483:
the king crowns her as his heir. When she meets Shiva, his words come true, she takes her true form of
Meenakshi. According to Harman, this may reflect the matrilineal traditions in South India and the regional belief that "penultimate powers rest with the women", gods listen to their spouse, and that the fate of kingdoms rest with the women. According to Susan Bayly, the reverence for Meenakshi is a part of the Hindu goddess tradition that integrates with the Hindu society where the "woman is the lynchpin of the system" of social relationships. Her eyes are fabled to bring life to the unborn.
492:
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based on the belief that the fish never close their eyes: the goddess similarly never stops watching over her devotees. Yet another interpretation states that the name is based on the ancient belief that the fish feed their young by merely looking at them; the goddess supposedly supports her devotees by merely glancing at them. There are the three avatars of
59:
568:
The temple is a major pilgrimage destination within the
Shaivism tradition, dedicated to Meenakshi and Shiva. However, the temple includes Vishnu in many narratives, sculptures and rituals as he is considered to be Meenakshi's brother. This has made this temple and Madurai as the "southern Mathura",
482:
seeking a son for an heir. Instead, a daughter is born, who is already three-years old, and has three breasts. Shiva intervenes and informs the parents to treat her like a son, telling them that when she meets her husband, she would lose the third breast. They follow this advice. The girl grows up,
390:
Various meanings of this appellation have been suggested, including that she was originally a goddess of the fisher-folk, that her eyes are "large and brilliant" like that of a fish, or that she has "long and slender" eyes shaped like the body of a fish. Another interpretation is that the name is
553:(gateway towers), each above 45 metres (148 ft) in height. The complex has numerous sculpted pillared halls such as Ayirakkal (1,000 pillar hall), Kilikoondu-mandapam, Golu-mandapam and Pudu-mandapam. Its shrines are dedicated to Hindu deities and Shaivism scholars, with the
1517:
1308:, Quote: "By the beginning of the 14th century south India was exposed to the depredations of Muslim raiders from the north, and even Madurai was destroyed in 1310, by Malik Kafur, briefly becoming the seat of a sultanate thereafter."
569:
one included in
Vaishnava texts. The large temple complex is the most prominent landmark in Madurai and attracts tens of thousands visitors a day. The temple attracts over a million pilgrims and visitors during the annual 10-day
542:
plundered the temple, looted it of its valuables and destroyed the
Madurai temple town along with many other temple towns of South India. The contemporary temple is the result of rebuilding efforts started by the
1960:
529:
Though the temple has historic roots dating back to 2000 BCE, most of the present campus structure was rebuilt after the 14th century CE, further repaired, renovated and expanded in the 17th century by
518:, India is dedicated to Meenakshi who is worshipped as the primary deity. It is also referred to as Meenakshi Amman or Meenakshi-Sundareśvarar Temple. Meenakshi's shrine is next to that of her consort
893:", page 68: மீனாட்சி ,Mīṉāṭci, பெ. (n. ) மதுரையை உறைவிடமாகக் கொண்ட தெய்வம்; Umā, the tutelary Goddess of Madurai. Translation: (மீன் - Mīṉ which means "fish", ஆட்சி- āṭci which means "rule")
1831:
2098:
1751:
426:(Five Jewels of Meenakshi) is an incantation to Meenakshi that was composed by Adi Shankara (8th century CE). Though Meenakshi does not directly appear in the stotram
1944:
1927:
722:
547:
rulers who rebuilt the core and reopened the temple. In the 16th century, the temple complex was further expanded and fortified. The restored complex houses 14
1005:
Bangala Bhasar
Abhidhaan ( Dictioanary of the Bengali Language), Shishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt Ltd., 32A, APC Road, Kolkata – 700009, Volume 2, p.1600. (ed. 1988)
1016:
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343:'fish-eyed one', mentioned in early historical account as a fierce, unmarried goddess as Meenakshi. She is also known by the Tamil name
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2008:
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858:
777:
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577:(chariot) procession during the Tamil month of Chittirai (overlaps with April–May in Georgian calendar, Chaitra in North India).
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again and again / And then he comes before you. // You never get angry. / Every day you just pick up the vessels.
