Minority government - Knowledge (XXG)

1172:, the democratically elected body. This consent is given by a vote of confidence. There is, however, a small constitutional trick, since the majority required to obtain confidence is not calculated on the basis of all the members of parliament, but on the basis of the votes cast. As the specialist on minority governments in Belgium, Lucien Rigaux, points out, this means that the majority is calculated on the basis of the members present and does not require more than 76 votes (the majority of the 150 seats in the Chamber). Moreover, confidence is obtained if there are more votes in favour than against. For example, out of 100 votes cast, a minority government can be invested with 40 affirmative votes, 20 negative votes and 40 abstentions. The abstention of parties that, for various reasons, do not wish to enter the government thus makes it possible to form an emergency government with full powers and democratic legitimacy. 1040:

and immediately following an election. If they cannot form a government that commands the confidence of the House then it is expected that they will resign that commission voluntarily – it is not considered acceptable for the Sovereign (or his representative) to revoke said commission unless the prime minister was acting in serious breach of constitutional protocol. Nevertheless, usually, an incumbent government that loses its plurality in the House simply resigns, especially if the main opposition party is only a few seats short of having a majority or if it feels it has no chance of winning the support of enough members of smaller parties to win an initial confidence vote.

1226:, declared: "if you think you can quickly give the country a government other than the one before you, stronger, based on a stable majority, do not hesitate, overthrow us. But if you don't have that assurance, if you foresee, after a negative vote, a long period of hesitation, conciliations, abortive attempts, then think carefully about what you are going to do". He nevertheless succumbs a few days later, since with as many votes in his favour as against him, he does not enjoy the confidence of Parliament. The defeat must have been all the more difficult to swallow as two Socialist MEPs had left before the vote in order not to miss their train to 2033:'s coalition lose its parliamentary majority in the National Assembly, going from a 115-seat majority to a hung parliament in which the centrist presidential coalition was the largest bloc but 38 short of an overall majority. The Borne cabinet survived to 31ss motions of no confidence and Prime Minister Borne triggered constitutional article 49.3 23 times, mostly to pass the 2023 Government and Social Security Budgets but also to pass its pension system reform in March 2023. Nonetheless, the government lost several parliamentary votes, an oddity under the Fifth Republic. 3906: 3503: 4128: 3072: 1263:"community to community" negotiation involving so-called community parties rather than political families. The socialists, who had campaigned strongly on the left, decided in the Namur Congress to withdraw from the negotiations and denounced the formation of a "coalition of the rights". Not giving up on forming a large majority, the social-Christian and liberal political families negotiated with the community parties. A partial agreement is reached in Steenokkerzeel. For the 3793: 3681: 4074: 3962: 3913: 1202:– which was relatively long for the time – the King appointed a Catholic cabinet. The latter was finally nipped in the bud by Parliament since the latter decided not to grant its confidence because the proposed Catholic coalition did not respect "Flemish national law", that it "was not qualified to resolve the difficulties of the parliamentary situation" and that it did not make it possible to fight the bourgeoisie". 733: 3849: 3617: 3610: 3340: 4023: 3737: 3172: 3120: 3969: 3561: 3290: 843: 4016: 1735:); allows the government to "commit its responsibility" on a bill per parliamentary session (apart from Government and Social Security budgets on which this special power can be used without numerical limit), the bill is considered passed without a vote unless a no-confidence motion is adopted by the lower house, thus effectively treating the bill as an issue of a vote of confidence ( 1241:

public schools. Both the socialists and the liberals have the impression that they are playing a fool's game where the lowest bidder will have the chance to claim a few positions in a government that will carry out the entire Christian program. The Christian Social Party then tries to capitalize on its 104 seats to gain confidence. Contrary to all expectations, the abstention of one

4135: 4081: 3447: 3228: 1008:, the governing Labour party won by a majority of 66 seats in the House of Commons with only 35.2% of the popular vote.) If support for some parties is regionally concentrated, however, then Duverger's law applies separately to each region, and so no party can be sufficiently dominant in each region to receive a majority of the seats. This was the situation in Canada in the 3842: 3786: 3730: 3674: 3554: 3395: 2776:, the government was a minority government. The suspension of the whip of 21 Conservative MPs on 24 July 2019 resulted in the working majority of the government being – 43. The government lost several Parliamentary votes in the Autumn of 2019 before a general election was called. Johnson gained the Conservatives biggest majority since 2053:

theoretically grants minority governments a high degree of longevity, but they are rare in practice. No minority government has ever been invested on the federal level, though brief periods of minority government have existed when a government has lost its majority mid-term. Minority governments have

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for parliamentary elections in 1958, France has known only a few minority governments: indeed, the majoritarian electoral system usually produces seizable parliamentary majorities on which governments can rely, but there are some exceptions. Since 1958, only 2 out of 16 legislative elections resulted

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As with day-to-day business, the minority government provides a flexible institutional response in times of crisis that allows the state to continue to function and to be able to carry out its essential tasks. However, unlike a majority government, the action of a minority government is not locked to

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II minority government thus received the support of a relative majority of the members present, 106 in favour and 104 against. A few months later, the minority government became a majority government when the Liberal Party joined the government team after an agreement was reached on the school issue.

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Whatever party forms the government must either form a coalition with one or more other parties, or they must win some form of support from the other parties or independents so as to avoid no-confidence motions. Because of no-confidence motions, minority governments are frequently short-lived or fall

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To deal with situations in parliamentary systems where no clear majority to form a government exists, two or more parties may establish a formal coalition government, commanding a clear majority of the parliamentary members. A party might also enter into less formal alliances or agreements with other

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Nevertheless, the now-common practice of the party with the most seats forming the government has led to a widespread misconception among voters that a convention exists whereby the party with the most seats always gets to form the government. In fact, the most compelling reason for this practice is

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In Westminster systems, in minority situations, the incumbent government usually has the first opportunity to attempt to win the confidence of the House. This is so even if the incumbents have fewer seats – the incumbent prime minister still holds their commission for the duration of the writ period

810:. It is sworn into office, with or without the formal support of other parties, enabling a government to be formed. Under such a government, legislation can only be passed with the support or consent of enough other members of the legislature to provide a majority, encouraging multi-partisanship. In 2191:

with the approval of the Dáil. Since the 1980s, the popularity of other parties has increased such that coalition governments are now typical and expected, with one of the two major parties being the senior partner, and with one or more junior partners ensuring that the coalition retains a majority

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model". However, most minority governments still resulted from the loss of a majority – on 13 occasions due to the withdrawal of a coalition partner, on 12 occasions due to defeat in an election, and on four occasions due to parliamentary defections. Only seven minority governments were formed on a

