611:-adrenergic receptors on the acinar and ductal cells of the salivary glands, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and the corresponding increase of saliva secretion. Note that in this regard both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimuli result in an increase in salivary gland secretions, the difference lies on the composition of this saliva, once sympathetic stimulus results particularly in the increase of amylase secretion, which is produced by serous glands. The sympathetic nervous system also affects salivary gland secretions indirectly by innervating the
656:. Each acinus is located at the terminal part of the gland connected to the ductal system, with many acini within each lobule of the gland. Each acinus consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a lumen, a central opening where the saliva is deposited after being produced by the secretory cells. The three forms of acini are classified in terms of the type of epithelial cell present and the secretory product being produced - serous, mucoserous, and mucous.
40:
768:
436:
868:
899:(the symptom of dry mouth) or salivary gland hypofunction (reduced production of saliva); it is associated with significant impairment of quality of life. Following radiotherapy of the head and neck region, salivary gland dysfunction is a predictable side-effect. Saliva production may be pharmacologically stimulated by
1443:
Valstar, Matthijs H.; de Bakker, Bernadette S.; Steenbakkers, Roel J. H. M.; de Jong, Kees H.; Smit, Laura A.; Klein Nulent, Thomas J. W.; van Es, Robert J. J.; Hofland, Ingrid; de Keizer, Bart; Jasperse, Bas; Balm, Alfons J. M.; van der Schaaf, Arjen; Langendijk, Johannes A.; Smeele, Ludi E.; Vogel,
514:
connected in a tiny lobule. A minor salivary gland may have a common excretory duct with another gland, or may have its own excretory duct. Their secretion is mainly mucous in nature and have many functions such as coating the oral cavity with saliva. Problems with dentures are sometimes associated
395:
or
Wharton duct. Around 70% of saliva in the oral cavity is produced by the submandibular glands, though they are much smaller than the parotid glands. This gland can usually be felt via palpation of the neck, as it is in the superficial cervical region and feels like a rounded ball. It is located
809:
Buffering: In general, the higher the saliva flow rate, the faster the clearance and the higher the buffer capacity, hence better protection from dental caries. Therefore, people with a slower rate of saliva secretion, combined with a low buffer capacity, have lessened salivary protection against
692:
in human cells and 60% of these genes are expressed in normal, adult salivary glands. Less than 100 genes are more specifically expressed in the salivary gland. The salivary gland specific genes are mainly genes that encode for secreted proteins and compared to other organs in the human body; the
509:
in the tissue of the buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa, the soft palate, the lateral parts of the hard palate, and the floor of the mouth or between muscle fibers of the tongue. They are 1 to 2 mm in diameter and unlike the major glands, they are not encapsulated by connective tissue, only
829:
Antimicrobial action: Saliva can prevent microbial growth based on the elements it contains. For example, lactoferrin in saliva binds naturally with iron. Since iron is a major component of bacterial cell walls, removal of iron breaks down the cell wall, which in turn breaks down the bacterium.
492:
after radiotherapy despite the avoidance of the three major glands. However, these findings from just one study need to be confirmed. On the other hand, an interdisciplinary group of scientists disagree with this new discovery. They believe that an accumulation of minor salivary glands has been
823:
Maintenance of tooth integrity: Demineralization occurs when enamel disintegrates due to the presence of acid. When this occurs, the buffering capacity effect of saliva (increases saliva flow rate) inhibits demineralization. Saliva can then begin to promote the remineralization of the tooth by
555:
through secretion of digestive enzymes and proteins. The arrangement of these glands around the circumvallate papillae provides a continuous flow of fluid over the great number of taste buds lining the sides of the papillae, and is important for dissolving the food particles to be tasted.
418:
in nature, but it is categorized as a mixed gland. Unlike the other two major glands, the ductal system of the sublingual glands does not have intercalated ducts and usually does not have striated ducts, either, so saliva exits directly from 8-20 excretory ducts known as the
679:
All of the human salivary glands terminate in the mouth, where the saliva proceeds to aid in digestion. The released saliva is quickly inactivated in the stomach by the acid that is present, but saliva also contains enzymes that are actually activated by stomach acid.
