Millennium Development Goals

803:. Paid work could increase women's access to health care and better nutrition, reducing child mortality. Increasing female education and workforce participation increased these effects. Improved economic opportunities for women also decreased participation in the sex market, which decreased the spread of AIDS, MDG 6A. Another way in which women can be empowered is through access to paid work. Kabeer states that this access increases women's agency in their households, it does so in the economic and political spheres as well. A study of women in rural Mexico found that those of them engaged in industrial work were able to negotiate and obtain a greater degree of respect in their households. Additionally, another study from Tanzania found that increased access to paid work led to a long-term reduction in domestic violence. Lastly, Women's employment and access to financial resources increased their political participation. Data from Bangladesh indicates that longer membership in microfinance organizations have many positive effects including higher levels of political participation and improved access to government programs. 334: 710:(IHP+) aimed to accelerate MDG progress by applying international principles for effective aid and development in the health sector. In developing countries, significant funding for health came from external sources requiring governments to coordinate with international development partners. As partner numbers increased variations in funding streams and bureaucratic demands followed. By encouraging support for a single national health strategy, a single monitoring and evaluation framework, and mutual accountability, IHP+ attempted to build confidence between government, civil society, development partners and other health stakeholders. 772: 684:

MDGs include gender and reproductive rights, environmental sustainability, and spread of technology. Prioritizing interventions helps developing countries with limited resources make decisions about allocating their resources. MDGs also strengthen the commitment of developed countries and encourage aid and information sharing. The global commitment to the goals likely increases the likelihood of their success. They note that MDGs are the most broadly supported poverty reduction targets in world history.

238:, framed the questions of UN reform within the larger challenges facing the world, the chief of which was identified as "to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world's people, instead of leaving billions of them behind in squalor". In the report Annan urged the forthcoming Millennium Summit to adopt certain key goals and objectives on many of the issues raised in the Copenhagen summit, other conferences of the 1990s, and the recently published 226:, turned some of the Copenhagen commitments into six monitorable "International Development Goals", which had similar content and form to the eventual MDGs: halving poverty by 2015; universal primary education by 2015; eliminating gender disparity in schools by 2005; reductions in infant, child and maternal mortality by 2015, universal access to reproductive health services by 2015 and adequate national strategies for sustainable development in place everywhere by 2015. 5386: 47: 308:) and education. Infrastructure objectives include access to safe drinking water, energy and modern information/communication technology; increased farm outputs using sustainable practices; transportation; and environment. Human rights objectives include empowering women, reducing violence, increasing political voice, ensuring equal access to public services and increasing security of property rights. The goals were intended to increase an individual's 829: 180:

sanitation, (3) increasing access to improved water and sanitation for everyone, (4) providing disinfection at point-of-use over and above increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation (5) providing regulated piped water supply in house and sewage connection with partial sewerage for everyone (Hutton, G. Evaluation of the Cost and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, 2004 WHO-Geneva)

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common set of constraints in scaling up international health, including the lack of absorptive capacity, weak health systems, human resource limitations, and high costs. The study argued that the emphasis on coverage obscures the measures required for expanding health care. These measures include political, organizational, and functional dimensions of scaling up, and the need to nurture local organizations.

4483: 1414: 1404: 1394: 3818: 1000:, which was tasked with developing a concrete action plan to achieve the MDGs. The UN General Assembly adopted the key recommendations of the UN Millennium Project at a special session in September 2005. The recommendations for rural Africa are currently being implemented and documented in the Millennium Villages, and in several national scale-up efforts such as in Nigeria. 919:(NERICA), a high-yielding and well adapted strain, was developed and introduced in areas including Congo Brazzaville, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda. Some 18 varieties of this strain became available, enabling African farmers to produce enough rice to feed their families and have extra to sell. 252:

continued for some time. A crucial moment here was unification between discussions under the auspices of the United Nations and approaches being followed by the OECD based on "Shaping the 21st Century"; this unification was agreed at a meeting convened by the World Bank in March 2001. In September 2001, Annan presented to the General Assembly a

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while the opposite is true in Latin America and the Caribbean – boys are at a disadvantage." Similarly in tertiary education there are disparities "at the expense of men in Northern Africa, Eastern Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean" while conversely they are "at the expense of women in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa."

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The UN's Commission on the Status of Women electing to have created a goal dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women further demonstrated how the United Nations's Millennium Development Goals did not make much progress on gender equality. The goal of achieving gender equity is still a

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reaffirmed its commitment to the 0.7% aid targets, noting that "four out of the five countries, which exceed the UN target for ODA of 0.7%, of GNI are member states of the European Union". Further, the UN "believe that donors should commit to reaching the long-standing target of 0.7 percent of GNI by

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immunization. Still, government expenditure in many countries is not enough to meet the agreed spending targets. Research on health systems suggests that a "one size fits all" model will not sufficiently respond to the individual healthcare profiles of developing countries; however, the study found a

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As of 2013, progress towards the goals was uneven. Some countries achieved many goals, while others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women's

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Between 1990 and 2010 the population living on less than $ 1.25 a day in developing countries halved to 21%, or 1.2 billion people, achieving MDG1A before the target date, although the biggest decline was in China, which took no notice of the goal. However, the child mortality and maternal mortality

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Interventions evaluated include (1) improvements required to meet the millennium development goals (MDG) for water supply (by halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to safe drinking water), (2) meet the water MDG plus halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to adequate

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education programs. As a result, MDG goals for poverty, healthcare, and education fall short. High rates of HIV/AIDS, and escalating child and maternal mortality are the direct result of poverty and substandard medical care. Limited instruction in information access and exchange contributes to this

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However MDG monitor points out that while parity has been achieved across the developing world, there are regional and national differences favouring girls in some cases and boys in others. In secondary education in "Western Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa, girls are still at a disadvantage,

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to eliminate such fees, increasing enrollment. For instance, in Ghana, public school enrollment in the most deprived districts rose from 4.2 million to 5.4 million between 2004 and 2005. In Kenya, primary school enrollment added 1.2 million in 2003 and by 2004, the number had climbed

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The attention to well being other than income helps bring funding to achieving MDGs. Further MDGs prioritize interventions, establish obtainable objectives with useful measurements of progress despite measurement issues and increased the developed world's involvement in worldwide poverty reduction.

