236:, and the redefinition of political parties put Cox at risk. White mobs began several attacks on Black professionals in Indianola. A black porter was accused of being rude to a white employee at the Brooklyn Bridge Store, resulting in a white mob's decision to close all Black businesses. Dr. J.C. Fulton, a prosperous doctor in town who ran in similar circles with Minnie Cox was threatened and run out of town. Roosevelt finally agreed to her resignation, but allowed her to keep her $ 1,100 salary through the end of her term and effectively closed the Indianola post office, writing to Cox that, "This was all I could do and the least I could do." The post office remained closed for most of 1903 while Roosevelt waited for Indianola to agree to keep Cox in office without any issue. Instead, the town sent a representative to nearby
161:. Cox was part of one of the largest cohorts at the time, with 100 graduates completing studies at the normal school to earn teaching degrees in 1888. A year later, she married Wellington Cox. Her husband was also a teacher and was principal of the Indianola Colored Public School until 1890, when he started a position with the United Railway Postal Service. Mr. Cox was able to save enough money to purchase 160 acres of land a few years before their marriage, and continuously bought and sold land thereafter. Through these ventures, the Coxes entered into the small community of wealthy Black Mississippians at the time, and lived in the white section of town. Mr. Cox served as chairman for the
217:
pocket. Her leadership earned much praise from
President Roosevelt, but the town of Indianola began to divide over her role, not because of her work but because she was a Black woman. A.B. Weeks, a white man, wanted the position and frequently sent letters to the White House detailing his qualifications to take the position from her. Roosevelt declined to respond. Weeks was the brother-in-law of city mayor J.L. Davis. A campaign to remove her from the position, started by Weeks and Davis, was circulated by many other white citizens in Sunflower County, including future governor
188:. When Cox's appointment expired in 1904, the Indianola post office reopened with a different postmaster. Cox and her husband returned to Indianola, where they opened the Delta Penny Savings Bank, one of the earliest black-owned banks in the state. They also founded one of the first black-owned insurance companies in the United States to offer whole life insurance, the Mississippi Life Insurance Company. They were strong supporters of black businesses in the state.
253:
221:. After the petition was circulated, Cox announced that she would complete her term as postmistress but would not seek reappointment. On December 4, 1902, she wrote to President Roosevelt that: "It is my opinion that if I don't resign, there will be trouble and cause the town to lose post office facilities. This is my home and I feel a deep interest in the town and its people." The
227:
reported that the town generally believed, "she was polite and obliging, and had, and still has, the good will of practically the entire citizenship...there was never friction between the office and its patrons...She was regarded here simply like any other negro who attends strictly to business and
240:
to pickup and distribute the mail. In 1904, Roosevelt was forced to reopen the post office without Minnie Cox, as federal law required all county seats to have a running post office. He required that no one related to the mob that forced Minnie out could succeed her. By then, Minnie and her family
539:
216:
and remained in the role under
President Teddy Roosevelt. Though she was praised for her work in streamlining the mail system for the community, she took her position much further, installing a telephone for patrons' convenience and paying delinquent rent throughout the community out of her own
231:
Roosevelt initially rejected her resignation, aware of the rising racial tension in the South and the reports of happenings in
Sunflower County. He hoped to find a more peaceful solution that would allow Cox to safely remain in the role. However, Vardaman's gubernatorial rhetoric of the "negro
44:
228:
displays the proper respect for the impassable link between the two races." In
Mississippi, Cox's skin color was enough to force her out of the office, whether the replacement was qualified—or even truly interested—to run the post office.
211:
appointed her in 1891, her prominence in the community and support of the
Republican Party secured her first term, though the lack of a qualified white candidate may have played a role. Cox again assumed the position under President
133:, Cox was dedicated to equal rights in Mississippi. Responding to the disparities in resources available to Black citizens for banking and insurance, she opened her own bank and insurance companies to protect their assets.
292:"To Do a Work that Would Be Very Far Reaching: Minnie Geddings Cox, the Mississippi Life Insurance Company, and the Challenges of Black Women's Business Leadership in the Early Twentieth-Century United States"
687:
379:
692:
154:
672:
662:
652:
579:
265:
In 2008, a post office building in
Indianola was named the Minnie Cox Post Office Building "in tribute to all that she accomplished by breaking barriers".