218:
2555:
2391:
652:
Proceedings of the First
International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966
190:
738:
Where does
Meenakshi take her turmeric bath?: a multiply-constructed religious history and deity in Tamilnadu
371:). According to another theory, the name of the goddess literally means 'rule of the fish', derived from the
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467:
423:
2617:
2607:
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297:
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One Tamil poem/song (Tamilpillai) portrays
Meenakshi as the intersection of domesticity and divinity:
416:
392:
104:
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471:
122:
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Hindu goddesses: visions of the divine feminine in the Hindu religious tradition By David
Kinsley
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She is mainly worshipped in India where she has a major temple devoted to her known as the
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2020:
Festivals of
Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple, Madurai a historical and cultural perspective
535:
531:
1593:
1572:
1553:
2209:
1978:
1833:
Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations
491:
372:
334:
270:
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169:
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1617:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900
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250:
128:
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434:(She who has the face of Lakshmi and has fish-like eyes in the river of her face).
274:
891:
A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language, Vol. VII, PART - II
851:
An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century
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1177:
1108:
874:
833:
650:
2539:
2514:
2455:
2251:
2229:
2111:
1753:
Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment
561:
539:
400:
1695:
The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2
2521:
2450:
2164:
1514:"* Mīnākṣī-Sundareśvara - 'Tiruviḷaiyāṭaṟ Purāṇam' in Letters, Design and Art"
293:
278:
1218:
Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India
1051:
916:
2509:
2440:
2330:
2273:
2189:
450:
269:. She finds mention in literature as the queen of the ancient Madurai-based
1946:
Tamil geographies: cultural constructions of space and place in South India
1812:
Architecture and art of southern India: Vijayanagara and, Volume 1, Issue 6
1442:
Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu
1151:
328:
322:
312:
2076:
2065:
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2532:
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2380:
2340:
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1182:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 9–10, 103, 210, 363–364.
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72:
Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi, Taḍādakai, Mīnāṭci, Mantriṇi, Mangayakarasi, Maduraidevi
2470:
2465:
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2418:
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2375:
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2300:
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2199:
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683:
The Courts of Pre-Colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship
420:
143:
1876:, Los Angeles: Museum Associates, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
710:
595:
The Great Temple of Madurai: English Version of the Book Koilmanagar
58:
1980:
The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India By David
1513:
2494:
2413:
2345:
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2290:
2214:
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1984:, United Kingdom: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,
1528:. Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Thirukoil. 2012. Archived from
574:
523:
490:
479:
442:
266:
158:
154:
655:. International Association of Tamil Research. 1968. p. 543.
2445:
2385:
2350:
2320:
2260:
2234:
2224:
2204:
2149:
879:. Department of History, University of Kerala. 2002. p. 96.
84:
2080:
1321:
Christopher Fuller (2003). "Madurai". In George Michell (ed.).
598:. Sri Meenakshisundareswarar Temple Renovation Committee. 1963.
1067:
Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Asian devotional genre
304:
are considered the three Shakti forms of the goddess Parvati.
985:(second ed.). Bangalore: Ramakrishna Math. p. 61.
565:(sanctums) of Meenakshi and Sundareśvarar gilded with gold.
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
1078:
1076:
1943:
Selby, Martha Ann; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan (2008),
1714:
The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India
273:, and is later deified. The goddess is also extolled by
265:. She is the divine consort of Sundareśvarar, a form of
1215:
Bharne, Vinayak; Krusche, Krupali (18 September 2014).
1034:
Birth and birthgivers : the power behind the shame
757:. Vol. 36. University of Kerala. 2009. p. 97.
30:
This article is about the goddess. For other uses, see
1775:, Delhi: The Regents of the University of California,
1418:. Oxford University Press. pp. 546 with note 45.
711:"Minaksi or Sundaresvara: Who is the first principle?"
449:/ Wanders through the courtyard of space / Destroying
195:
411:
Several great hymns on the goddess were composed in
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2401:
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2118:
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165:
150:
138:
115:
110:
100:
90:
76:
68:
41:
2035:
1977:
1015:Rupenaguntla, Satya Narayana Sarma (29 May 2018).
415:by many saints and scholars, including the famous
573:festival, celebrated with much festivities and a
321:term meaning 'fish-eyed', derived from the words
1949:, New York: State University of New York Press,
1853:National Geographic Traveler: India, 3rd Edition
1678:, Delhi: John Wiley & Sons(Asia) Pte. Ltd.,
721:. Madurai: Madurai Kamaraj University: 551–553.
715:South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings
770:American Sanctuary: Understanding Sacred Spaces
1836:, United States: National Geographic Society,
1146:
1144:
1142:
1113:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–30.
1021:. Panchawati Spiritual Foundation. p. 21.
740:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 1.
2092:
889:Excerpt for the etymology of Meenatchi from "
838:. Philosophical Research Society. p. 33.
