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event spearheaded a drive to get the mimizuka itself sent home, submitting a petition bearing twenty-thousand signatures to Kyoto city officials, and pledging to bear the cost of excavating the contents of the tomb and shipping them to Korea, together with the nine-meter-high earthen mound and the stone pagoda on top. When Pak Sam-jung returned to Kyoto in 1996, the tomb's return seemed imminent. "These noses were cut off as trophies of war for
Toyotomi Hideyoshi," he announced upon leaving Seoul. "They have been there in Kyoto for four-hundred years. It is now our duty to see them returned to Korea to assuage the grief of the 126,000 people whose remains are buried there." In the end the necessary permission to move the mimuzuka was not forthcoming from the Japanese government. It was decided that, as an officially designated national cultural asset, the tomb should stay where it was. It remains in Kyoto to this day, little known and not often visited, and not well marked for tourists. It is just west of
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passage, "One cannot say that cutting off noses was so atrocious by the standard of the time." Most guidebooks do not mention the Ear Mound, and only a few
Japanese or foreign tourists visit the site. The majority of visiting tourists are Korean—Korean tour buses are often seen parked near the Ear Mound.
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See Hawley, Samuel (2005), p. 158. "According to
Japanese accounts, more than three-thousand of Sin's men were beheaded that day and several hundred taken prisoner. The severed heads were lined up for the customary post-battle viewing, and then the noses were cut off and packed in salt for shipment
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In 1990 a Korean
Buddhist monk named Pak Sam-jung traveled to Kyoto and, with the support of a private local organization, concluded a ceremony in front of the tomb to comfort the spirits residing there and guide them home to Korea. Over the next six years the Japanese organization that hosted this
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mentioned the Ear Mound. As of 1997, the mound is referred to in about half of all high-school history textbooks according to Shigeo
Shimoyama, an official of Jikkyo, a publishing company. The publisher released the first Japanese text book mentioning the Ear Mound in the mid-1980s. The Education
882:
In
Turnbull, Stephen (2002), p. 197. Japanese monk Keinen noted that atrocities against the civilian population was just another phase in the military operation. "From early dawn of the following morning we gave chase and hunted them in the mountains and scoured the villages for the distance of one
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was accompanied by the most horrific atrocities perpetrated against the region’s civilian population. People were killed almost daily well outside the time frame of any significant battle, and their noses hacked off by the hundreds, even the thousands. We know this because the units responsible,
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commanders based on the severed heads upon submission to collection stations, where inspectors meticulously counted, recorded, salted and packed the heads bound for Japan. However, because of the number of civilians killed along with soldiers, and crowded conditions on the ships that transported
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day's travel. When they were cornered we made a wholesale slaughter of them. During a period of ten days we seized 10,000 of the enemy, but we did not cut off their heads. We cut off their noses, which told us how many heads there were. By this time
Yasuharu's total of heads was over 2,000." (
333:
The
Mimizuka is almost unknown to the Japanese public unlike to the Koreans. The British historian Stephen Turnbull called the Mimizuka "Kyoto's least mentioned and most often avoided tourist attraction". A plaque, which was later removed, stood in front of the Ear Mound in the 1960s with the
287:, and set Buddhist priests to work praying for the repose of the souls of the tens of thousands of Koreans from whose bodies they had come; an act that chief priest Saishō Jōtai (1548–1608) would hail as a sign of Hideyoshi's "great mercy and compassion." The shrine initially was known as
624:
Motoyama
Yasumasa's account does not fail to mention that many of the noses and ears interred therein were not of fighting soldiers but ordinary civilians, because `Men and women, down to newborn infants, all were wiped out, none was left alive. Their noses were sliced off and pickled in
274:
One hundred and sixty-thousand
Japanese troops had gone to Korea where they had taken 185,738 Korean heads and 29,014 Chinese ones, a grand total of 214,752. As some might have been discarded, it is impossible to enumerate how many were killed in total during the war.
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site is now marked by a massive burial mound containing the remains of more than 30,000 Ming troops killed by the Japanese and interred here without their noses, because these important trophies were to be amongst the last contributions to be lodged with Kyoto's
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demanded his commanders show receipts of their martial valor in the destruction, dispatching congratulatory letters to his high-ranking warriors in the field as evidence of their service. Hideyoshi then ordered the relics entombed in a shrine on the grounds of
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administration, some of the officials of the South Korean government asked Japan to level the monument. However, most South Koreans said that the mound should stay in Japan as a reminder of past savagery. In 2005, the activity since the 1990s was described as:
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Mow down everyone universally, without discriminating between young and old, men and women, clergy and the laity—high ranking soldiers on the battlefield, that goes without saying, but also the hill folk, down to the poorest and meanest—and send the heads to
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On September 28, 1997, the 400th anniversary of the Mimizuka, a ceremony was held in respect for those killed, which people of all nationalities and faiths attended. The current caretaker of Mimizuka as of August 2009 is Shimizu Shirou (清水四郎).
