718:(symbol: rad) in 1960. The NIST brochures redefined the rad as 0.01 Gy. The CIPM's current SI brochure excludes the rad from the tables of non-SI units accepted for use with the SI. The US NIST clarified in 1998 that it was providing its own interpretations of the SI system, whereby it accepted the rad for use in the US with the SI, while recognizing that the CIPM did not. NIST recommends defining the rad in relation to SI units in every document where this unit is used. Nevertheless, use of the rad remains widespread in the US, where it is still an industry standard. Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission still permits the use of the units
238:(ARS), but is usually not fatal. Doses of 200 to 1,000 rad delivered in a few hours will cause serious illness, with poor prognosis at the upper end of the range. Whole body doses of more than 1,000 rad are almost invariably fatal. Therapeutic doses of radiation therapy are often given and tolerated well even at higher doses to treat discrete, well-defined anatomical structures. The same dose given over a longer period of time is less likely to cause ARS. Dose thresholds are about 50% higher for dose rates of 20 rad/h, and even higher for lower dose rates.
681:" (symbol: gr) defined as "that amount of neutron radiation which produces an increment in energy in unit volume of tissue equal to the increment of energy produced in unit volume of water by one roentgen of radiation" was proposed. This unit was found to be equivalent to 88 ergs in air. It marked a shift towards measurements based on energy rather than charge.
710:(CIPM) has not accepted the use of the rad. From 1977 to 1998, the US NIST's translations of the SI brochure stated that the CIPM had temporarily accepted the use of the rad (and other radiology units) with SI units since 1969. However, the only related CIPM decisions shown in the appendix are with regards to the
665:
was the most commonly used unit of radiation exposure. This unit is obsolete and no longer clearly defined. One roentgen deposits 0.877 rad in dry air, 0.96 rad in soft tissue, or anywhere from 1 to more than 4 rad in bone depending on the beam energy. These conversions to absorbed energy all depend
265:
rays applied uniformly to the whole body, 1 rad of absorbed dose gives 1 rem of effective dose. In other situations, the effective dose in rem might be thirty times higher or thousands of times lower than the absorbed dose in rad.
3011:
1628:. Symposium on Radiation Effects and Dosimetry - Third Pacific Area Meeting American Society for Testing Materials, October 1959, San Francisco, 12–16 October 1959. Baltimore: ASTM International. p. 64.
2031:
2991:
666:
on the ionizing energy of a standard medium, which is ambiguous in the latest NIST definition. Even where the standard medium is fully defined, the ionizing energy is often not precisely known.
763:
1793:"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC"
234:
A dose of under 100 rad will typically produce no immediate symptoms other than blood changes. A dose of 100 to 200 rad delivered to the entire body in less than a day may cause
2996:
242:
1523:
1831:
707:
2076:
143:
3001:
2718:
201:
2877:
2026:
2070:
2598:
2345:
756:
703:
In 1953 the ICRU recommended the rad, equal to 100 erg/g as a new unit of absorbed radiation, but then promoted a switch to the gray in the 1970s.
2623:
730:
2618:
2335:
2155:
174:
3042:
2654:
2649:
2603:
2254:
2244:
2145:
1695:
1500:
1317:
749:
2659:
2229:
2167:
1824:
3006:
2593:
2380:
1710:
Lyons, John W. (1990-12-20). "Metric System of
Measurement: Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States".
2986:
2711:
2633:
2608:
2461:
2209:
2517:
2036:
689:
361:
3112:
2487:
2451:
2360:
2098:
1340:
3027:
2573:
2558:
2512:
2390:
2365:
2350:
2310:
2234:
1817:
1527:
2809:
2568:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2471:
2441:
2411:
2375:
2300:
2219:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2177:
1881:
45:
3092:
3037:
3032:
2704:
2563:
2538:
2502:
2466:
2446:
2436:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2315:
2239:
2140:
1871:
1861:
1358:
Anno, GH; Young, RW; Bloom, RM; Mercier, JR (2003). "Dose response relationships for acute ionizing-radiation lethality".
