militarism
2819:Censorship
2594:B000OI0VTI
2550:New York:
2530:New York:
2466:New York:
2437:HistoryNet
1789:his father
1760:war crimes
1727:Westernism
1605:Takuma Dan
1494:on Japan.
1083:Kokuryukai
1053:Clausewitz
905:until the
901:after the
891:militarism
614:Cool Japan
482:Militarism
344:Boshin War
297:(Tokugawa)
179:Genpei War
30:See also:
3896:Sonnō jōi
3848:Singapore
3833:Hong Kong
3795:Azad Hind
3770:Mengjiang
3765:Manchukuo
3739:Kantō-shū
3681:Surrender
3588:Shōwa era
3573:Truku War
3444:Meiji era
3412:Tokkeitai
3377:Kempeitai
3288:Senjinkun
3205:Daijō-kan
3168:Munitions
3049:Mokusatsu
2839:Education
2416:990574229
2283:, p. 429.
2253:, p. 161.
2040:(June 6).
2010:Singapore
2003:Hong Kong
1892:Mengjiang
1835:Manchukuo
1562:Shōwa era
1517:based on
1424:Manchukuo
1238:Shōwa era
1154:Indochina
1150:Manchuria
1109:and over
1078:Gen'yōsha
1042:artillery
1038:divisions
738:Religion
729:Geography
714:Education
709:Era names
334:Bakumatsu
273:Imjin War
233:Muromachi
212:Genkō War
202:Jōkyū War
3874:Yen bloc
3862:Ideology
3853:Thailand
3722:Karafuto
3715:Colonies
3302:Kamikaze
3245:Military
3148:Treasury
3002:Policies
2993:Kimigayo
2914:Emperors
2881:Politics
2849:Eugenics
2807:Overview
2754:Albany:
2696:Berlin:
2630:(2003).
2604:(2019).
2524:(1999).
2484:(1991).
2268:, p. 74.
2230:(2008).
2216:, p. 31.
2126:See also
1876:Hirohito
1798:becomes
1785:Hirohito
1778:Timeline
1768:pacifism
1742:and the
1711:Hirohito
1663:Admiral
1600:country.
1474:and the
1293:Minseito
1290:and his
1162:zaibatsu
1024:General
915:pacifism
895:military
883:ideology
881:was the
823:Timeline
813:Glossary
784:Post-war
779:Politics
769:Military
742:Buddhism
694:Currency
195:Kamakura
43:a series
41:Part of
3435:History
3407:Marines
3044:Kokutai
2949:Symbols
2929:Taishō
2886:Statism
2829:Economy
2443:June 8,
2295:p. 162.
2293:Welch,
2105:of the
1981:sign a
1923:Nanjing
1919:Beiping
1888:Qingdao
1549:bombers
1489:in 1942
1456:Germany
1410:in 1939
1336:Beijing
1113:in the
1067:Emperor
990:Prussia
984:kokutai
951:samurai
946:samurai
925:History
885:in the
818:History
757:Judaism
704:Economy
70:Periods
3838:Malaya
3813:Borneo
3749:Taiwan
3744:Nan'yō
3734:Chōsen
3727:naichi
2937:Shōwa
2921:Meiji
2896:Kazoku
2844:System
2762:
2738:
2719:
2704:
2684:
2664:
2638:
2616:
2592:
2573:
2558:
2538:
2511:
2492:
2474:
2414:
2404:
2314:
2228:et al.
2008:1942:
1958:1940:
1943:1939:
1938:Canton
1932:1938:
1901:1937:
1859:1934:
1808:1929:
1794:1927:
1783:1926:
1609:Mitsui
1603:Baron
1545:kimono
1379:Mukden
1158:rubber
1146:Taiwan
1111:Russia
1000:, the
868:日本軍国主義
794:Sports
762:Shinto
719:Empire
680:Topics
597:Heisei
443:Taishō
319:Sakoku
45:on the
3818:Burma
3531:Entry
3225:Peers
3089:Senbu
3074:Tokkō
2174:Notes
1460:Italy
1420:genrō
774:Naval
752:Islam
640:Reiwa
475:Shōwa
360:Meiji
162:Heian
134:Asuka
120:Kofun
106:Yayoi
93:Jōmon
3143:Navy
3138:Army
2760:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2717:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2590:ASIN
2571:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2445:2018
2412:OCLC
2402:ISBN
2383:2020
2357:2020
2312:ISBN
1684:Judo
1646:Diet
1485:The
1406:The
1369:The
1271:and
148:Nara
3133:War
1656:by
1334:of
1156:'s
909:in
294:Edo
3973::
3687:,
2758:.
2700:.
2612:.
2608:.
2554:.
2534:.
2470:.
2435:.
2424:^
2410:.
2374:.
2348:.
2241:^
2121:).
2016:.
1878:.
1568:.
1478:.
1307:.
1121:.
871:,
3724:(
3691:)
3683:(
2792:e
2785:t
2778:v
2744:.
2725:.
2670:.
2644:.
2622:.
2596:.
2579:.
2517:.
2498:.
2447:.
2418:.
2385:.
2359:.
2320:.
1929:.
1898:.
1660:.
1615:.
1458:(
986:)
982:(
944:-
878:)
865:(
850:e
843:t
836:v
20:)
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