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as a result of failure to include, often, the voices of the very participants that the MDGs seek to assist. The International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty, in its post 2015 thematic consultation document on MDG 69 states "The major limitation of the MDGs by 2015 was the lack of political

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Critics of the MDGs complained of a lack of analysis and justification behind the chosen objectives, and the difficulty or lack of measurements for some goals and uneven progress, among others. Although developed countries' aid for achieving the MDGs rose during the challenge period, more than half

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was among the leading academic scholars and practitioners on the MDGs. He chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–01), which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5, and 6. He worked

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Although the resources, technology and knowledge exist to decrease poverty through improving gender equality, the political will is often missing. If donor and developing countries focused on seven "priority areas", great progress could be made towards the MDG. These seven priority areas include:

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MDG proponents such as McArthur and Sachs countered that setting goals is still valid despite measurement difficulties, as they provide a political and operational framework to efforts. With an increase in the quantity and quality of healthcare systems in developing countries, more data could be

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with a long and complex list of commitments by global leaders, including many adapted from the outcomes of previous conferences. But international aid levels were falling and, in that same year, the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD set up a reflection process to review the future of

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The MDGs may under-emphasize local participation and empowerment (other than women's empowerment). FIAN International, a human rights organization focusing on the right to adequate food, contributed to the Post 2015 process by pointing out a lack of: "primacy of human rights; qualifying policy

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Although there have been major advancements and improvements achieving some of the MDGs even before the deadline of 2015, the progress has been uneven between the countries. In 2012 the UN Secretary-General established the "UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda", bringing

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It is thought by some women's rights' advocatess that the current MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on tracking gender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals relating to health, education, and political representation. Feminist writers such as

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in Washington, D.C., is considered the best numerical indicator for MDG 8. It is a more comprehensive measure of donor progress than official development assistance, as it takes into account policies on a number of indicators that affect developing countries such as trade, migration and

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echoing the agenda that Annan had set out. This declaration did not specifically mention "Millennium Development Goals", but it does contain the substance – and much of the same wording – as the eventual goals. A process of selecting and refining the Goals from the content of the Declaration

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reviewed the project and concluded "the evidence does not yet support the claim that the millennium villages project is making a decisive impact." Critics have pointed to the failure to include suitable controls that would allow an accurate determination of whether the Projects methods were

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are impossible to measure and that current UN estimates lack scientific validity or are missing. Household surveys are the primary measure for the health MDGs but may be poor and duplicative measurements that consume limited resources. Furthermore, countries with the highest levels of these

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agreed on a document that called for the acceleration of progress towards achieving the millennium development goals, and confirmed the need for a stand-alone goal on gender equality and women's empowerment in post-2015 goals, and for gender equality to underpin all of the post-2015 goals.

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While the World Bank and AfDB limited MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the IMF's eligibility criteria were slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique "uniform treatment" requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country with

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Following the end of the Cold War, a series of UN‑led conferences in the 1990s had focused on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights and women, producing commitments for combined international action on those matters. The 1995 World Summit on Social Development produced a

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In late 1997, the UN General Assembly envisaged a special Millennium Assembly and forum as a focus for efforts to reform the UN system. A year later, it specifically resolved to hold not only the Millennium Assembly but also a Millennium Summit, and mandated the Secretary-General,

325:, debt relief, increasing aid, access to affordable essential medicines and encouraging technology transfer. Thus developing nations ostensibly became partners with developed nations in the struggle to reduce world poverty.(GOAL 8 TO DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT) 1133:

in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to accelerate progress towards the eight anti-poverty goals. Major new commitments on women's and children's health, poverty, hunger and disease ensued.

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General criticisms include a perceived lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen objectives. Some of the indicator definitions, baselines and targets were changed after their first adoption, to suggest that progress had been better than was really the case.

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MDG 2 focuses on primary education and emphasizes enrollment and completion. In some countries, primary enrollment increased at the expense of achievement levels. In some cases, the emphasis on primary education has negatively affected secondary and post-secondary education.

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increasing girls' completion of secondary school, guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health rights, improving infrastructure to ease women's and girl's time burdens, guaranteeing women's property rights, reducing gender inequalities in employment, increasing seats held by

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Albright, K., & Kawooya, D. (2007). Libraries in the time of AIDS: African perspectives and recommendations for a revised model of LIS education. International Information And Library Review, 39 (Library and Information Science Education in Developing Countries),

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and James Scott note that the process of creating the MDGs was diffuse, having no single architect and "no clear start or end". They also comment that the process was driven by rich states rather than the countries that would be more the subject of MDG interventions.

1007:, which Sachs directs, operates in more than a dozen African countries and covers more than 500,000 people. The MVP has engendered considerable controversy associated as critics have questioned both the design of the project and claims made for its success. In 2012 922:

The region also showed progress towards MDG 2. School fees that included Parent-Teacher Association and community contributions, textbook fees, compulsory uniforms and other charges took up nearly a quarter of a poor family's income and led countries including

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The World We Want 2015 was a platform and joint venture between the United Nations and Civil Society Organizations that supported citizen participation in defining a new global development framework to replace the Millennium Development Goals.

