Militia (United States) - Knowledge (XXG)

318:"). On April 19, 1775, a British force 800 strong marched out of Boston to Concord intending to destroy patriot arms and ammunition. At 5:00 in the morning at Lexington, they met about 70 armed militiamen whom they ordered to disperse, but the militiamen refused. Firing ensued; it is not clear which side opened fire. This became known as "the shot heard round the world". Eight militiamen were killed and ten wounded, whereupon the remainder took flight. The British continued on to Concord and were unable to find most of the arms and ammunition of the patriots. As the British marched back toward Boston, patriot militiamen assembled along the route, taking cover behind stone walls, and sniped at the British. At Meriam's Corner in Concord, the British columns had to close in to cross a narrow bridge, exposing themselves to concentrated, deadly fire. The British retreat became a rout. It was only with the help of an additional detachment of 900 troops that the British force managed to return to Boston. This marked the beginning of the war. It was "three days after the affair of Lexington and Concord that any movement was made towards embodying a regular army". 2178:, Title 10 (Armed forces), section 246 (Militia: Composition and Classes), paragraph (a) states: "The militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States and of female citizens of the United States who are members of the National Guard." Section 313 of Title 32 refers to persons with prior military experience. ("Sec. 313. Appointments and enlistments: age limitation (a) To be eligible for original enlistment in the National Guard, a person must be at least 17 years of age and under 45, or under 64 years of age and a former member of the Regular Army, Regular Navy, Regular Air Force, or Regular Marine Corps. To be eligible for reenlistment, a person must be under 64 years of age. (b) To be eligible for appointment as an officer of the National Guard, a person must – (1) be a citizen of the United States; and (2) be at least 18 years of age and under 64.") 922:, neither the North or the South was nearly well enough prepared for war, and few people imagined the demands and hardships the war would bring. Just prior to the war the total peacetime army consisted of a paltry 16,000 men. Both sides issued an immediate call to forces from the militia, followed by the immediate awareness of an acute shortage of weapons, uniforms, and trained officers. State militia regiments were of uneven quality, and none had anything resembling combat training. The typical militia drilling at the time amounted to, at best, parade-ground marching. The militia units, from local communities, had never drilled together as a larger regiment, and thus lacked the extremely important skill, critically necessary for the war style of the time, of maneuvering from a marching line into a fighting line. Yet both sides were equally unready, and rushed to prepare. 1351: 643: 599:

militia which will in fact be a standing army", and worried that, with this force in hand, "the people in general may be disarmed". Similar concerns were raised by Richard Henry Lee in Virginia. In his widely-read pamphlet, Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican, Lee warned that liberties might be undermined by the creation of a select militia that " answer to all the purposes of an army", and concluded that "the Constitution ought to secure a genuine and guard against a select militia by providing that the militia shall always be kept well organized, armed, and disciplined, and include, according to the past and general usage of the states, all men capable of bearing arms."

284:, who should be equipped and prepared to march at the shortest notice. These minute-men were to consist of one quarter of the whole militia, to be enlisted under the direction of the field-officers, and divide into companies, consisting of at least fifty men each. The privates were to choose their captains and subalterns, and these officers were to form the companies into battalions, and chose the field-officers to command the same. Hence the minute-men became a body distinct from the rest of the militia, and, by being more devoted to military exercises, they acquired skill in the use of arms. More attention than formerly was likewise bestowed on the training and drilling of militia. 695: 256:... he experienced all the evils of insubordination among the troops, perverseness in the militia, inactivity in the officers, disregard of orders, and reluctance in the civil authorities to render a proper support. And what added to his mortification was, that the laws gave him no power to correct these evils, either by enforcing discipline, or compelling the indolent and refractory to their duty ... The militia system was suited for only to times of peace. It provided for calling out men to repel invasion; but the powers granted for effecting it were so limited, as to be almost inoperative. 31: 682:, the American militia dug entrenchments, fixed fortifications, disguised the roads with camouflage, and felled trees across the road. The Regulars and militia harassed the British army by firing at them from behind stone fences, trees, and whatever cover they could find before retreating to their entrenched fortified defense. As the British lost the naval engagement of the Plattsburgh battle, they continued to face heavy fire from the militia. Facing increased casualties, the British withdrew, making the Americans the victors. 436:) under Article 1; section 8, clauses 15 and 16 of the federal constitution, granted Congress the power to "provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia", as well as, and in distinction to, the power to raise an army and a navy. The U.S. Congress is granted the power to use the militia of the U.S. for three specific missions, as described in Article 1, section 8, clause 15: "To provide for the calling of the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." The 723: 241:, town militia formed a recruiting pool for the Provincial Forces. The legislature of the colony would authorize a certain force level for the season's campaign and set recruitment quotas for each local militia. In theory, militia members could be drafted by lot if there were inadequate forces for the Provincial Regulars; however, the draft was rarely resorted to because provincial regulars were highly paid (more highly paid than their regular British Army counterparts) and rarely engaged in combat. 2624:, Sec. 8 : "Congress shall have the Power ... To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;" 2247:

Guard) providing its soldiers to support and augment the National Guard CERFP Team. The California State Military Reserve provides the National Guard with soldiers to assist with military police training, and the Alaska State Defense Force constantly provides armed military police troops to assist with the security of that state. One of the major roles of the Mississippi State Guard is providing operational support during natural disasters such as hurricane relief operations.

1444: 2239:; some states refer to them as state military reserves or state guards. They were created to assist, support, and augment National Guard forces during peacetime conditions. During the call-up of National Guard forces for wartime deployments, state defense forces can be used to assume the full military responsibilities of the state. Their mission includes the defense of the state and the enforcement of military orders when ordered by their Governor. 300: 4500: 1183: 2051: 1948: 1908: 1413: 935: 888: 524: 616:

before his death, in a letter to General Alexander Hamilton, George Washington wrote: "The establishment of a Military Academy upon a respectable and extensive basis has ever been considered by me as an object of primary importance to this country; and while I was in the chair of government, I omitted no proper opportunity of recommending it in my public speeches, and otherwise to the attention of the legislature."

276:, on October 26, 1774, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, observing the British military buildup, deemed their militia resources to be insufficient: the troop strength, "including the sick and absent, amounted to about seventeen thousand men ... this was far short of the number wanted, that the council recommended an immediate application to the New England governments to make up the deficiency": 227: 2612:, No. 46, Madison, James Jr. New York Packet. 1788. "... the State governments, with the people on their side, would be able to repel the danger. ... a militia amounting to near half a million citizens with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves, fighting for their common liberties, and united and conducted by governments possessing their affections and confidence." 195: 2261: 590:

arguments, in part because of the degree of control over the militia given to the national government by the proposed constitution. The fears of the more conservative opponents centered upon the possible phasing out of the general militia in favor of a smaller, more readily corrupted, select militia. Proposals for such a select militia already had been advanced by individuals such as

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standing army, the bane of liberty. Now it must be evident, that under this provision, together with their other powers, congress could take such measures with respect to a militia, as make a standing army necessary. Whenever Governments mean to invade the rights and liberties of the people, they always attempt to destroy the militia, in order to raise an army upon their ruins.

1979: 367:. The stay-at-home militia tended then to perform the role of the internal police to keep order. British forces sought to disrupt American communities by instigating slave rebellions and Indian raids. The militia fended off these threats. Militias also spied on Loyalists in the American communities. In Albany County, New York, the militia established a 777:

to be rid of all regulations. How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization, it is difficult to see. There is certainly no small danger, that indifference may lead to disgust, and disgust to contempt; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights.

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by the strictures of its power over the constitutional militia, which can be called forth only "to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." Most modern organizations calling themselves militias are illegal private paramilitary organizations without the official sanctioning of a state government.

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opposed to Troops regularly trained, disciplined, and appointed, superior in knowledge and superior in Arms, makes them timid, and ready to fly from their own shadows ... if I was called upon to declare upon Oath, whether the Militia have been most serviceable or hurtful upon the whole, I should subscribe to the latter.

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agreement was reached to transfer the existing state forces into the Confederate army. The Second Division of the Army of Arkansas was transferred to the Confederate Army under the command of General William E. Hardee, but before the First Division of the Army of Arkansas could be transferred, it participated in the

662:, the militia were set up in linear formation with little to no entrenchments and very little help from the Regular Army. Thus the Militia were routed easily and fled from the battlefield in large numbers, allowing the smaller British force to successfully raid and destroy the White House in Washington D.C. 1277:

Eighth Brigade of Militia, and one company from the militia regiments of Prairie, Monroe, Poinsett, Saint Francis, and Craighead counties. The units that responded to this call were formed into three regiments of 30 Day Volunteers. Some of these companies later enrolled in regular Confederate service.