790:
1621:
1247:
International Bureau of
Weights and Measures (2008). United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (ed.).
3117:
2628:
2548:
2507:
2497:
2426:
2330:
2269:
2264:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2103:
2005:
2000:
1919:
1914:
1876:
217:
1953:
2456:
2431:
2370:
2320:
2305:
2295:
2259:
2150:
2113:
2082:
1626:
Third
Pacific Area Meeting Papers - Materials in Nuclear Applications - American Society Technical Publication No 276
1571:
3080:
2819:
2492:
2340:
2274:
2172:
2118:
2108:
1098:
685:
674:
257:
risk than the absorbed dose in rad. In most power plant scenarios, where the radiation environment is dominated by
2766:
2385:
1924:
250:
1792:
3076:
3063:
3058:
1775:
246:
235:
229:
245:
maintains a model of health risks as a function of absorbed dose and other factors. That model calculates an
2854:
1948:
1899:
1216:
1146:
1069:
166:
1401:
Goans, R E; Wald, N (1 January 2005). "Radiation accidents with multi-organ failure in the United States".
3084:
2981:
2914:
1248:
1731:"Metric System of Measurement: Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States"
185:
of matter. The material absorbing the radiation can be human tissue, air, water, or any other substance.
3088:
2897:
1840:
1543:
196:, but is still used in the United States, although this is "strongly discouraged" in Chapter 5.2 of the
1654:
International Bureau of
Weights and Measures (1977). United States National Bureau of Standards (ed.).
1423:
2909:
2902:
2741:
2727:
1682:
213:
2924:
2834:
2613:
2133:
2064:
1301:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2128:
1904:
1383:
1256:. NIST Special Publication 330. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology
1227:
884:
308:
31:
1435:
1730:
208:, the centigray (symbol cGy), is widely used to report absorbed doses within radiotherapy. The
2814:
1691:
1629:
1496:
1488:
1375:
1313:
856:
798:
670:
2955:
2950:
2160:
1406:
1367:
1661:
2849:
2824:
2325:
1556:
1211:
1030:
917:
662:
209:
193:
17:
1660:. NBS Special Publication 330. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p.
2940:
2887:
2804:
2751:
2675:
2249:
1866:
727:
1344:
3106:
2794:
2123:
1995:
1963:
1935:
1371:
1302:"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection"
953:
276:
273:
61:
1387:
1275:
673:, who had been studying the effect of neutron damage on human tissue, together with
2919:
2839:
2776:
2680:
1968:
1958:
1943:
1493:
Units of
Measurement: Past, Present and Future : International System of Units
1196:
827:
719:
711:
349:
101:
1655:
1462:
1596:
2960:
2892:
2829:
2279:
2010:
1909:
1276:"NIST Guide to SI Units – ch.5.2 Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI"
1206:
963:
925:
205:
189:
170:
133:
2844:
1011:
723:
254:
2882:
2799:
2746:
1201:
1191:
808:
697:
262:
1410:
1379:
1526:. Argonne National Laboratory: US Atomic Energy Commission. Archived from
2945:
1809:
898:
296:
124:
114:
1690:(9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022,
677:
and John Read published a paper in which a unit of measure, dubbed the "
2976:
2859:
2696:
2685:
1222:
1155:
1117:
1108:
1078:
1049:
1040:
894:
741:
The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units:
688:
in 1945, was the absorbed energetic dose to tissue before factoring in
1424:
Introduction to
Radiation-Resistant Semiconductor Devices and Circuits
2355:
715:
971:
258:
216:, may be related to the corresponding absorbed dose by use of the
110:
1633:
182:
2700:
1813:
985:
693:
178:
152:
50:
287:
Lowest dose to cause clinically observable blood changes
27:
Non-SI unit measuring absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
1765:, 2nd edition, 2002, Andrew Holmes-Siedle and Len Adams
1791:
The
Council of the European Communities (1979-12-21).