803:
Protection: Saliva consists of proteins (for example; mucins) that lubricate and protect both the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy viscoelastic material that coats all mucosal
2293:
857:
Taste: Saliva acts as a solvent in which solid particles can dissolve and enter the taste buds through oral mucosa located on the tongue. These taste buds are found within foliate and circumvallate papillae, where minor salivary glands secrete
798:
Salivary glands secrete saliva, which has many benefits for the oral cavity and health in general. The knowledge of normal salivary flow rate (SFR) is extremely important when treating dental patients. These benefits include:
480:
and nasal cavity, predominantly with mucous glands, and its ducts opening into the dorsolateral pharyngeal wall. The glands were unknown until
September 2020, when they were discovered by a group of Dutch scientists using
2454:
Psychogios, Georgios; Bohr, Christopher; Constantinidis, Jannis; Canis, Martin; Vander
Poorten, Vincent; Plzak, Jan; Knopf, Andreas; Betz, Christian; Guntinas-Lichius, Orlando; Zenk, Johannes (2020-08-04).
1488:
Guntinas-Lichius, Orlando; Ihrler, Stephan; Freesmeyer, Martin; Gühne, Falk; Kluge, Regine; Bräuer, Lars; Iro, Heinrich; Paulsen, Friedrich; Dietz, Andreas; Bechmann, Ingo (2020-11-16).
852:
Digestion: Saliva contains amylase, which hydrolyses starch into glucose, maltose, and dextrin. As a result, saliva allows some digestion to occur before the food reaches the stomach.
1006:
The salivary glands of some species are modified to produce proteins; salivary amylase is found in many bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the
1273:
Bialek EJ, Jakubowski W, Zajkowski P, Szopinski KT, Osmolski A (2006). "US of the major salivary glands: anatomy and spatial relationships, pathologic conditions, and pitfalls".
2423:
Furness, Susan; Worthington, Helen; Bryan, Gemma; Birchenough, Sarah; McMillan, Roddy (7 December 2011). "Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies".
2343:"A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI"
945:
may impair salivary flow. Radiotherapy can cause permanent hyposalivation due to injury to the oral mucosa containing the salivary glands, resulting in xerostomia, whereas
2341:
Wolff A, Joshi RK, Ekström J, Aframian D, Pedersen AM, Proctor G, Narayana N, Villa A, Sia YW, Aliko A, McGowan R, Kerr AR, Jensen SB, Vissink A, Dawes C (March 2017).
815:
Pellicle formation: Saliva forms a pellicle on the surface of the tooth to prevent wearing. The film contains mucins and proline-rich glycoprotein from the saliva.
819:
The proteins (statherin and proline-rich proteins) within the salivary pellicle inhibit demineralization and promote remineralization by attracting calcium ions.
414:
The sublingual glands are a pair of major salivary glands located inferior to the tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands. The secretion produced is mainly
701:, are salivary gland-specific proteins with highest level of expression. Examples of other specifically expressed proteins include the digestive amylase enzyme
129:
2739:
1791:
Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
1445:
375:
The submandibular glands (previously known as submaxillary glands) are a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the lower jaws, superior to the
1630:
Ishizuka K, Oskutyte D, Satoh Y, Murakami T (2010). "Multi-source inputs converge on the superior salivatory nucleus neurons in anaesthetized rats".
2079:
2766:
892:(a salivary calculus or stone) may cause blockage of the ducts, most commonly the submandibular ducts, causing pain and swelling of the gland.
603:
Direct sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands takes place via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the
2402:
2177:
1710:
1682:
1579:
1551:
1366:
1326:
1090:
105:
101:
949:
may cause only temporary salivary impairment. Furthermore surgical removal because of benign or malignant lesions may also impair function.
693:
salivary gland has the highest fraction of secreted genes. The heterogeneous family of proline-rich, human salivary glycoproteins, such as
256:
2513:
Ogawa Y, Okamoto S, Wakui M, Watanabe R, Yamada M, Yoshino M, Ono M, Yang HY, Mashima Y, Oguchi Y, Ikeda Y, Tsubota K (October 1999).
482:
1115:
931:. A Cochrane review found there was no strong evidence that topical therapies are effective in relieving the symptoms of dry mouth.
2723:
3122:
565:
244:
1966:
Tabak LA, Levine MJ, Mandel ID, Ellison SA (February 1982). "Role of salivary mucins in the protection of the oral cavity".
124:
2759:
959:
2564:"Treatment and survival outcomes based on histologic grading in patients with head and neck mucoepidermoid carcinoma"
847:
Tissue repair: Saliva can encourage soft-tissue repair by decreasing clotting time and increasing wound contraction.