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All able-bodied men 17 to 45 of age who are not part of the organized militia are known as the unorganized militia (10 USC). Able-bodied men who are not eligible for inclusion in the reserve militia pool are those aliens not having declared their intent to become citizens of the United States (10 USC

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In parts of the South, white paramilitary groups and rifle clubs formed to counter this black militia, despite the laws prohibiting drilling, organizing, or parading except for duly authorized militia. In Reconstruction Louisiana, the Knights of the White Camelia, the Ku Klux Klan, Swamp Fox Rangers,

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Once Arkansas left the Union in May 1861, the existing volunteer militia companies were among the first mustered into state service and be formed into new volunteer infantry regiments, also referred to as "State Troops". These new regiments comprised the Provisional Army of Arkansas. In July 1861 and

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An overweening vanity leads the fond many, each man against the conviction of his own heart, to believe or affect to believe, that militia can beat veteran troops in the open field and even play of battle. This idle notion, fed by vaunting demagogues, alarmed us for our country, when in the course of

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Document Containing the Correspondence, Orders &c. in Relation to the Disturbances with the Mormons; And the Evidence Given Before the Hon. Austin A. King, Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, at the Court-House in Richmond, in a Criminal Court of Inquiry, Begun November

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Today state defense forces continue to assist, support, and augment the National Guard of the state. They provide logistical, administrative, medical, transportation, security, and ceremonial assistance. Some states have provided additional support, such as the New York State Defense Force (New York

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serves as part of the first-line defense for the United States. A state or territorial National Guard is divided up into units stationed within their borders and operates under their respective state governor or territorial government. The National Guard may be called up for active duty by the state

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resulting in the deaths of two whites and thirty-five black people. Reaction to this riot was mixed, with the local Democrats upset at the influx of federal troops that followed, and the Northern press expressing outrage: "Once more, as always, it is the Negroes that are slaughtered while the whites

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After the fall of Little Rock to Union forces in September 1863, Governor Harris Flanagin ordered out the militia regiments of Clark, Hempstead, Sevier, Pike, Polk, Montgomery, La Fayette, Ouachita, Union, and Columbia counties and directed them to supply mounted companies for new regiments of State

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in Pennsylvania. From this experience, a major weakness of a States-based citizen militia system was found to be the lack of systematic army organization, and a lack of training for engineers and officers. George Washington repeatedly warned of these shortcomings up until his death in 1799. Two days

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The fervor of the early days in the reorganized militias wore off in the long grind of an eight-year war. Now the right to elect their own officers was used to demand that the men not serve away from their state. Men evaded service, bought substitutes to go for them as in the old days, and had to be

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Since 1933, Congress has organized the National Guard under its power to "raise and support armies" and not its power to "Provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the Militia". Congress chose to do this in the interests of organizing reserve military units which were not limited in deployment

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argues these paramiltary groups calling themselves militia are unconstitutional as is the 'insurrection theory' that many of these paramilitaries claim justifies their existence. The 2000s and 2010s also saw the formation of several national-level private militia organizations, the largest of which

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And yet, though this truth would seem so clear, and the importance of a well regulated militia would seem so undeniable, it cannot be disguised, that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline, and a strong disposition, from a sense of its burdens,

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Records of the constitutional debate over the early drafts of the language of the Second Amendment included significant discussion of whether service in the militia should be compulsory for all able bodied men, or should there be an exemption for the "religiously scrupulous" conscientious objector.

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case of 1879: " 'a body of citizens trained to military duty, who may be called out in certain cases, but may not be kept on service like standing armies, in times of peace'. . . when not engaged at stated periods . . . they return to their usual avocations . . . and are subject to call when public

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law specifies all able-bodied citizens or intended citizens over the age of eighteen as members of the state militia, as explicitly distinct from the National Guard and Washington State Guard. In states such as Texas, the state constitution classifies male citizens between the ages of 17 and 45 to

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also have organized state "militia" forces or state guards which are under the control of the governor of a state; however, many of these "militia" also act as a reserve for the National Guard and are thus a part of it (this varies from state to state depending on individual state statutory laws).

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between 1866 and 1870 the U.S. Army took control of the former rebel states and ordered elections to be held. These elections were the first in which African Americans could vote. Each state (except Virginia) elected Republican governments, which organized militia units. The majority of militiamen

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American militias were very effective when fighting in unconventional guerrilla warfare such as the defense of Hampton Village on June 25, 1813, where American militia conducted a few devastating ambushes, conducted harassing fire behind cover, and fought some hit-and-run engagements. Although the

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expressed the fear that the proposed constitution might allow Congress to create such select militias: "his looks too much like Baron Steuben's militia, by which a standing army was meant and intended." In Pennsylvania, John Smiley told the ratifying convention that "Congress may give us a select

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At the end of the Revolutionary War, a political atmosphere developed at the local level where the militia was seen with fondness, despite their spotty record on the battlefield. Typically, when the militia did act well was when the battle came into the locale of the militia, and local inhabitants

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While the reliance upon militias was politically satisfying, it proved to be an administrative and military nightmare. State detachments could not be easily combined into larger fighting units; soldiers could not be relied on to serve for extended periods, and desertions were common; officers were

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Politically, the militia was highly popular during the postwar period, though to some extent, based more on pride of victory in the recent war than on the realities. This skepticism of the actual value of relying upon the militia for national defense, versus a trained regular army was expressed by

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called them so expensive. As wartime inflation devalued the currency, other pledges had to be offered, including land grants and the promise of "a healthy slave" at the end of the war. Some men would take a bounty and not show up. Or they would show up for a while, desert, and then, when they felt

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Throughout the 20th century, state defense forces were used in every major war. New York Guard soldiers patrolled and secured the water aqueduct of New York and mass transit areas, and were even deployed to France to assist in logistical operations in World War I. The Texas State Guard's soldiers

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These persons remain members of the militia until age 64. Paragraph (b) further states, "The classes of the militia are: (1) the organized militia, which consists of the National Guard and the Naval Militia; and (2) the unorganized militia, which consists of the members of the militia who are not

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after the start of the Civil War there were several competing organizations attempting to either take the state out of the Union or keep the state within it. Home Guard companies and regiments were raised by Union supporters, particularly German-Americans, to oppose the secessionist paramilitary

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In the summer of 1861, military camps circled around Washington, D.C. composed of new three-year army volunteers and 90-day militia units. The generals in charge of this gathering had never handled large bodies of men before, and the men were simply inexperienced civilians with arms having little

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cents per day. Text reads: "A List of that Part of the Millitia Commanded by Elisha Burk an went after the Runaway Negroes. ... The within is a True Return of that part of the Millitia Commanded by Elisha Burk While out after the Runaway Negroes: Given under my hand this 15th day of August 1826".

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Now, I am apprehensive, sir, that this clause would give an opportunity to the people in power to destroy the constitution itself. They can declare who are those religiously scrupulous, and prevent them from bearing arms. What, sir, is the use of a militia? It is to prevent the establishment of a

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Justice Scalia, Opinion of the court. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., PETITIONERS v. DICK ANTHONY HELLER: on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit. 2008. "... the 'militia' in colonial America consisted of a

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In November 1861, Colonel Solon S. Borland, commanding Confederate forces at Pittman's Ferry received information regarding an imminent invasion of Northeast Arkansas and issued an immediate call for Militia forces to re-enforce his position. The State Military Board authorized the activation of

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and a western division. New regiments were added as the militia organization developed. Additionally, many counties and cities raised uniformed volunteer companies, which drilled more often and were better equipped than the un-uniformed militia. These volunteer companies were instrumental in the

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militia were routed and withdrew with 7 killed, 12 wounded, and 12 missing, the British suffered 120 killed and at least 95 wounded. American militia as horse-mounted raiders were very effective at conducting incursions or raids into British Canada. For instance, Duncan McArthur led a successful

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The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any

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Congress shall have the power ... to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the

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In retaliation for Ludlow, the miners armed themselves and attacked dozens of mines over the next ten days, destroying property and engaging in several skirmishes with the Colorado National Guard along a 40-mile front from Trinidad to Walsenburg. The entire strike cost between 69 and 199 lives.

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I found the town in great excitement; un-uniformed militia were parading the streets, both white and colored. I found that the white people—democrats—were very much excited in consequence of the governor organizing the militia force of the state. ... I found that these people were determined to

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St. Louis Unionists were mustered into Federal service in April 1861. Five regiments were designated the 1st–5th Missouri Volunteers and five additional regiments were created as the United States Reserve Corps. The second group were commonly referred to as the (St. Louis) Home Guard, and their

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necessitated an activation of parts of the state militia. In February 1862, General McCulloch issued a proclamation from Fayetteville requesting that "every man turn out and form companies, and rally to meet the advancing enemy". Brigadier General N. B. Burrow, commander of the 3rd Brigade, 1st

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At the time of the drafting of the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights, a political sentiment existed in the newly formed United States involving suspicion of peacetime armies not under civilian control. This political belief has been identified as stemming from the memory of the abuses of the

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Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That each and every free able-bodied white male citizen of the respective States, resident therein, who is or shall be of age of eighteen years, and under the age of forty-five years

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To place any dependence on the Militia, is, assuredly, resting upon a broken staff. Men just dragged from the tender Scenes of domestic life; unaccustomed to the din of Arms; totally unacquainted with every kind of military skill, which being followed by a want of confidence in themselves, when

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which effectively combined the National Guard with the federal Reserve Components of the armed forces, making them regular troops. This can lead to problems for states that also face internal emergencies while the Guard is deployed overseas. To address such issues, many of the states, such as

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at the beginning of the war that rose in number until the end of the war. It provided the most volunteers from west of the Rocky Mountains: eight regiments and two battalions of infantry, two regiments and a battalion of cavalry. It also provided most of the men for the infantry regiment from

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attributable, more to their want of knowledge or the best mode of applying the force under their authority to their attainment of their object than to all others. It may almost be stated, as an axiom, that the larger the body of undisciplined men is, the less is its chance of success; ...