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obtained a remarkable score that had nothing to envy to its results of the 19th century with 104 seats out of 212. However, the government's formation patinated notably on the school question which pitted Catholics and lay people against each other and which related to the financing of Catholic and

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Never in the federated entities has a minority government been formed spontaneously. On the other hand, at the central and then federal state level, there have been five attempts to form a minority government. Three of these attempts were transformed. As Lucien Rigaux points out in an issue devoted

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to form a government that can benefit from a broad parliamentary base. While the liberals seem to be acquiescing, the negotiations with the socialists reveal divergences, mainly on the implementation of regionalisation, on the question of state interference in economic affairs and on the method of

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is not unfamiliar with minority governments. Moreover, this type of government is not explicitly provided for in the Constitution, even though the Constitution does not prevent its existence. More often than not, minority governments emerge following elections when the government that was in power

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from confidence votes, whereas a governing party without a plurality in the House needs at least one other party to vote with it at all times (assuming the largest party will always vote no confidence, but that is almost certain to occur when they are denied the opportunity to govern). This means

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Then, in 1974, the political context was that of the state reforms initiated in 1970. Community autonomy was achieved, but the implementation of regionalisation was at a standstill, in particular because the Brussels dossier was repeatedly put on ice. Fifteen days after the elections of 10 March

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A common situation is a governance with "jumping majorities", where the cabinet stays as long as it can negotiate support from a majority in the parliament, even though that majority may be differently formed from issue to issue or bill to bill. On occasion, the legislature may permit a minority

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failed to come to fruition. However, on 6 July 2007, Welsh Labour Party members voted for a coalition with Plaid, which was followed by a similar result from Plaid Cymru members the next day. As a result, the Welsh Assembly was controlled by the Labour-Plaid alliance with Rhodri Morgan as First

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as long as there is no agreement on everything, there is no agreement on anything. Nevertheless, it decides to grant its benevolent abstentions to the Christian Liberal coalition so that a government can be formed quickly. With 100 votes in favour, 63 against and, above all, 47 abstentions, the

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Additional support is possible also because MPs leaving a party faction are not allowed to officially join another faction until the next elections. A government can be a minority government either throughout its term or just a part of its term, usually the latter. A list of minority cabinets:

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Since 1982 even most of multi-party coalition governments in Denmark are minority ones; thus, the government of the day is still required to make deals with non-governing parties. More often small far-left or far-right parties provide confidence support of centre-left or centre-right coalition

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which would result in policy compromises and a diluted political agenda. Coalition governments could also be viewed as unstable possibly due to examples of minority governments (Callaghan and Major) occurring as the result of governments in decline. Examples of minority governments include:

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If the Monarch does not dissolve Parliament, the remaining cabinet continues as a minority cabinet, in full possession of its powers. It can finish any legislation already before underpreparation, if Parliament passes it by majority vote; this necessitates the support of parties outside the

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An alternative arrangement is a looser alliance of parties, exemplified by Sweden. There the long-governing Social Democrats have ruled with more or less formal support from other parties – in the mid-20th century from Agrarians, after 1968 from Communists, and more recently from Greens and

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each won approximately 40 percent of the seats so they could not govern alone. However, within the Catholic Party, there remains serious reluctance to collaborate with the Socialists. It must be said that strong tensions between the two camps, particularly over the Flemishisation of the

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The main disadvantage of minority government by the elected assembly is that it can be instituted without a majority of the members of Parliament having voted in favour of it, but that, on the other hand, a majority of the members of the assembly is required to dismiss it (76 minimum).

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Between 1949 and December 2017, nine different states had at least one period of minority government, with some having as many as four. Compared to the federal level, state-level minority governments usually survived much longer, lasting an average of 333 days. The longest was the two

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as his deputy. After the 2011 Welsh General Election, Welsh Labour won 30 seats and entered into a new government, with a minority of 0. In 2016 Welsh Labour returned with 29 seats out of 30 and formed a minority government of 0 with the one remaining Liberal Democrat AM. A

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nations, each constituency elects one member of parliament by simple plurality voting. This system heavily biases the vote towards increasing the number of seats of the top two parties and reducing the seats of smaller parties, a principle known in political science as

2340:, if an election result makes a majority coalition impossible. More often, a minority government is formed when one of the cabinet's coalition partners withdraws its support, or when all ministers of a given parliamentary party resign. In these cases, the 1052:

At the Canadian federal level, in the four most recent of the five occasions a governing party lost the plurality without another winning a majority (1957, 1963, 1979, and 2006), the incumbent governments resigned rather than attempt to stay in power.

2087:, and the first Brandt cabinet retained a technical majority due to the Bundestag delegation from Berlin. Erhard and Schmidt's minority governments were short-lived, lasting less than a month, and both ended with the Chancellor leaving office. 1213:

to Belgium, which made the political climate particularly tense. The Socialists reject the invitation of the Catholic informer to form a government because the former want to associate the Communists, who have obtained a better result than the

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before their term is expired. The leader of a minority government will also often call an election in hopes of winning a stronger mandate from the electorate. In Canada, for instance, federal minority governments last an average of 18 months.

2688:, the Conservatives won the most seats and votes, but only a minority of seats in parliament. There was some discussion after the election of the possibility of creating a Conservative minority government and, because the then Prime Minister 2061:

Between 1949 and December 2017, there were 31 periods of minority government in Germany, including four at the federal and 27 at the state level. All four federal instances were the result of an incumbent government losing its majority: the

1209:, had already served its purpose. The Liberals felt that their new electoral defeat invited them to undergo an opposition cure. Socialists and Catholics clashed during the election campaign over the royal question of the return of King 1004:, and thus minority governments are relatively uncommon. Advocates of this system see this as one of its advantages. A party with less than 40% of the popular vote can often win an outright majority of the seats. (For instance, in the 1347:

During the history of federal Canadian politics, there have been fifteen minority governments, in fourteen separate minority parliaments. Federal minority governments typically last less than two years. Exceptions to this include the

2127:, comprising a minority coalition of the SPD and Greens supported by the PDS, which was invested after a corruption scandal led to the collapse of the previous CDU government; it served on an interim basis from June 2001 until the 1300:

current affairs, day-to-day business or urgent decisions. It benefits from the fullness of its competences since it is constituted on the basis of a democratic decision which grants it de facto a certain democratic legitimacy.

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has formed in federal Canadian politics in 1917. Coalition governments have occurred more frequently in provincial legislatures, with several provincial coalition governments having been formed in the 20th and 21st century.