2807:
604:
569:
2052:
3183:
3079:
952:
541:
243:
In humans, 1200 to 1500 ml of saliva are produced every day. The secretion of saliva (salivation) is mediated by
3173:
3168:
2244:
Rzymska-Grala I, Stopa Z, Grala B, Gołębiowski M, Wanyura H, Zuchowska A, Sawicka M, Zmorzyński M (July 2010).
1136:"Treatment for sialorrhea (excessive saliva) in people with motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
971:
916:
573:
84:
2294:"Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy"
266:, were first identified in 2020. They are named for their location, being positioned in front of and over the
676:
or secretory ducts). These are found on most major and minor glands (exception may be the sublingual gland).
3002:
673:
467:
1728:"Clarification of the terminology of the major human salivary glands: Acinus and alveolus are not synonyms"
600:. These nerves release acetylcholine and substance P, which activate the IP3 and DAG pathways respectively.
3089:
3022:
2752:
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883:
597:
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537:
136:
112:
96:
3137:
3117:
2995:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2802:
1839:
Vissink A, Spijkervet FK, Van Nieuw
Amerongen A (1996). "Aging and saliva: a review of the literature".
1134:
James, Eleanor; Ellis, Cathy; Brassington, Ruth; Sathasivam, Sivakumar; Young, Carolyn A. (2022-05-20).
967:
2457:"Review of surgical techniques and guide for decision making in the treatment of benign parotid tumors"
533:
528:
2456:
2211:
515:
with minor salivary glands if dry mouth is present. The minor salivary glands are innervated by the
3084:
2978:
2916:
2886:
1874:
Kim SK, Allen ED (June 1994). "Structural and functional changes in salivary glands during aging".
1038:
995:
370:
182:
3132:
3074:
2983:
2495:
2125:
1899:
1816:
1655:
1425:
392:
1595:
Frommer J (1977). "The human accessory parotid gland: its incidence, nature, and significance".
1193:"Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy"
2946:
2693:
2644:
2593:
2544:
2487:
2479:
2436:
2398:
2372:
2323:
2267:
2226:
2173:
2117:
1983:
1948:
1891:
1856:
1808:
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1706:
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1647:
1612:
1575:
1547:
1519:
1511:
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1417:
1382:
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1322:
1290:
1222:
1173:
1155:
1111:
1086:
942:
924:
665:
420:
350:
39:
592:, while the submandibular and sublingual glands receive their parasympathetic input from the
2990:
2868:
2792:
2683:
2675:
2634:
2624:
2583:
2575:
2534:
2526:
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2313:
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1975:
1938:
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1883:
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1460:
1409:
1372:
1354:
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1147:
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Around 800 to 1,000 minor salivary glands are located throughout the oral cavity within the
409:
376:
252:
198:
186:
2713:
2027:
1349:
Holmberg KV, Hoffman MP (2014). "Anatomy, biogenesis and regeneration of salivary glands".
3178:
3147:
3142:
3064:
2901:
2896:
2891:
1054:
641:
473:
334:
263:
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study of a salivary duct that may be used to investigate its function and for diagnosing
397:
2562:
Nance MA, Seethala RR, Wang Y, Chiosea SI, Myers EN, Johnson JT, Lai SY (October 2008).
1918:
3094:
2863:
2835:
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2663:
2639:
2612:
2588:
2563:
2539:
2514:
2367:
2342:
2318:
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1979:
1943:
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1168:
1135:
1014:
912:
889:
689:
629:
267:
174:
166:
1413:
767:
435:
189:), as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands. Salivary glands can be classified as
3162:
2966:
2499:
1608:
1429:
991:
963:
669:
589:
581:
358:
338:
318:
290:
284:
248:
209:
178:
17:
2129:
1903:
1659:
1029:, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins such as
867:
607:
with postganglionic neurons that release norepinephrine, which is then received by β
2971:
2926:
2432:
1208:
1151:
1018:
1010:
946:
938:
928:
875:
633:
612:
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380:
342:
330:
205:
194:
190:
55:
1820:
2729:
2292:
Riley, Philip; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Hua, Fang; Worthington, Helen V (2017-07-31).