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The disasters of the militia may be ascribed chiefly, to two causes, of which the failure to train the men is a principle one; but, the omission to train the officers is as so much greater, that I think the history of its conduct, where it has been unfortunate, will prove that its defects are

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The American militia failed if they were poorly led, had bad logistics, were not trained properly or were misused. But they could be a potent force if there was a good competent leader, better logistics, used carefully, better trained, or a combination of all those factors. However, the U.S.

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While in The Federalist No. 46, Madison argued that a standing army of 25,000 to 30,000 men would be offset by "a militia amounting to near a half million of citizens with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves ..." The Antifederalists were not persuaded by these

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The states' militia continued service, notably, in the slave-holding states, to maintain public order by performing slave patrols to round up fugitive slaves. A Mississippi town history described their militia of the 1840s: "The company musters of the citizen soldiers were held four times a

333:... every State shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage. 764:

The demoralizing influences even of our own militia drills has long been notorious to a proverb. It has been a source of general corruptions to the community, and formed habits of idleness, dissipation and profligacy ... musterfields have generally been scenes or occasions of gambling,

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The "religiously scrupulous" clause was ultimately stricken from the final draft of second amendment to the Federal Constitution though the militia clause was retained. The Supreme Court of the United States has upheld a right to conscientious objection to military service.

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government still believed militia were inadequate, and the desire for a professional regular army prevailed. Military budgets were greatly increased at this time and a smaller, standing federal army, rather than States' militias, was deemed better for the national defense.

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Militias fared better and proved more reliable when protected behind defensive entrenchments and fixed fortifications, using guerrilla tactics such as firing from behind cover, being reinforced with Regular armed forces, or a little bit of all those factors. In the

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included all able-bodied white males between the ages of 18 and 50 who were exempt from Confederate service, excepting only the governor and other officials. The Home Guard replaced the militia whose members had volunteered or been conscripted into service in the

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No. 29, Hamilton, Alexander. Concerning the Militia. Daily Advertiser. 1788. "What plan for the regulation of the militia may be pursued by the national government, is impossible to be foreseen ... were the Constitution ratified ... 'The project of disciplining

445:(except as is herein after excepted) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia, by the Captain or Commanding Officer of the company, within whose bounds such citizen shall reside, and that within twelve months after the passing of this Act. 2185:

The National Guard of the United States is the largest of the organized federal reserve military forces in the United States. The National Guard of the United States is classified (under title 10, United States Code (see above)) as the organized federal

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The state National Guard was originally called out, but the company was allowed to organize an additional private militia consisting of Colorado Fuel & Iron Company (CF&I) guards in National Guard uniforms augmented by non-uniformed mine guards.

813:, that, "The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state if necessary for the public pease—their outrages are beyond description." In the following days, Missouri militia killed 17 Latter-day Saints at 412:

tended to exaggerate the performance of the local militia versus the performance of the Continental Army. The Continental Army was seen as the protector of the States, though it also was viewed as a dominating force over the local communities.

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The Arkansas Secession Convention directed each county to organize a Home Guard organization, which was intended to include old men and boys who were otherwise disqualified from active service. The Home Guard were later commissioned to begin

1244:, the Arkansas militia experienced a decline, but as sectional frictions between the north and south began to build in the late 1850s the militia experienced a revival. By 1860 the state's militia consisted of 62 regiments divided into eight 2091:

Each state and most territories have two mandatory forces, namely the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. Many states also have state defense forces and a naval militia, which assist, support and augment National Guard forces.

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that the federal government has plenary power over the National Guard, greatly reducing (to the point of nonexistence) the state government's ability to withhold consent to federal deployments and training missions of the National Guard.

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has taken the meaning "a military force raised from the civilian population of a country or region, especially to supplement a regular army in an emergency, frequently as distinguished from mercenaries or professional soldiers". The

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operations against occupying Union forces. Once Union forces secured the state capitol in 1863, the new loyal state government immediately began raising new loyal militia forces in an attempt to combat bands of guerrillas and

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towards the staunchly pro-Union town. Columbia had value not only as a stronghold of pro-Union thought, but served as home to a garrison of Union troops and prison located in the library and main academic building at the

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licentiousness, and almost every vice. ... An eye-witness of a New England training, so late as 1845, says, "beastly drunkenness, and other immoralities, were enough to make good men shudder at the very name of a muster".

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Outright war between the state militia and the white rifle clubs was avoided only by the complete surrender of one of the belligerents, though tensions escalated in the following months leading to a December riot in

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246) and former regular component veterans of the armed forces who have reached the age of 64 (32 USC 313). All female citizens who are members of National Guard units are also included in the reserve militia pool (

2702:, Page 308. Macmillan, 1909. "Sec. 1. That the militia ... shall be divided into two classes ... the organized militia, to be known as the National Guard ... and the remainder to be known as the Reserve Militia." 1285:

Division, Arkansas State Militia reacted by activating his entire brigade consisting of six regiments for approximately three weeks. Later in the Summer of 1862, when Major General Hindman assumed command of the

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discussed how a militia could help defend liberty against tyranny and oppression. (Source I Annals of Congress 434, June 8, 1789) However, during his presidency, after enduring the failures of the militia in the

416:, president of Pennsylvania viewed this jealousy between the militia forces and the standing army as similar to the prior frictions between the militia and the British Regular Army a generation before during the 4437: 4264:

Brundage, Lyle D. "The Organization, Administration, and Training of the United States Ordinary and Volunteer Militia, 1792-1861" (PhD dissertation, University of Michigan; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,

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intended to prohibit federal troops and federal-controlled militia from supervising elections. This act substantially limits the powers of the Federal government to use the military serving on active duty under

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Since approximately 1992, there have been a number of state- and regional-level private organizations in the United States that call themselves militia or unorganized militia, some of which have been tied to

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size were usually uniformed and armed through their own contributions. Volunteer units of sufficient size could elect their own officers and apply for a state charter under names that they themselves chose.

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Young, David E. The American Revolutionary Era Origin of the Second Amendment's Clauses. JOURNAL ON FIREARMS & PUBLIC POLICY, Volume 23. 2011. Extended excerpt from Mason's Fairfax County Militia Plan.

1990:, the militia was called out to calm the situation during a coal mine strike, but the sympathies of the militia leaders allied with company management and resulted in the deaths of roughly 19 to 25 people. 2001:

was an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado on April 20, 1914.

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to oppose Sterling Price's Missouri State Guard, which was forming at the same time. One of these units, the Benton County Home Guards, was defeated by a battalion of Missouri State Guards at the

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led the Caldwell County militia to rescue Latter-day Saint residents from what they believed was a "mob". The confrontation between these two county militias (Ray and Caldwell) became known as the

306:, April 19th, 1775. Blue coated militiamen in the foreground flee from the volley of gunshots from the red coated British Army line in the background with dead and wounded militiamen on the ground. 3974:"South Carolina Code of Laws Title 25 - Military, Civil Defense and Veterans Affairs, Chapter 3 - South Carolina State Guard, Section 25-3-50. Civil organization, society or club enlisted as unit" 2518: 1798:... the militia companies were composed almost entirely of Negroes and their marching and counter-marching through the country drove the white people to frenzy. Even a cool-headed man like 1794:

and a couple other paramilitary groups sought to counter official governments. These groups engaged in a prolonged series of retaliatory, vengeful, and hostile acts against this black militia.

96:' paramount vision of the militia in 1787. The new Constitution empowered Congress to "organize, arm, and discipline" this national military force, leaving significant control in the hands of 368: 509:

Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

2428: 1211: 1814:

The activity of the official black militia, and the unofficial illegal white rifle clubs, typically peaked in the autumn surrounding elections. This was the case in the race riot of

1135: 658:, the United States Militia were at times routed if they fought conventionally on the battle in the open as they were undisciplined, untrained, and underfunded. For example, at the 122:

Unorganized militia – comprising the reserve militia: every able-bodied man of at least 17 and under 45 years of age, who are not members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia.

1802:

advised the Democrats to form military organizations that should be able to maintain a front against the negro militia. Many indications pointed to trouble. A hardware merchant of

1673: 1069: 2343:

The Vice President (also constitutionally the President of the Senate, that body which confirms the appointment of senior armed forces officers made by the Commander in Chief).