8:
905:"The Name of the Goddess Mīnākṣī "Fish-Eye""
668:Cultural Heritage of Kerala: An Introduction
1316:
1314:
704:
702:
534:. In the early 14th century, the armies of
356:
2099:
2085:
2077:
1716:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,
1659:, Mumbai: Central Chinmaya Mission Trust,
853:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
430:, there is a reference to her in the line
403:in the north, and Meenakshi in the south.
57:
2042:, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,
1592:, Online: Project Madurai, archived from
1571:. Online: Project Madurai. Archived from
1552:. Online: Project Madurai. Archived from
772:. Indiana University Press. p. 121.
432:Vaktralakṣmī parīvāha calan mīnābha ocanā
1916:, United States: Scarecrow Press, INC.,
1815:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
1611:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).
1445:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 97–99.
1391:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 95–96.
1094:
1069:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
261:and is considered a form of the goddess
1516:. New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House.
1277:
911:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 84–86.
585:
366:the mother with the beautiful fish eyes
1733:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess
1372:
1265:
1196:from the original on 19 September 2020
1082:
849:Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018).
796:The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess
709:Rajarajan, R. K. K. (1 January 2005).
670:. East-West Publications. p. 250.
645:
643:
623:The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess
38:
1895:, New York: Oxford University Press,
1642:from the original on 23 December 2016
1520:from the original on 12 October 2020.
1465:
1290:Tara Boland-Crewe; David Lea (2003).
1127:from the original on 25 December 2018
1018:Hidden meanings of Lalita Sahasranama
909:India and Indology: Selected Articles
7:
1963:from the original on 12 October 2020
1930:from the original on 12 October 2020
1855:, USA: National Geographic Society,
1253:
1235:from the original on 12 October 2020
962:from the original on 12 October 2020
923:from the original on 12 October 2020
813:from the original on 12 October 2020
749:
747:
681:Howes, Jennifer (2 September 2003).
2003:, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications,
1913:Historical dictionary of the Tamils
1794:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1792:Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction
1735:, Delhi: Indiana University Press,
1293:The Territories and States of India
1179:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
799:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24.
725:from the original on 30 March 2019.
626:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24.
1756:, Taylor & Francis e-library,
1487:. Random House. pp. 277–279.
945:A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism
25:
1891:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1999),
1712:Fuller, Christopher John (2004),
1221:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
333:'eye'. She was also known by the
2250:
2064:
27:Hindu goddess, a form of Parvati
832:Manly Palmer Hall, ed. (1949).
48:Patron and Guardian Goddess of
1697:, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi,
942:Klaus K. Klostermaier (2014).
244:
236:
228:
1:
2022:, Madurai Kamraj University,
1628:, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC,
1625:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places
1622:Brockman, Norbert C. (2011),
1412:Edwin Francis Bryant (2007).
1352:. Routledge. pp. 20–21.
903:William Norman Brown (1978).
2001:Art shrines of ancient India
1830:National Geographic (2008),
1388:Art Shrines of Ancient India
1349:Hinduism in the Modern World
666:Menon, A. Sreedhara (1978).
2034:V., Vriddhagirisan (1995),
1731:Harman, William P. (1992),
1036:. New Delhi: Shakti Books.
1032:Chawla, Janet, ed. (2006).
981:Harshananda, Swami (2012).
383:
377:
351:
345:
339:
329:
323:
313:
213:
196:
2634:
1999:V.K., Subramanian (2003),
1910:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007),
1873:Indian Sculpture, Volume 2
1870:Pal, Pratapaditya (1988),
1851:Nicholson, Louise (1997),
1674:Cotterell, Arthur (2011),
1583:Thirunavukkarasar (2004),
1512:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2013).
1385:V. K. Subramanian (2003).
1323:Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu
1296:. Routledge. p. 401.
835:Horizon, Volume 9, Issue 3
793:William P. Harman (1992).
620:William P. Harman (1992).
32:Meenakshi (disambiguation)
29:
2572:
2248:
1750:King, Anthony D. (2005),
1484:India: A Sacred Geography
1346:Brian A. Hatcher (2015).
1325:. Marg. pp. 94–113.
1176:Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017).
948:. Oneworld. p. 153.
876:Journal of Indian History
768:Nelson, Louis P. (2006).
755:Journal of Kerala Studies
685:. Routledge. p. 27.
205:
185:
56:
46:
2556:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
1893:The embodiment of bhakti
1809:Michell, George (1995),
983:Hindu Pilgrimage Centres
736:Fiedler, Amanda (2006).