2221:
2194:
1643:
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that supply the glands, resulting in vasoconstriction through the activation of α
89:
3012:
2858:
2853:
2776:
2143:
904:
506:
477:
388:
326:
302:
2475:
2113:
349:
lesion will result in either loss of action or strength of muscles involved in
333:. The glands are located posterior to the mandibular ramus and anterior to the
3112:
2817:
2358:
2309:
1934:
1446:"The tubarial salivary glands: A potential new organ at risk for radiotherapy"
956:
908:
900:
896:
871:
548:
489:
476:
are suggested as a fourth pair of salivary glands situated posteriorly in the
346:
306:
158:
2629:
2483:
1919:"The Unstimulated Salivary Flow Rate in a Jordanian Healthy Adult Population"
1515:
1159:
117:
3044:
2734:
1887:
1804:
987:
758:
502:
237:
60:
2697:
2648:
2597:
2548:
2530:
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2440:
2376:
2327:
2271:
2230:
1952:
1812:
1753:
1651:
1523:
1474:
1421:
1386:
1294:
1226:
1177:
2121:
1987:
1895:
1860:
2936:
2931:
2812:
2679:
1616:
1286:
1042:
672:. These drain into ducts situated between the lobes of the gland (called
314:
294:
2002:
1506:
1489:
1245:"Doctors May Have Found Secretive New Organs in the Center of Your Head"
2941:
2744:
2579:
1059:
1026:
706:
423:. About 5% of saliva entering the oral cavity comes from these glands.
310:
225:
221:
1358:
564:
Salivary glands are innervated, either directly or indirectly, by the
142:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3033:
2845:
1744:
1727:
975:
934:
838:. Salivary immunoglobulin A serves to aggregate oral bacteria such as
749:
However, no overall change in the amount of saliva secreted is seen.
653:
485:
353:. They produce 20% of the total salivary content in the oral cavity.
298:
217:
213:
170:
162:
1025:, are actually modified salivary glands. In other organisms such as
2611:
Rastogi R, Bhargava S, Mallarajapatna GJ, Singh SK (October 2012).
3127:
2827:
1022:
1007:
866:
713:, all of major importance for specific characteristics of saliva.
710:
702:
637:
580:
Parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands is carried via
552:
545:
511:
415:
400:(laryngeal prominence) and about two inches apart under the chin.
384:
354:
233:
229:
72:
721:
Aging of salivary glands shows some structural changes, such as:
2878:
1768:"The human proteome in salivary gland - The Human Protein Atlas"
1106:
Martini, Frederic H.; Nath, Judi L.; Bartholomew, Edwin (2012).
1030:
920:
698:
694:
584:. The parotid gland receives its parasympathetic input from the
576:. Parasympathetic stimulation evokes a copious flow of saliva.
2748:
2170:
Ten Cate's oral histology: development, structure, and function
1544:
Ten Cate's Oral
Histology: Development, Structure, and Function
1319:
Ten Cate's Oral
Histology: Development, Structure, and Function
297:
in humans. These are largest of the salivary glands, secreting
270:. However, this finding from one study is yet to be confirmed.
2784:
1034:
830:
Antimicrobial peptides such as histatins inhibit the growth of
762:
430:
1081:
Edgar, Michael; Dawes, Colin; O'Mullane, Denis, eds. (2012).
824:
strengthening the enamel with calcium and phosphate minerals.
27:
Exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts
1353:. Monographs in Oral Science. Vol. 24. pp. 1–13.
619:
adrenergic receptors, lessening the saliva's water content.
2246:"Salivary gland calculi - contemporary methods of imaging"
2515:"Dry eye after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation"
2195:"Role of Saliva in the maintenance of taste sensitivity"
2104:
Mandel, ID (February 1987). "The functions of saliva".
779:
447:
345:
branches while exposing the different lobes, since any
1703:
Illustrated Dental
Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy
1565:
1563:
1490:"Gibt es eine neue Kopfspeicheldrüse? – Eher nicht!"
510:
surrounded by it. The gland has usually a number of
3105:
3032:
3011:
2957:
2877:
2844:
2826:
2783:
1696:
1694:
123:
111:
95:
83:
71:
66:
54:
49:
32:
738:In addition, changes occur in salivary contents:
544:. They secrete a purely serous fluid that begins
177:. Humans have three paired major salivary glands (
2740:Medical Encyclopedia Medline Plus: Salivary gland
2397:. Holt-Saunders International. pp. 299–300.
341:. They are clinically relevant in dissections of
1537:
1535:
1533:
317:. It is the serous type of gland which secretes
259:in the glands, leading to increased salivation.