2108:"tolerance" basis similar to the Magdeburger model. Furthermore, only two minority governments lasted more than a single term: the aforementioned Höppner governments in Saxony-Anhalt, and from 1982 to 1983 and 1983–85 in 2199:

who are not members of the government to support their nomination for Taoiseach and achieve majority support. Support for bills and other items requiring a Dáil majority vote is then negotiated on a bill-by-bill basis.

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Minority governments also occur in all provincial legislatures, as well as the Yukon Legislative Assembly. However, minority governments do not occur as frequently in these legislatures as they do at the federal level.

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and budgetary legislation, in exchange for the passage of certain legislative measures proposed by the NDP. This was not a formal coalition, because the NDP remained an opposition party and was not given seats in the

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of different Parliamentary parties (which may include the defecting coalition partner). Elections are then held as scheduled at the end of the parliamentary term, since the Monarch does not dissolve parliament if an

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after the dismissal of the FDP. Of these, only the second Erhard and third Schmidt cabinets are considered "true" minority governments, as the fourth Adenauer cabinet was quickly dissolved and replaced by the

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with an absolute majority of 21 seats over all other parties. That majority was progressively whittled away through defections and by-elections defeats, the most notable of the latter including those in

2624: 4769: 4579: 1698:); allows the government to ask for a parliamentary chamber to vote on the entirety or a part of a bill while overturning all amendments that have not been proposed or sponsored by the ministers ( 2579:

and the British media tend to perceive minority governments as unstable and ineffective, as it causes problems such as governments lacking the strength to pass legislation, a vulnerability to a

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Coalitions in the Netherlands are formed with the support from parliamentary parties, elected by proportional representation. Although very rare, minority governments can be formed during the

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elections. In both instances, minority governments were formed following the elections, with no formal coalition or confidence-and-supply agreement being put in place to guarantee stability.

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categorically refuses to do so. After a month of political crisis, a cabinet composed solely of socialists is appointed by the King. In the parliamentary gallery, the then Prime Minister,

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that in most situations, the party with the most seats has the best chance and the least complicated route to winning a confidence vote, regardless of its place on the political spectrum.

3021:, where Welsh Labour returned 30 seats, half of the legislature's available 60, but one short of a working majority (31), yet no coalition government was formed, with Labour relying on 4993: 1443:

governments led by Social Democrats or Venstre. For many years, Danish politics has been divided into "Red" and "Blue" blocs, whose parliamentarians are typically expected to support

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crisis. While the negotiations have been stalled since the last elections on 26 May 2019, the coronavirus crisis has brought down the cards. A sort of national union to which the

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In Belgium, it is the King who appoints the government. However, as Belgium is a democratic state, constitutional custom requires that this appointment must be approved by the

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provides a large number of institutional tools to ensure political stability at the detriment of parliamentary sovereignty, constitutional tools that become critical when the

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with any other party, but as no other combination of parties were able to agree on a deal, the SNP chose to form a one-party minority government. They often negotiated with

1713:) within the constitutional time limit (70 days for the Government Budget, 50 days for the Social Security Budget), then the government can implement its budget by decrees; 1113: 2462:, announced that they would withdraw from their role in government, and become an opposition party, despite continuing their support of Erna Solberg as Prime Minister. 1439:, which almost always results in the winning party coming nowhere near a majority, single-party minority governments are still a regular occurrence in Danish politics. 2960: 2612:, following which the Labour Government obtained a small majority of three. The following administration also became a minority government after the collapse of the 3933: 2736:, the Conservatives won the most seats and votes but lost their majority in the House of Commons which instead weakened their hand in the Brexit negotiations. The 1395:

While minority governments may occur in Canadian politics, the formation of a formal coalitions is rare, with past minority governments relying on cooperation and

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was the only federal minority parliament that saw two different minority governments form. The most recent minority parliament elected at the federal level is the

4928: 3576: 2605: 814:, the term relates to the situation in the chamber whose confidence is considered most crucial to the continuance in office of the government (generally, the 2609: 4597:

Rigaux, Lucien (2019). "Les gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique. Leur formation et l'étendue de leur pouvoir au regard de leur légitimité démocratique".

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Rigaux, Lucien (2019). "Les gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique. Leur formation et l'étendue de leur pouvoir au regard de leur légitimité démocratique".

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and the other smaller parties. However Brown waived his right, acknowledging that because the Conservative Party had won the largest number of seats in the

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because, if they can unite, opposing parliamentary members have sufficient numbers to vote against legislation, or even bring down the government with a

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J. Velaers, « Honderd jaar vertrouwensstemmingen in de regering (1919–2018): een gewoonte die de crisis over het Marrakesh-pact overleeft »,

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ex-Communists – and have thus been able to retain executive power and (in practice) legislative initiative. This is also common in Canada, where nine

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also existed at the state level, sometimes for substantial periods. The viability of minority government varies between states, as some require an

829:. If, however, the minority government forms supporting partnerships with some parliamentary parties, it can be as stable as majority governments. 5102: 4846: 2100: 2099:, which served two complete terms (1,452 and 1,406 days, respectively) between 1994 and 2002. These governments, enabled by the abstention of the 3645: 5042: 2701: 2408: 1518:

when a minority government is appointed with additional parliamentary support (Tõnisson IV, Vähi Interim, Siimann and Siim Kallas cabinets); or

1319: 957: 4984: 4234:' abstention, no confidence-and-supply agreement is in place and the Republicans have formally declared themselves an opposition group in the 4356: 4091: 2242: 2160: 1716: 1585: 3928: 3367: 3247: 2781: 2773: 2733: 2685: 2648: 2636: 2572: 2297: 1980: 1935: 1890: 1694:

Article 44: allows the government to reject proposed amendments that have not been discussed in committee prior to the general discussion (

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agreement may be formed. This is a more formal pact that still falls short of creating a coalition government. In the Canadian province of

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when the government is voted into office with a plurality and some MPs abstain from voting (Birk, Tõnisson II, Piip and Akel cabinets).

5095: 4047: 3696: 3637: 3632: 3359: 2664:, resulting in the eventual loss of the Major government's majority in Parliament. However, the Conservatives maintained support from 2092: 2050: 1479: 1509:

when the governing coalition loses support due to a coalition member leaving the governing coalition (Vähi II and Ansip II cabinets);

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tolerated two consecutive SPD minority governments (this arrangement ended in 1985 when the SPD and Greens entered into coalition.)