1718:(245). US Office of the Federal Register: 52242–52245.
731:
required that its use for "public health ... purposes"
1573:
A Glossary of Terms in
Nuclear Science and Technology
684:
The Röntgen equivalent physical (rep), introduced by
30:"Rad (unit)" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1436:"APPENDIX E: Roentgens, RADs, REMs, and other Units"
3051:
3020:
2969:
2933:
2868:
2785:
2734:
2668:
2642:
2586:
2526:
2480:
2399:
2288:
2091:
2057:
2050:
2019:
1988:
1981:
1934:
1892:
1854:
1847:
372:Typical tolerance of radiation-hardened microchips
337:Typical radiation tolerance of ordinary microchips
243:
International
Commission on Radiological Protection
139:
120:
97:
75:
67:
57:
44:
39:
1467:The Physical Principles of Medical Imaging, 2nd Ed
1278:. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
692:. The rep has variously been defined as 83 or 93
1341:"Converting rad to rem, Health Physics Society "
708:International Committee for Weights and Measures
1744:(144). US Office of the Federal Register: 40339
204:. However, the numerically equivalent SI unit
202:National Institute of Standards and Technology
200:, which was written and published by the U.S.
2712:
1825:
1291:, Revised ed., US DOD 1962, pp. 592–593
757:
8:
2878:Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring
1440:Princeton University Radiation Safety Guide
2719:
2705:
2697:
2054:
1985:
1851:
1832:
1818:
1810:
1576:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
764:
750:
743:
173:= 0.01 J/kg. It was originally defined in
36:
1780:. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009.
1522:Cantrill, S.T; H.M. Parker (1945-01-05).
1598:The clinical use of radioactive isotopes
380:
368:
356:
341:
330:
318:
303:
291:
283:
270:
1239:
326:for acute radiation syndrome in humans
314:for acute radiation syndrome in humans
1657:The international system of units (SI)
1570:Dunning, John R.; et al. (1957).
1552:
1541:
1250:The International System of Units (SI)
745:Ionizing radiation related quantities
253:, which is more representative of the
3043:Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
1620:Guill, JH; Moteff, John (June 1960).
389:
386:
7:
733:be phased out by 31 December 1985.
62:Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
1862:International System of Units (SI)
1622:"Dosimetry in Europe and the USSR"
25:
1684:The International System of Units
690:relative biological effectiveness
79:
1729:Hebner, Robert E. (1998-07-28).
1595:Bertram, V. A. Low-Beer (1950).
1463:"Radiation Quantities and Units"
1372:10.1097/00004032-200305000-00001
181:of energy to be absorbed by one
177:in 1953 as the dose causing 100
2810:Computed tomography dose index
1289:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
360:Fatal whole-body dose in 1964
1:
1872:US customary units (USCS/USC)
1763:Handbook of Radiation Effects
1403:British Journal of Radiology
737:Radiation-related quantities
696:per gram of tissue (8.3/9.3
188:It has been replaced by the
1487:Gupta, S. V. (2009-11-19).
669:In 1940, British physicist
3134:
3074:
675:William Valentine Mayneord
382:SI multiples of rad (rad)
227:
169:, defined as 1 rad = 0.01
29:
3072:
2767:Radioactive contamination
1925:English Engineering Units
1495:. Springer. p. 144.
1228:Order of magnitude (unit)
1097:
1029:
952:
883:
797:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
93:
18:Millirad (radiation unit)
3075:See also the categories
3064:Radiation-induced cancer
3059:Acute radiation syndrome
1308:. ICRP publication 103.
726:alongside SI units, the
295:Local dose for onset of
247:effective radiation dose
236:acute radiation syndrome
230:Acute radiation syndrome
3113:Units of radiation dose
1964:Quantum chromodynamical
1217:Roentgen equivalent man
700:) or per cc of tissue.
