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The challenge of reversing the degradation of ecosystem while meeting increasing demands for services can be partially met under some scenarios considered by the MA, but will involve significant changes in policies, institutions and practices that are not currently under way. Many options exist to
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published a study called "Protecting our Planet, Securing our Future: Linkages Among Global
Environmental Issues and Human Needs". In 2001, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was launched with work over a period of four years. Over 1300 contributors from 95 countries were involved as authors.
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In 2008, a report calculated that the world's richest countries caused environmental damage to developing nations at more than the entire developing world debt of $ 1.8 trillion.
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Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing
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for some groups of people. These problems, unless addressed, will substantially diminish the benefits that future generations obtain from ecosystems.
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The degradation of ecosystem services could grow significantly worse during the first half of this century and is a barrier to achieving the
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for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel. This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the
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350:, a 1972 book about the computer modeling of exponential economic and population growth with finite resource supplies
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conserve or enhance specific ecosystem services in ways that reduce negative trade-offs or that provide positive
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620:
456:
Watson, Robert T.; United
Nations Environment Programme; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1999).
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in 2000, launched in 2001 and published in 2005 with more than $ 14 million of grants. It popularized the term
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Protecting our planet, securing our future : linkages among global environmental issues and human needs
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Ecosystems and human well-being : health synthesis: a report of the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
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identified the need for a global scientific ecosystem assessment. There had been advances in
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for a total of more than $ 13.4 million, considered "75% of the full budget".
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The changes to ecosystems have contributed to substantial net gains in human
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460:. Nairobi, Kenya: United National Environment Programme. p. 95.
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The bottom line of the MA findings has been that human actions are
249:, increased risks of nonlinear changes, and the exacerbation of
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Global
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
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The MA was published in 2005 and made four main assessments:
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During the 1990s, international conventions such as the UNEP
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Corvalan, Carlos; Hales, Simon; McMichael, Anthony (2006).
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approved a $ 7 million grant, followed in July 2000 by a
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133:, called for by the United Nations Secretary-General
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956:
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441:Rich countries owe poor a huge environmental debt
198:$ 4 million grant and financial support from the
406:Ecosystems and human well-being : synthesis
202:for the first meeting of the Board of the MA in
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8:
329:The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
51:introducing citations to additional sources
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520:
512:
1045:Environmental issues in the United States
334:Special Report on Climate Change and Land
1030:Effects of climate change on agriculture
403:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1035:Effects of climate change on livestock
443:The Guardian, retrieved 25 April 2016
375:"History of the Millennium Assessment"
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396:
141:, the benefits gained by humans from
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1145:Tropical cyclones and climate change
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367:
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159:Convention to Combat Desertification
1178:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
439:James Randerson (20 January 2008)
155:Convention on Biological Diversity
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1351:United Nations development policy
825:pharmaceuticals and personal care
62:"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment"
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1299:
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976:decline in amphibian populations
681:Deforestation and climate change
412:. Washington, DC: Island Press.
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34:relies largely or entirely on a
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1341:Environmental impact assessment
1110:Land surface effects on climate
567:Environmental impact assessment
543:Human impact on the environment
131:human impact on the environment
129:) is a major assessment of the
123:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
16:Environmental impact assessment
268:with other ecosystem services.
1:
981:decline in insect populations
258:Millennium Development Goals
192:Global Environment Facility
1367:
1283:
1218:Environmental engineering
1065:Environmental degradation
842:fishing down the food web
196:United Nations Foundation
1223:Environmental mitigation
1080:Greenhouse gas emissions
1040:Environmental insecurity
1346:2005 in the environment
1270:Sustainable consumption
611:Social ecology (ethics)
1213:Ecological engineering
993:runaway climate change
165:with little effect on
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596:List of global issues
117:
1198:Community resilience
998:in the United States
966:Biodiversity threats
639:cannabis cultivation
606:Planetary boundaries
572:Environmental issues
562:Ecological footprint
347:The Limits to Growth
319:Conservation (ethic)
239:economic development
200:government of Norway
169:. In November 1998,
167:environmental policy
47:improve this article
1260:Restoration ecology
1193:Climate engineering
1130:Ocean acidification
1120:Loss of green belts
1090:Holocene extinction
1085:Habitat destruction
760:Environmental crime
314:Environmental issue
1275:Waste minimization
1233:Mitigation banking
1228:Industrial ecology
1188:Cleaner production
1140:Resource depletion
676:Corporate behavior
634:animal agriculture
306:Environment portal
247:ecosystem services
208:Packard Foundation
163:resource economics
139:ecosystem services
119:
1328:
1327:
1150:Water degradation
1025:Ecological crisis
971:biodiversity loss
770:Industrialisation
755:Genetic pollution
601:Impact assessment
228:diversity of life
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111:
97:
1358:
1303:
1302:
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1125:Phosphorus cycle
1105:Land consumption
1100:Land degradation
1075:Freshwater cycle
874:Overexploitation
847:marine pollution
654:cocoa production
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508:
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505:Official website
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190:In May 2000 the
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1155:Water pollution
1135:Ozone depletion
1115:Loss and damage
1015:Desertification
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864:Overconsumption
785:cleaning agents
686:Energy industry
649:meat production
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545:
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481:. Geneva: WHO.
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450:Further reading
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589:on marine life
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577:list of issues
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497:External links
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45:. Please help
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64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
941:urban sprawl
936:Urbanization
884:Particulates
869:Overdrafting
584:Human impact
557:Anthropocene
477:
457:
435:
423:. Retrieved
405:
383:. Retrieved
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271:
217:
189:
152:
126:
122:
120:
100:
90:
83:
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69:
57:
33:
1055:Externality
1050:Coral reefs
1010:Defaunation
879:Overgrazing
852:overfishing
832:Marine life
706:electricity
629:Agriculture
243:degradation
1335:Categories
1320:mitigation
1315:assessment
1310:by country
1208:Decoupling
1170:Mitigation
899:Reservoirs
820:pesticides
765:Explosives
743:reservoirs
644:irrigation
488:9241563095
355:References
235:well-being
179:World Bank
177:, and the
143:ecosystems
135:Kofi Annan
103:April 2016
73:newspapers
1243:Recycling
909:Transport
894:Quarrying
889:Pollution
748:transport
738:petroleum
733:oil shale
696:biodiesel
274:depleting
266:synergies
230:on Earth.
204:Trondheim
43:talk page
1305:Category
929:shipping
914:aviation
800:plastics
790:concrete
775:Land use
691:biofuels
659:palm oil
425:7 August
385:7 August
292:See also
276:Earth’s
245:of many
214:Findings
157:and the
1294:Commons
1070:Erosion
1020:Ecocide
958:Effects
904:Tourism
837:fishing
795:fashion
718:fashion
671:Bitcoin
550:General
251:poverty
224:demands
186:Funding
149:History
87:scholar
1298:
1287:
859:Mining
713:energy
621:Causes
485:
464:
416:
381:. UNEP
284:Legacy
89:
82:
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68:
60:
1253:urban
924:roads
815:paper
810:paint
410:(PDF)
94:JSTOR
80:books
919:rail
701:coal
664:(US)
483:ISBN
462:ISBN
427:2014
414:ISBN
387:2014
379:UNEP
237:and
175:NASA
171:UNEP
121:The
66:news
948:War
49:by
1337::
395:^
377:.
362:^
173:,
145:.
127:MA
535:e
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429:.
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125:(
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101:(
91:·
84:·
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39:.
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