1676: 1672: 1144:, reducing the government to 73 seats. However, they retained confidence from all three MPs, enabling them to remain in government. 890: 4545:

X. Mabille, « Le gouvernement Tindemans (1974–1977) : évolution de sa composition et de son assise parlementaire »,

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arrangement. However, the DUP later announced that no such deal had been reached. This remained the case until 26 June 2017, when

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There have been many occasions since 1900 when a single party has not commanded a parliamentary majority, although the 2010–2015

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capacity) can seek dissolution of the Dáil and call a new general election. However, this circumstance has not occurred to date.

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If no agreement can be reached to nominate an individual to lead a government, the outgoing Taoiseach (continuing to act in a

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Clarkson, Stephen (2004). "Disaster and Recovery: Paul Martin as Political Lazarus". In Dornan, Chris; Pammett, Jon (eds.).

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At this point, the Monarch may choose to dissolve Parliament and hold a general election. The cabinet continues to serve as

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cabinet to continue in office despite having been defeated on a given vote, and a minority government might even bring on a

5437: 3581: 2661: 2458:'s cabinet, that had been ruling with a minority since 2013, to form a majority. On January 20, 2020, the Progress party, 1719:: allows the government the possibility to avoid a vote of confidence on its program or general policy declaration in the 1641: 1555: 1545: 1535: 972: 940: 369: 2365:

government. Theoretically, early general elections need not be held, but they are often necessary in practice, since the

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has seen six minority legislatures in its political history, the most among the 10 provinces and the territory of Yukon.

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had the first opportunity to form a government, there were also talks about creating some sort of alliance between the

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arrangements to govern instead. Historically, several coalition governments have formed in the 1840s and 1850s, in the

924:. The parties can rarely cooperate enough to establish a formal coalition but operate under a loose agreement instead. 3808: 3143: 3014: 2843: 2768:

After Theresa May resigned in May 2019, Boris Johnson became the new party leader and Prime Minister. For much of the

2345: 2319: 2309: 2303: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2232: 2227: 2215: 1466:(who received about 25% of the vote in the previous election) supported by three other parties; the previous cabinet, 1436: 1121: 964: 1512:

when the Prime Minister asks the ministers of a coalition party to be relieved of their duties (Kaja Kallas cabinet);

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and the management of external affairs, had led to the fall of the homogeneous Catholic government. After 38 days of

853: 4902: 4580:"Le gouvernement minoritaire Wilmès II. Les étapes de la formation d'un gouvernement minoritaire d'un nouveau genre" 5061: 4235: 4150: 3869: 3418: 3255: 3242: 3191: 3086: 2873: 2855: 2504:, formed a minority coalition government from 2010 to 2014. The recent minority coalition government is led by the 2403: 2373: 2337: 2333: 2128: 1988: 1943: 1898: 1463: 1444: 1259: 1141: 1129: 700: 4964: 4864: 4688: 2450:

As of January 20, 2020 Norway has a minority government. In the beginning of 2019, the Christian Democratic party

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A minority government is formed when a party (or a coalition) secures agreement from one or more other parties or

872: 857: 5173: 4443:"« Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 3139: 2911: 2893: 2749: 2673: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 976: 681: 1631: 4231: 4227: 2930: 2798: 2653: 2427: 1996: 1858: 1826: 1792: 1720: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1276: 1219: 1186: 1125: 968: 418: 349: 2822:

This was because the SNP gained 47 seats out of 129 in the election, which was some way short of achieving an

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vote by parliament for a government to be invested, while others require only a simple majority or plurality.

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E. Gerard, Nouvelle histoire de la Belgique. La démocratie rêvée, bridée, bafouée , Bruxelles, Le Cri, 2010,

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that the party with the most seats can survive confidence votes so long as smaller party (or parties) simply

3989: 3803: 3752: 3627: 3466: 3091: 2996: 2903: 2808: 2737: 2705: 2640: 2580: 2561: 2505: 2459: 2063: 1416: 1288: 1215: 1182: 984: 948: 826: 747: 373: 4272: 5410: 5257: 4948:"Making Minority Government Work : Hung Parliaments and the challenges for Westminster and Whitehall" 4561:"Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 4529:"Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 4510:"Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 4465:"Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 3263: 2992: 2769: 2697: 2617: 2565: 2291: 2136: 2113: 2084: 1683: 1412: 1408: 1210: 1074: 609: 4742: 2218:. Fifteen of the 32 governments in Irish history were minority governments, most of which were formed by 1853: 1097:

to Labor, allowing them to form an extremely narrow minority government. This government stood until the

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to the history of minority governments in Belgium: "The first two attempts were failures. In 1925, the

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when they achieve 50% + 1 of the votes in favour of their nomination. The Taoiseach then appoints the

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in order to give it full powers and, above all, democratic legitimacy to deal with the health crisis.

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minority Tindemans I government won the confidence of the House and the Senate five days later. The

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Firstly in 1958 a minority government received, for the first time, the support of Parliament. The

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operated with both a coalition and a looser agreement: the government was a coalition between the

4366: 4327: 4043: 2976: 2951: 2704:, it should have the first opportunity to form a government. Further discussions then led to the 2140: 1369: 996: 641: 600: 535: 453: 265: 138: 68: 59: 5082: 4850: 4795:"Après une vingtaine de 49.3 et le rejet d'une 31e motion de censure, le budget 2024 est adopté" 3349: 1885: 4352: 4319: 3474: 3259: 3195: 3181: 2988: 2907: 2823: 2777: 2745: 2693: 2597: 2497: 2391: 2055: 1992: 1947: 1902: 1487: 1483: 1471: 1448: 1185:

experienced an electoral debacle. They preferred to stay away from a government majority. The

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Hazell, Robert; Paun, Akash; Chalmers, Mark; Yong, Ben; Haddon, Catherine (7 December 2009).

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Minority government is unusual in Germany, though it was more common historically during the

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is the only province that has never had a minority government in its provincial legislature.

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were the largest single party with 52 seats, whereas the Liberals had 48 and the NDP had 25.

4311: 3859: 3798: 3747: 3686: 3517: 3404: 2665: 2509: 2474: 2022: 1821: 1663: 1571: 1541: 1432: 1223: 1195: 1117: 595: 540: 522: 503: 488: 255: 190: 108: 4768:

Frederiksen, Mette; Østergaard, Morten; Dyhr, Pia Olsen; Skipper, Pernille (25 June 2019).