249:, measured in units of
212:, used to quantify the
167:absorbed radiation dose
2915:Semiconductor detector
2871:measurement techniques
2077:centimetre–gram–second
1841:Systems of measurement
1551:Cite journal requires
1442:. Princeton University
1147:röntgen equivalent man
1070:röntgen equivalent man
352:dose, locally applied
2934:Protection techniques
2898:Scintillation counter
2599:Biblical and Talmudic
2065:metre–kilogram–second
364:criticality accident
3093:Radiation protection
2910:Radiation monitoring
2903:Proportional counter
2788:quantities and units
2742:Background radiation
2728:Radiation protection
1530:on November 30, 2012
1524:"The Tolerance Dose"
1411:10.1259/bjr/27824773
3118:Non-SI metric units
2925:Whole-body counting
2835:Mean glandular dose
2772:Radioactive sources
1489:"Louis Harold Gray"
771:
383:
362:Wood River Junction
357:10 krad:
304:400 rad:
292:200 rad:
280:
88:... is equal to ...
2762:Internal dosimetry
2757:Ionizing radiation
2071:metre–tonne–second
1867:UK imperial system
1306:Annals of the ICRP
744:
381:
369:1 Mrad:
319:1 krad:
284:25 rad:
271:
214:radiation exposure
149:
141:
130:
122:
107:
99:
32:Rad (angular unit)
3100:
3099:
3081:Radiation effects
3052:Radiation effects
2815:Counts per minute
2694:
2693:
2582:
2581:
2046:
2045:
2037:Foot–pound–second
1977:
1976:
1954:Heaviside–Lorentz
1697:978-92-822-2272-0
1502:978-3-642-00737-8
1347:on June 26, 2013.
1319:978-0-7020-3048-2
1183:
1182:
1154:100 ergâ‹…g Ă—
1077:100 ergâ‹…g Ă—
671:Louis Harold Gray
661:In the 1930s the
654:
653:
376:
375:
159:
158:
76:Conversions
16:(Redirected from
3125:
2956:Radon mitigation
2951:Potassium iodide
2869:Instruments and
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2161:Mesures usuelles
2055:
1986:
1852:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1738:Federal Register
1735:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1712:Federal Register
1707:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1461:Sprawls, Perry.
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1343:. Archived from
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1244:
1006:
1004:
948:
946:
935:
933:
878:
877:
874:
850:
841:
839:
772:
766:
759:
752:
714:in 1964 and the
384:
344:
333:
281:
194:SI derived units
190:gray (symbol Gy)
150:
142:
131:
123:
108:
100:
37:
21:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3077:Medical physics
3068:
3047:
3016:
2965:
2929:
2870:
2864:
2825:Equivalent dose
2787:
2781:
2730:
2725:
2695:
2690:
2664:
2638:
2578:
2522:
2476:
2395:
2284:
2087:
2042:
2015:
1973:
1930:
1888:
1843:
1838:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1550:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1212:Roentgen (unit)
1188:
1172:
1163:
1134:
1125:
1086:
1057:
1031:Equivalent dose
1019:100 ergâ‹…g
1002:
1000:
944:
942:
931:
929:
875:
872:
870:
848:
837:
835:
770:
739:
659:
378:
342:
331:
325:
312:
274:metric prefixed
272:Dose examples (
232:
226:
198:Guide to the SI
148:
140:
129:
121:
106:
98:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Lead shielding
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Geiger counter
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Effective dose
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Committed dose
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Health physics
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Absolute scale
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1783:
1777:10 CFR 20.1004
1767:
1755:
1721:
1702:
1696:
1674:
1646:
1612:
1587:
1562:
1553:|journal=
1514:
1501:
1479:
1453:
1427:
1416:
1393:
1366:(5): 565–575.