434:
682:
555:
514:
245:, but eventually returned to Mississippi and began two successful businesses to meet the needs of Black Mississippians in the era of
145:. Though not much is known about her early life, it is possible that her family fared better than many other Black families in the
677:
657:
162:
667:
590:"Mrs. Minnie Cox, Postmistress of Indianola: A Faithful and Efficient Official Driven from Office by Southern White Brutes".
580:
http://zed.mdah.state.ms.us:81/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=11615&query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20minnie%20cox
102:
249:. The situation became a national news story, sparking a debate about "race, states' rights, and federal power".
333:
207:
When Minnie Cox served as postmistress, the position could only be appointed by the president. When
President
387:
606:
43:
384:
142:
130:
64:
191:
After her husband died in 1925, Cox remarried. She and her second husband, George Key
Hamilton, moved to
351:
237:
437:. MississippiHumanities, the website of the Mississippi Humanities Council. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
647:
642:
158:
122:
419:. Blackpast.org: An Online Reference Guide to African American History. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
242:
491:
483:
223:
196:
185:
126:
475:
313:
268:
Cox Street and Wayne and Minnie Cox Park in
Indianola are both named for Cox and her husband.
218:
208:
173:
146:
467:
435:"Everything that is Mean, Damnable and Cursed: Minnie Geddings Cox and the Indianola Affair"
303:
213:
181:
177:
166:
121:, following closely behind Anna M. Dumas, who was appointed to the same position in 1872 in
150:
84:
623:
455:
416:
252:
176:, she was appointed postmaster of Indianola. Cox lost her job in 1892 under President
636:
495:
233:
129:
refused to release her from her position after threats of violence from whites in
118:
114:
479:
317:
141:
Minnie M. Geddings was born in 1869 to Mary
Geddings and William Geddings in
192:
17:
246:
308:
291:
487:
113:(1869–1933) was an American teacher who was appointed the first Black
471:
251:
626:, June 15, 2009. Joelderfner.com. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
149:
as her parents owned a restaurant and she was able to attend
515:"19 Feb 2004, 15 - The Enterprise-Tocsin at Newspapers.com"
352:"26 Oct 2000, 14 - The Enterprise-Tocsin at Newspapers.com"
556:"10 Jan 1903, Page 6 - Clarion-Ledger at Newspapers.com"
336:. African American Registry. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
544:. U.S. Government Printing Office. February 23, 2024.
125:. Though she made national headlines after President
169:
for five years and as a city alderman for one year.
232:menace", a rise in the violence perpetuated by the
98:
90:
80:
72:
53:
34:
29:
African-American teacher and postmaster (1869–1933)
256:The Minnie Cox Post Office Building in Indianola.
203:Serving as postmistress and the Indianola Affair
172:In 1891, during the administration of President
456:"Theodore Roosevelt and the Indianola Affair"
8:
688:20th-century African-American businesspeople
290:Garrett-Scott, Shennette (September 2016).
42:
31:
602:
600:
307:
180:but was reappointed in 1897 by President
454:Gatewood, Willard B. (January 1, 1968).
374:
372:
429:
427:
425:
277:
184:and continued to serve under President
541:United States Congressional Serial Set
380:"Minnie M. Cox: A Postmaster's Story"
334:"Minnie Cox: A First for Mississippi"
329:
327:
7:
509:
507:
505:
449:
447:
445:
443:
411:
409:
407:
405:
346:
344:
342:
285:
283:
281:
693:20th-century African-American women
94:Postmaster, teacher, businessperson
673:People from Indianola, Mississippi
663:People from Lexington, Mississippi
653:African-American women in business
25:
607:"Minnie Cox Post Office Building"
683:Businesspeople from Mississippi
1:
155:Historically Black University
611:Congressional Record – House
460:The Journal of Negro History
417:"Cox, Minnie M. (1869–1933)"
103:United States Postal Service
709:
433:Garrett-Scott, Shennette.
41:
296:Enterprise & Society
111:Minnie M. (Geddings) Cox
678:Mississippi Republicans
658:Mississippi postmasters
613:, July 14, 2008, H6418.