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back to Japan. Under normal circumstances the heads themselves would have been kept, but in the Korean campaign there were simply too many. Henceforth noses would become the generally accepted trophies of war. They were much more portable."
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Ministry of Japan at that time opposed the description as "too vivid" and pressured the publisher to reduce the tone and also to praise Hideyoshi for religiously dedicating the Ear Mound to store the spirits of the killed people.
856:
See Hawley, Samuel (2005), p. 494-495. "Noses hacked off the faces of the massacred were submitted by the thousands at the nose collection stations set up on the way, where they were carefully counted, recorded salted, and
234:
troops, it was far easier to just bring back noses instead of whole heads. Hideyoshi was especially insistent upon receiving noses of people his samurai had killed as proof that his men really were killing people in Korea.
765:
The Great Mirror of Male Love. "Mimizuka, meaning "ear tomb", was the place Toyotomi Hideyoshi buried the noses taken as proof of enemy dead during his brutal invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597.
278:
The Mimizuka was dedicated September 28, 1597. Though the exact reasons as to its construction are not entirely known, scholars contend that during the second Japanese invasion of Korea in 1597,
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Visitors to Kyoto used to be shown the Minizuka or Ear Tomb, which contained, it was said, the noses of those 38,000, sliced off, suitably pickled, and sent to Kyoto as evidence of victory.
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after his death. Funding from the government is insufficient to care for the site, so the work is done by local residents, who volunteer to cut the grass and tidy up the grounds.
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Japanese chroniclers on the second invading campaign mention that the ears hacked off the faces of the massacred were also of ordinary civilians mostly in the provinces
300:, Mound of Noses, but several decades later this would come to be regarded as too cruel-sounding a name, and would be changed to the more euphonious but inaccurate
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908:(Korean Record) of samurai Okochi Hidemoto, in Elison George, "The Priest Keinen and His Account of the Campaign in Korea, 1597-1598: An Introduction." In
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According to Cho Chung-hwa, this name change was made by the government-sponsored scholar Hayashi Rasan (1583–1657) in the early years of the Tokugawa era.
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313:, Mound of Ears, the misnomer by which it is known to this day. Other nose tombs dating from the same period are found elsewhere in Japan, such as at
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Pak, Chu-yong (January 16, 1996). "Imran gui-mudom kot tora-onda...Pak Sum-jung sunim chujinjung; Gui-mudom silche hwankukumjikim bongyokhwa".
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ever mindful of recording the proof of their valor, kept meticulous records and receipts, some of which have survived to this day ."
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188:. It is dedicated to the sliced noses of killed Korean soldiers and civilians, as well as those of Ming Chinese troops, taken as
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In Hawley, Samuel (2005), pp. 465-466. "The seventh and concluding item in Hideyoshi's orders to his commanders recorded in
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in lieu of heads became a feature of the second Korean invasion. Originally, remuneration was paid to soldiers by their
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196:. The monument enshrines the severed noses of at least 38,000 Koreans and over 30,000 Chinese killed during
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912:, edited by Motoyama Yukihiko Kyoju taikan kinen rombunshu henshu iinkai. Kyoto: Shinbunkaku, 1988, p. 28.
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See Hawley, Samuel (2005), p. 475-476. "From the start the offensive to pacify the provinces of
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713:. Stanford studies in the civilizations of eastern Asia. Stanford University Press. pp.
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Kiernan, Ben; Madley, Benjamin; Blackhawk, Ned; Taylor, Rebe Taylor, eds. (4 May 2023).
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The Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China
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brought back the heads of enemies slain on the battlefield as proof of their deeds.
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Dashi ssunum imjin waeran-sa (A Revelation of the History of the Imjin War)
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Nihon kyoikushi ronso: Motoyama Yukihiko Kyoju taikan kinen rombunshu
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749:. Stanford Nuclear Age Series. Stanford University Press. pp.
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The Inseparable Trinity: Japan's Relations with China and Korea, (
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The sliced noses of 38,000 Korean people and 30,000 Chinese people
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XX-2 Tokyo Zoku Gunsho Ruiju Kanseikai (1933), 1636, p. 448).