1597:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology
1400:Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K (2008). "Mumps".
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
262:A proposed fourth pair of salivary glands, the
874:of chronic inflammation of the salivary gland
379:. The secretion produced is a mixture of both
2760:
2617:The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging
2199:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine
1268:
1266:
1264:
1191:Davies, Andrew N; Thompson, Jo (2015-10-05).
1085:(4th ed.). Stephen Hancocks. p. 1.
664:In the duct system, the lumina are formed by
540:on the dorsal surface of the tongue near the
293:are major salivary glands wrapped around the
8:
2418:
2416:
2414:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1632:Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic & Clinical
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
895:Salivary gland dysfunction refers to either
361:, caused by infection in the parotid gland.
1546:(8th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 275–65.
1140:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1110:(9th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
842:and prevent the formation of dental plaque.
742:Decrease in concentration of secretory IgE
644:and gradually branch out into the lobules.
2767:
2753:
2745:
2464:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
38:
2714:Salivary gland at the Human Protein Atlas
2687:
2638:
2628:
2613:"Pictorial essay: Salivary gland imaging"
2587:
2538:
2366:
2317:
2261:
2220:
2210:
1942:
1743:
1505:
1464:
1376:
1216:
1167:
1076:
1074:
962:may manifest as dry mouth and many small
911:. It can also be suppressed by so-called
652:Secretory cells are found in a group, or
551:. They also facilitate the perception of
2664:"Silks produced by insect labial glands"
1572:Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck
1108:Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology
2425:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2298:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2172:(6th ed.). Mosby. pp. 300–1.
1197:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1070:
208:, the main type of protein secreted is
1968:Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine
688:About 20,000 protein-coding genes are
140:
44:The three main paired salivary glands.
29:
2388:
2386:
1923:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
1726:Gilloteaux, J.; Afolayan, A. (2014).
1238:
1236:
628:The gland is internally divided into
7:
2519:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
1701:Bath-Balogh M, Fehrenbach M (2011).
1129:
1127:
2057:Sunningdale Dental News & Views
2053:"6 Ways Saliva Protects Your Teeth"
1677:(3rd ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
1574:(4th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders.
725:Decrease in volume of acinar tissue
536:are found in a trough circling the
517:facial nerve (cranial nerve CN VII)
1980:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1982.tb00138.x
1853:10.1111/j.1754-4505.1996.tb00842.x
1570:Herring MJ, Fehrenbach SW (2012).
483:prostate-specific membrane antigen
25:
1876:Microscopy Research and Technique
766:
434:
3123:Plica semilunaris of the fauces
2724:Illustration at .washington.edu
2662:Sehnal F, Sutherland T (2008).
1351:Saliva: Secretion and Functions
1243:Wu, Katherine J. (2020-10-19).
745:Decrease in the amount of mucin
734:Ductal hyperplasia and dilation
232:, the main protein secreted is
2433:10.1002/14651858.CD008934.pub2
2084:British Society for Immunology
1209:10.1002/14651858.CD003782.pub3
1152:10.1002/14651858.CD006981.pub3
1:
2393:Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977).
2080:"Immunity in the oral cavity"
1414:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5
982:Clinical tests/investigations
668:, which in turn join to form
488:. This discovery may explain
2222:10.1177/10454411000110020501
1644:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.014
1609:10.1016/0030-4220(77)90049-4
1466:10.1016/j.radonc.2020.09.034
1321:(ninth ed.). Elsevier.
396:about two fingers above the
2250:Polish Journal of Radiology
960:bone marrow transplantation
684:Gene and protein expression
245:parasympathetic stimulation
3200:
2808:Labial commissure of mouth
2476:10.1007/s00405-020-06250-x
2114:10.1177/00220345870660S203
2108:. 66 Spec No (66): 623–7.
2106:Journal of Dental Research
881:
756:
731:Increase in adipose tissue
728:Increase in fibrous tissue
605:superior cervical ganglion
526:
465:
407:
368:
313:to begin the digestion of
282:
2719:Illustration at merck.com
2359:10.1007/s40268-016-0153-9
2310:10.1002/14651858.CD012744
1935:10.4021/jocmr2009.10.1267
1841:Special Care in Dentistry
1705:. Elsevier. p. 132.