1592: 642: 594:, Washington's Inspector General, who proposed supplementing the general militia with a force of 21,000 men given government- issued arms and special training. An article in 341:

The militia are turning out with great alacrity both in Maryland and Pennsylvania. They are distressed for want of arms. Many have none, we shall rake and scrape enough to do

329:, which contained a provision for raising a confederal militia that consent would be required from nine of the 13 States. Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states, 3121: 1863:

was the first state commander-in-chief to call up militia units to suppress the strike, and this action has been viewed in retrospect as an action that would transform the

4535: 978: 485: 1045: 154:

dates to the year 1590, with the original meaning now obsolete: "the body of soldiers in the service of a sovereign or a state". Subsequently, since approximately 1665,

1481: 2377:

and the state governor the authority to call upon the unorganized reserve militia to uphold the peace, repel invasion, and suppress rebellion, similar to the early "

2432: 1120: 221: 4525: 3552: 748:

year...After a brief parade, which consisted in a blundering execution of unwarlike antics, these men would start drinking and usually several fights occurred."

2633: 2621: 1125: 424:

to honor their own wartime deeds. The local communities did not want to pay national taxes to cover the Army pensions, when the local militiamen received none.

1764:, 90 men assembled a militia named the Fighting Tigers of Columbia. The brigade stockpiled weapons, kept watch, set up a warning bell for the town, and dug a 3422: 2538: 1204: 1163: 751:

Responding to criticisms of failures of the militia, Adjutant General William Sumner wrote an analysis and rebuttal in a letter to John Adams, May 3, 1823:

1715:

Once actual hostilities began in the state in June 1861, Union loyalists as Home Guard units in areas outside of St. Louis were organized and mobilized by

1884:

for law enforcement, but does not preclude governors from using their National Guard in a law enforcement role as long as the guardsmen are serving under

603:

Note: In Federalist Paper 29 Hamilton argued the inability to train the whole Militia made select corps inevitable and, like Madison, paid it no concern.

402:

General George Washington defended the militia in public, but in correspondence with Congress expressed his opinion of the militia quite to the contrary:

4520: 1083: 1130: 637: 2407:

to "issue licenses to bodies of persons to organize, drill and bear arms as volunteer military companies or volunteer military organizations," whereas

359:

the need for another bounty, sign up again in a different place. ... This practice was common enough to have its own technical term – "bounty jumping".

875:, local militia companies from villages within a 30-mile radius of Harpers Ferry cut off Brown's escape routes and trapped Brown's men in the armory. 83: 674:

with an almost entirely Kentucky mounted militia force which captured an entire British army, eliminated Tecumseh, and suffered very few casualties.

2440: 2164: 1469:

to retake the former U.S. federal fort and found that the militia "strength was far short of what the Congressional statute provided and required".

1088: 996: 714:

who carried on in functions such as assisting local law enforcement, providing troops for ceremonies and parades or as a social club. The groups of

2452: 2168: 1197: 1140: 1356: 563:

The concern about risks of a "religiously scrupulous" exemption clause within the second amendment to the Federal Constitution was expressed by

97: 2640:

of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States."

393:

Robert Spitzer, citing Daniel Boorstin, describes this political dichotomy of the public popularity of the militia versus the military value:

4530: 3875: 3479: 2761: 1738: 872: 93: 71: 3155: 2378: 1293:

Troops. This recruiting method succeeded in supplying several new mounted companies which participated in resisting Union General Steele's

1859:

and spreading to 15 other states across the Midwest, was the first national labor strike in United States history. West Virginia Governor

2399:

Laws authorizing the state governments to officially make privately organized militias part of the state's official military force vary;

2499: 2482: 2101: 116: 2650: 205:

The early colonists of America considered the militia an important social institution, necessary to provide defense and public safety.

4299: 3832: 2847:"Records of the colony of New Plymouth in New England : Printed by order of the legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts" 2513: 2332: 2321: 2120: 2116: 1885: 1881: 1709: 1533: 1392: 1055: 789:

to "prevent, if possible, any invasion of Ray County by persons in arms whatever". Bogart, who had participated in former anti-Mormon

189: 1273:, in August 1861. Following the battle of Wilson's Creek, the First Division voted to disband rather than enter Confederate Service. 4482: 4454: 4336: 4280: 3699: 3675: 3642: 3605: 3585: 3527: 3430: 3405: 3048: 2834: 2314: 2300: 1716: 1225: 1050: 967: 694: 433: 261: 79: 3138: 2282: 2275: 337:

Some militia units appeared without adequate arms, as evidenced in this letter from John Adams to his wife, dated August 26, 1777:

30: 4180: 1896:

Despite a lack of initial readiness, training, and supplies, the militias of the United States fought and achieved victory in the

4459:

Smith, Joshua M. "The Yankee Soldier's Might: The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia, 1800–1812,"

2444: 2217: 2112: 1509: 311: 303: 78:, depending on each colony's rule. Individual towns formed local independent militias for their own defense. The year before the 3320:

Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter Day Saints, from the State of Missouri, under the "Exterminating Order"

3358: 3082: 342: 1729:

In late 1861 and early 1862 the three-month-service Home Guard were replaced by Unionist militia regiments, including the new

864:" elements, the militia was called out to enforce order on several occasions, notably during the incidents referred to as the 349:

The initial enthusiasm of Patriot militiamen in the beginning days of the war soon waned. The historian Garry Wills explains,

252:

of the Virginia militia, upon a frustrating and futile attempt to call up the militia to respond to a frontier Indian attack:

4118: 4104: 3068: 2191: 1864: 1730: 1588: 727: 760:

During this inter-war period of the nineteenth century, the states' militia tended towards being disorderly and unprepared.

611:

In 1794, a militia numbering approximately 13,000 was raised and personally led by President George Washington to quell the

4110: 4078:"Rhode Island General Laws Title 30 - Military Affairs and Defense Chapter 30-1 Militia Section 30-1-4 Classes of militia" 3933: 2144: 1852: 1846: 1806:

reported that with the exceptions of the first year of the war his trade had never been so brisk. It was said that 10,000

1373: 1334: 315: 4490: 1867:

by revealing the shortcomings of the state militias. In all, approximately 45,000 militiamen were called out nationwide.

1708:

demanded that the 1st–5th U.S.R.C. be disbanded as illegal organizations. (These regiments continued to serve though the

4223: 3345: 2148: 1286: 1029: 1015: 710:

in the eastern U.S. ending. Many states let their unorganized militia lapse in favor of volunteer militia units such as

667: 112: 4077: 3973: 3198: 3167: 4155: 3556: 2216:, and a few other states have on-call or proposed ones. In 1990, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of 1104: 806: 2368:

Many individual states have additional statutes describing their residents as part of the state militia; for example

1266: 4052:"Rhode Island General Laws Title 30 - Military Affairs and Defense, Chapter 30-4 Independent Military Organizations" 2136:

to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as those caused by hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes.

420:. Tensions came to a head at the end of the war when the Continental Army officers demanded pensions and set up the 2412: 1856: 1723: 1647: 1540:

were sent east across the southern deserts to drive the Confederates out of southern Arizona, New Mexico, and west

1297:

in the spring of 1864. Sporadic recruiting of new volunteer companies from the Militia continued until March 1865.

833:. After conflicts again rose between the Mormons and the other residents of Illinois, the Mormons migrated west to 488:

to the Constitution revolved around the issue of transferring militia power held by the states (under the existing

398:

elected, based on popularity rather than experience or training; discipline and uniformity were almost nonexistent.

273: 2271: 1232:

has a connection include the Arkansas State Militia, Home Guard, and State Troop regiments raised by the State of

628:

was established, in part to rectify the failings of irregular training inherent in a States-based militia system.

2394: 2026: 1734: 1326: 489: 421: 326: 3224: 1897: 1289:, the militia regiments were required to provide volunteers for new Confederate regiments or face conscription. 809:. This order, often called the "Extermination Order", told the commander of the Missouri State Militia, General 4025: 2390: 1669: 838: 199: 3999: 2346:

The judicial and executive officers of the United States, the several States and Territories, and Puerto Rico.

484:

A major concern of the various delegates during the constitutional debates over the U.S. Constitution and the

3299:

12, 1838, on the Trial of Joseph Smith, Jr., and Others, for High Treason and Other Crimes Against the State.

2996:

Weatherup, Roy G.: "Standing Armies and the Armed Citizens: An Historical Analysis of the Second Amendment".

2455:

and extremist views, which operate without any official sanctioning or licensing by their state governments.

467:

and resulted in placing the standing army under the control of Parliament. During the Congressional debates,

4466:

Stentiford, Barry M. "The Meaning of a Name: The Rise of the National Guard and the End of a Town Militia,"

4244:

Anderson, Fred. "A People’s Army: Provincial Military Service in Massachusetts during the Seven Years’ War"

2953: 2369: 2160: 2022: 1807: 1620: 1513: 1330: 1229: 1008: 988: 798: 722: 715: 595: 3616:

Pfeifer, Michael J. “The Origins of Postbellum Lynching: Collective Violence in Reconstruction Louisiana.”

3383: 1697: 4203: 2140: 2133: 1833: 1803: 1761: 1753: 1369: 1343: 238: 164: 67: 51: 4356:

Mahon, John K. "Bibliographic Essay on Research into the History of the Militia and the National Guard."

3156:

http://1812va.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/1812-Chronological-list-of-encounters-revised-7-Dec-2010.doc

2235:

Since the Militia Act of 1903, many states have created and maintained a reserve military force known as

2190:. Under federal control, the National Guard of the United States can be called up for active duty by the 1476:

In the West, Union state and territorial militias existed as active forces in defense of settlers there.

