1101:
473:
2032:, who were joined by the "temperate" Manuel Cortina. When the second difficulty arose, to carry out the Local Government Law, Olózaga resorted to the queen to dissolve the Cortes and call new elections that would provide him with an addicted Chamber, instead of presenting his resignation since he had lost the confidence of the Cortes. It was then when the "Olózaga incident" took place, which shook political life, since the president of the government was accused by the moderates of having forced the queen to sign the decrees of dissolution and convocation of the Cortes. Olózaga, despite proclaiming his innocence, had no choice but to resign and the new president was the moderate
602:
1423:. This one, to accept the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, demanded that Maria Christina did not sanction the Local Government Law, so when on July 15, 1840, he signed the law, because to give back in something that already had announced publicly that it was going to do would suppose the submission to Espartero, this one presented him the resignation of all his degrees, employments, titles and decorations. The government of Pérez de Castro resigned on July 18 and was replaced on August 28, after three fleeting governments, by another moderate government presided over by Modesto Cortázar.
93:
363:
1525:
33:
1427:
921:
792:
convents is decreed and, in some, a maximum community of twenty nuns is fixed. In addition the coexistence of two convents of the same order within the same population center is prohibited; and it is also prohibited to admit novices and that the brothers are priests. Those who were priests are now parish priests of the secular clergy, and the lay brothers are left in the civil society, without compensation. All the possessions of the eliminated and reformed orders become national property.
1066:
thing that interests the liberals is to maintain what they have achieved. Progressives and moderates knew that order could not be maintained by an insecure parliament with many alternations, so they opted to strengthen the executive power, which offered two possibilities: an authoritarian regime in the hands of a military man or to strengthen the Crown. Within the second option, the progressives contemplate a monarchy with all the powers, but they want someone they can control as king.
1660:
1765:, as determined by the Constitution. Until that date, the regency had a provisional character. The division of the progressives between "unitarians" and "trinitarians", depending on whether they preferred the regency to be in the hands of one or three persons, had a political meaning beyond mere legal formulas. The group of the "trinitarians" was made up of liberals suspicious of the authority that would be conferred on Espartero if he were granted the regency exclusively.
1828:. In view of their impossibility of gaining power by means of suffrage, they opted for the expeditious way of the military takeovers, for which they counted on the help of the previous regent, Maria Christina, exiled in Paris. The takeovers took place from October 1841, when O'Donnell rose up in Pamplona and other generals in Zaragoza and the Basque Country, at the same time that civilian uprisings of a republican nature took place, most of them in the big cities.
1356:
1732:
power, who tried to carry out a constitutional reform that would give rise to a parliamentary monarchy. Espartero did not admit this reform and Joaquín María López resigned, and in the summer of 1843 there was a military uprising against
Espartero in which the progressive civilian leaders, the moderates and the Carlists joined. The great beneficiary of the uprising was General Narváez, who became Captain General of Madrid and became head of government.
220:
2135:, pp. 34–35): "This revolutionary scheme was the model of the junctional revolution: due to a political disagreement, provincial juntas were set up which, in the face of the weakness of the State and sometimes with the collaboration of its political or military representatives, assumed sovereignty in their territory, leading to an agreement among them for the rise of a Central Junta as a representation of national sovereignty. The
854:
1953:
1774:
2036:, who called elections for January 1844 with the agreement of the progressives, despite the fact that the government had just come to power in early December and had reinstated the 1840 Local Government Law – which had given rise to the progressive "revolution of 1840" that ended with the regency of Maria Christina and the assumption of the regency by General Espartero.
1624:
be said that the
Unitarians are the most conservative progressives and the Trinitarians are the most radical, who want to weaken the power of the head of state. The Trinitarians are the majority in the Cortes, but the final vote is between the more conservative Congress and Senate. Espartero owes his regency to the moderate senators.
1408:, which made the progressives fear that their chances of gaining access to the government through elections would be practically nil, in addition to the fact that the militia, whose existence for the progressives was essential for the "vigilance of the rights of the people," would be placed in the hands of the moderates.
574:, linked to the most right wing of the moderates, who initiated minor administrative reforms but lacked the capacity and interest to facilitate the incorporation of many former enlightened and liberal members into the new model of economic and political development. Among the reforms of the cabinet of Cea Bermúdez, a
1708:, as a consequence of a free trade agreement between Spain and England that was detrimental to the Catalan textile industry. These were uprisings of a democratic and republican character that demanded a class society. These uprisings were not controlled by the government and situations of anarchy arose in
1987:
In
September 1843, elections to Cortes were held in which progressives and moderates presented themselves in coalition in what was called a "parliamentary party", but the moderates obtained more seats than the progressives, who were also still divided between "temperates" and "radicals" and therefore
1623:
Within the regency, two phases can be distinguished: the formation process and the development of the regency. In the formation process, after the expulsion of Maria
Christina, a discussion arose between two possible regencies. Some proposed a unitary regency and others a three-person regency. It can
707:
The progressives did not give up and used legal loopholes in the Royal
Statute to make reforms. They were favored by the bad results of the liberals in the first years of the Carlist War, which forced María Cristina to make concessions. Among the progressive reforms are the approval of some rights of
743:
of the goods of the regular clergy and their sale, although the privileged estates are opposed and pressure María
Cristina to dismiss Mendizábal. The queen agrees and throws Mendizábal out, but there is another violent uprising in the summer of 1836 to bring back a progressive government: the Mutiny
533:
Before the death of the King, the future Regent had managed to separate the military supporters of Carlos from the headquarters of the army and had guaranteed the support of the liberals in exile, as well as that of France and
England. Nevertheless, Carlos proclaimed himself King of Spain on October
1484:
Then Maria
Christina ordered General Espartero to repress the rebellion —which would also be known as the "revolution of 1840"— but he refused, so the regent had no choice but to accept the new government presided over by General Espartero and composed of progressives. The program that he presented
1069:
Although in principle it was an attempt to reform the
Constitution of 1812, the Constitution of 1837 was a completely new Constitution, drawn up on the basis of a certain consensus that sought to overcome the discussion between progressives and moderates on the question of national sovereignty. The
899:
Among the measures that Mendizábal intended to carry out was a wide remodeling of the army, which included as first step a change in the high commands, very linked to the most reactionary sectors. Although the military troops were increased to 75,000 new men and a greater contribution of 20 million
849:
and took control of different provinces. The revolutionaries presented the Regent with a list of conditions in which they demanded an enlargement of the
Militia, freedom of the press, a revision of the electoral regulations that would allow more heads of families to vote, and the convocation of the
787:
The most important is the ecclesiastical confiscation, which is carried out by means of the "Law of the vote of confidence", to make decisions on the war without the need to decide them in the Cortes. The confiscation is carried out by means of a decree without debate in the Cortes. Mendizábal took
1403:
The radical opposition of the progressives to the Local Government Law —to the point that it made them abandon the "legal way" to opt for the "revolutionary way"— was due, according to Jorge Vilches, to the importance of the figure of the mayor in the elaboration of the electoral census —the local
1065:
Apart from this debate on the Constitution of 1837, the great problem of liberalism is the economic backwardness of the country, so the middle class is very weak. Liberalism has enemies on the right, the absolutists; and on the left, the supporters of a social revolution. In the meantime, the only
783:
The seigniorial regime is eliminated in August 1837. The lords lose jurisdiction, but retain ownership of the land if they can prove that it is theirs. The seigniories are converted into capitalist holdings. The entailed estate is also eliminated, so many nobles improve their economic situation by
1652:
The second reform of Espartero is the Foral Question. A Decree of Law is made, called Law of administrative centralization, which entails the elimination of the fueros, which causes a conflict with the Carlists, who had signed the Peace of Vergara with the condition of maintaining the Fueros, and
908:
was appointed President of the Council of Ministers, a progressive who had returned from exile and had evolved towards much more moderate positions and contrary to the confiscation process, positioning himself as a man of the Regent's clique. After dissolving the Cortes in search of new ones that
1992:
would be proclaimed of age in advance as soon as she turned 13 years of age the following month. On November 10, 1843, the Constitution was sworn in and then, following parliamentary customs, the government of José María López resigned. The task of forming a government was given to Salustiano de
1835:
but as a way of extending political activity in a society outside the intrigues of power. In all cases, civilian support was received in specific areas, but there was never a purge of responsibilities on the part of the government. Nevertheless, some uprisings resulted in the execution by firing
1731:
The wear and tear of these lines of opposition bore fruit in May 1842, when a motion of censure was passed that put an end to the "Esparteroist" government of Antonio González. In 1843 the regency of Espartero finally came to an end, since after the motion of censure Joaquín María López came to
880:, in an attempt to alleviate the serious crisis and to make a gesture to the progressives. Aware of the situation, the new president reached an agreement with the liberals: the revolutionary juntas were to be dissolved and integrated into the administrative organization of the State, within the
795:
The second decree, of March 1836, is the "Decree of sale of national goods". Mendizábal argues that it solves the problem of the Treasury by saving public debt; it justifies a socioeconomic reform based on the free market, promoting individual interest; and it says that this sale of goods would
129:
Upon the death of Ferdinand VII, his wife Maria Christina immediately assumed the regency on behalf of their daughter, and promised the liberals a policy different from that of the deceased king. A large part of Spanish society hoped for political reforms once Isabella II came of age that would
2039:
The elections of January 1844 were won by the moderates, which provoked progressive uprisings in several provinces in February and March denouncing the influence of the government in them. Thus the progressive leaders Cortina, Madoz and Caballero were imprisoned for six months —Olózaga was not
1911:
tried to reconcile with the progressives and proposed to the leaders of the "temperate" sector Olózaga and Cortina to form a government and when they refused he proposed it to the leader of the "radical" progressives Joaquín María López. But the latter, who did not succeed in including neither
824:
The liberals felt strong and mobilized in protest demonstrations throughout the peninsula, which on many occasions turned into serious altercations. The press, with a markedly progressive tendency, did not spare the government from criticism and was in favor of a more democratic system, with a
685:
In practice the Royal Statute gives the Crown a great margin of action, since it directly appoints many deputies in the Cortes and the rest are elected only by the richest. The executive power belongs to the Queen and the legislative power belongs to the Queen and the Cortes. Liberal illusions
1387:
from where they shouted and insulted the moderate deputies— and, when the law was approved without admitting their amendments, they opted for withdrawal and left the Chamber, thus questioning the legitimacy of the Cortes. Immediately, the progressives began a campaign so that the regent Maria
791:
The first, of February 1836, is the "Decree of Extinction of the Regulars", which establishes the universal elimination of the orders of the regular male clergy. Only the missionary colleges and the hospitaller orders were saved. With respect to the feminine regular clergy, the suppression of
682:" (Rosy the baker woman). Although Martínez de la Rosa may seem conservative, at the time he was a real revolution, since the monarchy renounces the monopoly of power. The Royal Statute is also a kind of compromise between monarchy and liberals to thank them for their support during the war.
1813:", using the powers conferred on the Crown by the Constitution of 1837. Likewise, Espartero surrounded himself with military men more sympathetic to his own person than to the liberal cause, which led to the contestation of some sectors which saw in the general's attitude more a project of
1880:
1035:. One of the most widely followed ideas is that the progressives, with all the power, break the political exclusivism between progressives and moderates, create a transactional constitution, to accommodate the Crown. This theory considers the Constitution of 1837 as the precedent of the
1760:
Thus, in reality, Espartero did not officially exercise the regency until May 8, 1841, by agreement of the Cortes, with the support of the "unitarians", the progressive faction headed by Joaquín María López. Previously, the regency had been exercised by the full Government, gathered in
1751:
relied on the "revolutionary juntas" of the "revolution of 1840", but the concrete route adopted —that the Junta of Madrid unilaterally gave Espartero the power to form the government— divided the progressives because a sector of them had asked for the formation of a Central Junta with
1001:
in the proclamation of national sovereignty, from which the constitution arises without the Crown acting. But the affirmation of the principle of national sovereignty is not made in the articles, as was the case in the Constitution of 1812, but appears in the preamble.
993:, proposes the reform of the Constitution of 1812, but in reality gives birth to a new Constitution that wants to be of consensus and therefore acceptable to the moderates. This moderantism is seen at the moment of deciding the form of government, because they choose a
1756:
should be formed by three persons —for which reason they were also known as "trinitarians"— to reduce Espartero's power, as opposed to those who defended that it should be a single person, General Espartero —for which reason they were also known as "unitarians".