234:, to come up with proposals for "a number of forward-looking and widely relevant topics", thus opening the possibility of going beyond the institutional questions of UN reform. Annan's report, when published in April 2000 under the title 676:

conditions typically have the least reliable data collection. The study also argued that without accurate measures, it is impossible to determine the amount of progress, leaving MDGs as little more than a rhetorical call to arms.

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MDGs emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as outlined in Goal Eight, which sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve a "global partnership for development" by supporting

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thus propose equity be measured in league tables in order to provide a clearer insight into how MDGs can be achieved more quickly; the ODI is working with partners to put forward league tables at the 2010 MDG review meeting.

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Although developed countries' financial aid rose during the Millennium Challenge, more than half went towards debt relief. Much of the remainder aid money went towards disaster relief and military aid. According to the

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The Gleaneagles plan became the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Countries became eligible once their lending agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain the reforms they had implemented.

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One success was to strengthen rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa. By the mid‑1990s, rice imports reached nearly $ 1 billion annually. Farmers had not found suitable rice varieties that produce high yields.

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have argued that in order to encourage women's empowerment and progress towards the MDGs, increased emphasis should be placed on gender mainstreaming development policies and collecting data based on gender.

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aim to increase MDG awareness and public support by engaging teacher training institutes, teachers and pupils in developing local teaching resources that promote the MDGs with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa.

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where rising equity ensures the poor participate in their country's development and creates reductions in poverty and financial stability. Yet equity should not be understood purely as economic, but also as

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which did contain a section specifically about "the Millennium Development Goals", enunciating some of them in their eventual wording, and indicating the remaining issues in formulating a definitive set.

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was launched to increase support for the Millennium Development Goals. The Millennium Campaign targets intergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and media at global and regional levels.

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was one of the world's poorest countries and remains South Asia's poorest country. Doubling health spending and concentrating on its poorest areas halved maternal mortality between 1998 and 2006. Its

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Fundamental issues such as gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth will determine whether or not the MDGs are achieved, according to researchers at the

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paper claiming a 3-fold increase in the rate of decline in childhood mortality was criticized for flawed methodology, and the authors later admitted that the claim was "unwarranted and misleading".

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and UNDP; it aimed to demonstrate MDG feasibility through an integrated, community-led approach. The project ran from 2005 to 2015, operating in 15 sites across 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Graph of global population living on under 1, 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars a day (red) and as a proportion of world population (blue) from 1981 to 2008 based on data from The World Bank

4900: 2134: 5040: 4066: 4017: 1160:, itself a developing country, played a significant role in providing medical personnel to other developing nations; it has trained more than 14,500 medical students from 30 countries at its 4980: 4828: 1168:

since 1999. Moreover, some 36,000 Cuban physicians worked in 72 countries, from Europe to Southeast Asia, including 31 African countries, and 29 countries in the Americas. Countries such as

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and initiated a process of consultations. Civil society organizations also engaged in the post-2015 process, along with academia and other research institutions, including think tanks.

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and "advance the means to a productive life". The MDGs emphasize that each nation's policies should be tailored to that country's needs; therefore most policy suggestions are general.

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United Nations. 2006. "The Millennium Development Goals Report: 2006." United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org/publications/MDGReport2006.pdf (accessed 2 January 2008).

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estimated that MDG 1A (halving the proportion of people living on less than $ 1 a day) was achieved in 2008 mainly due to the results from these two countries and East Asia.

5169: 4755: 4357: 5122: 5072: 4870: 4473: 4416: 4086: 3009: 2842: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4895: 4789: 2135:"Posición Comite Internacional de Planificacion por la Soberania Alimentaria Consultación Informal Temática sobre Hambre, Alimentación y Nutrición Post 2015, con actores del" 4411: 1142:

According to MDG Monitor, the target under MDG 3 "To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015" was met.

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Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

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that urged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) as ODA to developing countries".

239: 5315: 4458: 4175: 4733: 4513: 4005: 3971: 3892: 1352: 2877: 333: 5289: 4933: 4928: 4784: 4282: 3663:"(2012). The Humanist Quantum Interference: Towards the "Homo Conscienciatus". Javier Collado Ruano, October 17th: International Day for the Eradication of Poverty" 894:(AfDB) to cancel the remaining HIPC multilateral debt ($ 40 to $ 55 billion). Recipients would theoretically re-channel debt payments to health and education. 4557: 4463: 3954: 3883: 3247: 1154:

Improving living conditions in developing countries may encourage healthy workers not to move to other places that offer a better lifestyle for their countries.

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is an initiative launched by the teaching team that formulated the proposal most voted in the group "Sustainable Development for the Eradication of Poverty in

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The Youth in Action EU Programme "Cartoons in Action" project created animated videos about MDGs, and videos about MDG targets using Arcade C64 videogames.

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Iterations of proven local successes should be scaled up to address the larger need through human energy and existing resources using methodologies such as

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and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7 percent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the decade.

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Increased focus on gender issues could accelerate MDG progress, e.g. empowering women through access to paid work could help reduce child mortality. In

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Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice?: The challenge of intersecting inequalities. 2010. Naila Kabeer for Institute of Development Studies.

4569: 4277: 4056: 3995: 565: 5283: 5117: 4404: 4342: 4302: 4190: 3854: 81:. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the "Shaping the 21st Century Strategy". The 5415: 4091: 3944: 3874: 1409: 3518: 3826: 2479: 1650: 156:

Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The eight goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the

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of $ 380 or less qualified for debt cancellation. The IMF adopted the $ 380 threshold because it closely approximated the HIPC threshold.