4051: 2846: 2609: 2591: 2195: 2039: 1498: 1458: 1396: 1270: 793:

groups, proceeded to disarm resident Latter-day Saints and forced them to leave the county. In response

679: 659: 417: 88: 47: 1497:

militias were organized to resist both the Confederacy and any civil disorder caused by secessionists,

1692:

creation was criticized as these regiments exceeded the requirement for Missouri volunteers under the

4504: 3785: 2108: 1819: 1815: 1693: 1677: 1517: 1486: 1322: 1315: 1258: 1187: 857: 707: 647: 413: 322: 2005:

Thomas Franklin Andrews described it as the "deadliest strike in the history of the United States".

4350: 4254:

Boucher, Ronald L. "The Colonial Militia As a Social Institution: Salem, Massachusetts 1764-1775."

4218: 4213: 2494: 2436: 2416: 2236: 2230: 2128: 1876: 1827:

resist his marching the militia (to Clinton) with arms, and they threatened to kill his militiamen.

1577: 1529: 1249: 464: 460: 437: 230: 175:

is often observed in written and printed materials from the 17th century through the 19th century.

104: 3872: 3502: 2419:

may officially recognize militias from that era that continue to exist and operate independently;

781:

Due to rising tensions between Latter-day Saints and their Missourian neighbors, in 1838, General

4396: 4231: 3751: 2637: 2523: 2404: 2199: 2175: 2156: 2124: 2014: 1782: 1744: 1656: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1565: 1494: 1388: 1377: 1281: 1237: 919: 818: 810: 160: 3275:

Beckwith, George Cone: The Peace Manual: Or, War and Its Remedies. American Peace Society, 1847.

2143:

composed of state National Guard members or units under federally recognized active or inactive

1684:, a Republican Party organization established during the 1860 election, and from members of the 670:

into Canada with an almost entirely militia force. William Henry Harrison led an incursion into

3419:

The Confederacy: A Guide to the Archives of the Government of the Confederate States of America

3025: 2985:

The Life of Gouverneur Morris, with Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers

1240:. State law required military service of most male inhabitants of a certain age. Following the 4478: 4450: 4402: 4374: 4332: 4295: 4276: 4208: 4114: 3695: 3671: 3638: 3601: 3581: 3523: 3475: 3444: 3436: 3426: 3401: 3324: 3064: 3044: 2830: 2757: 2152: 1701: 1537: 1466: 1443: 1294: 1170: 782: 703: 612: 591: 381: 245: 1747:. In 1864, it was rumored that Price, by then a Confederate general, was planning on turning 3951: 3891: 2600:

is as futile as it would be injurious, if it were capable of being carried into execution.'"

2465: 2424: 2204: 1987: 1860: 1382: 853: 671: 364: 299: 249: 17: 4434:

A people numerous and armed: Reflections on the military struggle for American independence

841:, the subsequent successor of the Nauvoo Legion, fought against U.S. federal troops in the 3909: 3879: 3712: 3452: 2456: 2431:

to exist and operate as a private organization, while Rhode Island recognizes a number of

1998: 1799: 1769: 1600: 1584: 1462: 1395:, the Home Guard consisted of Unionist men; Confederate sympathizers in the state, led by 1241: 849: 794: 456: 209: 2571:

subset of 'the people'—those who were male, able bodied, and within a certain age range."

1748: 3496: 1680:. Many of the Home Guard regiments in the St. Louis area were raised from pre-existing 3738: 3314: 2408: 2374: 1719: 1705: 1616: 1569: 1557: 1525: 861: 814: 564: 354:

bribed with higher and higher bounties to join the effort – which is why Jefferson and

37: 4390:. Annville, Pa.: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Military and Veterans Affairs. 2050: 1947: 1907: 1786:

were black. Racial tension and conflict, sometimes intense, existed between the Negro

1412: 1236:. Like most of the United States, Arkansas had an organized militia system before the 934: 887: 523: 4514: 3318: 2533: 2420: 2213: 2187: 1608: 1549: 1450: 830: 802: 786: 468: 63: 3818: 3362: 3199:

https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/download/9999/13710/25955

3090: 432:

The delegates of the Constitutional Convention (the Founding Fathers/Framers of the

4185: 2461: 2243:

suppressed a riot and maintained peace and order in Texas throughout World War II.

1757: 1521: 865: 822: 769: 389:

that time and chance, which happen to all, she should be at war with a great power.

355: 3804: 3768: 3108:

Campaigns of the War of 1812–1815, Against Great Britain: Sketched and Criticized.

226: 212:

Court allowed and established a military discipline to be erected and maintained.

4325: 4310:

Ferling, John. "Soldiers for Virginia: Who Served in the French and Indian War?"

3836: 2668: 2364:

Mariners in the sea service of a citizen of, or a merchant in, the United States.

2358:

Workmen employed in armories, arsenals, and naval shipyards of the United States.

2336: 2325: 3036: 2822: 2373:

belong to the "Unorganized Reserve Militia". The Texas constitution also grants

2260: 1681: 1361: 1306: 1254: 655: 473: 194: 3180:"The Thames 1813: The War of 1812 on the Northwest Frontier" by John F. Winkler 2685:

Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness,

107:, the term "militia" is used to describe two classes within the United States: 4388:

The Pennsylvania militia: Defending the Commonwealth and the nation, 1669–1870

3849: 3756:

The Plattsburg Movement: A Chapter of America's Participation in the World War

2107:

The National Guard is a militia force organized by each of the 50 states, the

1978: 1604: 1477: 711: 625: 280:... they recommended to the militia to form themselves into companies of 4406: 4181:"Oath Keepers militia will attend Portland 'free speech' rally, says leader" 3448: 3139:"Virginia Argus 1 July 1813 — Virginia Chronicle: Digital Newspaper Archive" 2018: 1612: 1301: 790: 363:

The burden of waging war passed to a large extent to the standing army, the

281: 4378: 3937: 3456: 3328: 3302: 2439:

authorized several private paramilitary militias to operate, including the

2163:. The National Guard of the United States maintains two subcomponents: the 4275:. Research guides in military studies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 2208: 1787: 1664: 1573: 1360:, 1863: a Home Guardsman examines "Negro passes" on the levee road below 1233: 842: 826: 314:, in which a group of local militias constituted the American side (the " 310:

The American Revolutionary War began near Boston, Massachusetts with the

43: 3819:"10 USC 12401. Army and Air National Guard of the United States: status" 3621: 3553:"Articles | Common ground lies under sports rivalry Civil War 150" 2435:

as a separate part of its overall military force. During World War II,

2349:

Members of the armed forces, except members who are not on active duty.

1685: 1643: 1596: 1561: 1545: 1502: 1245: 785:, the commander of the state militia of Northwestern Missouri, ordered 75: 4315: 3618:

Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association

3474:(1st ed.). Lexington: University of Kentucky Press. p. 190. 3246: 3059:

Robert Paul Churchill, "Conscientious Objection", in Donald K. Wells,

4273:

Militia and the National Guard Since Colonial Times: A Research Guide

4081: 4055: 3635:

The Reconstruction Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1865 to 1877

3598:

The Reconstruction Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1865 to 1877

2729:

Georgetown Law’s Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection

2529:

List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War

2400: 2147:

service for the United States. Created by the 1933 amendments to the

1553: 1490: 567:

of Massachusetts (from 1 Annals of Congress at 750, 17 August 1789):

295:

List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War

264:

for a history of a Provincial unit during the French and Indian War.

4347:

History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army 1775-1945

3741:. New York, London, Harper & Bros. – via Internet Archive. 3264:

An Inquiry into the Importance of the Militia to a Free Commonwealth

3189:"The Battles at Plattsburgh: September 11, 1814" by Keith A. Herkalo 371:

to look out for and investigate people with suspicious allegiances.

4475:

The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century

4106:

The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century

2100:

The National Guard (or National Guard of a State) differs from the

1473:

discipline and less understanding of the importance of discipline.

1457:

Following South Carolina’s declaration of secession, the Battle of

555:

Political debate regarding compulsory militia service for pacifists

476:, Madison came to favor the maintenance of a strong standing army. 34:

The U.S. ideal of the citizen soldier, in the militia, depicted by

4477:(Williams-Ford Texas A&M University Military History Series)" 4418: 4361: 4259: 4249: 3251:(Master's thesis). Oxford, Miss.: University of Mississippi. 1972. 2355:

Persons employed by the United States in the transmission of mail.

1977: 1541: 1349: 1131:

Arkansas National Guard and the integration of Central High School

772:

lamented in 1842 how the militia had fallen into serious decline:

721: 693: 641: 638:

List of United States militia guerrilla actions in the War of 1812

298: 225: 193: 29: 4398:

An equitable burden: the decline of the state militias, 1783-1858

1756:. Worried about Price's raid and concerned about the presence of 1615:

from 1864 until 1866. In California, volunteer forces fought the

74:, all able-bodied men of a certain age range were members of the 3440: 1765: 1595:

tried to protect the settlers and pacified tribes, fighting the

1337:

troops and, at various times, served under Confederate officers.

834: 726:

1826 North Carolina militia roster of 86 men, standard wage of

698:

Typical organization of a state militia prior to the Civil War.