2991:

of seats in the Assembly. Whilst Labour were initially unable to form a coalition with the

2830:, but more than any other single party gained. The SNP were unable to negotiate a majority 2465:

Norway has had multiple minority governments throughout history, including cabinets led by

5168: 4929:"Norwegian Government Loses Key Coalition Partner After Islamic State-Linked Repatriation" 4193: 3918: 3456: 3009: 2923: 2915: 2877: 2620: 2132: 2046: 2030: 1687: 1668: 1404: 1028:

federal elections, with no party obtaining a majority due in part to the dominance of the

909: 737: 666: 661: 581: 555: 550: 530: 468: 428: 423: 50: 2119:

Other examples of a minority government on a state level include the first government of

1258:(CVP) was appointed formator. He is entering into negotiations with the Liberals and the 2418:. On 11 October 2013, the cabinet reached a budgetary agreement with the social-liberal 4073: 3961: 3237: 3081: 3022: 2501: 2219: 2120: 1975: 1246: 463: 413: 354: 220: 205: 4346: 2708:

between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, which enabled the formation of a

732: 5431: 4716:"A minority government? A coalition? Here's a look at some federal election outcomes" 4331: 3691: 2980: 2729: 2721: 2601: 2096: 2042: 1930: 1787: 1284: 1269: 1264: 1255: 1133: 334: 250: 240: 3025:(minimally 1 extra vote from a non-Labour seat) for the passing of any legislation. 4826:"State of Play: Minority Governments in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1949" 4101: 4033: 3979: 3512: 3005: 2956: 2936: 2812: 2689: 2613: 2455: 2423: 2419: 2159:, a coalition of The Left, SPD, and Greens, was invested with the tolerance of the 2152: 1601: 1206: 811: 569: 448: 408: 403: 339: 320: 185: 17: 4315: 2211: 1591: 1581: 1112:

formed a majority government of just one seat. They lost their majority after the

904:

parties or individual members to allow the minority government to stay in office.

5062:"What is Boris Johnson's majority? How purge of Tory MPs has changed Parliament" 4145: 3923: 3000: 2987:. This was because they gained 26 seats in the election, which was short of an 2744:, formed a minority government, with 317 seats, on 9 June 2017. On 10 June, the 2741: 2379: 1728: 1611: 1137: 842: 815: 807: 443: 393: 329: 325: 295: 230: 165: 4985:"DUP to support minority government after 'confidence and supply' deal reached" 4217:

There were two minority governments during the life of 15th Canadian Parliament

2644: 1045: 791: 290: 225: 215: 4323: 1245:

member and two Liberals was enough to gain the confidence of Parliament. The

1069:

produced a federal minority government in Australia for the first time since

5043:"Theresa May faces backlash from Scotland and Wales over £1bn Tory-DUP deal" 4832: 4028: 3905: 3873: 3742: 3186: 2926:

in August 2021, lifting Sturgeon's third government out of minority status.

2608:. That situation lasted until the prime minister called another election in 2466: 2287: 2180: 2156: 2104: 1705:

Articles 47 and 47-1: if Parliament has not voted on the Government Budget (

1551: 983:

had an agreement to support the government on confidence matters, while the

627: 498: 270: 260: 180: 170: 2728:

referendum, where the UK voted to leave the EU. May decided to call for a

4888: 4869: 3974: 3609: 3566: 3344: 3339: 3304: 2485:

Sweden has had several minority governments, most of the time led by the

1531: 1227: 956:. In this case, the Liberals did not even have a plurality of seats: the 310: 235: 210: 200: 93: 3004:

Minister (up until his retirement in 2009 and subsequent replacement by

5083:

CBC Digital Archives – Minority Report: Governing by Minority in Canada

4015: 3854: 3461: 3176: 3171: 3124: 3119: 2184: 1502: 1428: 1389: 1385: 1368:

functioned as a minority government for half of its duration, owing to

1337: 1272:

also joined the coalition, which became a majority a few months later.

1152: 1085:

vote by 0.24%. Six crossbenchers, consisting of four independents, one

932: 195: 4300:"Stability of minority governments and the role of support agreements" 2880:. Throughout the parliamentary term, they informally co-operated with 1364:

Canadian parliaments, which all lasted for longer than two years. The

5087: 5017:"Theresa May's plan to govern with DUP support thrown into confusion" 4127: 4096: 3622: 3507: 3502: 3451: 3446: 3294: 3289: 3232: 3227: 3076: 3071: 2984: 2725: 2635:

A minority Government held power in the UK between December 1996 and

2210:

The last Dáil with a single-party simple majority government was the

2124: 1748: 1033: 398: 5041:

Asthana, Anushka; McDonald, Henry; Carrell, Severin (26 June 2017).

4865:"North Rhine-Westphalia: Kraft is the new Minister-President in NRW" 2357:. A demissionary cabinet is not a minority government but a form of 1505:

has had several minority governments. A minority cabinet can occur:

1431:

has a rich tradition of minority governments. Despite the country's

1128:

moved to the crossbench. The government lost another seat after the

4847:"Minority government: Germany is not completely without experience" 2430:. This provided the VVD/PvdA cabinet a single-seat majority in the 2361:, enjoying only limited powers until the new Parliament assembles. 1275:

Finally, the last successful attempt was made in 2020 to fight the

1093:

MP, held the balance of power. Ultimately, four crossbenchers gave

947:(NDP): the NDP agreed to support the Liberals for two years on all 4140: 4086: 3841: 3785: 3729: 3673: 3553: 3399: 3394: 2732:

in 2017 to strengthen her hand in the Brexit negotiations. In the

2109: 2752:

which would see the DUP support the Conservative government on a

2025:

was a three-party minority coalition government as result of the

4885:"Germany's Thuringia gets left-wing state premier in rerun vote" 4247:

Support by another party short of a coalition, for example in a

2571:

was the first formal coalition of its type in Britain since the

5091: 3033:

These are the countries with a minority government as of 2024.

912:

and threaten to resign should the legislature vote against it.

2451: 2399: 836: 2394:, which all together provided the government a majority. The 2386:

The Netherlands had a minority government in 2010–2012: the

2139:, comprising a coalition of the SPD and Greens tolerated by 1233:

On the other hand, the last three attempts were successful.

806:

of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the

2712:, because it was thought that would ensure more stability. 2604:, formed a minority government for seven months after the 1205:

In 1946, the government of national unity, which followed

1747:

These are the six minority governments in the history of

2724:

as Prime Minister, after he resigned as a result of the

1731:'s entire membership to pass a motion of no confidence ( 1340:, which have non-partisan legislatures and operate as a 1081:

both won 72 seats, 4 short of a majority. Labor won the

2383:

has been able to negotiate a new coalition agreement.