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The MDGs lack strong objectives and indicators for within-country equality, despite significant disparities in many developing nations.

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have shown that it is possible to reduce child mortality with only modest growth with inexpensive yet effective interventions, such as

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collected. They asserted that non-health related MDGs were often well measured, and that not all MDGs were made moot by lack of data.

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Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders

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Gender disparity has reduced dramatically at all levels of education in the developing regions since 2000, hitting the MDG target.

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Kabeer, Naila (2005). "Gender equality and women's empowerment: a critical analysis of the third millennium development goal".

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Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries

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assisting were the United Nations Millennium Campaign, the Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc., the Global Poverty Project, the

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Singer, M (2008). "Drugs and Development: The Global Impact of Drug Use and Trafficking on Social and Economic Development".

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and aims to create a common place to disseminate transcultural, transpolitical, transnational and transhumanist knowledge.

1203:(SDGs) have been proposed as targets relating to future international development once the MDGs expire at the end of 2015. 5310: 5228: 5149: 5107: 5067: 4995: 4676: 4601: 4586: 3915: 2120: 1424: 1200: 985: 611: 590: 196: 82: 38: 5216: 5077: 3847: 2928: 2041: 1429: 1384: 1193: 147: 89: 1757: 1272:

to support the Millennium Development Goals. Their aim was to "encourage our leaders to halve global poverty by 2015".

176:(HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty. 4292: 4111: 3245: 1373: 1004: 413:

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

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has made some of the greatest improvements in infant and maternal mortality ever seen, despite modest income growth.

747:'s dual-track approach to liberalization (inclusive growth and inclusive development) aiding it on its road into the 687:

Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth alone. In the case of MDG 4, developing countries such as

288:), with the intent of increasing living standards. Human capital objectives include nutrition, healthcare (including 203:, The Youth in Action EU Programme, "Cartoons in Action" video project and the 8 Visions of Hope global art project. 5087: 5050: 5045: 4631: 4379: 4051: 3939: 1680:"Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration: Report of the Secretary-General" 1121:

The Australian government committed to providing 0.5% of GNI in International Development Assistance by 2015–2016.

285: 2747:. 2005. "Making the Links: Women's Rights and Empowerment Are Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals". 2236: 1042:(2006), the 50 least developed countries received about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries. 4820: 4806: 4694: 4337: 4242: 4225: 3896: 1357: 1296: 523:

Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers

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together more than 60 UN agencies and international organizations to focus and work on sustainable development.

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Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially

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Grown, Caren (2005). "Answering the Skeptics: Achieving Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals".

891: 748: 438: 260: 169: 3174: 651:. Without such accountability, no substantial change in national and international policies can be expected." 3266: 622:. Thus, they do not capture all elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration. 5057: 3840: 3808:

Gillian Sorensen, Senior Advisor to the United Nations Foundation, discusses UN Millennium Development Goals

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Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system

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Rosenfield, Allan; Maine, Deborah; Freedman, Lynn (September 2006). "Meeting MDG-5: an impossible dream?".

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Further developments in rethinking strategies and approaches to achieving the MDGs include research by the

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Each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development assistance to the

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Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States

354: 2430:"Do We Have the Right Models for Scaling Up Health Services to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals?" 2258:"An Immeasurable Crisis? A Criticism of the Millennium Development Goals and Why They Cannot Be Measured" 625:

Agriculture was not specifically mentioned in the MDGs even though most of the world's poor are farmers.

5371: 5343: 5335: 5132: 5030: 4743: 4185: 4035: 3906: 3402: 2196:"The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015" 997: 192:

and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.

3221: 1118:(OECD) nations, did not donate 0.7% of their GNI. Some nations' contributions fell far short of 0.7%. 743:'s eliminations of user fees and the subsequent huge increase in visits from the very poorest or else 5361: 5325: 5320: 5272: 5003: 4252: 2009: 1288: 1265: 783:

in New York, addressing gender roles and issues in film such as her organisation's work in combating

31: 3815:– YouTube channel on the work in progress for the achievement of the MDGs connected to the Wikibook 3193: 5062: 3878: 1320:

Albright and Kwooya (2007) write that cultural and financial barriers in Sub-Saharan Africa impede

1255: 1251: 1096: 1059: 972: 968: 916: 808: 446: 362: 309: 305: 3151: 1621: 1242:. (or simply the "Millennium Promise") is a U.S.-based non-profit organization founded in 2005 by 375:

Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $ 1.25 a day

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Huish, Robert (2009). "Canadian Foreign Aid for Global Health: Human Security Opportunity Lost".

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will to implement due to the lack of ownership of the MDGs by the most affected constituencies".

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Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

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The Political Economy of the MDGs : Retrospect and Prospect for the World's Biggest Promise

2791: 2765: 5204: 5159: 5139: 5024: 4794: 4688: 4626: 4426: 3887: 3754: 3670: 3322: 3035: 2989: 2985: 2908: 2636: 2600: 2461: 2342: 2291: 2225: 2114: 2017: 1802: 1564:"Renewing the United Nations: a programme for reform (Resolution 52/12 B of 19 December 1997)" 1515: 1505: 1413: 1403: 1393: 903: 503: 398: 358: 357:, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series of measurable 74: 1222:

prominent issue and factor to in global development due to its ties to the rest of the SDGs.

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curated by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Michigan State University

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curated by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Michigan State University

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International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World

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Andy Haines and Andrew Cassels. 2004. "Can The Millennium Development Goals Be Attained?"