388:Smithsonian Institution
165:Executive Committee of
668:Fisk University alumni
385:National Postal Museum
257:
143:Lexington, Mississippi
65:Lexington, Mississippi
255:
238:Heathman, Mississippi
199:. She died in 1933.
159:Nashville, Tennessee
123:Covington, Louisiana
594:, February 7, 1903.
309:10.1017/eso.2015.66
258:
197:Rockford, Illinois
186:Theodore Roosevelt
127:Theodore Roosevelt
58:Minnie M. Geddings
592:Cleveland Gazette
219:James K. Vardaman
209:Benjamin Harrison
174:Benjamin Harrison
147:Mississippi Delta
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
700:
627:
620:
614:
604:
595:
588:
582:
577:
571:
570:
568:
566:
552:
546:
545:
536:
530:
529:
527:
525:
511:
500:
499:
451:
438:
431:
420:
415:Momodu, Samuel.
413:
400:
399:
397:
395:
376:
367:
366:
364:
362:
348:
337:
331:
322:
321:
311:
287:
214:William McKinley
182:William McKinley
178:Grover Cleveland
167:Sunflower County
46:
32:
21:
708:
707:
703:
702:
701:
699:
698:
697:
633:
632:
631:
630:
622:Derfner, Joel.
621:
617:
605:
598:
589:
585:
578:
574:
564:
562:
554:
553:
549:
538:
537:
533:
523:
521:
513:
512:
503:
472:10.2307/2716390
453:
452:
441:
432:
423:
414:
403:
393:
391:
378:
377:
370:
360:
358:
350:
349:
340:
332:
325:
289:
288:
279:
274:
263:
205:
151:Fisk University
139:
85:Fisk University
68:
62:
60:
59:
49:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
706:
704:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
635:
634:
629:
628:
615:
596:
583:
572:
560:Newspapers.com
547:
531:
519:Newspapers.com
501:
439:
421:
401:
368:
356:Newspapers.com
338:
323:
302:(3): 473–514.
276:
275:
273:
270:
262:
259:
224:Clarion-Ledger
204:
201:
138:
135:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
63:
57:
55:
51:
50:
48:Cox in c. 1900
47:
39:
38:
35:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
705:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
638:
625:
624:Untitled post
619:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
587:
584:
581:
576:
573:
561:
557:
551:
548:
543:
542:
535:
532:
520:
516:
510:
508:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
412:
410:
408:
406:
402:
390:
389:
386:
381:
375:
373:
369:
357:
353:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
319:
315:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
284:
282:
278:
271:
269:
266:
260:
254:
250:
248:
244:
239:
235:
229:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
202:
200:
198:
195:and later to
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
101:
97:
93:
91:Occupation(s)
89:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
27:
19:
618:
610:
591:
586:
575:
563:. Retrieved
559:
550:
540:
534:
522:. Retrieved
518:
466:(1): 48–69.
463:
459:
394:November 24,
392:. Retrieved
383:
359:. Retrieved
355:
299:
295:
267:
264:
241:had fled to
234:Ku Klux Klan
230:
222:
206:
190:
171:
140:
110:
109:
26:
648:1933 deaths
643:1869 births
119:Mississippi
637:Categories
272:References
243:Birmingham
163:Republican
137:Early life
115:postmaster
36:Minnie Cox
18:Minnie Cox
496:150118039
480:0022-2992
318:1467-2227
193:Tennessee
131:Indianola
81:Education
247:Jim Crow
99:Employer
565:May 25,
524:May 25,
488:2716390
361:May 26,
494:
486:
478:
316:
261:Honors
67:, U.S.
492:S2CID
484:JSTOR
567:2021
526:2021
476:ISSN
396:2020
363:2021
314:ISSN
153:, a
76:1933
73:Died
61:1869
54:Born
468:doi
304:doi
157:in
117:in
639::
609:.
599:^
558:.
517:.
504:^
490:.
482:.
474:.
464:53
462:.
458:.
442:^
424:^
404:^
382:.
371:^
354:.
341:^
326:^
312:.
300:17
298:.
294:.
280:^
569:.
528:.
498:.
470::
398:.
365:.
320:.
306::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.