1360:Health Physics
1350:
1332:
1318:
1293:
1281:
1267:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:0.010 Sv
1177:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1099:Effective dose
1095:
1094:
1093:0.010 Sv
1091:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1025:0.010 Gy
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
998:
995:
992:
989:
982:
981:
978:
975:
969:
966:
961:
950:
949:
940:
937:
923:
920:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
892:
881:
880:
868:
865:
862:
859:
853:
852:
845:
842:
833:
830:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
806:
795:
794:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
769:
768:
761:
754:
746:
738:
735:
728:European Union
686:Herbert Parker
658:
655:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
392:
391:
388:
374:
373:
370:
366:
365:
358:
354:
353:
346:
339:
338:
335:
328:
327:
323:
320:
316:
315:
310:
305:
301:
300:
293:
289:
288:
285:
277:unit multiples
228:Main article:
225:
224:Health effects
222:
157:
156:
146:
137:
136:
127:
118:
117:
104:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3130:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:Radioactivity
3082:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:Organisations
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Absorbed dose
2793:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:Main articles
2733:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:List articles
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:South America
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:North America
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:South African
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
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2398:
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2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Luxembourgian
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2083:gravitational
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Apothecaries'
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1321:
1315:
1312:(2–4). 2007.
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:Absorbed dose
951:
941:
938:
927:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
882:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
846:
843:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
747:
742:
736:
734:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
679:gram roentgen
676:
672:
667:
664:
656:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
393:
387:Submultiples
385:
379:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
340:
336:
329:
322:Whole body LD
321:
317:
313:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
269:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
231:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:is a unit of
164:
154:
147:
145:
138:
135:
128:
126:
119:
116:
112:
105:
103:
102:SI base units
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3089:Radiobiology
2920:Survey meter
2840:Monitor unit
2786:Measurement
2777:Radiobiology
2624:Mesopotamian
2518:Puerto Rican
1915:Astronomical
1796:. Retrieved
1786:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1737:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1683:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1656:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1625:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1597:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1572:
1565:
1544:cite journal
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1517:
1506:. Retrieved
1492:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:
1419:
1402:
1396:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:the original
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1309:
1305:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1270:
1260:September 1,
1258:. Retrieved
1249:
1242:
1197:Curie (unit)
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1102:
1083:
1079:
1054:
1050:
1034:
957:
947:10 C/kg
906:Câ‹…kg of air
888:
802:
740:
705:
702:
683:
678:
668:
660:
644:10 rad
635:10 rad
624:10 rad
615:10 rad
604:10 rad
595:10 rad
584:10 rad
575:10 rad
564:10 rad
555:10 rad
544:10 rad
535:10 rad
524:10 rad
515:10 rad
504:10 rad
495:10 rad
484:10 rad
475:10 rad
464:10 rad
455:10 rad
444:10 rad
435:10 rad
424:10 rad
415:10 rad
377:
350:radiotherapy
268:
240:
233:
197:
187:
162:
160:
87:
82:
58:Unit of
2961:Respirators
2893:Ion chamber
2488:Costa Rican
2452:Seychellois
2361:Singaporean
2156:Traditional
2011:Metrication
1949:Geometrised
1905:Avoirdupois
1207:Gray (unit)
851:10 Bq
793:equivalent
784:Derivation
722:, rad, and
307:Whole body
206:submultiple
81:1 rad
46:Unit system
3107:Categories
3021:Regulation
2574:Venezuelan
2559:Paraguayan
2513:Nicaraguan
2391:Vietnamese
2366:Sri Lankan
2351:Philippine
2311:Indonesian
2235:Portuguese
2129:Winchester
2032:Comparison
1982:Background
1920:Electrical
1508:2012-05-14
1234:References
1005:10 Gy
864:10 s
857:rutherford
650:quettarad
641:quectorad
407:SI symbol
398:SI symbol
390:Multiples
332:1–20 krad:
299:in humans
255:stochastic
3033:NRC (USA)
2982:HPS (USA)
2883:Dosimeter
2800:Becquerel
2747:Dosimetry
2569:Uruguayan
2554:Colombian
2544:Brazilian
2534:Argentine
2472:Tanzanian
2442:Mauritian
2412:Ethiopian
2376:Taiwanese
2346:Pakistani
2326:Mongolian
2301:Cambodian
2220:Norwegian
2190:Icelandic
2185:Hungarian
2178:Byzantine
2134:Exchequer
1882:Hong Kong
1405:: 41–46.