1692:. The plan does not work, because Diego de León fails and is condemned to death, so Espartero breaks the rule of not shooting generals. The attempts of uprising of the moderates did not end, but they continued to fail until 1843. The architects were General
1374:
presented a bill for the Local Government Law in which the appointment of the mayor corresponded to the government which would choose him from among the elected councilors, which, according to the progressives, was contrary to article 70 of the Constitution
1636:
resumed the reforms pending since 1837. In the first place, he continued with the confiscation, which would affect the secular clergy. Within this confiscation, in addition to nationalizing Church property, he also nationalized Church taxes, such as the
582:, stood out, aimed at improving the administration, which, with some adjustments, is still in place today. The lack of harmony between economic and political liberalism and the Government led the Regent to dismiss Cea Bermúdez and to the appointment of
1752:
representatives of the provincial juntas that would be the one to agree on how the government would be organized. Once Espartero's government was formed, the former advocates of the formation of a Central Board, called "centralists", defended that the
1971:
was reinstated by the Cortes in the position of Head of Government on July 23 and to put an end to the Senate where the "esparterists" had the majority, he dissolved it and called elections to renew it completely —which violated article 19 of the
1919:
The government of Joaquín María López, which had been constituted on May 9, lasted only ten days. At the same time, the generals close to the moderates O'Donnell and Narváez had taken control of a good part of the army from their exile. In
1149:
head of their armies. The Christino army counted at that time about 115,000 men, although only about 50,000 were capable of fighting. In the future, about half a million men had to be mobilized to face the Carlist troops victoriously. The
2151:, p. 35): "The coup d'état was consummated: opposition to government policy had led to the retreat of the progressives, then to the juntist insurrection questioning institutional legitimacy, and, finally, to the assumption by
628:. The political equilibrium that this indeterminacy implied ended up not satisfying either one or the other. At the same time, the climate of confrontation intensified due to the intrigues of the Regent against the liberals and a
1727:, stand out. This opposition undermined Espartero's popularity through criticism in the press. They accused Espartero of being an Anglophile, authoritarian and usurper of the throne, alleging that Espartero wanted to become king.
1086:, which he later delegated to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, but reserving great maneuvering capacity, such as the dissolution of the Chambers. The text protected freedom of the press, among other individual rights.
773:
theories. According to Mendizábal, to make Spain a liberal country, economically and politically speaking, the following steps had to be taken: the elimination of the seigniorial regime, the dissociation of the lands (ending the
1485:
not only contemplated the suspension of the application of the Local Government Law and the dissolution of the Cortes, but also the resignation of Maria Cristina from the Regency. In the letter sent to the regent it was said: "
884:, in exchange for the political and economic reforms that he undertook to carry out. He obtained extraordinary powers from the Cortes to carry out reforms in the system that took the form of a substantial modification of the
820:
are eliminated, among which are those of free passage and free grazing; permits are given for fencing off farms; freedom is given in land leases; freedom of storage and price (controlled only by supply and demand) are given.
1565:
in the late eighteenth century from a rather humble family (his father was a craftsman and he was the youngest of eight siblings). Faced with few prospects for the future, he entered a Dominican convent. The outbreak of the
1593:, after proving his worth at Luchana. Then he enjoys a noble title of his own: Count of Luchana. From then on, Maria Christina was under the tutelage of Espartero in matters of war, a situation that was reinforced when the
1017:, elected by census suffrage. The Crown can dissolve the Cortes, in which it acts as moderator, and veto laws. It is the first power of the State, although its powers are limited by the Cortes, which are on a lower plane.
704:. They are only elected by about 16,000 men. The Royal Statute establishes that the Cortes vote taxes but does not give them the legislative initiative without the support of the Crown, which also has the executive power.
658:
to transform the regime to remain on the throne. This change consists of granting powers to the liberals, with which it happens that the wife of the most absolutist Spanish king is the one who opens the way to liberalism.
1061:
parties defend the same thing, they are the same, and that the only difference between them is the pace of reforms. As for the social model they defend, it is a mesocratic Spain, of capitalist owners and free market.
404:, a liberal, tried to create a defensive line to contain the Carlists, but this line would have had to cover more than 500 kilometres, an area too extensive. The Carlists tried to relieve the pressure in the
1315:
with his men to defend the capital from the Carlist troops of General Juan Antonio de Zaratiegui, whom he defeated. Azara resigned, dissatisfied with the position of the Regent, who tried by all means to win the
1491:
1430:
1182:
1288:, high officials, lawyers and members of the Court and the clergy. They claimed a concept of national sovereignty shared between the King and the Cortes with alleged "historical rights" and "ancient customs".
1468:
From September 1, 1840, onwards, progressive revolts broke out all over Spain in which "revolutionary juntas" were formed to challenge the authority of the government. The first to be formed was the one in
241:
as king. The uprisings were led by absolutist military men who had been retired from the army or even prosecuted. The first to rise up was Manuel Martín González, followed by Verasategui, Santos Ladrón and
1520:
to power after the "revolution of 1840", the government of Spain is occupied for the first time by a military man, a situation that would become frequent throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
1500:"Maria Christina understood that she had lost all her authority and that her continuity as regent endangered her daughter's throne, so she resigned from the Regency, asking Espartero to take charge of it."
1388:
Christina would not sanction the law under the threat of not obeying it —that is, under the threat of rebellion— and when they saw that the regent was willing to sign it, they addressed their petitions to
673:
After the death of Fernando VII in 1833, several people close to the queen insinuated the need for a new Cortes and a new government, although later Maria Christina only appointed a new government under
1487:
There is Madam, who believes that Your Majesty cannot continue governing the nation, whose confidence they say you have lost, for other causes that should be known to you through the publicity given to
716:, judicial independence and ministerial responsibility). In the end, the progressives put more and more pressure on María Cristina, until in 1835 the regent appointed a progressive liberal government.
426:(1837–1839): Liberal victory. Within the Carlist side a division arose between those who opted to surrender and sign the peace; and the intransigent ones who wanted to continue fighting. In the end,
2139:, assumed as an instrument by the liberal left, was a revolutionary means to obtain power, an instrument for the bottom-up construction of a new order, which remained in the people's conscience."
1585:, he has a great reputation but no fortune. His economic situation changes when he marries an aristocrat, Jacinta Martínez Sicilia, who also places him in the highest strata of society. When the
803:
After this decree the system of sale of national property is established. The installment sale system, which is the only possibility for the colonists to become owners, is rejected; and the
1797:
The division of the progressives was transferred to the Cortes which was constituted after the elections of February 1841, since there were represented the "radical" progressives headed by
1715:
Espartero also found opposition in his own party, an opposition led by the civilian members of progressivism. They are very personalist groups among which the factions of Manuel Cortina,
1325:
728:, with revolts throughout the summer of 1835 led by the Juntas and the Militias. Given the anarchy of the country, the Queen Regent was forced to appoint a progressive government, led by
678:, who headed a moderate liberal government that should create a constitutional framework acceptable to the Crown. The progressives did not support Martínez de la Rosa, who was nicknamed "
390:
in 1835, but Zumalacárregui did not support this plan because he knew that the Carlist artillery would not withstand a siege. In the end the assault was a failure and Zumalacárregui died.
780:), and the ecclesiastical and civil confiscation. Then the agricultural revolution could be carried out, with an increase in yields that would produce a surplus to invest in industry.
211:, nourished by the liberals, who will not cease to obtain partial successes in the commercial field, will open the borders and will procure advances in the new pre-industrial society.