1453:Radiotherapy and Oncology
1041:that have been useful in
953:Graft versus host disease
917:tricyclic antidepressants
135:
37:
2630:10.4103/0971-3026.111487
1917:Sawair, Faleh A (2009).
1444:Wouter V. (2020-09-22).
1037:salivary glands contain
972:mucoepidermoid carcinoma
640:enter the glands at the
574:autonomic nervous system
427:Tubarial salivary glands
3003:Tubarial salivary gland
1888:10.1002/jemt.1070280308
1805:10.1126/science.1260419
468:Tubarial salivary gland
3090:Glossoepiglottic folds
2730:Parotid Tumors, Benign
2531:10.1136/bjo.83.10.1125
1494:Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie
1083:Saliva and oral health
968:Salivary gland tumours
884:Salivary gland disease
879:
598:submandibular ganglion
586:glossopharyngeal nerve
538:circumvallate papillae
522:
137:Anatomical terminology
3138:Palatopharyngeal arch
2912:Mucogingival junction
2907:Junctional epithelium
2803:Frenulum of lower lip
1732:The Anatomical Record
970:may occur, including
937:treatments including
870:
863:Clinical significance
757:Further information:
497:Minor salivary glands
18:Minor salivary glands
2947:Periodontal ligament
2680:10.4161/pri.2.4.7489
2028:"Function of Saliva"
1772:www.proteinatlas.org
1287:10.1148/rg.263055024
1039:polytene chromosomes
836:Streptococcus mutans
365:Submandibular glands
257:muscarinic receptors
173:through a system of
78:glandulae salivariae
3085:Sublingual caruncle
2979:Submandibular gland
2917:Sulcular epithelium
2887:Interdental papilla
2395:The Vertebrate Body
1673:Costanzo L (2009).
1507:10.1055/a-1307-3872
371:Submandibular gland
3133:Palatoglossal arch
2580:10.1002/cncr.23825
2193:Matsuo, R (2000).
1500:(1): a–1307–3872.
1249:The New York Times
880:
778:. You can help by
674:interlobular ducts
666:intercalated ducts
534:Von Ebner's glands
529:Von Ebner's glands
523:Von Ebner's glands
446:. You can help by
393:submandibular duct
236:, which acts as a
3156:
3155:
2404:978-0-03-910284-5
2179:978-0-323-01614-8
1799:(6220): 1260419.
1712:978-1-4377-2934-4
1684:978-1-4160-2320-3
1581:978-1-4377-2419-6
1553:978-0-323-07846-7
1368:978-3-318-02595-8
1359:10.1159/000358776
1328:978-0-323-48524-1
1092:978-0-9565668-3-6
1033:or glues, whilst
943:radiation therapy
925:antihypertensives
796:
795:
596:(CN VII) via the
464:
463:
404:Sublingual glands
387:, and enters the
377:digastric muscles
351:facial expression
325:). It enters the
230:mucous secretions
216:that breaks down
206:serous secretions
151:
150:
146:
16:(Redirected from
3191:
3184:Arthropod glands
2991:Sublingual gland
2869:Incisive papilla
2793:Vermilion border
2769:
2762:
2755:
2746:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2427:(12): CD008934.
2420:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2347:Drugs in R&D
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2168:Nanci A (2003).
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2007:flipper e nuvola
2001:Comba, Allegra.
1998:
1992:
1991:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1745:10.1002/ar.22950
1723:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1542:Nanci A (2013).
1539:
1528:
1527:
1509:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1408:(9616): 932–44.
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1317:Nanci A (2018).
1314:
1299:
1298:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1203:(10): CD003782.
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1078:
996:Sjögren syndrome
976:malignant growth
832:Candida albicans
791:
788:
770:
763:
588:(CN IX) via the
459:
456:
438:
431:
410:Sublingual gland
295:mandibular ramus
253:neurotransmitter
143:edit on Wikidata
130:9597 95971, 9597
61:Digestive system
42:
30:
21:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3174:Exocrine system
3169:Glands of mouth
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3148:Palatine tonsil
3143:Tonsillar fossa
3101:
3080:Fimbriated fold
3065:Lingual tonsils
3055:Terminal sulcus
3028:
3007:
2953:
2902:Gingival fibers
2897:Gingival margin
2892:Gingival sulcus
2873:
2840:
2822:
2779:
2775:Anatomy of the
2773:
2710:
2705:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2525:(10): 1125–30.