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491:– a community of former Korean forced laborers in Kyoto
576:. Cambridge University Press. 1991. pp. 235–300.
798:"Japan, Korea and 1597: A Year That Lives in Infamy"
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Motoyama Buzen no kami Yasumasa oyako senko oboegaki
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929:Series (Zoku Gunsho Ruiju Kanseikai), 1933, p. 352
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705:Sansom, George; Sir Sansom; George Bailey (1961).
644:Series (Zoku Gunsho Ruiju Kanseikai), 1933, p. 391
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604:Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–1598
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741:Saikaku, Ihara; Gordon Schalow, Paul (1990).
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245:. Mimizuka can be seen in front of it (right)
194:Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 to 1598
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820:
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796:Kristof, Nicholas D. (September 14, 1997).
690:See Turnbull, Stephen (2002), p. 222. "the
660:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
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241:18th century painting of Hokoji Temple by
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16:Memorial to sliced noses in Kyoto, Japan
1014:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
984:Asian Historical Architecture: Mimizuka
657:The Cambridge World History of Genocide
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871:The Samurai Invasion of Korea, 1592-98
541:. Royal Asiatic Society. p. 501.
337:In 1982, not a single Japanese school
921:In Turnbull, Stephen (2002), p. 230.
428:Mimizuka monument on top of the mound
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211:shrine honoring Hideyoshi in Kyoto.
392:Stone monument in front of Mimizuka
329:Effect on modern foreign relations
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1019:Buildings and structures in Kyoto
1024:Monuments and memorials in Japan
989:Japan-Korea Friendship Year 2005
570:The Cambridge History of Japan.
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404:Sign found in front of Mimizuka
377:Images from around the monument
464:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan
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889:Yoshino Jingoza'emon oboegaki
745:The Great Mirror of Male Love
709:A History of Japan, 1334–1615
582:10.1017/CHOL9780521223553.007
31:Mimizuka from the side (2023)
1029:Tourist attractions in Kyoto
1009:Japanese war crimes in Korea
959:. 2009-08-14. Archived from
873:, London: Osprey, 2008 p.81.
165:, "Ear Mound" or "Ear Tomb")
98:September 28, 1597
957:""만행 사과하고파"..."귀무덤" 지킨 日노인"
261:. In the second invasion,
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887:in Yoshino, Jingoza'emon.
600:Turnbull, Stephen (2002).
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59:34.991459°N 135.770333°E
1004:Human trophy collecting
537:Hawley, Samuel (2005).
508:Cho, Chung-hwa (1996).
479:Human trophy collecting
345:In the 1970s under the
324:Mimizuka from the front
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574:, Early Modern Japan)
416:Back side of Mimizuka
357:Kyoto National Museum
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80:Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto
64:34.991459; 135.770333
608:. Cassell. pp.
512:. Seoul: Hakmin-sa.
198:Toyotomi Hideyoshi's
180:, is a monument in
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869:Turnbull, Stephen
802:The New York Times
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280:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
265:orders were thus:
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844:Chungcheong
474:Headhunting
263:Hideyoshi's
259:Chungcheong
200:invasions.
192:during the
62: /
50:135°46′13″E
998:Categories
967:2009-12-25
836:Gyeongsang
808:2008-09-22
804:. New York
695:Mimizuka."
496:References
489:Utoro, Uji
251:Gyeongsang
102:1597-09-28
47:34°59′29″N
923:Chosen ki
906:Chosen ki
436:Example 1
139:/ishibumi
90:Nose tomb
945:. Seoul.
857:packed."
469:Scalping
442:See also
339:textbook
302:mimizuka
289:hanazuka
169:Hanazuka
156:Mimizuka
135:/rekishi
75:Location
20:Mimizuka
315:Okayama
215:History
118:Website
100: (
82:, Japan
842:, and
840:Jeolla
757:
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664:
625:salt.'
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572:Vol. 4
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270:Japan.
257:, and
255:Jeolla
230:daimyō
209:Shinto
207:, the
143:/hi140
127:.kyoto
891:, in
640:, in
186:Japan
182:Kyoto
145:.html
141:/html
133:/somu
125:.city
1034:Nose
755:ISBN
719:ISBN
675:2024
662:ISBN
614:ISBN
543:ISBN
365:kami
359:and
154:The
123:www2
87:Type
925:in
751:324
715:360
610:230
578:doi
137:/fm
131:.jp
129:.lg
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753:.
727:.
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683:^
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308:耳塚
295:鼻塚
253:,
184:,
175:鼻塚
162:耳塚
970:.
811:.
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584:.
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