670:, who governs until 1834 and carries out some reforms, quite conservative and directed by the king. The reforms are not well received neither by the absolutists nor by the liberals.
2016:
The first setback suffered by the new government was that its candidate to preside over the Congress of Deputies, the former Prime Minister Joaquín María López, was defeated by the
1570:
made him leave the convent and become a soldier. At first he was part of the corps of engineers, but he left because it was very elitist and he could not be promoted. He joined the
1858:
Meanwhile, throughout this period, a series of internal conspiracies reigned in the Palace over the education of the young queen, for whom Espartero had appointed new preceptors:
830:
1916:—although she was only twelve years old—, which meant putting an end to the Regency of Espartero, and "national reconciliation", which included an amnesty for political crimes.
1659:
434:
in August 1839, which put an end to the war, although Don Carlos would continue fighting for a few more months. Besides the peace, the agreement assures the continuity of the
765:, he had gone into exile. During his exile in Europe he came into contact with the most liberal ideas. He has a new legal conception of property law based on the theories of
1924:, moderates and liberals conspired to overthrow the regime by pronouncing themselves against it. Narváez took up arms, along with others, on June 11. When both sides met in
1608:. In the 60's of the XIX century he is retired from politics, and after the dethronement of Isabella II at the end of the decade a sector of the liberals offers him to be
1982:
when fighting for existence, the principle of conservation is the one that stands out above all: it is done as with the sick person who is amputated so that they may live
989:, which would lead to a new political system until 1844. In addition, the reforms it proposes give rise to a class society. The progressive party, "direct heir" of the
1980:—which was also a violation of the Constitutiont o avoid that in an election the "Sesartaersts" could take over both institutions -—López justified it as follows: "
640:
with drinking water. Assaults on convents and churches became commonplace. Harassed by both sides and unable to govern, Martínez de la Rosa resigned in June 1835.
1457:
did not consider it convenient to remain in a Barcelona governed by the progressives and where she had not found the support she had hoped for, and she moved to
909:
would legitimize him and support a constitution different from the Royal Statute, even more conservative, his wishes were abruptly interrupted by the Mutiny of
1681:
1664:
1477:
and in which they demanded the suspension of the enactment of the Local Government Law, the dissolution of the Cortes and the appointment of a government "
1177:. During the siege of Bilbao on June 15 of that year, Zumalacárregui suffered battle wounds that caused his death days later. In the summer of 1835, the
1672:
The moderate conspiracies, with the support of Maria Christina, that originate an uprising in October 1841 that was intended to be simultaneous in the
1604:
In 1840, he was put on the throne by the progressive party as the new regent until 1843. From 1854 to 1856, he was president of the government of the
472:
1173:
on December 12, 1834, and retreated until a new incursion in the spring of 1835 that forced the Regent's followers to position themselves beyond the
1100:
888:
and the tax system to guarantee a healthy State capable of meeting its obligations, meeting its loans and obtaining new credits, in addition to the
397:
2052:
held exclusive power thanks to the support of the Crown, without the progressives having the slightest chance of gaining access to the government.
2086:
1805:
and Manuel Cortina, who between them had the majority in the Congress of Deputies, as opposed to the deputies clearly linked to the regent, the "
1151:
1104:
862:
383:
332:
305:
238:
1997:
1968:
1901:
1798:
1720:
1137:, fundamentally, with an initial support of some 70,000 men, although there were far fewer of them in arms. On November 14, 1833, the Juntas of
2453:
1876:—, who confronted the personalities who were still in contact with the Regent, as was the case of the Marquise of Santa Cruz or Inés de Blake.
1473:
headed by the Local Government itself, which published a manifesto justifying its rebellion as a defense of the threatened, according to them,
1021:
814:. To this end, freedom is given in the form of land exploitation and free circulation of agricultural and industrial goods; the rights of the
2136:
1689:
1673:
1300:'s succession brought three men from the most moderate wing of liberalism to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers in less than a year.
1159:
1130:
587:
571:
555:
518:
elevated it to the rank of law. Ferdinand VII had foreseen this controversy, and, wanting the throne for his first-born daughter, the future
405:
340:
247:
2389:
1589:
begins, Espartero joins the liberals. His goal is to become commander of the northern armies, a position he reaches in 1836, appointed by
1297:
1232:, which put them in opposition to the monarchist thesis, although their intention was not the establishment of a Republic. He organized a
940:
586:
as the new president, in January 1834. The new president had to face the Carlist War, initiated by the supporters of the pretender in the
142:
culminated in the rise to the regency of General Espartero, in a convulsive period plagued by governmental crises and social instability.
54:
1042:
Another idea of some historians is that exclusivism is accidental, and that the progressives did not dare to propose a system other than
2071:
2001:
1802:
1790:
1716:
1697:
1574:
corps, where social origin was not so important. At the end of the War of Independence, he joined the military expeditions that went to
1546:
1454:
1434:
873:
655:
523:
476:
467:
379:
312:
115:
2040:
arrested because he was in Lisbon, and Joaquín María López remained in hiding until his companions were released from prison—. In May,
1839:
From July 1842, Espartero exercised a more authoritarian power. Faced with the opposition of the Cortes, he chose to dissolve them. In
1236:, much contested by the moderates who saw in it the end of the army of the notables. In economic matters, they relied on the theses of
861:
will mark the whole period of the regencies and will make difficult the task of the liberal governments. Drawing of the passage of the
959:
to the new reality to which the Regent had committed herself by Royal Decree during the Mutiny of La Granja, with the approval of the
575:
458:. María Christina reigned until 1843, the year in which Princess Isabella was named of age and began to reign at the age of thirteen.
2368:
76:
154:
oversaw profound liberal reforms which made Parliament the real political engine of the country. After the defeat of Spain in the
2024:, who not only received the votes of his party but also those of the "radical" sector of the progressives headed at that time by
1649:) and the isolation of Espartero in Europe with respect to the more conservative powers, since he was only supported by England.
1321:
675:
605:
583:
1461:. Espartero tried to pretend that he was defending the Regent, so on July 22 he dictated a decree declaring a state of siege in
1897:
1884:
1852:
900:
pesetas was destined to the Carlist War, the reorganization did not please the Regent, who because of it lost authority in the
601:
297:
1912:
Olózaga nor Cortina among his ministers, presented a government program that included the declaration of the coming of age of
1377:"For the government of the towns there will be Local Governments appointed by the neighbors to whom the law grants this right"
401:
1847:
clashed, with an assault on the citadel. The military abandoned most of the posts in the city and had to take refuge in the
1712:. Espartero establishes a state of siege and bombs the city in 1842. The bombardment meant a fall in Espartero's popularity.