1380:, whose composition was determined in September 2021. 4618:"L'enjeu démocratique des gouvernements minoritaires" 2390:. This government was supported in parliament by the 2179:

broadly works on a simple majority system, where the

1486:

minority government, a particularly notable feat, as

821:

A minority government tends to be less stable than a

4668:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 17 October 2019 2623:'s Government fell in March 1979 as the result of a 4983: 4903:"Dutch parties agree to form coalition government" 2760:was agreed and announced between the two parties. 2398:(2012–2017) consisted of the conservative liberal 1287:and the PTB decided to give its confidence to the 5015:Savage, Michael; McDonald, Henry (11 June 2017). 2095:-led minority governments of Reinhold Höppner in 943:to 1987 on the basis of a formal accord with the 2372:A third option is available to the Monarch: the 1417:coalition between the Conservatives and Liberals 4634:Azzi, Stephen; Kwavnick, D. (22 October 2019). 2983:initially formed a minority government in the 2868:, losing their governing majority they won in 1515:when MPs leave party factions (Ratas cabinet); 1470:, was a three-party minority coalition led by 1324:Minority governments can occur in the federal 5103: 2344:offers the full cabinet's resignation to the 1462:is a single-party minority government of the 755: 8: 4298:Krauss, Svenja; Thürk, Maria (7 June 2022). 4230:mainly thanks to centre-right to right-wing 2074:, also after the withdrawal of the FDP; the 2049:. In the Federal Republic (since 1949), the 4662:"What happens when no one wins a majority?" 4498:, Ch. repr., séance du 19 mars 1946, p. 23. 4387:"Hung parliaments and minority governments" 2961:Scottish National Party leadership election 2784:, ending this run of minority governments. 1490:only received about 20% of the vote in the 1160:pending the formation of a new government. 871:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5125: 5110: 5096: 5088: 4689:"Can Albertans say 'minority government'?" 4629: 4627: 3035: 2520:A list of minority governments in Turkey: 2103:during confidence votes, were dubbed the " 1753: 762: 748: 574: 64: 38: 4820: 4818: 4816: 2864:, The SNP won 63 out of 129 seats in the 1727:); requires the absolute majority of the 891:Learn how and when to remove this message 30:For minority governments in general, see 2078:after parliamentary defections; and the 4264: 4210: 2945:resulting in an SNP minority government 1156:loses its majority and has to become a 920:from 1921 to 2005 effectively produced 122: 92: 67: 49: 27:Type of parliamentary system government 4364: 2539:(12 November 1979 – 11 September 1980) 1320:Federal minority governments in Canada 4714:Russell, Andrew (20 September 2021). 4348:The Canadian general election of 2004 2780:was Prime Minister in 1987 after the 2369:no longer has parliamentary support. 1658:Since the joint establishment of the 1478:. 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They lost another seat after MP 939:formed a minority government from 25: 2935:On 25 April 2024, First Minister 2606:General Election of February 1974 2165:2020 Thuringian government crisis 2027:June 2022 parliamentary elections 1709:) or the Social Security Budget ( 1218:, with the government, while the 4982:Malnick, Edward (10 June 2017). 4687:McFarland, Joe (20 March 2019). 4636:"Minority Governments in Canada" 4133: 4126: 4079: 4072: 4021: 4014: 3967: 3960: 3911: 3904: 3847: 3840: 3791: 3784: 3735: 3728: 3679: 3672: 3615: 3608: 3559: 3552: 3501: 3445: 3393: 3338: 3288: 3226: 3170: 3118: 3070: 2637:the general election in May 1997 1067:2010 Australian federal election 841: 731: 5060:Bloom, Dan (4 September 2019). 4770:"Retfærdig retning for Danmark" 4616:Rigaux, Lucien (9 April 2020). 4584:Centre de droit public de l'ULB 4578:Rigaux, Lucien (7 April 2020). 4565:Centre de droit public de l'ULB 4559:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4533:Centre de droit public de l'ULB 4527:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4514:Centre de droit public de l'ULB 4508:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4463:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4441:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 2995:, a 'Rainbow Coalition' of the 2551:(11 January 1999 – 28 May 1999) 2487:Swedish Social Democratic Party 1328:, and the legislatures of most 1283:does not, however, adhere, the 1132:, which was won by independent 3017:was also formed following the 2846:to pass certain legalisation. 1751:'s Fifth Republic as of 2024: 1314:Minority governments in Canada 1: 4494:Déclaration de gouvernement, 4371:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 4316:10.1080/01402382.2021.1890455 2874:one-party minority government 2872:, but they went on to form a 2533:(21 June 1977 – 21 July 1977) 1116:which deposed Prime Minister 4469:Centre droit public de l'ULB 2066:after the withdrawal of the 1460:2019 Danish general election 1295:Advantages and disadvantages 922:minority federal governments 4418:Art. 96 of the Constitution 2912:another minority government 2844:Scottish Conservative Party 2151:. The second government of 1690:has to govern in minority: 1437:proportional representation 714:Political parties by region 504:Party convention/conference 5459: 4873:(in German). 14 July 2010. 4747:thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 4640:thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 4226:Despite surviving several 2985:National Assembly of Wales 2949: 2928: 2906:fell one seat short of an 2891: 2856:Second Sturgeon government 2853: 2796: 2748:announced a deal with the 2489:, with the support of the 2406:and had a majority in the 2402:and the social-democratic 2374:formation of a new cabinet 2177:Irish parliamentary system 2131:. The first government of 1407:in 1864 eventually led to 1317: 1311: 1170:Chamber of Representatives 1130:2018 Wentworth by-election 1065:The unprecedentedly close 802:when a political party or 701:Lists of political parties 29: 5174:National unity government 5123: 4695:. 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The SNP then formed a 2799:First Salmond government 2658:South East Staffordshire 2583:and the necessity for a 2508:, which is supported by 2409:House of Representatives 1468:Lars Løkke Rasmussen III 1451:cabinets, respectively. 1378:44th Canadian Parliament 1374:15th Canadian Parliament 1366:14th Canadian Parliament 1006:2005 UK General Election 833:Coalitions and alliances 784:minority administration, 719:Banned political parties 419:Leader of the Opposition 387:Leaders and organization 350:Parliamentary opposition 3753:Parliament of Catalonia 2997:Conservative Party (UK) 2941:power sharing agreement 2910:. They went on to form 2904:Scottish National Party 2809:Scottish National Party 2746:Prime Minister's Office 2716:Theresa May (2017-2019) 2581:Motion of no confidence 2575:between 1931 and 1945. 