2512:
2511:
2507:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2304:(7): CD012744.
2291:
2290:
2279:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2212:10.1.1.587.2908
2192:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1638:(1–2): 104–10.
1629:
1628:
1624:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1369:
1348:
1347:
1336:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1302:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1146:(5): CD006981.
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1055:Serous demilune
1051:
1015:venomous snakes
1004:
984:
913:antisialagogues
886:
865:
792:
786:
783:
776:needs expansion
761:
755:
719:
686:
662:
650:
626:
618:
610:
566:parasympathetic
562:
542:terminal sulcus
531:
525:
499:
474:tubarial glands
470:
460:
454:
451:
444:needs expansion
429:
412:
406:
373:
367:
359:viral infection
335:mastoid process
321:(also known as
287:
281:
276:
264:tubarial glands
167:exocrine glands
155:salivary glands
147:
104:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3095:Lingual septum
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2864:Palatine raphe
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2836:Buccal fat pad
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2708:External links
2706:
2704:
2703:
2654:
2603:
2554:
2505:
2446:
2410:
2403:
2382:
2333:
2277:
2236:
2185:
2178:
2160:
2135:
2096:
2078:Taylor, John.
2070:
2044:
2019:
1993:
1958:
1929:(4): 219–225.
1909:
1866:
1826:
1783:
1759:
1738:(8): 1354–63.
1718:
1711:
1690:
1683:
1665:
1622:
1587:
1580:
1559:
1552:
1529:
1480:
1435:
1392:
1367:
1334:
1327:
1300:
1260:
1232:
1183:
1123:
1116:
1098:
1091:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1003:
1000:
983:
980:
890:sialolithiasis
882:Main article:
864:
861:
860:
859:
854:
853:
849:
848:
844:
843:
826:
825:
817:
816:
812:
811:
806:
805:
794:
793:
773:
771:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
718:
715:
685:
682:
670:striated ducts
661:
658:
649:
646:
625:
622:
621:
620:
616:
608:
601:
582:cranial nerves
561:
558:
527:Main article:
524:
521:
498:
495:
466:Main article:
462:
461:
441:
439:
428:
425:
408:Main article:
405:
402:
369:Main article:
366:
363:
301:to facilitate
291:parotid glands
283:Main article:
280:
279:Parotid glands
277:
275:
272:
268:torus tubarius
251:is the active
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
33:Salivary gland
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:Back of mouth
3104:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Foramen cecum
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Median sulcus
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3023:tooth anatomy
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:Parotid gland
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:(4): 145–53.
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2623:(4): 325–33.
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:(8): 2082–9.
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2205:(2): 216–29.
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2149:
2148:Science Daily
2145:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:(3): 243–53.
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:(3): 95–103.
1846:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1496:(in German).
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:(3): 745–63.
1280:
1276:
1275:Radiographics
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:9780321709332
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:Gila monsters
1016:
1012:
1009:
1002:Other animals
1001:
999:
997:
993:
992:radiocontrast
989:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
958:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
885:
877:
873:
869:
862:
856:
855:
851:
850:
846:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
827:
822:
821:
820:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
800:
790:
781:
777:
774:This section
772:
769:
765:
764:
760:
752:
750:
744:
741:
740:
739:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
722:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
683:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:Blood vessels
631:
623:
614:
613:blood vessels
606:
602:
599:
595:
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2037:24 February
2012:25 February
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1021:, and some
905:pilocarpine
901:sialagogues
570:sympathetic
507:oral mucosa
493:described.
478:nasopharynx
389:oral cavity
327:oral cavity
303:mastication
159:vertebrates
67:Identifiers
3163:Categories
3113:Oropharynx
3071:Underside
2818:White roll
1777:2017-09-22
1675:Physiology
1254:2020-10-22
1066:References
1045:research.
957:allogeneic
909:cevimeline
897:xerostomia
872:Micrograph
549:hydrolysis
347:iatrogenic
307:swallowing
199:seromucous
187:sublingual
161:including
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2922:Stippling
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2032:Cariology
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988:sialogram
964:mucoceles
840:S. mutans
810:microbes.
804:surfaces.
759:Digestion
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503:submucosa
274:Structure
238:lubricant
201:(mixed).
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2937:Philtrum
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2492:32749609
2441:22161442
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2144:"Saliva"
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311:amylase
226:glucose
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990:is a
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703:AMY1A
660:Ducts
648:Acini
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