1578:
to put an end to the independence movement, and there he was quickly promoted to brigadier, which is equivalent to general.
1269:
and a fair distribution of land for farmers, since confiscation had changed hands but had not brought land to the peasants.
905:
550:
but with the mediation of England, Carlos was exiled to Great Britain, from where he would escape in 1834 to appear between
2076:
1590:
1337:
1237:
1146:
951:. Calatrava promoted a social policy that allowed him to approve the first law in Spain that regulated and recognized the
881:
877:
729:
649:
617:
375:
285:
243:
200:
174:
1656:
Espartero's reforms led to a continuous conflict between 1842 and 1843. Espartero had to face three lines of opposition:
807:
system is approved, in which only the richest participate. The higher the bidding, the more the public debt is released.
1973:
1762:
1554:
1474:
1367:
1036:
1024:
986:
982:
972:
960:
956:
926:
914:
735:
The first objective of Mendizábal is to obtain money to increase the military troops of the liberals and to pay off the
336:
2041:
1825:
1778:
1701:
362:
1976:
that only allowed to do it with a third of it—. Likewise, he appointed the City Council and the Provincial Council of
1598:
978:
745:
455:
92:
1786:
1371:
1359:
1329:
1241:
480:
47:
41:
1404:
government was the one that issued the electoral ballots— and in the organization, direction and composition of the
1400:
than to moderantism, to prevent the promulgation of that law contrary to the "spirit of the Constitution of 1837".
1332:
was appointed. The new president established reforms in local administration that allowed a certain level of state
1304:
1296:
Whether it was due to the Carlist offensive or to the very weakness of the political parties or to both phenomena,
1258:
1188:
The death of Zumalacárregui caused a stabilization of the fronts, except for the incursion of 1837 to the gates of
910:
511:
493:
103:
1704:, who was the mastermind of the operations. At the end of 1841 and the beginning of 1842, there were uprisings in
947:, in a continuist line. He took advantage of this to conclude the confiscation process and the suppression of the
2443:
2438:
1872:
1617:
1225:
1058:
833:, who, three months after accepting, presented his resignation because of the violent clashes that took place in
667:
567:
139:
981:, the progressive government convened an extraordinary constituent Cortes, which had two options: to reform the
616:
Martínez de la Rosa, who had returned from exile, tried to implement a reform of the clergy and promulgated the
58:
1405:
1333:
1254:
1233:
846:
1185:
tried to isolate the Carlists in the north but only managed to maintain control of the most important cities.
2448:
1859:
1524:
1276:
presented themselves as those who contained the liberals in their eagerness to destroy the monarchy and the
1043:
997:
of a doctrinaire liberal character: the executive role of the Crown is reinforced. They only agree with the
994:
288:. Among its ranks were the low rural nobility, the low Basque clergy and Basque and Navarrese peasants. The
182:
1809:". To counteract the possible progressive opposition in the lower house, Espartero filled the Senate with "
2400:
2049:
2033:
2017:
1495:
1426:
1345:
1311:, who preferred to continue the military campaign, and obtained even more prestige when he came down from
1273:
1083:
1054:
917:
and repealed the Statute. Istúriz resigned on August 14, 1836, barely three months after his appointment.
697:
663:
515:
234:
135:
1814:
1594:
1262:
1213:
431:
246:. A bloody civil war began, characterized by its remote geographical locations, as it took place in the
190:
1821:
1735:
The first thing the moderates do is to call elections, in which they win. The Cortes declared Princess
1693:
920:
420:, but they were unsuccessful and the rest of the war was only fought in the Basque Country and Navarre.
1836:
squad of their leaders, as was the case of the moderates Manuel Montes de Oca and Borso de Carminati.
1046:. They thought neither of a parliamentary monarchy nor of a republic. This second idea is defended by
853:
2433:
2415:
2066:
2009:
1989:
1956:
1925:
1913:
1736:
1685:
1550:
1416:
1384:
1075:
952:
889:
826:
740:
739:
that the State had contracted with those who had invested in the State. Mendizábal's solution is the
519:
123:
96:
620:. In the form of a charter, it disguised the liberal spirit so as not to upset the followers of the
2152:
2061:
2029:
2021:
1964:
1908:
1748:
1724:
1633:
1558:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1450:
1420:
1389:
1308:
1193:
507:
443:
178:
155:
119:
1605:
804:
732:, who quickly initiated a series of reforms that would lead Spain to become a more modern state.
107:
2045:
1879:
1848:
1653:
also provokes the beginning of a conspiracy of the moderate military, allied with the Carlists.
1366:
The idea of a peaceful alternation in power between moderates and progressives supported by the
1355:
1031:
The reasons that lead the progressives to make this constitution have given rise to a debate in
331:
The Carlist uprisings of 1833 are followed by the creation of juntas or local governments. When
17:
2364:
2081:
1832:
1613:
1609:
1586:
1542:
1393:
1170:
1095:
858:
535:
499:
356:
352:
271:
228:
131:
1557:
is still in force, in which there is a great dominance of the head of state, in the hands of
450:. He obtained a great political and social presence and a noble title that turned him into a
355:
because of their knowledge of the rural environment and because the cities were liberal. The
1646:
1379:), so the progressives resorted to popular pressure during the debate of the law —a riot in
1277:
1229:
1197:
944:
885:
751:
689:
The Royal Statute establishes two chambers. In one are the non-elected representatives, the
621:
609:
579:
320:
275:
186:
1336:, and at the same time tried to reconcile the most negative aspects of the confiscation of
2005:
1900:, opposition to the regent grew, even within his own ranks as former comrades-in-arms and
1449:
the altercations between moderates and progressives, between supporters of the Regent and
1266:
1196:
was in charge of leading the troops loyal to the Regent and avoiding the onslaught of the
1163:
1010:
893:
762:
736:
633:
896:, with the aim of making it possible to bring hitherto unproductive goods into commerce.
502:, the exclusion of women in the line of succession had been established by the so-called
1996:
1952:
546:
and Russia. Spanish troops invaded Portugal in an attempt to eliminate their support to
530:, and banished his brother Carlos for refusing to recognize his niece Isabella as heir.
219:
1582:
1567:
1032:
1020:
932:
842:
163:
159:
1362:, president of the moderate government that promoted the Local Government Law of 1840.
510:, by means of a decree that was never promulgated. On March 29, 1830, by means of the
378:, a Carlist. The liberal army was depleted by the guerrillas, which forced the Regent
2427:
2025:
1863:
1844:
1575:
1397:
1205:
1079:
1078:
and the Senate— together with the King, to whom corresponded the prerogatives of the
1047:
427:
316:
170:
2384:
693:, who enter the Cortes directly. This chamber of non-elected representatives is the
1773:
1006:
1641:. This meant a direct confrontation with the Church, a diplomatic rupture between
207:, Russia and Austria, although in the former the impulses of unification with the
166:
to the throne. Democracy was established in the country as an unquestioned model.