2143:, was formed after the 2064:fourth Adenauer cabinet 1582:T. Vähi Interim cabinet 1480:Lars Løkke Rasmussen II 1403:. The formation of the 991:Simple plurality system 4743:"Coalition Government" 4304:West European Politics 2973:2007 Assembly election 2631:John Major (1996-1997) 2618:British Prime Minister 2616:in 1978, and the then 2137:North Rhine-Westphalia 2129:October state election 2085:fifth Adenauer cabinet 1572:J. Tõnisson IV cabinet 1542:J. Tõnisson II cabinet 1413:Canadian Confederation 1409:Canadian Confederation 1372:and by-elections. The 1238:Social Christian Party 1191:Belgian Workers' Party 812:bicameral legislatures 5443:Political terminology 5149:Confidence and supply 4722:. Corus Entertainment 4549:, 1977, n° 754, p. 11 4273:"Minority Government" 4249:confidence and supply 3865:Parliament of Navarre 2950:Further information: 2929:Further information: 2900:2021 general election 2892:Further information: 2862:2016 general election 2854:Further information: 2836:confidence and supply 2805:2007 general election 2797:Further information: 2774:2019 general election 2754:confidence and supply 2734:2017 General Election 2686:2010 General Election 2670:Ulster Unionist Party 2649:1992 General Election 2625:vote of no confidence 2314:Progressive Democrats 2216:1977 general election 2147:and served until the 2080:third Schmidt cabinet 2072:second Erhard cabinet 1482:, was a single-party 1476:Danish People's Party 1474:and supported by the 1397:confidence and supply 1334:Northwest Territories 1318:Further information: 1114:2018 leadership spill 1106:2016 federal election 1095:confidence and supply 929:confidence and supply 827:vote of no confidence 652:Confidence and supply 509:Leadership convention 360:Official party status 316:Entrepreneurial party 5438:Minority governments 5179:Consensus government 4189:Coalition government 4151:Legislative Assembly 4039:Landtag of Thuringia 3929:Legislative Assembly 3804:Fernando López Miras 3628:José Manuel Bolieiro 3410:Congress of Deputies 3019:2021 Senedd election 2920:coalition government 2882:Scottish Green Party 2840:Scottish Green Party 2832:coalition government 2764:Boris Johnson (2019) 2585:Coalition government 2569:coalition government 2491:Socialist Left Party 2471:Kjell Magne Bondevik 2396:Second Rutte cabinet 2359:caretaker government 2076:first Brandt cabinet 1342:consensus government 1326:Parliament of Canada 1289:Wilmès II government 1200:caretaker government 1158:caretaker government 945:New Democratic Party 865:improve this section 800:parliamentary system 657:Consensus government 647:Coalition government 439:Parliamentary leader 246:Classical radicalism 5405: ∘ 5402: ∘ 5399: ∘ 5396: ∘ 5393: ∘ 5390: ∘ 5385: ∘ 5382: ∘ 5379: ∘ 5376: ∘ 5373: ∘ 5370: ∘ 5365: ∘ 5362: ∘ 5359: ∘ 5356: ∘ 5353: ∘ 5350: ∘ 5345: ∘ 5342: ∘ 5339: ∘ 5336: ∘ 5333: ∘ 5330: ∘ 5325: ∘ 5322: ∘ 5319: ∘ 5316: ∘ 5313: ∘ 5310: ∘ 5305: ∘ 5302: ∘ 5299: ∘ 5296: ∘ 5293: ∘ 5290: ∘ 5285: ∘ 5282: ∘ 5279: ∘ 5276: ∘ 5273: ∘ 5270: ∘ 5252: ∘ 5248: ∘ 5244: ∘ 5239: ∘ 5235: ∘ 5230: ∘ 5225: ∘ 5221: ∘ 5216: ∘ 5212: ∘ 5208: ∘ 5204: ∘ 5199: ∘ 5195: ∘ 5190: ∘ 5164:Majority government 5144:Minority government 4933:Wall Street Journal 4909:. 29 September 2010 4853:. 20 November 2017. 4835:. 12 December 2017. 4199:Majority government 3985:Scottish Parliament 3135:Croatian Parliament 3037: 3015:minority government 2866:Scottish Parliament 2828:Scottish Parliament 2817:Scottish Parliament 2710:majority government 2573:National Government 2440:Purple (government) 2388:First Rutte cabinet 2367:coalition agreement 2145:2010 state election 2029:that saw President 1755: 1684:French Constitution 1642:K. Kallas I cabinet 1622:A. Ansip II cabinet 1494:, finishing third. 1456:Frederiksen Cabinet 1415:, only one wartime 1083:two-party preferred 1032:in the province of 823:majority government 788:minority parliament 776:minority government 738:Politics portal 687:Rotation government 677:Minority government 672:Majority government 637:Parliamentary group 494:Leadership election 176:Christian democracy 18:Minority Government 5135:Opposition parties 5132:Government parties 5129:Type of government 5118:Coalition spectrum 4935:. 20 January 2020. 4749:. Historica Canada 4642:. Historica Canada 3809:Assembly of Murcia 3036: 2977:Welsh Labour Party 2952:Swinney government 2738:Conservative Party 2641:Conservative Party 2500:, then led by the 2183:is elected by the 1754: 1602:M. Siimann cabinet 1592:T. Vähi II cabinet 1562:F. K. 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The 2475:Jens Stoltenberg 2023:Borne government 1854:Pierre Bérégovoy 1762:Government head 1756: 1664:two-round system 1632:J. Ratas cabinet 1464:Social Democrats 1433:electoral system 1224:Paul-Henri Spaak 1196:Ghent University 1118:Malcolm Turnbull 927:Occasionally, a 896: 889: 885: 882: 876: 845: 837: 780:minority cabinet 764: 757: 750: 736: 735: 575: 541:Party discipline 523:Party discipline 489:Primary election 345:Opposition party 256:Social democracy 191:Environmentalism 65: 39: 21: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5263: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5169:Grand coalition 5119: 5116: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4891:. 4 March 2020. 4883: 4882: 4878: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4851:Münchner Merkur 4845: 4844: 4840: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4540: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4363: 4359: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4279:. UK parliament 4271: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4246: 4242: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4194:Hung parliament 4185: 4134: 4132: 4125: 4080: 4078: 4071: 4022: 4020: 4013: 3968: 3966: 3959: 3919:New South Wales 3912: 3910: 3903: 3848: 3846: 3839: 3792: 3790: 3783: 3736: 3734: 3727: 3680: 3678: 3671: 3616: 3614: 3607: 3560: 3558: 3551: 3500: 3457:Ulf Kristersson 3444: 3392: 3350:Luís Montenegro 3337: 3287: 3260:Ensemble ! 3225: 3169: 3117: 3069: 3031: 3010:Ieuan Wyn Jones 2969: 2954: 2933: 2924:Scottish Greens 2916:Nicola Sturgeon 2896: 2890: 2878:Nicola Sturgeon 2858: 2852: 2801: 2795: 2790: 2766: 2718: 2682: 2633: 2621:James Callaghan 2594: 2558: 2518: 2483: 2448: 2330: 2325: 2214:elected at the 2197:independent TDs 2173: 2163:to resolve the 2133:Hannelore Kraft 2047:Weimar Republic 2039: 1993:Ensemble ! 1948:Ensemble ! 1903:Ensemble ! 1886:Élisabeth Borne 1688:executive power 1669:hung parliament 1656: 1651: 1552:A. Piip cabinet 1532:A. Birk cabinet 1500: 1458:elected in the 1426: 1411:in 1867. Since 1405:Great Coalition 1370:floor-crossings 1322: 1316: 1310: 1297: 1178: 1166: 1150: 1063: 993: 965:48th Parliament 910:confidence vote 897: 886: 880: 877: 862: 846: 835: 768: 730: 725: 724: 723: 703: 693: 692: 691: 667:Hung parliament 662:Grand coalition 631: 630:between parties 620: 619: 614: 605: 586: 572: 562: 561: 560: 556:Party switching 551:Party-line vote 531:Conscience vote 525: 515: 514: 513: 483: 475: 474: 473: 429:Minority leader 424:Majority leader 388: 380: 379: 378: 311:Catch-all party 285: 277: 276: 275: 160: 149: 148: 143: 118: 88: 62: 44:Politics series 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5456: 5454: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5430: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5387: 5367: 5347: 5327: 5307: 5287: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5241: 5232: 5227: 5218: 5201: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5159:Full coalition 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5078: 5077:External links 5075: 5072: 5071: 5052: 5033: 5007: 4974: 4956: 4938: 4920: 4894: 4876: 4856: 4838: 4812: 4786: 4760: 4733: 4706: 4679: 4653: 4623: 4608: 4589: 4570: 4551: 4538: 4519: 4500: 4487: 4474: 4455: 4433: 4420: 4411: 4392: 4378: 4357: 4337: 4310:(4): 767–792. 