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MDG 8 uniquely focuses on donor achievements, rather than development successes. The

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Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to

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Empowerment on an Unstable Planet: From Seeds of Human Energy to a Scale of Global Change

2843:"An Update to the World Bank's Estimates of Consumption Poverty in the Developing World" 385:

Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

3863: 3493: 2744: 2456: 2429: 2337: 2310: 2286: 2257: 2220: 2195: 1592:"The Millennium Assembly of the United Nations (Resolution 53/202 of 17 December 1998)" 1083: 887: 844:, are not on track to realize any. The major successful countries include China (whose 736: 648: 619: 277: 55: 3750: 3380: 3317: 3292: 2211: 1563: 1504:. Manchester: University of Manchester. Brooks World Poverty Institute. pp. 3–5. 1287:

The Teach MDGs, and Accessing Development Education European projects, coordinated by

425:

Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

5404: 5174: 2978: 2262: 1335: 1250:. Millennium Promise coordinated the Millennium Villages Project in partnership with 1243: 1009: 964: 342: 273: 3766: 3152:"United Nations Report of the International Conference on Financing for Development" 2813: 2731: 2693: 2571: 1679: 5390: 5267: 5127: 4128: 3519:"At Global Citizen Festival, Ban tells crowd 'a better world is around the corner'" 3431: 2253: 2101:. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 2014:

An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency

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The Global Poverty Project, later rebranded as Global Citizen, supported the MDGs.

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Over the past 35 years, UN members have repeatedly "commit 0.7% of rich-countries'

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are down by less than half. Sanitation and education targets will also be missed.

254:"Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration" 2685: 2632: 2406: 2327: 2276: 5356: 3403:"UN Secretary-General Appoints High-Level Panel on Post-2015 Development Agenda" 1451: 1347: 1207: 776: 96:, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015: 17: 3355: 2751:, Vol. 13, No. 1, Millennium Development Goals (March 2005), pp. 9–12 5257: 4322: 3737: 3596: 3222:"Poverty Can Be Halved If Efforts Are Coupled with Better Governance, says TI" 2428:

Subramanian, Savitha; Joseph Naimoli; Toru Matsubayashi; David Peters (2011).

1519: 1269: 1210:

appointed 26 public and private leaders to advise him on the post-MDG agenda.

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Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger by 2015 | UN Millennium Development Goal

3674: 3308: 2954: 2932: 2446: 1651:"United Nations Millennium Declaration (Resolution 52/2 of 8 September 2000)" 27:

Eight international development goals for the year 2015 by the United Nations

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Ensure Environmental Sustainability by 2015 | UN Millennium Development Goal

1177: 1173: 963:

Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in 2000,

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The Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific: 12 Things to Know

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University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development E-Book

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The US consistently opposed setting specific foreign-aid targets since the

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into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources

1034:

Malaria deaths declined by more than one-third, saving millions of lives.

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in July and agreed to provide enough funds to the World Bank, IMF and the

245:

The Millennium Summit and the General Assembly in September 2000 issued a

172:(AfDB) to cancel $ 40 to $ 55 billion in debt owed by members of the 5170:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

4247: 4235: 1169: 989: 952: 932: 293: 136: 3428:"Campaigners Welcome 'Milestone' Agreement at UN Gender Equality Talks." 1534:"Shaping the 21st century: The contribution of development co-operation" 3812: 3640: 1533: 1454:", United Nations Millennium Development Goals, retrieved 16 June 2009. 1301: 993: 924: 692: 668: 478: 301: 140: 1976: 1954: 1932: 1910: 1888: 1866: 1844: 1822: 836:

Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven across countries.

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Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of

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Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People

160:

finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the

105: 3783: 3570: 3544: 1622:"We the peoples: The role of the United Nations in the 21st century" 799:

and high mortality due to limited access to healthcare and maternal

353:

The MDGs were developed out of several commitments set forth in the

236:"We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century" 3471: 1014:

responsible for any observed gains in economic development. A 2012

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The MDGs were attacked for insufficient emphasis on environmental

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Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of

332: 45: 5165:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice

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However, the United States as well as other nations disputed the

506:, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss 3446:"Kofi Annan and the Transition to Sustainable Development Goals" 1157: 465: 437:

Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the

70: 3836: 3356:"Millennium Development Goals and post-2015 Development Agenda" 397:

Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of

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This article is about the 2015 goals. For the 2030 goals, see

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E. Carrasco, C. McClellan, & J. Ro (2007)

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went for debt relief and much of the remainder going towards

3010:"Jeffrey Sachs and the millennium villages: Millennium bugs" 1735: 3698:. Globaleducationmagazine.com. 16 June 2012. Archived from 2400:"The Feasibility of Financing Sectoral Development Targets" 1977:"Goal :: Develop a Global Partnership for Development" 879: 157: 3099: 3097: 1933:"Goal :: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases" 1339:(2008), a series of eight short films about the eight MDGs 188:

relief and military aid, rather than further development.

3641:"Welcome to the Development Education online Depository!" 2309:

McArthur, J. W.; Sachs, J. D.; Schmidt-Traub, G. (2005).

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declined from 452 million to 278 million) and India. The

349:, United States, showing the Millennium Development Goals 2929:"Goal :: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals" 2848:. Development Research Group, World Bank. Archived from 1867:"Goal :: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women" 1040:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

1023:

Graphs from the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010

996:. On behalf of Annan, from 2002 to 2006 he chaired the 982:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

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has seen the largest decreases of any tracked country.

1465:"Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development Annex I" 1116:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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The effects of increasing drug use were noted by the

663:

A publication from 2005 argued that goals related to

50:

The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.