632:
epidemic that devastated Spain from south to north, generating the hoax that the
1562:
1285:
1071:
1014:
811:
624:, leaving it unclear whether national sovereignty resided in the King or in the
194:
110:, died on 29 September 1833. The years of her minority were marked first by the
106:(10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was barely three years of age when her father,
1928:
on July 22, Espartero had already lost power, since the uprising had spread to
810:
All this reforming action was accompanied by a series of laws that ensured the
438:
and allows the integration of the Carlist military into the regular royal army.
1553:
is declared of age and begins to reign. It is a progressive period, since the
1126:
770:
766:
625:
208:
151:
2361:
Progreso y Libertad. El Partido Progresista en la Revolución Liberal Española
1719:, and the strongest group, the pure progressives and trinitarians, headed by
296:) (the defense of the Fueros begins in 1834 by means of an imposition of the
130:
reflect the liberal models that had developed in some nations of Europe. The
1929:
1921:
1843:
there was a civic uprising over the cotton policy in which free traders and
1840:
1709:
1705:
1462:
1442:
1412:
1317:
1134:
834:
725:
591:
503:
413:
255:
1411:
The Regent was aware that the system was in a serious crisis and moved to
359:
was a rural-urban confrontation that has three stages, of two years each:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1571:
1458:
1341:
1281:
1138:
901:
713:
259:
720:
The momentum of the liberals and the coming to power of the progressives
1312:
1246:
1204:, until August 29, 1839, when he signed peace with the Carlist general
1162:, and from there he directed the conflict, establishing the capital in
1155:
1115:
1111:
866:
776:
709:
700:. The other chamber, of deputies elected under census suffrage, is the
690:
629:
551:
547:
543:
539:
451:
409:
348:
344:
289:
281:
251:
204:
1947:
1351:
The "revolution of 1840" and the end of the regency of Maria Christina
1257:
was formed, which was more ambitious than the progressives and sought
750:. A new progressive government is created in which Mendizábal is only
686:
collapse when they see the few concessions that the Crown gives them.
538:
crown, then in the hands of D. Miguel I, and the complicit silence of
2044:
assumed the presidency of the government, inaugurating the so-called
1977:
1753:
1677:
1470:
1446:
1380:
1201:
1189:
1142:
1119:
838:
637:
595:
527:
417:
387:
347:
that would become the national government at the end of the War. The
111:
1948:
Isabella II's coming of age and the beginning of the moderate decade
335:
returned to Spain in 1834, he tried to create a government with the
1541:
This regency is marked by two important events: in 1840, after the
1995:
1951:
1772:
1658:
1638:
1523:
1425:
1419:
to alleviate the dermatological ailments of the girl and met with
1354:
1099:
1019:
948:
852:
816:
600:
471:
435:
361:
315:. At first they were moderate liberals, but later there were also
218:
91:
1392:, the most popular figure of the moment after his triumph in the
1993:
Olózaga, the leader of the "temperate" sector of progressivism.
1642:
1597:
was signed in 1839. This success gives her another noble title:
1549:
from the regency; and in 1843, at the age of thirteen, Princess
1490:", in reference to the secret marriage of Mariia Christina with
1344:, especially suspicious of the Spanish Crown since the death of
1174:
788:
the opportunity to reform the regular clergy, with two decrees.
162:
began to take shape, especially from 1837 with the accession of
319:. The enlightened middle classes, who had to put an end to the
126:, until 23 July 1843, when Isabella was declared to be of age.
1944:
and embarked on the British cruiser Meteor, bound for London.
1122:. Azara resigned shortly after the Constitution was approved.
26:
1820:
Espartero's Regency was opposed by the moderates, headed by
1739:
to be of legal age at 13, and she began her personal reign.
534:
1, 1833, with the name of Carlos V; with the support of the
292:
united under the cry of "God, Country and Fueros" (Spanish:
274:
can be defined as the means to decide the continuity of the
913:, which sought and obtained that the Regent reinstated the
666:
recovers from an illness and appoints a new cabinet led by
1039:. It is followed by Suanzes-Carpeña and Miguel de Artola.
904:. Mendizábal was dismissed after a campaign of discredit,
1696:, president of the Spanish Military Order, subsidized by
1228:
defended a national sovereignty that resided only in the
829:. The Regent, however, offered the Head of Government to
1494:
contracted three months after the death of her husband,
1244:, with the confiscation processes, the abolition of the
955:. But the most important work was the adaptation of the
761:
The great protagonist is Mendizábal. In 1823, after the
2319:
La revolución liberal. Política y Hacienda en 1833–1845
1883:
Riots against Espartero in Barcelona that provoked the
578:, promoted by the Secretary of State for Public Works,
237:
provoked a series of uprisings and the proclamation of
1988:
lacked a single leadership. The Cortes approved that
1125:
Since 1833, the Carlists had been at war against the
1831:
The military coups were not considered as authentic
985:
or to create a new one. This would give rise to the
2390:
Web portal about the House of Bourbon (in Spanish).
2308:
Diccionario político y social del siglo XIX español
2289:
Los orígenes del poder militar en España. 1808–1854
134:and the confrontations between the liberals of the
1154:, escaped from his English exile, settled between
468:Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies § Regency
89:Minority reign of Isabella II of Spain (1833–1843)
2353:El marco político de la desamortización en España
2104:
2102:
1545:, there is a revolutionary uprising that removes
1169:After initial successes, Zumalacárregui lost the
1817:than of the construction of the liberal regime.
636:had poisoned the wells and canals that supplied
1684:has to reach the royal palace, kidnap Princess
1383:ended with the invasion of the tribunes of the
1370:was frustrated when the moderate government of
1053:Another third proposal says that basically the
1581:When he returns to Spain, in the midst of the
1074:of the Cortes —in a bicameral system with the
169:On the continent, with the dissolution of the
158:, the extension of what would soon become the
122:, covering almost the first ten years of her
8:
1512:Baldomero Espartero § Rule of Espartero
446:, known after his victory in Luchana as the
396:(1835–1837): Zumalacárregui was replaced by
2182:Isabel II: no se puede reinar inocentemente
2394:
837:and an uprising that formed revolutionary
311:The liberals were led by the Queen Regent
2385:Chronology of the Regencies (in Spanish).
2363:(in Spanish). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
1250:and the opening of trade and free trade.
1129:. They had made themselves strong in the
366:Album of the Carlist troops of the North.