1202:Radiation
1192:Becquerel
988:per gram
879: Bq
840:10 s
809:becquerel
775:Quantity
630:ronnarad
621:rontorad
610:yottarad
601:yoctorad
590:zettarad
581:zeptorad
541:femtorad
481:microrad
461:millirad
450:hectorad
441:centirad
343:4–8 krad:
175:CGS units
3038:ONR (UK)
3028:IRR (UK)
3007:SRP (UK)
2946:Glovebox
2850:Roentgen
2655:Obsolete
2650:Humorous
2604:Egyptian
2564:Peruvian
2539:Bolivian
2503:Honduran
2467:Tunisian
2447:Moroccan
2437:Malagasy
2422:Eritrean
2417:Egyptian
2407:Algerian
2336:Nepalese
2316:Japanese
2250:Scottish
2240:Romanian
2141:Estonian
2051:Historic
2027:Overview
1996:Overview
1893:Specific
1634:60-14734
1601:. Thomas
1388:36471776
1380:12747475
1186:See also
1141:SI unit
1064:SI unit
980:SI unit
912:SI unit
899:kilogram
885:Exposure
822:SI unit
799:Activity
663:roentgen
561:attorad
550:petarad
530:terarad
521:picorad
510:gigarad
501:nanorad
490:megarad
470:kilorad
430:decarad
421:decirad
348:Typical
297:erythema
218:F-factor
210:roentgen
125:SI units
3012:UNSCEAR
2977:Euratom
2860:Sievert
2686:Modulor
2660:Unusual
2629:Persian
2587:Ancient
2549:Chilean
2508:Mexican
2498:Haitian
2427:Guinean
2331:Myanmar
2270:Swedish
2265:Spanish
2255:Serbian
2245:Russian
2225:Ottoman
2215:Maltese
2205:Latvian
2200:Italian
2146:Finnish
2124:English
2104:Cypriot
2099:Cornish
2006:History
2001:Outline
1936:Natural
1877:Chinese
1855:General
1848:Current
1223:Sievert
1116:Jâ‹…kg Ă—
1109:sievert
1048:Jâ‹…kg Ă—
1041:sievert
936:of air
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2058:Metric
1989:Metric
1969:Stoney
1959:Planck
1944:Atomic
1798:19 May
1694:
1667:18 May
1639:15 May
1632:
1605:14 May
1580:14 May
1534:14 May
1499:
1472:10 May
1446:10 May
1386:
1378:
1325:17 May
1316:
994:ergâ‹…g
991:erg/g
716:radian
427:darad
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395:Value
345:
334:
83:in ...
68:Symbol
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2609:Greek
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2173:Greek
2119:Dutch
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2079:(CGS)
2073:(MTS)
2067:(MKS)
2039:(FPS)
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1734:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
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1219:(rem)
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1090:1971
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1022:1953
997:1950
977:1974
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930:0.001
909:1974
903:C/kg
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2855:Rem
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1407:doi
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1012:rad
1001:1.0
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873:000
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724:rem
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324:100
261:or
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51:CGS
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891:)
816:s
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791:SI
311:50
309:LD
279:)
259:X-
220:.
171:Gy
155:/g
134:Gy
115:kg
2720:e
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1103:E
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1080:W
1055:R
1051:W
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803:A
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