4290: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4240: 4219: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3245: 3240: 3238:Michel Barnier 3235: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3082:Justin Trudeau 3079: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3030: 3027: 3023:bipartisanship 2968: 2965: 2939:suspended the 2898:Following the 2889: 2886: 2851: 2848: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2765: 2762: 2717: 2714: 2681: 2678: 2647:, had won the 2632: 2629: 2593: 2590: 2557: 2556:United Kingdom 2554: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2517: 2514: 2506:Moderate Party 2502:Moderate Party 2482: 2479: 2447: 2444: 2342:Prime Minister 2329: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2243:September 1927 2240: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2172: 2169: 2121:Klaus Wowereit 2038: 2035: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1978: 1976:Michel Barnier 1973: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1745: 1744: 1737:49 paragraph 3 1733:49 paragraph 2 1725:49 paragraph 1 1714: 1703: 1700:44 paragraph 3 1696:44 paragraph 2 1660:Fifth Republic 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1639: 1629: 1619: 1609: 1599: 1589: 1579: 1569: 1559: 1549: 1539: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1499: 1496: 1425: 1422: 1312:Main article: 1309: 1306: 1296: 1293: 1220:Catholic Party 1187:Catholic Party 1177: 1174: 1165: 1162: 1149: 1146: 1122:National Party 1062: 1059: 1030:Bloc Québécois 1002:Duverger's law 992: 989: 963:New Zealand's 899: 898: 849: 847: 840: 834: 831: 770: 769: 767: 766: 759: 752: 744: 741: 740: 727: 726: 722: 721: 716: 711: 705: 704: 699: 698: 695: 694: 690: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 632: 626: 625: 622: 621: 616: 615: 613: 612: 606: 604: 603: 598: 593: 591:Dominant-party 587: 585: 584: 578: 573: 568: 567: 564: 563: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 527: 526: 521: 520: 517: 516: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 472: 471: 466: 464:Shadow cabinet 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 414:Lead candidate 411: 406: 401: 396: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 377: 376: 367: 362: 357: 355:Party of power 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 221:Libertarianism 218: 213: 208: 206:Green politics 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 161: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 130: 127: 126: 120: 119: 117: 116: 111: 109:Radical Centre 106: 100: 97: 96: 90: 89: 87: 86: 81: 75: 72: 71: 63: 58: 57: 54: 53: 51:Party politics 47: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5455: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5388: 5368: 5348: 5328: 5308: 5288: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5242: 5233: 5228: 5219: 5202: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5034: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5008: 4995: 4991: 4990:The Telegraph 4986: 4978: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4949: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4852: 4849:(in German). 4848: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4831:(in German). 4827: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4734: 4721: 4720:globalnews.ca 4717: 4710: 4707: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4680: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4444: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4278: 4277:parliament.uk 4274: 4268: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4092:Eluned Morgan 4090: 4088: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3860:María Chivite 3858: 3856: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3748:Pere Aragonès 3746: 3744: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3692:Marga Prohens 3690: 3688: 3675: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3611: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3577:General Junta 3575: 3573: 3572:Adrián Barbón 3570: 3568: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3546:Sub-national 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3405:Pedro Sánchez 3403: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3056: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981:Rhodri Morgan 2978: 2974: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772:up until the 2771: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730:Snap election 2727: 2723: 2722:David Cameron 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:Harold Wilson 2599: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2346:Dutch Monarch 2343: 2339: 2338:Dutch cabinet 2335: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312:(Fianna Fáil– 2311: 2308: 2306:(Fianna Fáil) 2305: 2302: 2300:(Fianna Fáil) 2299: 2298:February 1982 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2280:(Fianna Fáil) 2279: 2276: 2274:(Fianna Fáil) 2273: 2270: 2268:(Fianna Fáil) 2267: 2264: 2262:(Fianna Fáil) 2261: 2258: 2256:(Fianna Fáil) 2255: 2252: 2250:(Fianna Fáil) 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2192:in the Dáil. 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:2012 election 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Saxony-Anhalt 2094: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:German Empire 2036: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2021:The previous 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972:2024-present 1971: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1931:Gabriel Attal 1929: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1822:Édith Cresson 1820: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1788:Michel Rocard 1786: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1771: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1682:In fact, the 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1285:Vlaams Belang 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1270:Walloon Rally 1266: 1265:Walloon Rally 1261: 1257: 1256:Léo Tindemans 1251: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:Liberal Party 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1164:Legal grounds 1163: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1142:Liberal Party 1139: 1135: 1134:Kerryn Phelps 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1099:2013 election 1096: 1092: 1088: 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