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1878:
1110:The Constitution was drawn up while the
939:The new President of the Government was
919:
876:felt obliged to grant the government to
796:create a broad group of support for the
506:. This norm had been revoked in 1789 by
197:took the reins of the national economy.
40:This article includes a list of general
2407:Minority reign of Isabella II of Spain
2233:
2221:
2209:
2194:
2184:(in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial Espasa.
2167:
2148:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2098:
1632:Already established as regent in 1841,
1307:, who acceded after the resignation of
1005:The Constitution of 1837 established a
724:The progressives came to power through
2280:Ed. Carr y Península. Barcelona, 2001.
2334:El sistema político del Estatuto Real
892:of a large part of the assets of the
572:President of the Council of Ministers
386:considered an assault on the city of
7:
2259:El modelo español de pronunciamiento
2205:
2203:
2163:
2161:
2087:Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain
2048:(1844–1854), ten years in which the
1853:the city was bombarded on December 3
1620:, with treatment of Royal Highness.
1265:, the legalization of the incipient
1105:Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain
576:new division of Spain into provinces
2072:Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
1433:, morganatic husband of the regent
1220:The contending political formations
1090:The Carlists at the gates of Madrid
477:Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
116:Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
1907:After the elections of March 1843
1628:Development of Espartero's regency
1292:The moderate triennium (1837–1840)
1013:, appointed by the Queen; and the
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2410:29 September 1833 – 23 July 1843
1612:, a position he does not accept.
1465:, which was lifted on August 26.
1070:text, very short, recognized the
2002:Salustiano de Olózaga y Almandoz
1898:bombardment of Barcelona in 1842
1791:Museu of Belles Arts of València
1492:Agustín Fernando Muñoz y Sánchez
1431:Agustín Fernando Muñoz y Sánchez
1328:. However, on December 9, 1838,
845:period. These juntas joined the
442:The most favoured personage was
430:agreed with the liberals to the
323:, could be considered liberals.
31:
18:Minority of Isabella II of Spain
2155:of power of his own free will."
1326:Bernardino Fernández de Velasco
757:Progressive Reforms (1835–1837)
608:in a painting preserved in the
382:to appeal to the progressives.
173:in 1830, France had overthrown
1892:The end of Espartero's regency
1453:took place. In this situation
943:, who appointed Mendizábal as
462:The regency of Maria Christina
278:or the triumph of liberalism.
1:
2454:19th-century Spanish monarchs
2355:(in Spanish) Barcelona, 1971.
2077:Reign of Isabella II of Spain
1967:produced a political vacuum.
1318:sympathies of Espartero's men
1037:Canovist Constitution of 1876
933:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
676:Francisco Martínez de la Rosa
650:Spanish Royal Statute of 1834
606:Francisco Martínez de la Rosa
254:and in some small pockets in
1801:and the "temperados" led by
1415:on a supposed vacation with
1183:General Fernández de Córdova
1025:Spanish Constitution of 1837
973:Spanish Constitution of 1837
927:Spanish Constitution of 1812
337:General State Administration
2321:(in Spanish). Madrid, 1977.
2310:(in Spanish). Madrid, 2002.
1390:General Baldomero Espartero
1194:General Baldomero Espartero
906:Francisco Javier de Istúriz
302:Diputación foral de Vizcaya
223:The front line at its peak.
120:General Baldomero Espartero
2470:
2295:Madrid, Ed. Aguilar, 1974.
1667:, 1st Count of Belascoáin.
1561:, born in the province of
1509:
1280:. Its members were mostly
1259:universal manhood suffrage
1093:
970:
911:La Granja de San Ildefonso
831:José María Queipo de Llano
647:
558:and lead the Carlist War.
494:Pragmatic Sanction of 1830
491:
488:The succession controversy
465:
374:(1833–1835): dominated by
327:The development of the war
226:
104:Queen Isabella II of Spain
2412:
2405:
2397:
1873:Camarera mayor de Palacio
1743:Assumption of the regency
1665:Diego de León y Navarrete
1616:granted him the title of
1502:It was October 12, 1840.
1479:composed of resolute men.
1118:and were at the gates of
702:Estamento de Procuradores
644:The Royal Statute of 1834
402:Luis Fernández de Córdoba
99:, as a child (anonymous).
2180:Burdiel, Isabel (2004).
1864:Countess of Espoz y Mina
1645:and Spain (the Pope was
1506:The regency of Espartero
1435:María Cristina de Borbón
1372:Evaristo Pérez de Castro
1360:Evaristo Pérez de Castro
1330:Evaristo Pérez de Castro
1208:in what is known as the
935:in the Stockholm Museum.
841:similar to those of the
522:. He appointed his wife
187:Louis-Philippe d'Orleans
2359:Vilches, Jorge (2001).
1891:
1885:bombardment of the city
1784:first Duke of Valencia.
1627:
1147:Tomás de Zumalacárregui
1044:constitutional monarchy
995:constitutional monarchy
730:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal
654:The Carlist War forces
294:"Dios, Patria y Fueros"
189:, under whose rule the
183:constitutional monarchy
146:The situation in Europe
61:more precise citations.
2401:Ferdinand VII of Spain
2013:
1960:
1888:
1794:
1668:
1533:
1438:
1396:and who was closer to
1363:
1267:workers' organizations
1107:
1028:
936:
870:
613:
568:Francisco Cea Bermúdez
484:
367:
270:Broadly speaking, the
224:
100:
2006:Antonio Gisbert Pérez
1999:
1955:
1882:
1815:military dictatorship
1803:Salustiano de Olózaga
1787:Vicente López Portaña
1776:
1662:
1595:Convention of Vergara
1527:
1429:
1358:
1320:. He was followed by
1305:Eusebio Bardají Azara
1181:under the command of
1103:
1023:
923:
882:provincial deputation
856:
695:Estamento de Próceres
618:Royal Statute in 1834
604:
481:Vicente López Portaña
475:
432:Convention of Vergara
365:
222:
215:The First Carlist War
193:was launched and the
191:Industrial Revolution
95:
2416:Isabella II of Spain
2067:Isabella II of Spain
2010:Congress of Deputies
1974:Constitution of 1837
1957:Isabella II of Spain
1940:. Espartero fled to
1763:Council of Ministers
1688:and take her to the
1606:Progressive Biennium
1555:Constitution of 1837
1516:With the arrival of
1475:Constitution of 1837
1385:Congress of Deputies
1368:Constitution of 1837
1076:Congress of Deputies
987:Constitution of 1837
983:Constitution of 1812
977:After the Mutiny of
967:Constitution of 1837
961:Constitution of 1837
957:Constitution of 1812
953:freedom of the press
941:José María Calatrava
915:Constitution of 1812
752:Minister of Finance.