5123:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2705: 2703: 2248: 2246: 2081:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012) pp. 25–33. 647:

coherence; and of human rights based monitoring and

529:

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

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Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

5303: 4994: 4916: 4819: 4716: 4657: 4594: 4585: 4531: 4378: 4261: 4033: 3932: 3914: 3905: 3435:. Retrieved from TheGuardian.com, 8 February 2019. 3293:"Can the Millennium Development Goals Be Attained?" 2077:Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, 1823:"Goal :: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger" 633:The entire MDG process has been accused of lacking 5180:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 3267:"MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women" 3127:"External Relations Council, Brussels 24 May 2005" 2977: 2363:, Vol. 329, No. 7462 (14 August 2004), pp. 394–397 1955:"Goal :: Ensure Environmental Sustainability" 1845:"Goal :: Achieve Universal Primary Education" 1192:At the MDG Summit, UN Member States discussed the 840:achieved many of the goals, while others, such as 5316:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 2955:"Goal: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals" 445:Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to 407:Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women 3791:One page chart of the status of the MDGs at 2013 1353:Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities 1058:". The commitment was first made in 1970 by the 5290:World Federation of United Nations Associations 4785:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 1067: 152:To develop a global partnership for development 2931:. Mdg Monitor. 1 November 2007. Archived from 2509:"MDGs and the humanitarian-development divide" 2194:Waage, Jeff; et al. (18 September 2010). 1268:was an international campaign that encourages 984:. He also worked with senior officials of the 779:in a speech at the MDG Countdown event at the 268:Human capital, infrastructure and human rights 3848: 3381:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals" 2064: 2062: 1714:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals" 8: 5185:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 3291:Haines, Andy; Andrew Cassels (August 2004). 2909:"Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and Repudiation" 2042:"Exposing the great 'poverty reduction' lie" 540:Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the 369:Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 222:development aid. The resulting 1996 report, 219:Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development 3590: 3588: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2872: 2870: 2572:"IHP+ The International Health Partnership" 1736:"Tracking the Millennium Development Goals" 1498:Hulme, David; Scott, James (January 2010). 487:Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability 391:Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education 5278:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 5190:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities 4591: 3911: 3855: 3841: 3833: 3261: 3259: 2601:Achieving the Millennium Development Goals 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1678:Secretary-General, Un (6 September 2001). 30:"MDG" redirects here. For other uses, see 3316: 2614: 2612: 2455: 2445: 2336: 2326: 2285: 2275: 2219: 1703:"The Millennium Development Goals Report" 1649:UN General Assembly (18 September 2000). 4707:Conference on International Organization 1758:"List of goals, targets, and indicators" 811:, and combating violence against women. 763:as a deterrent to the goal of the MDGs. 73:for the year 2015 created following the 4622:Office international d'hygiène publique 3107:. UN Millennium Project. 1 January 2007 3078:. UN Millennium Project. Archived from 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 1440: 1028: 988:to develop the PEPFAR program to fight 493:Target 7A: Integrate the principles of 4417:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General 2112: 1911:"Goal :: Improve Maternal Health" 1807:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1800: 1562:UN General Assembly (9 January 1998). 1446: 1444: 1106:first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970. 735:. Examples abound, including Brazil's 5331:UN television film series (1964–1966) 5083:International Narcotics Control Board 5014:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 4802:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 4773:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4751:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3194:"Bush Balks at Pact to Fight Poverty" 2035: 2033: 1889:"Goal :: Reduce Child Mortality" 795:countries babies often suffered from 242:on international peace and security. 79:United Nations Millennium Declaration 7: 5155:United Nations Postal Administration 4790:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 4509:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2724:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100170 2621:International Journal of Drug Policy 2574:. Internationalhealthpartnership.net 1615: 1613: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1410:Development Cooperation Testimonials 1379:United Nations Development Programme 886:in June 2005 in preparation for the 761:International Journal of Drug Policy 419:Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates 4558:Permanent representatives to the UN 4447:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs 3192:Engardio, Pete (2 September 2005). 1206:On 31 July 2012, Secretary-General 399:Primary education/primary schooling 85:(SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016. 5367:Withdrawal from the United Nations 4553:Security Council Permanent members 3569:. Socialab.wix.com. Archived from 3050:"Free exchange: The next frontier" 2984:. New York: Random House. p. 1232:United Nations Millennium Campaign 980:in 2000–2001 to design and launch 25: 5352:United Nations in popular culture 5036:Expulsion from the United Nations 4981:General Assembly President (2016) 3547:. Micah Challenge. 9 October 2012 2680:(Gender and Development): 13–24. 2169:"Post 2015 Thematic Consultation" 1571:World Legal Information Institute 1215:Commission on the Status of Women 1180:benefited from Cuban assistance. 