4142:

American Extremism: History, Politics and the Militia Movement

3286:

A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States

3041:

A Necessary Evil, A History of American Distrust of Government

3013:

A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government

2948:

A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government

2933:

A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government

2827:

A Necessary Evil, A History of American Distrust of Government

2254: 2045: 1942: 1902: 1407: 929: 882: 518: 163:

adopted the following definition for "active militia" from an

2339:) and are not therefore in the reserve militia pool include: 2198:, many National Guard units have served overseas – under the 4373:. Macmillan Wars of the United States. New York: Macmillan. 4030:

The 188th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

4004:

The 188th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

3168:"McArthur's Gamble: The Bold 1814 American Raid into Canada" 2754:

Attack from within: how disinformation is sabotaging America

2519:

Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States

2427:

part of its organized militia and protects the right of the

1141:

Arkansas Army National Guard and the Global War on Terrorism

4413:

Radabaugh, Jack S. "The Militia of Colonial Massachusetts"

2013:

American organized and unorganized militias fought in the

497:

Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress

463:, in Great Britain in the prior century, which led to the 3892:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions" 2711:

H.R. Report No. 141, 73rd Cong. 1st session at 2-5 (1933)

2689:, Seventh edition, page 229. Department of Defense, 2005. 4026:"General Laws, Part I, Title V, Chapter 33, Section 132" 3655:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850

2429:

Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts

2385:

Private militias and the modern citizen-militia movement

650:

in October 1813, riding into battle as mounted infantry.

4353:; not copyright because it is a government publication. 4000:"General Laws, Part I, Title V, Chapter 33, Section 4A" 2415:. States with military histories that date back to the 2062: 1959: 1919: 1743:

One particularly famous Home Guard militia was that of

1424: 946: 899: 845:

in 1857 and 1858 over control of government territory.

535: 1136:

Arkansas Army National Guard in Operation Desert Storm

821:

and jailed Latter-day Saint church leaders, including

4488: 3015:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 37–38. 2182:

members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia."

2151:, the National Guard of the United States is a joint 2725:"Fact Sheets on Unlawful Militias for All 50 States" 1712:, later being converted into three-year regiments.) 1619:

in the northwestern forests until 1864 and also the

4292:

Loaded: A Disarming History of the Second Amendment

3952:"Nevada Revised Statutes, Chapter 412, section 126" 3083:"The Militia and the Constitution: A Legal History" 3081:Fields, William S.; Hardy, David T. (Spring 1992). 4324: 3737:Alger, R. A. (Russell Alexander) (April 7, 1901). 2669:"32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops" 369:Committee for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies 3799: 3797: 3795: 2950:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 36. 1704:and Missouri State Guard commander Major General 1399:, formed militia groups known as the State Guard. 1070:Arkansas State Guard and the Spanish–American War 829:and form their own state-authorized militia, the 2895:Page 67. London, England. Published I.N. Whiting 2802:The Documentary History of the State of New-York 2636:, Sec. 2, Clause 1: "The President shall be the 2561:, Page 36. Chatham House Publishers, Inc., 1995. 2331:Other persons who are exempt from call to duty ( 1461:, and the beginning of the Civil War, President 514:US Constitution, article II, section 2, clause 1 502:US Constitution, article 1, section 8, clause 16 3470:Harrison, Lowell H.; Klotter, James C. (1997). 2472:List of legislated militia in the United States 1121:Arkansas Army National Guard and the Korean War 569: 506: 494: 442: 222:Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars 3694:, page 85. Austin: University of Texas Press. 3670:, page 81. Austin: University of Texas Press. 3211:Parley P. Pratt: The Apostle Paul of Mormonism 2029:in defense of the interests of United States. 1818:in September 1875, and the following month in 1329:on May 11, 1861. While not a formation of the 1325:(MSG) was a military force established by the 268:Pre-American Revolutionary War era (1763–1775) 4371:History of the Militia and the National Guard 3786:"Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority" 3498:The Civil War and the Constitution, 1859–1865 2829:Page 27. New York, NY; Simon & Schuster. 2813:North Carolina August 15th 1826 Militia Roll. 2411:prohibits any group from being enlisted into 2139:The National Guard of the United States is a 1556:until 1866. They also were sent to guard the 1205: 1126:Arkansas Army National Guard and the Cold War 1046:Arkansas Militia and the Mexican–American War 837:and attempted to start their own nation. The 8: 4449:, Austin: University of Texas Press. (1957) 3934:"U.S. and Texas Law on Independent Militias" 3680:S. Rep. 527, 44th Cong., 1st Sess., P. 1801. 3225:"The Hidden History of the Second Amendment" 2919:Letters of John Adams, Addressed to His Wife 2874: 2872: 2700:Readings in American Government and Politics 2539:State Guard Association of the United States 2021:forces and others fought in battles such as 1760:in the surrounding areas of pro-Confederate 1333:, the Missouri State Guard fought alongside 1164:List of Arkansas Civil War Confederate units 585:William S. Fields and David T. Hardy write: 135:The term "militia" derives from Old English 4345:Kreidberg, Marvin A., and Merton G. Henry. 3910:"RCW 38.04.030: Composition of the militia" 2921:, page 257. C.C. Little and J. Brown, 1841. 2858: 2856: 2804:, Volume 1, Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1819. 1505:, or most particularly the native tribes. 1493:raised an infantry and a cavalry regiment. 1449:Company "E", 22nd N.Y. State Militia, near 1113:Arkansas Army National Guard (1949–Present) 428:Constitution and Bill of Rights (1787–1789) 4312:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 4290:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (January 23, 2018). 3805:"32 USC 101. Definitions (National Guard)" 3780: 3778: 2966: 2964: 2962: 1770:University of Missouri's athletic programs 1564:under observation by the establishment of 1280:In the spring of 1862 a Union invasion of 1212: 1198: 1097:Arkansas Air National Guard (1946–Present) 1084:Arkansas National Guard during World War I 973: 143:meaning military and also classical Latin 4536:State defense forces of the United States 4156:"Profiles on the Right: Three Percenters" 3209:Givens, Terryl L. & Grow, Matthew J. 3102: 3100: 2301:Learn how and when to remove this message 1516:, turning back a Confederate invasion of 1022:Arkansas Territorial Militia, (1804–1836) 646:Kentucky Mounted Militia riflemen at the 624:In 1802, the federal military academy at 480:Shift from states' power to federal power 3657:Pages 132–133. Macmillan & co., ltd. 2165:Army National Guard of the United States 1672:, secessionist elements in the official 1442: 1089:Arkansas National Guard and World War II 440:clarified whom the militia consists of: 4495: 4427:War and Society in Colonial Connecticut 4228:National Guard Mobilization Act of 1933 3678:. Quoted from Congressional testimony, 2974:. Chatham House Publishers, Inc., 1995. 2687:Military compensation background papers 2550: 2169:Air National Guard of the United States 2104:; however, the two do go hand-in-hand. 1686:German Turnverein cultural organization 1152: 1112: 1096: 1075: 1068: 1063: 1037: 1021: 1014: 1007: 987: 4470:July 2008, Vol. 72 Issue 3, pp 727–754 3266:, Page 23. Cummings and Hillard, 1823. 2752:McQuade, Barbara (2024). "Chapter 8". 2281:Please improve this section by adding 825:. The Mormons would later relocate to 289:American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) 111:Organized militia – consisting of the 4526:Military history of the United States 4401:(PhD thesis). Ohio State University. 4331:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4154:Sunshine, Spencer (January 5, 2016). 3580:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 3288:, p. 265. T. H. Webb & co., 1842. 3043:. New York, NY; Simon & Schuster 2998:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 2935:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. 2747: 2745: 2719: 2717: 2441:Businessmen's Military Training Corps 1739:Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia 479: 7: 2893:A History of the American Revolution 2598:all the militia of the United States 1572:, and fought a campaign against the 1387:Citizens of some states also formed 1357:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 1253:seizure of federal installations at 801:and is a primary cause for Governor 450:Civilian control of a peacetime army 3213:Oxford University Press, 4 Oct 2011 2212:New York and Ohio also have active 2102:National Guard of the United States 1287:Department of the Trans-Mississippi 2514:Colonial American military history 2111:, and three of the five populated 1772:are named in honor of the militia. 1056:Arkansas Militia in Reconstruction 873:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 190:Colonial American military history 184:Early-mid Colonial era (1607–1754) 25: 4521:Gun politics in the United States 3758:. E.P. Dutton & Company, 1921 3323:. Cincinnati, Ohio: R.P. Brooks. 3106:Cullum, George and Wood, Eleazer: 3061:An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics 2882:, page 134-135. F. Andrews, 1853. 2756:. New York: Seven Stories Press. 2673:LII / Legal Information Institute 2315:Conscription in the United States 2167:for the Army and the Air Force's 1593:Washington Territorial Volunteers 1447:New York state militia, Civil War 1226:Arkansas Militia in the Civil War 1076:Arkansas National Guard 1907–1949 1051:Arkansas Militia in the Civil War 968:Arkansas Militia in the Civil War 345:business, by favor of the Heaven. 262:New Hampshire Provincial Regiment 216:French and Indian War (1754–1763) 4498: 4447:Negro militia and Reconstruction 3692:Negro militia and Reconstruction 3668:Negro militia and Reconstruction 3637:Page 372. Greenwood Press 2003. 3620:, vol. 50, no. 2, 2009, p. 197. 3600:Page 371. Greenwood Press 2003. 3578:Negro militia and Reconstruction 3359:"The Kansas Territorial Militia" 3343:The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri, 3122:"Militia during the War of 1812" 2789:Perpich v. Department of Defense 2445:Hawaii Air Depot Volunteer Corps 2259: 2218:Perpich v. Department of Defense 2049: 1946: 1906: 1810:had been brought into the State. 1768:around the city courthouse. The 1676:and eventually the secessionist 1655:This section is an excerpt from 1627:This section is an excerpt from 1411: 1342:This section is an excerpt from 1314:This section is an excerpt from 1181: 995: 966:This section is an excerpt from 933: 886: 850:violent political confrontations 522: 375:Confederation period (1783–1787) 312:Battles of Lexington and Concord 70:, has changed over time. During 4323:Fischer, David Hackett (1994). 3495:Burgess, John Williams (1901). 3245:Stokes, Rebecca Martin (1929). 2880:"The Life of George Washington" 2864:"The Life of George Washington" 2134:territorial commanding generals 2017:. Some campaigned in Mexico as 1790:and the ex-Confederate whites. 1064:Arkansas State Guard, 1879–1907 4258:37#4 (1973), pp. 125–30. 4248:40#4 (1983), pp. 500–27. 4111:Texas A&M University Press 3400:, Pages 28–29. Mariner Books. 3248:History of Grenada (1830–1880) 2433:independent chartered militias 2192:President of the United States 1261:, beginning in February 1861. 1: 4160:Political Research Associates 4103:Stentiford, Barry M. (2002). 2908:, page 135. F. Andrews, 1853. 2906:The Life of George Washington 2634:U.S. Constitution, Article II 2488: 2283:secondary or tertiary sources 2109:U.S. federal capital district 2082:Twentieth century and current 1875:In 1878, Congress passed the 1853:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 1847:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 1841:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 1482:many active militia companies 1372:of the several states of the 1309:operating behind Union lines. 1248:, which comprised an eastern 743:(signed) Elisha Burk Captain. 706:expanded westwards, with the 607:Federalist period (1789–1801) 4531:Militia of the United States 4468:Journal of Military History, 4436:(U of Michigan Press, 1990) 4417:18#1 (1954), pp. 1–18. 4360:48#2 (1984) pp. 74–77. 4224:National Defense Act of 1916 3417:Beers, Henry Putney (1986). 3346:University of Missouri Press 2866:, page 70. F. Andrews, 1853. 2779:, Draft Revision March 2002. 2651:"10 USC Ch. 12: THE MILITIA" 2622:U.S. Constitution, Article I 2483:United States National Guard 2149:National Defense Act of 1916 1855:, beginning in July 1877 in 1733:, as well as the compulsory 1657:Home Guard (Union) § History 1030:Arkansas Territorial Militia 1016:Arkansas Army National Guard 581:Concern over select militias 18:Militia in the United States 4386:Newland, Samuel J. (2002). 3769:"32 USC 102 General policy" 3653:Rhodes, James Ford. (1906) 3501:. Scribner's Sons. p. 3235:31(2)(Winter 1998):309–408. 2972:The Politics of Gun Control 2559:The Politics of Gun Control 2489:U.S. states' militia forces 2477:U.S. federal militia forces 2361:Pilots on navigable waters. 1520:. Later they initiated the 1105:Arkansas Air National Guard 1038:Arkansas Militia, 1836–1879 807:Missouri Executive Order 44 198:First muster, spring 1637, 139:meaning soldiers (plural), 4552: 4463:84#2 (June 2011), 234–264. 4294:. City Lights Publishers. 4246:William and Mary Quarterly 4232:Total Force Policy of 1973 3739:"The Spanish-American War" 3711:Haskell, Bob (July 2014). 3522:, Page 39. Mariner Books. 2891:Shepherd, William (1834). 2791:, 496 U.S. 334, 348 (1990) 2388: 2312: 2228: 2200:Total Force Policy of 1973 1857:Martinsburg, West Virginia 1844: 1749:his march through Missouri 1674:Missouri Volunteer Militia 1654: 1642:or Home Guards were local 1626: 1341: 1313: 965: 690:Antebellum era (1815–1861) 635: 620:Early republic (1801–1812) 292: 274:American Revolutionary War 219: 187: 4271:Cooper, Jerry M. (1993). 3980:. State of South Carolina 3690:Singletary, Otis (1957). 3666:Singletary, Otis (1957). 3576:Singletary, Otis (1957). 3472:A New History of Kentucky 3301:Fayette, Missouri, 1841, 2777:Oxford English Dictionary 2423:law explicitly makes the 2395:American militia movement 1888:or on state active duty. 1822:. An eyewitness account: 1735:Enrolled Missouri Militia 1710:Missouri Secession Crisis 1327:Missouri General Assembly 490:Articles of Confederation 422:Society of the Cincinnati 327:Articles of Confederation 103:Today, as defined by the 4395:Pitcavage, Mark (1995). 4314:94#3 (1986), pp. 307–28. 4032:. State of Massachusetts 4006:. State of Massachusetts 3540:Here We Speak Low German 3063:. Greenwood Press 1996. 