498:During the reign of
448:"Espadón de Luchana"
298:Deputation of Biscay
209:German Customs Union
2168:Vilches & (2001
2062:Baldomero Espartero
2034:Luis González Bravo
1969:Joaquín María López
1959:, at the age of 15.
1902:Joaquín María López
1799:Joaquín María López
1779:Ramón María Narváez
1769:Government problems
1721:Joaquín María López
1599:Duke of la Victoria
1568:War of Independence
1530:Baldomero Espartero
945:Minister of Finance
843:War of Independence
680:Rosita la pastelera
584:Martínez de la Rosa
570:had been appointed
456:Duke of la Victoria
412:with operations in
156:Battle of Trafalgar
2274:Historia de España
2014:
2004:, oil painting by
1961:
1889:
1849:Castle of Montjuïc
1795:
1747:To come to power,
1717:Salustiano Olózaga
1694:Leopoldo O'Donnell
1669:
1534:
1496:King Ferdinand VII
1439:
1364:
1322:Narciso de Heredia
1214:Embrace of Vergara
1152:Infante Don Carlos
1108:
1029:
937:
871:
863:Infante Don Carlos
850:Cortes Generales.
614:
562:The first cabinets
512:Pragmatic Sanction
485:
368:
225:
181:and established a
108:King Ferdinand VII
101:
2422:
2421:
2413:Succeeded by
2350:
2346:
2331:
2327:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2252:
2224:, pp. 38–39)
2212:, pp. 37–38)
2153:General Espartero
2123:, pp. 33–34)
2082:First Carlist War
1926:Torrejón de Ardoz
1618:Prince of Vergara
1587:First Carlist War
1559:General Espartero
1543:First Carlist War
1537:Formation process
1518:General Espartero
1394:First Carlist War
1226:Progressive Party
1210:Abrazo de Vergara
1171:Battle of Mendaza
1096:First Carlist War
1072:legislative power
825:greater role for
763:Liberal Triennium
691:Grandees of Spain
444:General Espartero
357:First Carlist War
353:guerrilla warfare
272:First Carlist War
229:First Carlist War
203:was relegated to
185:in the person of
177:with the fall of
140:Progressive Party
138:and those of the
132:First Carlist War
118:, and then under
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
2461:
2444:Spanish infantas
2439:Regents of Spain
2398:Preceded by
2395:
2374:
2348:
2344:
2329:
2325:
2314:
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2434:Isabella II
2285:HRISTIANSEN
2272:, Raymond:
1990:Isabella II
1932:, Galicia,
1914:Isabella II
1647:Gregory XVI
1563:Ciudad Real
1286:aristocrats
1179:Isabellinos
1059:progressive
1015:Lower house
999:doceañistas
991:doceañistas
812:free market
737:public debt
590:, Navarre,
520:Isabella II
424:Third Stage
372:First Stage
195:bourgeoisie
150:In the UK,
97:Isabella II
59:introducing
2428:Categories
2093:References
2020:candidate
1896:After the
1591:Mendizábal
1510:See also:
1338:Mendizábal
1238:Mendizábal
1175:Ebro River
1127:Christinos
1114:had taken
878:Mendizábal
771:capitalist
767:Adam Smith
536:Portuguese
508:Charles IV
492:See also:
466:See also:
384:Don Carlos
333:Don Carlos
306:Don Carlos
300:(Spanish:
286:absolutism
239:Don Carlos
201:Absolutism
175:absolutism
152:William IV
42:references
2330:ILLARROYA
2317:, Josep:
2008:in 1872,
1965:Espartero
1930:Catalonia
1922:Andalusia
1909:Espartero
1904:himself.
1870:and then
1860:Argüelles
1841:Barcelona
1822:O'Donnell
1749:Espartero
1710:Barcelona
1706:Barcelona
1634:Espartero
1463:Barcelona
1451:Espartero
1443:Barcelona
1421:Espartero
1413:Barcelona
1340:with the
1309:Espartero
1298:Calatrava
1274:moderates
1135:Catalonia
979:La Granja
835:Barcelona
798:Isabellin
747:La Granja
662:In 1832,
592:Catalonia
504:Salic Law
414:Catalonia
284:defended
266:The sides
256:Catalonia
179:Charles X
2304:EBASTIÁN
2300:ERNÁNDEZ
2056:See also
1938:Zaragoza
1934:Valencia
1862:and the
1737:Isabella
1686:Isabella
1680:, where
1572:infantry
1551:Isabella
1528:General
1459:Valencia
1417:Isabella
1342:Holy See
1158:and the
1112:Carlists
1082:and the
1057:and the
1055:moderate
869:in 1833.
865:through
714:property
566:In 1832
554:and the
500:Philip V
349:Carlists
290:Carlists
260:Valencia
67:May 2022
2349:ALIENTE
2137:juntism
1866:—first
1826:Narváez
1754:Regency
1576:America
1313:Navarre
1247:majorat
1164:Estella
1156:Navarre
1116:Segovia
867:Navarre
800:cause.
777:majorat
710:freedom
630:cholera
552:Navarre
548:Carlism
544:Prussia
540:Austria
410:Navarre
398:Cabrera
345:Navarre
339:in the
282:Carlism
252:Navarre
205:Prussia
112:regency
55:improve
2367:
2345:OMÁS Y
2332:, J.:
2315:ONTANA
2306:, J.:
2287:, E.:
2257:, M.:
1978:Madrid
1700:; and
1678:Madrid
1614:Amadeo
1471:Madrid
1447:Madrid
1381:Madrid
1282:nobles
1202:Madrid
1190:Madrid
1145:named
1143:Biscay
1120:Madrid
1011:Senate
1009:: the
949:tithes
839:juntas
638:Madrid
634:Church
626:Cortes
596:Aragon
528:Regent
436:Fueros
418:Aragon
388:Bilbao
44:, but
2255:AQUER
2251:LONSO
1942:Cadiz
1639:tithe
1139:Alava
817:Mesta
351:used
304:) to
124:reign
2365:ISBN
2326:OMÁS
2028:and
1984:"—.
1936:and
1824:and
1723:and
1676:and
1663:Don
1643:Rome
1488:them
1445:and
1324:and
1272:The
1240:and
1224:The
1141:and
857:The
769:and
594:and
416:and
408:and
343:and
250:and
2270:ARR
1868:aya
1441:In
1216:).
744:of
526:as
308:).
2430::
2202:^
2160:^
2101:^
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1793:).
1782:,
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1192:.
1166:.
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963:.
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2328:V
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2313:F
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2298:F
2293:.
2283:C
2278:.
2268:C
2263:.
2253:B
2249:A
2012:.
1887:.
1789:(
1532:.
1437:.
1375:(
1212:(
1027:.
929:.
612:.
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80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
20:)
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