1162:Latin American School of Medicine 595:asset-based community development 272:The MDGs emphasized three areas: 5384: 3822:Development Cooperation Handbook 3816: 3595:R.I.P. giovane e dolce Melissa. 2878:"Poverty: Growth or safety net?" 1412: 1402: 1392: 1240:Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc 1226:Related activities/organisations 1065:The text of the commitment was: 929:Democratic Republic of the Congo 708:International Health Partnership 77:, following the adoption of the 4940:International Court of Justice 4489:Sport for Development and Peace 2599:MDGs Targets for 2005 and 2015 2092:"Human Development Report 2003" 2040:Hikel, Jason (21 August 2014). 1400:Development Cooperation Stories 1363:Official development assistance 1322:library and information science 1129:A major conference was held at 1056:Official Development Assistance 607:Commitment to Development Index 431:Goal 5: Improve maternal health 174:heavily indebted poor countries 5416:Librarianship and human rights 4617:Permanent Court of Arbitration 4612:International Peace Conference 3979:International Court of Justice 3696:"NGO Educar para Vivir (2012)" 2957:. MDG Monitor. 1 November 2007 2546:Overseas Development Institute 2538:"Economic Growth and the MDGs" 2517:Overseas Development Institute 2488:Overseas Development Institute 1390:Development Cooperation Issues 861:Multidimensional Poverty Index 720:Overseas Development Institute 701:Overseas Development Institute 566:information and communications 197:non-governmental organizations 1: 5150:Sustainable Development Goals 4677:Declaration by United Nations 4602:International Telegraph Union 3751:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69386-0 2790:. MDG Monitor. Archived from 2764:. MDG Monitor. Archived from 2212:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61196-8 1763:. Siteresources.worldbank.org 1425:Sustainable Development Goals 1201:Sustainable Development Goals 986:George W. Bush administration 612:Center for Global Development 591:participatory rural appraisal 83:Sustainable Development Goals 39:Sustainable Development Goals 5411:Millennium Development Goals 5078:International Criminal Court 4514:UN organizations by location 3426:Ford, Liz (23 March 2014). 2686:10.1080/13552070512331332273 2633:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.12.007 2434:BMC Health Services Research 2361:BMJ: British Medical Journal 2328:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020379 2277:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020318 1869:. Mdg Monitor. 30 April 2011 1430:Declaration of Sexual Rights 1385:Post-2015 Development Agenda 1194:Post-2015 Development Agenda 1184:Post 2015 development agenda 610:, published annually by the 148:environmental sustainability 90:United Nations member states 60:Millennium Development Goals 5212:Security Council veto power 4519:Sexual Violence in Conflict 4442:Economic and Social Affairs 4013:Economic and Social Council 3643:. Developmenteducation.info 3498:Millennium Promise Alliance 2662:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 1374:Seoul Development Consensus 1005:Millennium Villages Project 875:Multilateral debt reduction 339:United Nations Headquarters 166:International Monetary Fund 112:universal primary education 94:international organizations 5432: 5263:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea 5088:International Day of Peace 4570:General Assembly Observers 3893:General Assembly President 2980:Mountains Beyond Mountains 2311:"Response to Amir Attaran" 1891:. Mdg Monitor. 16 May 2011 1847:. Mdg Monitor. 15 May 2011 1738:. Mdg Monitor. 16 May 2011 976:with UN Secretary-General 629:Alleged lack of legitimacy 224:"Shaping the 21st Century" 36: 29: 5380: 4807:World Heritage Convention 4695:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 4405:General Assembly Building 3870: 3667:Global Education Magazine 3132:. Unmillenniumproject.org 3036:"Does It Take a Village?" 2119:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1358:International development 1297:Global Education Magazine 882:Finance Ministers met in 542:Least Developed Countries 68:international development 5113:Military Staff Committee 4452:Dag Hammarskjöld Library 3955:Deputy Secretary-General 3884:Deputy Secretary-General 3309:10.1136/bmj.329.7462.394 2814:"Halving Global Poverty" 2447:10.1186/1472-6963-11-336 2386:2 September 2010 at the 2012:; Shahani, Lila (2009). 892:African Development Bank 749:World Trade Organization 481:and other major diseases 439:maternal mortality ratio 170:African Development Bank 5284:Woodrow Wilson Memorial 5246:UN International School 5241:UN Federal Credit Union 5222:Security Council reform 5058:Four Nations Initiative 4986:Security Council (2016) 4829:Security Council vetoes 3960:Under-Secretary-General 3829:Asian Development Bank. 3297:British Medical Journal 3227:. UN Millennium Project 992:, and the PMI to fight 785:inequality in Hollywood 495:sustainable development 5234:Security Council mural 5200:Millennium Declaration 5145:SDG Publishers Compact 4607:Universal Postal Union 2976:Kidder, Tracy (2003). 2749:Gender and Development 2674:Gender and Development 2099:The Millennium Project 1304:". It is supported by 1075: 833: 788: 775:The Hollywood actress 766: 355:Millennium Declaration 350: 248:Millennium Declaration 51: 5372:Women in peacekeeping 5031:Drug control treaties 3494:"Millennium villages" 2762:"Brazil: Quick Facts" 2658:Kabeer, Naila. 2003. 2480:"Gender and the MDGs" 2237:registration required 1716:. Un.org. 20 May 2008 1052:gross national income 998:UN Millennium Project 960:to 7.2 million. 831: 774: 751:. Researchers at the 336: 49: 5326:United Nations Radio 5321:United Nations Medal 5273:University for Peace 5004:Bretton Woods system 4739:governed territories 4484:Developing Countries 4395:Secretariat Building 4264:Specialized agencies 3813:"The Vrinda Project" 3702:on 24 September 2015 3474:. Millennium Promise 3250:1 April 2012 at the 2915:31 July 2008 at the 2841:(29 February 2012). 2788:"Benin: Quick Facts" 2167:FIAN International. 1289:Future Worlds Center 1071:developing countries 143:, and other diseases 32:MDG (disambiguation) 5098:International Years 5063:Genocide Convention 4499:Outer Space Affairs 4494:Disarmament Affairs 4459:Safety and Security 4400:Conference Building 4380:Secretariat offices 4025:Trusteeship Council 3745:(9542): 1133–1135. 3669:. 17 October 2012. 3597:"Cartoons inAction" 3525:. 28 September 2014 3201:BusinessWeek online 3082:on 18 February 2015 3056:. 