538:led by Muslim Commander
1771:Kinsley, David (1998),
1693:Datta, Amaresh (2005),
1676:Asia: A Concise History
1566:"Campantar Tirumurai 3"
1547:"Campantar Tirumurai 1"
1065:Richman, Paula (1997).
462:The 13th century Tamil
413:the early modern period
1614:India through the ages
571:Meenakshi Tirukalyanam
507:
468:Tiruvilaiyadal Puranam
455:
424:Meenakshi Pancharatnam
1976:Smith, David (1996),
1657:Symbolism In Hinduism
1415:Krishna: A Sourcebook
494:
439:
2073:at Wikimedia Commons
1107:Susan Bayly (1989).
105:Rose-ringed parakeet
1790:Knott, Kim (2000),
1578:on 5 February 2018.
1559:on 5 February 2018.
1439:T. Padmaja (2002).
1097:, pp. 326–327.
545:Vijayanagara Empire
516:Madurai, Tamil Nadu
472:Malayadhvaja Pandya
417:Neelakanta Dikshita
123:Malayadhvaja Pandya
1599:on 5 February 2018
1564:Campantar (2004).
1545:Campantar (2004).
1526:"Temple theertham"
1156:www.britannica.com
508:
478:, who performed a
428:Lalita Sahasranama
2590:
2589:
2069:Media related to
2038:Nayaks of Tanjore
1956:978-0-7914-7245-3
1923:978-0-470-82958-5
1862:978-1-4262-0595-8
1843:978-1-4262-0336-7
1742:978-1-59884-655-3
1723:978-0-691-12048-5
1685:978-0-470-82958-5
1666:978-81-7597-149-3
1655:Compiled (2008),
1635:978-1-59884-655-3
1586:Appar Tirumurai 6
1494:978-0-385-53192-4
1452:978-81-7017-398-4
1425:978-0-19-803400-1
1398:978-81-7017-431-8
1375:, pp. 34–47.
1359:978-1-135-04631-6
1268:, pp. 39–40.
1256:, pp. 72–74.
1189:978-1-5381-0686-0
1120:978-0-521-89103-5
992:978-81-7907-053-6
955:978-1-78074-672-2
806:978-81-208-0810-2
633:978-81-208-0810-2
211:
194:
175:
174:
63:Goddess Meenakshi
16:(Redirected from
2625:
2603:Forms of Parvati
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1532:on 28 March 2012
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1402:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1332:978-81-85026-213
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1085:, p. 44-47.
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501:Meenakshi Temple
487:Meenakshi Temple
386:
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361:
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352:Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇammai
348:
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332:
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316:
286:Meenakshi Temple
247:
246:
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231:
230:
225:; also known as
216:
210:romanized:
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39:
21:
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2582:Hindu mythology
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2255:
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2033:
2018:D. Uma (2015),
2017:
2011:
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520:Sundareśvarar
517:
513:
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502:
498:
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486:
484:
481:
477:
476:Kanchanamalai
474:and his wife
473:
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303:
299:
296:. Meenakshi,
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:. She is the
252:
251:Hindu goddess
248:
240:
232:
224:
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155:Sundareśvarar
153:
149:
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129:Kanchanamalai
127:
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109:
106:
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55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2456:Gramadevatas
2390:
2239:
2037:
2028:10603/135484
2019:
2000:
1979:
1965:, retrieved
1945:
1932:, retrieved
1912:
1892:
1872:
1852:
1832:
1811:
1791:
1772:
1752:
1732:
1713:
1694:
1675:
1656:
1644:, retrieved
1624:
1613:
1601:, retrieved
1594:the original
1585:
1573:the original
1554:the original
1534:. Retrieved
1530:the original
1505:Bibliography
1483:
1479:Diana L. Eck
1473:
1461:
1441:
1434:
1414:
1407:
1387:
1380:
1368:
1348:
1341:
1322:
1292:
1285:
1278:Michell 1995
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1217:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1178:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:
1129:. Retrieved
1109:
1102:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1033:
1027:
1017:
1010:
1001:
982:
976:
964:. Retrieved
944:
937:
925:. Retrieved
908:
898:
890:
885:
875:
869:
850:
844:
834:
827:
815:. Retrieved
795:
788:
769:
763:
754:
737:
731:
718:
714:
682:
676:
667:
661:
651:
622:
594:
588:
567:
562:garbhagrihas
560:
554:
548:
528:
522:, a form of
519:
509:
461:
447:metel flower
440:
436:
431:
410:
389:
346:Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi
311:
283:
275:Adi Shankara
242:
234:
229:Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi
226:
222:
177:
176:
36:
2540:Mahabharata
2451:Kuladevatas
2230:Vishvakarma
1646:25 November
1603:25 November
1373:D. Uma 2015
1266:D. Uma 2015
1200:25 November
1131:25 November
1083:Harman 1992
540:Malik Kafur
401:Vishalakshi
381:'fish' and
327:'fish' and
77:Affiliation
69:Other names
2597:Categories
2522:Upanishads
2441:Gandharvas
2165:Dattatreya
1801:0192853872
1466:Gopal 1990
1280:, pp. 9-10
1043:8124109389
581:References
559:above the
441:The great
393:Adi Shakti
302:Visalakshi
294:Tamil Nadu
279:Shri Vidya
2461:Rakshasas
2331:Mahavidya
2274:Saraswati
2261:Goddesses
2190:Kartikeya
1967:3 October
1934:3 October
1536:6 October
1254:King 2005
1239:3 October
1161:1 January
1152:"Madurai"
1052:181090767
917:871468571
451:your work
445:with the
340:Taḍādakai
308:Etymology
245:Taḍādakai
191:romanized
178:Meenakshi
111:Genealogy
42:Meenakshi
2577:Hinduism
2533:Ramayana
2475:Yakshini
2381:Shashthi
2341:Matrikas
2326:Mahadevi
2128:Trimurti
2071:Minakshi
1961:archived
1928:archived
1640:archived
1518:Archived
1481:(2013).
1233:Archived
1194:Archived
1125:Archived
960:Archived
921:Archived
811:Archived
723:Archived
550:gopurams
397:Kamakshi
387:'rule'.
319:Sanskrit
298:Kamakshi
223:Minakshi
206:மீனாக்ஷி
186:मीनाक्षि
182:Sanskrit
142:Aḻagar (
139:Siblings
131:(mother)
125:(father)
18:Minakshi
2527:Puranas
2515:Atharva
2484:Texts (
2471:Yakshas
2466:Vahanas
2436:Dikpāla
2409:Apsaras
2361:Rukmini
2336:Matangi
2284:Parvati
2279:Lakshmi
2269:Tridevi
2195:Krishna
2175:Hanuman
2170:Ganesha
2160:Chandra
2155:Ashvins
556:vimanas
505:Madurai
497:Gopuram
421:stotram
360:
314:Mīnākṣī
290:Madurai
263:Parvati
259:Madurai
249:) is a
237:Mīnāṭci
219:spelled
217:; also
214:Mīṉākṣi
197:Mīnākṣi
193::
166:Dynasty
151:Consort
116:Parents
101:Animals
95:Madurai
81:Parvati
50:Madurai
2431:Devata
2424:Danava
2419:Daitya
2414:Asuras
2376:Shakti
2366:Sanjna
2356:Rohini
2316:Shachi
2301:Chhaya
2220:Varuna
2210:Shasta
2200:Kubera
2138:Vishnu
2133:Brahma
2046:
2007:
1988:
1953:
1920:
1899:
1880:
1859:
1840:
1819:
1798:
1779:
1760:
1739:
1720:
1701:
1682:
1663:
1632:
1491:
1449:
1422:
1395:
1356:
1329:
1300:
1225:
1186:
1117:
1050:
1040:
989:
966:5 June
952:
927:5 June
915:
857:
817:5 June
803:
776:
689:
630:
464:Shaiva
458:Legend
419:. The
375:words
300:, and
144:Vishnu
2510:Yajur
2495:Vedas
2346:Radha
2311:Ganga
2306:Durga
2296:Bhumi
2291:Aditi
2215:Surya
2180:Indra
2143:Shiva
2112:texts
1597:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
575:ratha
524:Shiva
480:yajna
466:text
443:Shiva
407:Texts
373:Tamil
337:name
335:Tamil
317:is a
267:Shiva
202:Tamil
159:Shiva
91:Abode
2563:more
2505:Sama
2486:list
2446:Gana
2392:more
2386:Sita
2371:Sati
2351:Rati
2321:Kali
2241:more
2235:Yama
2225:Vayu
2205:Rama
2185:Kama
2150:Agni
2120:Gods
2110:and
2044:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1969:2020
1951:ISBN
1936:2020
1918:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1648:2017
1630:ISBN
1605:2017
1538:2012
1489:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1354:ISBN
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