2800:O'Callaghan, Edmund B.: 2391:Private military company 2038:The Plattsburg Movement 1781:With passage of federal 1267:Battle of Wilson's Creek 1188:United States portal 977:This article is part of 918:At the beginning of the 839:Utah Territorial Militia 208:On August 29, 1643, the 200:Massachusetts Bay Colony 150:The Modern English term 50:and erected in 1875, in 4369:Mahon, John K. (1983). 3788:. usmilitary.about.com. 3717:National Guard Magazine 3624:Retrieved 17 June 2023. 2698:Beard, Charles Austin: 2161:United States Air Force 1982:Militia at Ludlow, 1914 1621:Owens Valley Indian War 1514:Battle of Glorieta Pass 1467:75,000 state militiamen 1391:units. For example, in 1331:Confederate States Army 1230:Arkansas National Guard 1009:Arkansas National Guard 989:Arkansas National Guard 856:involving anti-slavery 799:Battle of Crooked River 632:War of 1812 (1812–1815) 596:the Connecticut Journal 304:The Battle of Lexington 168:exigencies demand it." 27:U.S. paramilitary force 4204:Anti-Federalist Papers 3633:Dickerson, Donna Lee: 3596:Dickerson, Donna Lee: 3542:, 1989, pages 181–189. 3518:Catton, Bruce (2004). 3396:Catton, Bruce (2004). 2403:, for example, allows 2270:relies excessively on 2188:reserve military force 2141:military reserve force 1983: 1834:Vicksburg, Mississippi 1829: 1812: 1754:University of Missouri 1737:in July 1862, and the 1731:Missouri State Militia 1583:In Nevada, Oregon and 1454: 1365: 1344:Confederate Home Guard 779: 767: 758: 744: 699: 651: 601: 574: 517: 505: 492:) to federal control. 447: 409: 400: 391: 361: 347: 335: 307: 286: 258: 239:French and Indian Wars 234: 202: 165:Illinois Supreme Court 55: 52:Concord, Massachusetts 4473:Stentiford, Barry M. 4461:New England Quarterly 3538:Cole Camp Community, 3341:LeSueur, Stephen C., 3233:U.C. Davis Law Review 3143:virginiachronicle.com 3011:Wills, Garry (1999). 2954:Wills book – page 16. 2946:Wills, Garry (1999). 2931:Wills, Garry (1999). 2610:The Federalist Papers 2592:The Federalist Papers 2196:2003 invasion of Iraq 2040:Preparedness Movement 1981: 1824: 1796: 1534:California Volunteers 1446: 1397:Simon Bolivar Buckner 1353: 1271:Springfield, Missouri 1228:to which the current 774: 762: 753: 725: 697: 680:Battle of Plattsburgh 660:Battle of Bladensburg 645: 636:Further information: 587: 418:French and Indian War 404: 395: 386: 351: 339: 331: 302: 293:Further information: 278: 254: 229: 220:Further information: 197: 188:Further information: 98:each state government 89:The Federalist Papers 48:Daniel Chester French 33: 4113:. pp. 147–150. 3262:Sumner, William H.: 3120:van Sickle, Eugene. 2970:Spitzer, Robert J.: 2731:. September 22, 2020 2557:Spitzer, Robert J.: 2495:State defense forces 2237:state defense forces 2225:State defense forces 2115:. Established under 1898:Spanish–American War 1892:Spanish–American War 1820:Jackson, Mississippi 1816:Clinton, Mississippi 1678:Missouri State Guard 1578:Battle of Bear River 1518:New Mexico Territory 1512:participated in the 1487:Washington Territory 1323:Missouri State Guard 1316:Missouri State Guard 648:Battle of the Thames 323:Continental Congress 321:In 1777, the Second 66:, as defined by the 4425:Selesky, Harold E. 4219:Militia Act of 1903 4214:Militia Act of 1792 3752:Perry, Ralph Barton 3170:. 19 November 2021. 3087:Military Law Review 3026:Militia Act of 1792 2417:American Revolution 2352:Customhouse clerks. 2251:Unorganized militia 2231:State defense force 1877:Posse Comitatus Act 1871:Posse Comitatus Act 1783:reconstruction laws 1724:Battle of Cole Camp 1694:Militia Act of 1792 1576:culminating in the 1530:Sand Creek massacre 1510:Colorado Volunteers 1389:Unionist Home Guard 926:Confederate militia 465:Glorious Revolution 438:Militia Act of 1792 244:In September 1755, 105:Militia Act of 1903 4445:Singletary, Otis. 4327:Paul Revere's Ride 4198:Historic documents 4144:, Routledge, 2004. 3878:2006-02-26 at the 3821:. law.cornell.edu. 3807:. law.cornell.edu. 3771:. law.cornell.edu. 3507:Civil War militia. 3421:. Washington, DC: 3110:. J. Miller, 1879. 2638:Commander in Chief 2524:Irregular military 2453:domestic terrorism 2176:United States Code 2157:United States Army 2061:. You can help by 2015:Mexican Revolution 2009:Mexican Revolution 1984: 1958:. You can help by 1918:. You can help by 1777:Reconstruction era 1745:Columbia, Missouri 1698:Price–Harney Truce 1636:American Civil War 1629:Home Guard (Union) 1548:, then fought the 1528:and committed the 1495:Colorado Territory 1455: 1423:. You can help by 1378:American Civil War 1366: 1282:Northwest Arkansas 1238:American Civil War 945:. You can help by 920:American Civil War 898:. You can help by 879:American Civil War 819:Far West, Missouri 811:John Bullock Clark 745: 702:By the 1830s, the 700: 652: 534:. You can help by 308: 272:Just prior to the 235: 203: 161:U.S. Supreme Court 56: 38:Concord Minute Man 4209:Federalist Papers 3954:. State of Nevada 3481:978-0-8131-2008-9 3384:"Digital History" 2763:978-1-64421-363-6 2311: 2310: 2303: 2153:reserve component 2087:Organized militia 2079: 2078: 1976: 1975: 1936: 1935: 1717:Brigadier General 1702:Claiborne Jackson 1538:California Column 1441: 1440: 1295:Camden Expedition 1224:The units of the 1222: 1221: 1171:Brooks Baxter War 963: 962: 916: 915: 860:and pro-slavery " 783:David R. Atchison 704:American frontier 613:Whiskey Rebellion 592:Baron Von Steuben 552: 551: 455:standing army of 434:U.S. Constitution 382:Gouverneur Morris 246:George Washington 231:Braddock's defeat 147:meaning soldier. 80:U.S. Constitution 16:(Redirected from 4543: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4415:Military Affairs 4410: 4391: 4382: 4358:Military Affairs 4349:(US Army, 1955) 4342: 4330: 4305: 4286: 4265:1959. 5903913). 4256:Military Affairs 4191: 4190: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4151: 4145: 4140:Mulloy, Darren. 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3936:. 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Mathews 1741:, formed later. 1436: 1433: 1415: 1408: 1383:Confederate Army 1214: 1207: 1200: 1186: 1185: 1184: 999: 974: 958: 955: 937: 930: 911: 908: 890: 883: 854:Kansas Territory 817:, laid siege to 740: 739: 735: 732: 547: 544: 526: 519: 515: 503: 486:Second Amendment 365:Continental Army 250:adjutant-general 94:Founding Fathers 72:colonial America 21: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4487: 4394: 4385: 4368: 4339: 4322: 4302: 4289: 4283: 4270: 4240: 4238:Further reading 4200: 4195: 4194: 4189:. 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The Hays Law. 2035: 2011: 1999:Ludlow massacre 1972: 1966: 1963: 1956:needs expansion 1941: 1939:Ludlow massacre 1932: 1926: 1923: 1916:needs expansion 1894: 1873: 1849: 1843: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1632: 1585:Idaho Territory 1480:especially had 1463:Abraham Lincoln 1448: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1421:needs expansion 1406: 1401: 1400: 1347: 1339: 1338: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1242:War with Mexico 1218: 1182: 1180: 971: 959: 953: 950: 943:needs expansion 928: 912: 906: 903: 896:needs expansion 881: 862:Border Ruffians 795:David W. Patten 737: 733: 730: 728: 692: 640: 634: 622: 609: 583: 557: 548: 542: 539: 532:needs expansion 516: 513: 504: 501: 482: 457:Oliver Cromwell 452: 430: 377: 297: 291: 270: 224: 218: 210:Plymouth Colony 192: 186: 181: 133: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4486: 4485: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4442: 4441: 4430: 4429:(Yale UP 1990) 4422: 4421: 4411: 4392: 4383: 4365: 4364: 4354: 4343: 4337: 4319: 4318: 4307: 4306: 4301:978-0872867239 4300: 4287: 4281: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4172: 4146: 4133: 4119: 4095: 4069: 4043: 4017: 3991: 3965: 3943: 3940:on 1999-11-03. 3925: 3901: 3883: 3865: 3841: 3833:10 U.S.C. 3824: 3810: 3791: 3774: 3760: 3744: 3729: 3703: 3683: 3659: 3646: 3626: 3609: 3589: 3569: 3544: 3531: 3511: 3487: 3480: 3462: 3431: 3409: 3389: 3375: 3350: 3334: 3306: 3303:complete text. 3290: 3277: 3268: 3255: 3237: 3215: 3202: 3191: 3182: 3173: 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1661: 1653: 1633: 1625: 1623:in 1862–1863. 1617:Bald Hills War 1587:, California, 1570:Salt Lake City 1558:Overland Trail 1526:Plains Indians 1439: 1438: 1418: 1416: 1405: 1402: 1348: 1340: 1320: 1312: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 992: 991: 985: 984: 972: 964: 961: 960: 940: 938: 927: 924: 914: 913: 893: 891: 880: 877: 691: 688: 633: 630: 621: 618: 608: 605: 582: 579: 565:Elbridge Gerry 556: 553: 550: 549: 529: 527: 511: 499: 481: 478: 451: 448: 429: 426: 376: 373: 290: 287: 269: 266: 217: 214: 185: 182: 180: 177: 132: 129: 124: 123: 120: 113:National Guard 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4548: 4537: 4534: 4532: 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3877: 3874: 3873:arng.army.mil 3869: 3866: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3700:0-313-24573-8 3697: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3676:0-313-24573-8 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3643:0-313-32094-2 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3622:JSTOR website 3619: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606:0-313-32094-2 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3586:0-313-24573-8 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3559:on 2011-04-23 3558: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3528:0-618-00187-5 3525: 3521: 3520:The Civil War 3515: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3432:0-911333-18-5 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406:0-618-00187-5 3403: 3399: 3398:The Civil War 3393: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3365:on 2011-12-09 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049:0-684-84489-3 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952:(rebuttal of 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917:Adams, John: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835:0-684-84489-3 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 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2060: 2057:This section 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2023:Ambos Nogales 2020: 2016: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1954:This section 1952: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1930: 1921: 1917: 1914:This section 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1696:. During the 1695: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:Snake Indians 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1451:Harpers Ferry 1445: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1419:This section 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1404:Union militia 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 990: 986: 982: 981: 976: 975: 969: 957: 948: 944: 941:This section 939: 936: 932: 931: 925: 923: 921: 910: 901: 897: 894:This section 892: 889: 885: 884: 878: 876: 874: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831:Nauvoo Legion 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803:Lilburn Boggs 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:Samuel Bogart 784: 778: 773: 771: 766: 761: 757: 752: 749: 741: 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 696: 689: 687: 683: 681: 675: 673: 669: 663: 661: 657: 649: 644: 639: 631: 629: 627: 619: 617: 614: 606: 604: 600: 597: 593: 586: 580: 578: 573: 568: 566: 561: 554: 546: 537: 533: 530:This section 528: 525: 521: 520: 510: 498: 493: 491: 487: 477: 475: 470: 469:James Madison 466: 462: 458: 449: 446: 441: 439: 435: 427: 425: 423: 419: 415: 408: 403: 399: 394: 390: 385: 383: 374: 372: 370: 366: 360: 357: 350: 346: 344: 338: 334: 330: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 305: 301: 296: 288: 285: 283: 277: 275: 267: 265: 263: 257: 253: 251: 247: 242: 240: 232: 228: 223: 215: 213: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 183: 178: 176: 174: 171:The spelling 169: 166: 162: 157: 153: 148: 146: 145:milit-, miles 142: 138: 130: 128: 121: 118: 117:Naval Militia 114: 110: 109: 108: 106: 101: 99: 95: 92:detailed the 91: 90: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:U.S. Congress 65: 64:United States 61: 53: 49: 45: 41: 39: 32: 19: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4446: 4433: 4426: 4414: 4397: 4387: 4370: 4357: 4346: 4326: 4311: 4291: 4272: 4255: 4245: 4186:The Guardian 4184: 4175: 4165:February 11, 4163:. 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