21 September 2013 2884:. 21 September 2013 2855:on 4 September 2012 2794:on 16 December 2012 1104:UN General Assembly 1097:Monterrey Consensus 1060:UN General Assembly 973:Columbia University 969:The Earth Institute 917:New Rice for Africa 855:In the early 1990s 809:women in government 787:(24 September 2013) 513:safe drinking water 447:reproductive health 363:economic indicators 306:reproductive health 5118:Official languages 4665:London Declaration 4474:Internal Oversight 4464:Palestinian Rights 4036:Funds, programmes, 3573:on 2 November 2013 3360:The United Nations 3342:Can Foreign Policy 3269:. 15 November 2016 3179:8 May 2009 at the 2935:on 30 January 2012 2542:ODI Briefing Paper 2513:ODI Briefing Paper 2484:ODI Briefing Paper 2206:(9745): 991–1023. 2175:on 2 November 2013 2010:Deneulin, Séverine 1598:. 12 February 1999 1420:Sports for Sharing 1369:Precaria (country) 1213:In 2014, the UN's 1125:Review Summit 2010 1046:Funding commitment 910:Sub-Saharan Africa 846:poverty population 834: 789: 665:maternal mortality 502:Target 7B: Reduce 351: 310:human capabilities 280:and human rights ( 92:, and at least 22 52: 5398: 5397: 5229:UN Art Collection 5205:Millennium Summit 5160:UN Block By Block 5140:Ralph Bunche Park 5108:UN laissez-passer 5068:UN Global Compact 5025:Delivering as One 4924:Secretary-General 4815: 4814: 4795:Indigenous Caucus 4689:Tehran Conference 4683:Moscow Conference 4658:Preparatory years 4627:League of Nations 4527: 4526: 4427:Palace of Nations 4129:UNEP/GRID-Arendal 3945:Secretary-General 3888:Amina J. Mohammed 3875:Secretary-General 3452:. 6 December 2018 2839:Ravallion, Martin 2409:on 5 October 2012 1511:978-1-907247-09-5 1325:ongoing dilemma. 904:per capita income 888:Gleneagles Summit 722:into the role of 504:biodiversity loss 365:for each target. 359:health indicators 120:and empower women 75:Millennium Summit 16:(Redirected from 5423: 5391:World portal 5389: 5388: 5295:Biopiracy treaty 4881:Nagorno-Karabakh 4851:Security Council 4834:General Assembly 4761:Human Rights Day 4701:Yalta Conference 4671:Atlantic Charter 4592: 4548:Founding members 4469:Peace Operations 4353:World Bank Group 4047:Culture of Peace 4038:and other bodies 3991:Security Council 3967:General Assembly 3933:Principal organs 3912: 3879:António Guterres 3857: 3850: 3843: 3834: 3820: 3787: 3786: 3784:Official website 3770: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3442: 3436: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3344:(1192–6422): 60. 3337: 3331: 3330: 3320: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3263: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2983: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2925: 2919: 2905: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2758: 2752: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2645: 2644: 2616: 2607: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2548:. 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2807: 2797: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2743: 2739: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2598: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2552:on 17 July 2011 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2388:Wayback Machine 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2354: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2234: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2148:on 29 June 2013 2145: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2111: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2024: 2008: 2007: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1799: 1792: 1790: 1783:"Archived copy" 1781: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760: 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5349: 5341: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4901:Western Sahara 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 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3957: 3952: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3897:Dennis Francis 3890: 3881: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3864:United Nations 3862: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3788: 3777: 3776:External links 3774: 3772: 3771: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3713: 3687: 3654: 3632: 3610: 3584: 3558: 3536: 3523:United Nations 3510: 3485: 3463: 3437: 3419: 3394: 3372: 3347: 3332: 3283: 3255: 3238: 3213: 3184: 3167: 3143: 3118: 3105:"Publications" 3093: 3067: 3041: 3027: 3001: 2994: 2968: 2946: 2920: 2895: 2866: 2829: 2805: 2779: 2768:on 3 June 2013 2753: 2745:Noeleen Heyzer 2737: 2699: 2664: 2646: 2627:(6): 467–478. 2608: 2585: 2563: 2529: 2500: 2471: 2420: 2391: 2374: 2365: 2352: 2301: 2242: 2186: 2159: 2126: 2083: 2070: 2058: 2029: 2023:978-1844078066 2022: 1990: 1968: 1946: 1924: 1902: 1880: 1858: 1836: 1814: 1774: 1749: 1727: 1705: 1696: 1684:United Nations 1670: 1658:United Nations 1641: 1629:United Nations 1609: 1596:United Nations 1583: 1554: 1525: 1510: 1485: 1472:United Nations 1456: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1407: 1397: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1327: 1317: 1314: 1284: 1281: 1227: 1224: 1185: 1182: 1151: 1148: 1139: 1136: 1126: 1123: 1111: 1108: 1092: 1089: 1084:European Union 1079: 1078:European Union 1076: 1047: 1044: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1020: 911: 908: 876: 873: 825: 822: 768: 767:Women's issues 765: 737:cash transfers 715: 712: 656: 653: 649:accountability 643: 640: 630: 627: 620:sustainability 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 561: 556: 551: 546: 537: 530: 527: 526: 525: 520: 508: 499: 488: 485: 484: 483: 474: 469: 455: 452: 451: 450: 442: 432: 429: 428: 427: 420: 417: 416: 415: 408: 405: 404: 403: 392: 389: 388: 387: 382: 377: 370: 367: 330: 327: 317: 314: 278:infrastructure 269: 266: 240:Brahimi Report 213: 210: 208: 205: 168:(IMF) and the 154: 153: 150: 144: 133: 127: 121: 114: 108: 56:United Nations 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5428: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175:Treaty Series 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 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4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4535:and observers 4530: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Legal Affairs 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4377: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4135: 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